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The aim was to investigate the effects of different volumes of strength training (ST) in association with photobiomodulation (PBMt) in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) on insulin resistance (IR). Male Swiss albino mice were fed HFD and performed high- or low-volume (one-third) ST (3 days/week), associated with PBMt (660 nm + 850 nm; ~42 J delivered) or not (lights off). ST improved IR, lowered visceral adiposity and circulating cytokines, and increased skeletal muscle hypertrophy and mitochondrial activity. The smaller volume of ST did not interfere with the improvement in IR, mitochondrial activity, or inflammatory profile, but exerted a smaller effect on visceral adiposity and skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Association with PBMt further improved IR, regardless of ST volume, although it did not affect adiposity, mitochondrial activity, and the inflammatory profile. Interestingly, PBMt positively affected quadriceps, but attenuated gluteus maximus hypertrophy. The association with PBMt induced greater improvement than ST alone., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Objective: To evaluate the photobiomodulation effects on the receptor area for full-thickness skin graft integration., Methods: Thirty-Six Wistar rats were divided: red laser (660 nm), infrared laser (808 nm), and control. A skin segment with 5 × 3 cm was removed. In the control, the skin was reallocated after a 180° rotation. For the 660 nm and 808 nm, the receptor area was first irradiated, and then the skin was reallocated the same as the control. Euthanasia occurred on the third and seventh days after the procedure, and macroscopical of necrosis and histological analysis were realized., Results: The 660 nm reached the lowest necrosis percentage on Day 7. In the 808 nm, necrosis increased between the two periods. Similar morphological findings were observed for the control and 660 nm; however, the 808 nm showed significant alterations in fibrosis and inflammatory infiltrate., Conclusion: The infrared wavelength showed inferior performance on skin graft integration compared to the control and the red wavelength., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Photobiomodulation (PBM) has been shown to be promising for the promotion of angiogenesis. The present study investigated the effects of PBM on vascularization in an animal model of peripheral artery disease. Wistar rats were divided into three groups. The control group received no procedures. The ischemia group was submitted to ligation of the femoral artery of the hindleg. The ischemia + PBM group was submitted to ligation of the femoral artery followed by PBM (660 and 808 nm, 100 mW, 4 J) over the site. Animals with ischemia treated with PBM exhibited comparable results to the control group with regards to the diameter of the α-SMA+ vessels, cross-sectional area of muscle fibers, percentage of collagen and serum concentration of IL-17A, as well as similarities in terms of vertical mobility, temperature of the hindleg, number of acts of grooming, and percentage of movement, indicating a condition like that of limbs unaffected by ischemia., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Background: Studies show that photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) boosts cellular ATP production and cell growth and reduces inflammation. Additionally, mechanical tension affects gene expression, impacting cellular functions like proliferation and migration. Objective: We investigated the impact of PBMT on OCCM-30 cementoblast cells under tensile stress, focusing on cell survival, differentiation, and inflammatory responses, particularly relating to orthodontic tooth movement and root resorption. Methods: Cultured OCCM-30 cells under negative pressure received PBMT with a 10.6 μm wavelength in continuous mode at 1.0 W power for 3, 5, or 10 sec, corresponding to energy densities of 3, 5, or 10 J/cm 2 . We assessed cell viability with the Presto Blue assay and inflammatory markers Interleukin 6 (IL-6), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) through western blots at 1, 12, 24 h, and 7 days post-irradiation. Results: PBMT improved cell viability over time while maintaining levels of inflammatory markers. alkaline phosphatase levels dropped initially but increased after 7 days, suggesting enhanced cementoblast differentiation. IL-6 levels rose gradually, with 3J and 5J treatments showing significantly higher levels than the control. iNOS levels spiked within the first 24 h, then declined by day 7. COX-2 levels consistently rose, with the 5J treatment showing greater increases. Conclusions: PBMT appears to support cementoblast survival and differentiation while managing inflammation, potentially aiding root repair during orthodontic treatments and reducing inflammatory root resorption.

Near-infrared (NIR) irradiation has shown potential to stimulate osteogenic differentiation, but the mechanisms are not fully understood. The study is to investigate the effects of NIR laser irradiation on osteoblastic differentiation. Human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) were cultured in osteogenic medium and exposed to 810 nm NIR laser at 0.5 J/cm 2 every 48 h. The transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV1) channel inhibitor capsazepine (CPZ) was used to evaluate the role of calcium influx. Osteogenic differentiation was assessed by proliferation (CCK-8), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, mineralization (Alizarin Red), and expression of bone markers by PCR and Western blot over 2 weeks. Intracellular calcium was measured by Fluo-4M dye and flow cytometry. Results showed that NIR irradiation enhanced hPDLSC proliferation, ALP activity, mineralization, and bone marker expression, indicating increased osteogenic differentiation. These effects were inhibited by CPZ. NIR induced a transient rise in intracellular calcium peaking at 3 min, which was blocked by CPZ. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that NIR laser irradiation promotes osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs through the activation of TRPV1 channels and subsequent calcium signaling. Further research is warranted to optimize the treatment parameters and elucidate the detailed signaling pathways involved, paving the way for the clinical application of NIR therapy in the treatment of bone disorders and periodontal disease.

Various cell types can have their growth accelerated by using low-intensity laser radiation. The study is intended to look at the impacts of laser radiation at low energy intensity on the ability of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) generated from umbilical cords to proliferate as well as survive in low-nutrient conditions. The study applied two different energy densities, 2.5 j/cm 2 and 5 j/cm 2 , using a 980 nm diode laser radiation. This allowed for the observation of the effects of these specific elements on the behavior of the cells in a controlled environment at various concentrations of fetal bovine (7.5 %, 10 %, 12.5 %, and 15 %). The cells were grown in a medium lacking in nutrients and were enriched with varying quantities of serum from fetal bovines. The MTT test was used to evaluate the mitochondrial activity of the cell. Following 72 hours, it was shown that cells treated with 2.5 j/cm 2 and 10 % fetal bovine serum had significantly higher MTT test activity than cells treated with 5 j/cm 2 .The results of this study show that even in the presence of dietary deficiencies, low-intensity laser radiation therapy can stimulate the growth of mesenchymal stem cells isolated from umbilical cords., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Infantile café au lait spot is a brown macule with various sizes (diameter: 0.5 cm-30 cm). Infantile giant café au lait spot (IGCALS) is a huge (diameter >20cm) irregular-shaped benign hyperpigmented skin disorder that arises in infants. There has been no clearly established laser treatment consensus for the treatment of IGCALS because infants are too fragile to receive laser treatment with long hours and broad areas along with the possibility of undesirable cosmetic results., Objectives: This study investigated the safety and efficacy of Golden Parameter Therapy (GPT) using a high fluence 1064-nm Q-switched Nd:YAG laser (QSNL) for IGCALS treatment., Methods: This study included 24 Korean patients with IGCALS. Twenty-one patients who were treated with a 1064-nm QSNL weekly for 30-50 treatment sessions with GPT. The parameters included a spot size of 7 mm, a fluence of 2.2 J/cm 2 and a pulse rate of 10 Hz with one pass using a sliding-stacking technique over the IGCALS. In control group, three patients were treated with a 532-nm picosecond laser monthly for three treatment sessions with a spot size of 3 mm, a fluence of 1 J/cm 2 and a pulse rate of 2 Hz., Results: After the last treatment, 21 patients with IGCALS reached the complete removal of pigmented lesions, which can be considered optimal cosmetic results without any side effects such as purpura, crust, post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, iatrogenic punctate leukoderma, and scarring. There are no recurrences in any patients after 6-21 months' follow-up, but treatment failure occurred in three patients who were treated with 532 nm picosecond laser., Conclusions: Convincingly, we argue that early intervention before 12 months of age with GPT using a high fluence 1064 nm QSNL is a safe, applicable and effective treatment for IGCALS, minimizing side effects without any recurrences.

Introduction: The search for fast and efficient treatment for dermonecrotic lesions caused by the venom of the spider from the Loxosceles simillis , is a demand in health. Prednisolone is one of the most used drugs, however it has side effects. In this context, addictionally gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties. The use of photobiomodulation has show to be efficient in the process of tissue repair. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of photobiomodulation and GNPs associated or not with a low concentration of prednisolone in animal models of dermonecrotic lesion. Methodology: For this, rabbits with venon-induced dermonecrotic lesion were subjected to topical treatment with prednisolone + laser or GNPs + laser or Pred-GNPs + laser. The area of edema, necrosis and erythema were measured. On the last day of treatment, the animals were euthanized to remove the organs for histopathological and biochemical analysis. Results: All treatments combinations were effective in promoting the reduction of necrotic tissue and erythema. Conclusion: With this results, we suggest that the use of laser and nanoparticles, associated or not with prednisolone, should be considered for the treatment of dermonecrotic injury.

Introduction: Photobiomodulation (PBM) is considered a promising adjunctive approach in regenerative medicine. This study aimed to investigate the proliferation and adhesion of human gingival fibroblast (HGF) cells to a collagen membrane following PBM. Methods: Cultured HGF cells on a collagen membrane received PBM at wavelengths of 808 nm, 915 nm (2 and 4 J/cm 2 ), and 660 nm (2.1 and 4.2 J/cm 2 ) in interventional groups, while non-irradiated cells served as the control. On days 1 and 3 post-irradiation, cell proliferation was measured by MTT assay, and adhesion to the membrane was assessed under the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Results: Cell proliferation significantly increased in interventional groups compared to the control, with the most significant increase at 915 nm (4 J/cm 2 ) in both time points. On the first day, the 808 nm and 660 nm lasers demonstrated similar results, significantly lower than the 915 nm laser (2 J/cm 2 ). On day 3, the 660 nm, 808 nm, and 915 nm (2 J/cm 2 ) groups showed comparable results. Qualitative analysis by the SEM identified spindle-shaped cells with multiple extended projections in 915 nm groups, especially at an energy density of 4 J/cm 2 . Groups of 660 nm and 808 nm (4 J/cm 2 ) showed spindle-shaped cell morphology. No distinct cellular morphology indicative of enhanced adhesion was observed at 808 nm (2 J/cm 2 ). Conclusion: The most effective PBM setup for promoting HGF proliferation and adhesion to a collagen membrane was identified at 915 nm (4 J/cm 2 )., Competing Interests: None., (Copyright © 2024 J Lasers Med Sci.)

Aim: We aimed to evaluate the effects of laser therapy together with rest splint and exercise on muscle strength, function, activities of daily living, and pain in individuals suffering from cubital tunnel syndrome (CuTS) by comparing it with placebo treatment. Materials and Methods: This prospective, single-blind, and randomized controlled study was conducted with 64 patients with CuTS in total. They were divided into two groups by randomization: Group 1 ( n = 32) was provided with low-energy laser therapy + splint + exercise, and Group 2 ( n = 32) was provided with low-energy sham laser therapy + splint + exercise. Patients in both groups received resting splints and nerve release exercises. Pretreatment and posttreatment (3rd week, 3rd month) evaluations were made with the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), the Quick Disability of Arm, Shoulder, and Hand Questionnaire, hand grip strength, fingertip grip strength, the Patient-Rated Ulnar Nerve Evaluation Scale (PRUNES), and Short Form-12. An electrophysiological evaluation was performed at baseline and at the 3rd month. Results: We observed significant improvements in both groups regarding pain, function, muscle strength, health profile, and quality of life in the early posttreatment (3rd week) stage and at the 3rd-month follow-up. When both groups were compared, a significant difference was determined between the VAS-Rest, VAS-Movement, PRUNES-Pain, PRUNES-Function, and PRUNES-Total parameters in the posttreatment (3rd week follow-ups), as well as PRUNES-Pain scores in the post-treatment (3rd month) stage, of the groups in favor of those in Group 1 ( p < 0.05). Conclusion: The findings of our study have shown that in the treatment of CuTS, laser treatment is superior to placebo in the short term, but they have equivalent effects in the medium term. Further studies with large patient populations are needed to provide more diverse information about the therapeutic effectiveness of low-intensity laser therapy.

Cellular therapy using adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (at-MSCs) has garnered attention for the treatment of bone defects. Therefore, preconditioning strategies to enhance the osteogenic potential of at-MSCs could optimize cell therapy outcomes, and photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy has emerged as an effective, noninvasive, and low-cost alternative. This study explored the impacts of PBM on at-MSCs differentiation and the subsequent repair of bone defects treated with cell injection. Rat at-MSCs were cultured and irradiated (at-MSCs PBM ) following the PBM protocol (660 nm; 20 mW; 0.714 W/cm 2 ; 0.14 J; 5 J/cm 2 ). Cellular differentiation was assessed based on the expression of gene and protein markers. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected using fluorescence. At-MSCs PBM were injected into 5-mm calvarial lesions, and bone formation was analyzed using micro-CT and histological evaluations. At-MSCs were used as control. Data were analyzed using the ANOVA or t-test. At-MSCs PBM exhibited high levels of gene and protein runt-related transcription factor-2 (Runx2) and alkaline phosphatase (Alp) expression. PBM increased ALP activity and significantly reduced ROS levels. In addition, PBM increased the expression of Wnt pathway-associated genes. In vivo, there was an increase in the morphometric parameters, including bone volume, percentage of bone volume, bone surface area, and trabecular number, in at-MSCs PBM -treated defects compared with those in the control. These findings suggest that PBM enhances the osteogenic potential of at-MSCs, thereby supporting the advancement of improved cellular therapies for bone regeneration., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest Emanuela Prado Ferraz reports financial support was provided by State of Sao Paulo Research Foundation. Natalia Pieretti Bueno reports financial support was provided by National Council for Scientific and Technological Development. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Study design: A quasi-experimental study utilized a matched-pair design, administering photobiomodulation at four-sites on one side of the body and assigning control to the other side at corresponding sites. Objectives: This study aimed to assess photobiomodulation treatment effects on bone mineral density (BMD) measurement using dual-energy X-ray-absorptiometry in individuals with complete spinal cord injury (C.SCI) and osteoporosis. Methods: Eight patients received treatment at four-sites: forearm-mid-distal (MID), proximal-femur, distal-femur, and proximal-tibia, totaling 32 sites. Using an 830 nm gallium-aluminum-arsenide semiconductor laser irradiation was administered three times weekly for 8 weeks. Different doses (energy density) were determined depending on bone depth from skin surface, as assessed by sonography and adjusted through irradiation time to be 8, 10, and 12 J/cm 2 for depths <1 cm, between 1 and 1.5 cm, and >1.5 cm, respectively, using 200 mW power to deliver the optimal isodose of laser at each depth of bone within each therapeutic site. BMD was measured at baseline, week 8 of treatment, and week 15 of follow-up. Serum 25-(OH)-vitamin D and bone formation markers including osteocalcin and bone-alkaline-phosphatase (B-ALP) were also assessed at baseline and week 8 of treatment. Results: Significant increases in BMD were noted in proximal-femur and forearm-MID at both week 8 and week 15. Serum 25-(OH)-vitamin D levels significantly increased after treatment. However, no notable changes were observed in distal-femur and proximal-tibia BMD or in osteocalcin and B-ALP levels. Conclusions: Photobiomodulation (830 nm) laser demonstrated efficacy in improving BMD at proximal-femur and forearm-MID in individuals with C.SCI. Moreover, the observed positive influence on vitamin D levels suggests a potential photobiomodulation role, warranting further investigation.

Background: Laser acupuncture regulates energy flow and restores body fluid metabolism. Objective: To evaluate the effects of the laser acupuncture protocol (LAP) on hepatic and renal metabolism in sedentary people. Methods: Longitudinal, double-blind, and randomized clinical trial with 29 participants, adults, both sexes, sedentary, without pre-existing metabolic diseases, subdivided into control and laser groups. Based on the STandards for Reporting Interventions in Clinical Trials of Acupuncture 2010 guidelines, 10 laser applications (660 nm ±10 nm wavelength, 100 mW power. The irradiation tip has a diameter of 5 mm, which corresponds to an area of 0.19 cm 2 , totaling a power density of 0.52 W/cm 2 and considering the irradiation time of 90 s, the energy density applied was 47.3 J/cm 2 ) were performed on the acupoints of metabolic functions (LR3, SP6, ST36, and LI4) and blood samples were collected for fasting glycemia, lipid profile (HDL, LDL, total cholesterol, and triglycerides), liver function (AST/GOT and ALT/GPT), and renal function (serum creatinine and urea). A repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Bonferroni corrected post hoc comparisons was applied to compare statistical differences between groups and times, adopting p < 0.05 as the null hypothesis. Results: The laser stimulated changes in serum lipid profile values and renal and hepatic functions. There was a significant ( p = 0.014) reduction in LDL ("bad" cholesterol) from 105.75 ± 32.83 pre- to 84.32 ± 18.38 mg/dL postintervention, associated with cardioprotective function. Positive significant ( p = 0.035) impacts were also observed in the reduction of creatinine (0.86 ± 0.12 mg/dL to 0.75 ± 0.12 mg/dL) and the enzyme AST/GOT (33.73 ± 12.95 U/L to 20.80 ± 4.99 U/L, p = 0.002). Conclusion: LAP applied to basal metabolism acupoints promoted positive metabolic changes in the lipid profile (LDL), and in main markers of the liver (AST/GOT) and kidney (creatinine) functions, contributing to risk control of cardiovascular diseases.

Objective: Photobiomodulation (PBM) is a noninvasive therapeutic modality with widespread applications for modulating various biological processes. Although the exact mechanisms of action remain uncertain, PBM promotes homeostasis through diverse pathways, including reducing inflammation and enhancing tissue recovery. Hearing loss is irreversible in mammals due to the limited regenerative capacity of cochlear hair cells. Cochlear implants offer a solution by electrically stimulating the auditory nerve, bypassing damaged hair cells in individuals with severe hearing loss. However, postoperative inflammatory responses and cochlear nerve fiber damage can compromise implant efficacy. Materials and Methods: We investigated current strategies to minimize secondary cochlear damage after cochlear implantation and evaluated the potential of PBM as an adjuvant therapeutic approach. Results: The auditory cell protective effects of PBM could significantly enhance the performance of EAS devices in individuals with residual hearing. Further, postoperative CI is accompanied by an inflammatory response characterized by the upregulation of specific cytokines. Conclusion: Considering the neuroregenerative potential of PBM, its application as a neuroprotective strategy warrants further validation.

Ovarian aging is a serious clinical concern. Few safe and effective methods are currently available to improve ovarian functions. Photobiomodulation (PBM) is a safe and noninvasive physical therapy that can modulate a series of biological processes. Recently, several studies have noted its potential to improve the function of ovary and reproductive cells. However, the effects of PBM treatment on natural ovarian aging remain unclear. In this study, we used a naturally reproductive aging mouse model to observe the effect of PBM on ovarian function. Young and aged female ICR mice were treated with or without PBM for 2 months. PBM was performed using a semiconductor InGaAlP laser emitting at 650 nm (80 mW, 6.7 mW/cm 2 for 5 or 10 min, resulting in a dose of 2 or 4 J/cm 2 , respectively). After treatment, the effects of PBM and its role in oxidative stress, inflammation, and mitochondrial function were investigated. We found that PBM (4 J/cm 2 ) effectively recovered the levels of sex hormones, increased the number of primordial and growing follicles, improved angiogenesis, and decreased cell apoptosis in naturally aged mice. Moreover, PBM reduced oxidative stress, inhibited chronic ovarian inflammation, and improved mitochondrial function in aged ovaries. Similar protective effects of PBM were observed in a hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress model of human granulosa cell line (KGN) in vitro. Increased cell viability, cell proliferation, hormone secretion, mitochondrial membrane potential, and adenosine triphosphate levels and decreased apoptosis and oxidative stress were detected in KGN cells after PBM treatment. Collectively, this study suggest that PBM treatment is beneficial for restoring ovarian function in naturally reproductive aging mice and has a significant protective effect against oxidative stress damage in KGN cells. The mechanisms underlying the benefits of PBM in ovarian aging include antioxidant stress, reduction of inflammation, and preservation of mitochondrial function. Therefore, this study emphasizes the potential of PBM as a therapeutic intervention to ameliorate ovarian aging., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Background: After skin damage, a complicated set of processes occur for epidermal and dermal wound healing. This process is hindered under diabetic conditions, resulting in nonhealing diabetic ulcers. In diabetes there is an increase in inflammation and proinflammatory cytokines. Modulating cells using photobiomodulation (PBM) may have an effect on inflammation and cell viability, which are crucial for the healing of wounds. Objective: This study explored the impact of PBM in the near-infrared spectrum (830 nm; 5 J/cm 2 ) on inflammation in diabetic wound healing. Materials and Methods: Five cell models, namely normal, wounded, diabetic, diabetic wounded, and wounded with d-galactose were used. Cell morphology and migration rate were assessed, while cellular response measures included viability (Trypan blue and adenosine triphosphate), apoptosis (annexin-V/PI), proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and cyclooxygenase-2, nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), and gene expression of advanced glycation end product receptor (AGER). Results: PBM resulted in increased levels of TNF-α, supported by activation of NF-κB. PBM stimulated translocation of NF-κB and upregulation of AGER. Conclusions: PBM modulates diabetic wound healing in vitro at 830 nm through stimulated NF-κB signaling activated by TNF-α.

The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of the Gaussian and Flat-Top profiles in proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cell of buccal fat pad. Based on the timing schedule and type of laser handpieces, the cells were assigned to a control group with no radiation, and two irradiation test groups (980 nm) with Flat-Top (F) (power of 1.1 W, beam area of 1 cm 2 ) and standard Gaussian (G) (power of 0.7 W, beam area of 0.5 cm 2 ) handpieces. Each test group was divided into three subgroups, receiving one time (60 J/cm 2 ), two times (120 J/cm 2 ), and three times (180 J/cm 2 ) irradiation. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and Annexin V tests were performed. The Alizarin Red staining and polymerase chain reaction tests were done both at the beginning and the end of the first and second weeks. The degree of mineralization and expression of osteogenic markers, RUNX2, OCN, and OPN were evaluated. Based on the MTT and Annexin V test results, both test groups outperformed the control group in degrees of cell proliferation during the first day of laser irradiation (p < 0.05). After one and two times irradiation, the expression of osteogenic markers in the test groups was significantly higher than the control group. PBM with Flat-Top and Gaussian handpieces can enhance ossification and cell differentiation regardless of the type of handpieces., (© 2024 American Society for Photobiology.)

Introduction: Low-level light therapy (LLLT) or photobiomodulation, the application of red light to the eye, is used for the treatment of dry eye. Limited studies have investigated the efficacy of LLLT as a stand-alone treatment. The investigation aimed to evaluate the effect of LLLT on signs and symptoms of dry eye., Methods: Participants with mild to moderate dry eye were recruited for this three-visit study. Visits were 7 (±3) days apart and all participants received 633 nm LLLT (eye-light®) for 15 min at each visit. Clinical measures including first and average non-invasive keratograph tear break-up time (NIKBUT), tear meniscus height (TMH), meibomian gland (MG) loss for upper and lower eyelids, ocular surface disease index (OSDI) score, tear film lipid layer thickness, meibum quality score, Schirmer's test, corneal fluorescein staining and eyelid temperature for external upper (EUL) and external lower (ELL) eyelids were measured from the right eye of participants before and after treatment., Results: Thirty participants (mean [SD] age: 31.1 [9.5] years) completed the study. Treatment with LLLT resulted in significant differences in first and average NIKBUT, TMH, tear film lipid layer thickness, OSDI score, Schirmer's test, meibum quality score and eyelid temperature over time (all p < 0.05). Compared to baseline, TMH, tear film lipid layer thickness and eyelid temperature significantly increased by 0.06 mm (95% CI: 0.01-0.11), 12.9 nm (95% CI: 1.18-24.55), and 7.0°C, respectively, for both EUL (95% CI: 6.17-7.84) and ELL (95% CI: 6.17-7.73). The respective decrease in the OSDI score and Schirmer's test was 10.2 (95% CI: -15.15 to -5.26) and 4.4 mm (95% CI: -7.31 to -1.42; all p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in corneal fluorescein staining and MG loss after LLLT., Conclusion: Low-level light therapy treatment significantly improved signs and symptoms of dry eye in the early phases of treatment, suggesting its efficacy for dry eye management., (© 2024 College of Optometrists.)

Photobiomodulation (PBM), previously known as low-level laser light therapy, represents a noninvasive form of phototherapy that utilizes wavelengths in the red light (RL, 620-700 nm) portion of the visible light (VL, 400-700 nm) spectrum and the near-infrared (NIR, 700-1440 nm) spectrum. PBM is a promising and increasingly used therapy for the treatment of various dermatologic and nondermatologic conditions. Photons from RL and NIR are absorbed by endogenous photoreceptors including mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase (COX). Activation of COX leads to the following changes: modulation of mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate (ATP), generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and alterations in intracellular calcium levels. The associated modulation of ATP, ROS and calcium levels promotes the activation of various signaling pathways (eg, insulin-like growth factors, phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathways), which contribute to downstream effects on cellular proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Effective PBM therapy is dependent on treatment parameters (eg, fluence, treatment duration and output power). PBM is generally well-tolerated and safe with erythema being the most common and self-limiting adverse cutaneous effect., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest None disclosed., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Objective: To assess the reduction in pain, muscle tenderness, joint clicking, and improvement in mouth opening (MO) after low-level laser therapy (LLLT) compared to transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and therapeutic ultrasound (US) among temporomandibular joint disorder (TMD) patients., Methods: A systematic search of online sources of electronic databases was undertaken. The quality of the study was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool for randomized controlled trials (RCTs)., Results: Twelve RCTs were included in the systematic review, and 9 were included in the meta-analysis. For reduction in pain between LLLT and TENS, LLLT was found to be better than TENS, at 95% CI. LLLT was also proven to be better in reducing pain than therapeutic US, at 81% CI., Conclusion: This systematic review and meta-analysis compared the effectiveness of LLLT, TENS, and therapeutic US in TMD. LLLT provided relatively more effective pain relief and improvement in MO.

Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) is being extensively studied in the field of periodontics as a noninvasive technique to achieve better results after nonsurgical and surgical therapy. However, there is a lack of definitive guidelines for the use of LLLT to promote gingival and periodontal wound healing. The primary objective of this systematic review was to critically analyze the studies evaluating the effect of low-level diode laser on human gingival fibroblasts in vitro and to develop wavelength-specific guidelines for photobiomodulation of human gingival fibroblasts. A thorough electronic and manual search was conducted for relevant articles published until December 2019. Nine studies were included in the review after the initial screening of 1334 articles. Our data analysis revealed that LLLT with diode laser stimulates human gingival fibroblasts as there was the increase in cell viability, proliferation, migration, and protein synthesis in irradiated cells. The diode lasers in the 600–700 nm spectrum were effective in the 10 mW to 30 mW power range. Lasers in the 700–800 nm range were effective in the 25–50 mW power range and diode lasers in the 800–900 nm range were effective at a power setting of 10 mW. It was possible to ascertain a suitable power setting for a particular wavelength spectrum, but no other parameters could be defined due to a lack of reporting of details. Hence, the authors have developed guidelines for comprehensive reporting of in–vitro studies to facilitate future research and overcome existing lacunae in knowledge.

Background: Oral mucositis is a debilitating and painful complication of head and neck cancer irradiation that is characterised by inflammation of the mucous membranes, erythema and ulceration. Oral mucositis affects 6000 head and neck cancer patients per year in England and Wales. Current treatments have not proven to be effective. International studies suggest that low-level laser therapy may be an effective treatment. Objectives: To assess the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of low-level laser therapy in the management of oral mucositis in head and neck cancer irradiation. To identify barriers to and facilitators of implementing low-level laser therapy in routine care. Design: Placebo-controlled, individually randomised, multicentre Phase III superiority trial, with an internal pilot and health economic and qualitative process evaluations. The participants, outcome assessors and therapists were blinded. Setting: Nine NHS head and neck cancer sites in England and Wales. Participants: A total of 87 out of 380 participants were recruited who were aged ≥ 18 years and were undergoing head and neck cancer irradiation with ≥ 60 Gy. Intervention: Random allocation (1 : 1 ratio) to either low-level laser therapy or sham low-level laser therapy three times per week for the duration of irradiation. The diode laser had the following specifications: wavelength 660 nm, power output 75 mW, beam area 1.5 cm2, irradiance 50 mW/cm2, exposure time 60 seconds and fluence 3 J/cm2. There were 20–30 spots per session. Sham low-level laser therapy was delivered in an identical manner. Main outcome measure: The mean Oral Mucositis Weekly Questionnaire-Head and Neck Cancer score at 6 weeks following the start of irradiation. Higher scores indicate a worse outcome. Results: A total of 231 patients were screened and, of these, 87 were randomised (low-level laser therapy arm, n = 44; sham arm, n = 43). The mean age was 59.4 years (standard deviation 8.8 years) and 69 participants (79%) were male. The mean Oral Mucositis Weekly Questionnaire-Head and Neck Cancer score at 6 weeks was 33.2 (standard deviation 10) in the low-level laser therapy arm and 27.4 (standard deviation 13.8) in the sham arm. Limitations: The trial lacked statistical power because it did not meet the recruitment target. Staff and patients willingly participated in the trial and worked hard to make the LiTEFORM trial succeed. However, the task of introducing, embedding and sustaining new low-level laser therapy services into a complex care pathway proved challenging. Sites could deliver low-level laser therapy to only a small number of patients at a time. The administration of low-level laser therapy was viewed as straightforward, but also time-consuming and sometimes uncomfortable for both patients and staff, particularly those staff who were not used to working in a patient’s mouth. Conclusions: This trial had a robust design but lacked power to be definitive. Low-level laser therapy is relatively inexpensive. In contrast with previous trials, some patients found low-level laser therapy sessions to be difficult. The duration of low-level laser therapy sessions is, therefore, an important consideration. Clinicians experienced in oral cavity work most readily adapt to delivering low-level laser therapy, although other allied health professionals can be trained. Blinding the clinicians delivering low-level laser therapy is feasible. There are important human resource, real estate and logistical considerations for those setting up low-level laser therapy services. Future work: Further well-designed randomised controlled trials investigating low-level laser therapy in head and neck cancer irradiation are needed, with similar powered recruitment targets but addressing the recruitment challenges and logistical findings from this research. Trial registration: This trial is registered as ISRCTN14224600. Funding: This project was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 26, No. 46. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.

Abstract Aim: This study aimed to verify the acute effect of photobiomodulation (PBM) on maximal lactate production rate (VLamax) in front crawl swimmers. Methods: Fifteen male swimmers (20.9 ± 2.4-year-old) participated in this study. Three sets of front crawls were performed at distances of 100-, 200- and 400-m under three experimental conditions: PBM (420 J), placebo (PLA) and control (C) in this randomized, crossover, double-blind and placebo-controlled study. PBM or PLA were applied or simulated before performance tests. One-way Anova for repeated measurements were used for statistical analyses. Results: The results showed that the prior PBM application did not affect VLamax in front crawl swimmers: VLamax 100-m (PBM = 0.20 ± 0.05 mmol·L-1·s-1; PLA = 0.20 ± 0.04 mmol·L-1·s-1 and C = 0.21 ± 0.04; mmol·L-1·s-1); 200-m (PBM = 0.09 ± 0.03 mmol·L-1·s-1; PLA = 0.08 ± 0.02 mmol·L-1·s-1 and C = 0.08 ± 0.02 mmol·L-1·s-1) and 400-m (PBM = 0.04 ± 0.01 mmol·L-1·s-1; PLA = 0.04 ± 0.01 mmol·L-1·s-1 and C = 0.03 ± 0.01 mmol·L-1·s-1). Nor effect swim time (ST) performance: ST 100 m (PBM = 65.5 ± 6.3 s; PLA = 65.2 ± 5.6 s; C = 66.0 ± 5.9 s); ST 200 m (PBM = 148.5 ± 17.9 s; PLA = 149.4 ± 16.4 s; C = 150.1 ± 17.9 s); ST 400 m (PBM = 327.7 ± 38.2 s; PLA = 321.6 ± 47.7 s; C = 329.5 ± 41.2 s). Conclusions: PBM application prior front crawl swimming tests did not significantly modify the VLamax on swimmers covering distances of 100-, 200- and 400-m.

Objective: To investigate the effects of photobiomodulation on Achilles tendon rupture (ATR) treated conservatively. Design: Prospective, patient- and assessor-blinded, parallel, randomized controlled trial. Setting: Patients with acute ATR treated conservatively. Participants: Thirty-four male individuals with acute unilateral ATR treated conservatively (N=34), equally divided in 2 groups: photobiomodulation group (PBMG) and sham group, with mean age of 45.5±9.47 and 48.7±8.38 years, respectively. Intervention: All participants underwent through an immobilization period, followed by rehabilitation sessions (2 d/wk for 12 weeks) comprising strengthening, range of motion, and balance/weightbearing exercises. In PBMG, the tendon was irradiated with a photobiomodulation cluster (1 904 nm/50 mW infrared laser, 4 858 nm/50 mW infrared diodes, and 4 658 nm/40 mW red diodes; power density of 105 mW/cm2 per cluster area) during the immobilization period (2 d/wk for 8 weeks) and the sham group received a simulation of the procedure with no irradiation. Outcomes were assessed at the removal of the immobilization 12 and 16 weeks after tendon rupture. Main Outcome Measures: Primary outcome was the Achilles Tendon Rupture Score. Secondary outcomes included Numerical Pain Rating Scale at rest and during effort, plantar flexor strength, and ankle range of motion. Results: Both groups demonstrated an increase in the Achilles Tendon Rupture Score and improvements in range of motion, plantar flexor strength, and pain. There were no significant differences in outcomes between the 2 groups (P>.05) except in pain during walking, which was significantly lower in the PBMG in week 12 (P

Oral mucositis is a common and debilitating side effect induced by stem cell transplantation that is experienced by cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy or radiation therapy. This condition involves inflammation and ulceration of the oral mucosa, leading to pain, difficulty with eating and speaking, and an increased risk of infections. Mucositis not only compromises the quality of life for cancer patients, but also affects treatment outcomes and may necessitate dose reductions or treatment delays. This scientific article provides a comprehensive overview of mucositis. The purpose of this literature review with a meta-analysis is to evaluate the efficacy of laser therapy in treating post-transplant mucositis. Materials and methods: A search of the literature from 3 May 2023 was carried out on three online databases, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Only studies that treated patients with laser therapy were considered; only studies with the placebo-treated control group were considered. Review Manager version 5.2.8 (Cochrane Collaboration) was used for the pooled analysis. We measured the std. mean difference between the two groups (laser and placebo). Results: There were 230 papers included in this review. Two hundred twenty-seven were excluded. Furthermore, a manual search was performed. After the search phase, three articles were considered in the study. The overall effect showed differences in the degree of mucositis in the laser-treated patients compared with the placebo group. The meta-analysis shows a reduction in the degree of mucositis in the patients treated with laser therapy (std. mean difference −1.34 [−1.98; −0.98]; C.I. 95%). Conclusions: The application of laser therapy results in decreased severity of oral mucositis from radiation and chemotherapy. Our study shows that the application of low-level laser therapy in the treatment of transplant mucositis has excellent efficacy in relieving the symptoms and severity of mucositis.

Introduction. Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a highly prevalent cranial neuropathy, recognized as one of the main chronic orofacial neuropathic pain conditions. Low-intensity laser therapy (LILT) has been proposed as an analgesic alternative for treating neuropathic orofacial pain, although studies appear to be limited, without a consensus on dose. The study aim was to describe the efficacy of LILT in TN treatment. Methods. Randomized clinical trials and controlled trials were identified in the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Science-Direct databases for May 8, 2021. Three independent researchers reviewed titles and abstracts to determine their eligibility. Risk of bias and quality were assessed with the RoB 2 tool (Cochrane) and PEDro scale. Decreased pain was considered the main outcome, and changes in the temporomandibular joint range of motion, strength, or disability were secondary outcomes. Results. The search yielded 1078 articles after eliminating duplicates, reduced to 13 when applying the selection criteria. Nine articles were ascribed a low risk of bias or remained without consensus (69.23%), obtaining an average score of 6 (PEDro). Thirteen trials showed pain reduction at the end of treatment and in follow-up, although with statistical significance for 8 articles only (p < 0.005). A decrease in drug consumption and an increase in serotonin levels were observed in experimental groups, which supports the systemic analgesic effects of local and remote LILT. Conclusions. LILT is effective in reducing pain in TN. However, more research is needed to establish a referential dose consensus for TN and other neuropathic pain conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of red light emitting diode (LED) photobiomodulation therapy protocol on inflammatory cells during the healing of third-degree skin burns. Fifty Wistar rats were randomly divided into control group (CTRL) (n = 25) and red group (RED) (n = 25), with subgroups (n = 5) for each time of euthanasia (7, 14, 21, 28, and 32 days). Treatment animals were daily irradiated (630 nm ± 10 nm, 300 mW, 9 J/cm2 per point, 30 s, continuous emission mode) at the 4 angles of the wound (total: 36 J/cm2). After specimen removal, histological sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin for quantitative analysis of the inflammatory infiltrate (neutrophils and lymphocytes) under light microscopy. Greater number of inflammatory cells was observed in irradiated groups when compared to CTRL at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days, but with statistically significant difference only at 14 days (p = 0.02). At 32 days, higher inflammatory cell value was observed in CTRL when compared to RED, but with no statistically significant difference (p = 0.91). The results suggest that red LED, according to the protocol used, modulates the number of inflammatory cells in the early stages of the healing of third-degree skin burns. Nevertheless, this low-intensity light therapy may not, be efficient in reducing the number of neutrophils and lymphocytes in advanced stages of the repair process of skin burns. Further studies with other therapy protocols are needed to assess the effects of this type of light on the inflammatory response of skin burns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective of this study is to report on the bactericidal effects of blue light administered at low irradiance for extended periods of time. Background: Multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) utilize biofilms that can limit the efficacy of antibiotics, causing infection and impaired wound healing. Unlike high-energy systems, continuous low-irradiance phototherapy (CLIP) avoids thermal injury of healthy tissue and can be delivered for extended periods. Methods: Four MDRO species, two of which contained different antibiotic resistance genes, were exposed to 405 nm irradiation in vitro. The microbes were incrementally exposed to increasing dose-rates (irradiance; mW/cm2) over a 24-h time period. Cell viability and biomass reduction assays were conducted to quantify the antibacterial/antibiofilm effects. Primary human dermal fibroblasts were also exposed to CLIP to assess whether these dose-rates would impair cell viability or proliferation. Results: CLIP exposure utilizing irradiances as low as 2.78mW/cm2 delivered over 24 h resulted in a >3.0-log (>99.9%) and >2.0-log (>99.0%) microbial load reduction when organisms were grown in planktonic and biofilmencapsulated conditions, respectively. Crystal violet biofilm assays revealed destruction of extracellular biofilm architecture following CLIP exposure. Human fibroblast viability and proliferation were unaffected by CLIP. Conclusions: This is the first report demonstrating the antimicrobial efficacy of CLIP for MDROs found in infected wounds. CLIP did not compromise cultured human fibroblast growth and survival. This study demonstrated that very low fluence rates (irradiances) delivered over extended periods are potently antimicrobial. There is translational potential for CLIP to be fabricated as a wearable device that would enable continuous ambulatory care of wounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Insulin resistance (IR) is the main risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). Noninvasive and nonpharmacological therapies, such as exercise and diet are effective in treating IR and DM2; however, adherence to them generally is low and diminishes positive effects in the long term. Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) is another noninvasive and nonpharmacological therapy, which produces positive effects on mitochondrial metabolism, oxidative stress, and inflammation generally linked to IR and DM2 and may improve or attenuate the severity of these diseases. Objective: In this narrative review, we focus on the available literature related to the effects of PBMT on IR. Results: In fact, recent in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated improvements in IR in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and hepatic cells mediated by PBMT. Further, there is evidence that PBMT can potentiate exercise-induced improvement in IR through ameliorating mitochondrial dysfunction, reducing inflammation, and modulating oxidative stress. Moreover, reduced adiposity and altered gut microbiota also appear to mediate PBMT effects on IR. Conclusions: Although these results are exciting, randomized clinical trials are urgently needed to confirm the clinical relevance of PBMT in the treatment of IR. Investigation about the effects of PBMT combined with different volumes of physical exercises may also contribute significantly for those patients having difficulty to adhere to the recommended minimal exercise volume. Finally, studies on PBMT parameters (e.g., dosimetry, wavelengths, single-point vs. full-body irradiation) are also necessary for the appropriate prescription of PBMT for the treatment of IR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) is a noninvasive technique used in different medical fields. It has been applied in different medical areas such as wound healing, traumatic brain injuries, neurological disorders, cognitive disorders, Alzheimer's disease, pain, and arthritis, with different results. We studied the effectiveness of LLLT on cognitive impairment in patients with chronic schizophrenia. A randomized controlled double-blind clinical trial was performed in a men's chronic treatment center, in Razi Psychiatric Hospital, in Tehran, Iran. We screened the cognitive impairment by Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Positive And Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was also used to assess the patients' positive and negative symptoms. Seventeen consenting patients were randomly allocated to the treatment arm, and 15 to the sham treatment control arm. The mean age of the control and treated patients was 49.47 ± 6.99 and 50.24 ± 7.69, respectively. No significant difference in PANSS and MMSE test scores was detected in both groups after the 6th session and after 2 months of follow-up after laser therapy. The positive and negative scales and agitation and excitement levels did not change significantly in either group. Nevertheless, the depression/anxiety subscale in the PANSS test showed a significant reduction after 6 sessions but did not persist after 2 months. No improvement in cognitive impairment or the positive and negative symptoms was detected after LLLT in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Trial registration: IRCT 20210520051349N1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is postulated that the inflammatory process resulting from SARS‐CoV‐2 infection is the main cause of smell and taste dysfunctions in patients. In view of this, photobiomodulation, due to its anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant effects, may be a promising therapeutic modality to treat these disorders. In the present case report, we observed clinical improvement in the symptoms of anosmia and ageusia related to COVID‐19 after treatment with photobiomodulation. Due to the inflammatory nature of COVID‐19 and the anti‐inflammatory effects, photobiomodulation antioxidants already proven in the literature make it a promising therapeutic modality, especially sequela COVID‐related, including olfactory (anosmia) and taste (ageusia) dysfunction. In the present case report, the patient's olfactory and gustatory functions were re‐established after 10 treatment sessions with photobiomodulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Notable milestones in the treatment of vascular lesions have been achieved over the past century. Many cutaneous vascular lesions can be successfully treated with lightbased devices. In this review, we will discuss the treatment of port-wine birthmarks, lymphatic malformations, infantile hemangiomas, rosacea, venous lakes, pyogenic granulomas, cherry angiomas, and angiofibromas using lasers, total reflection amplification of spontaneous emission of radiation, intense pulsed light, and photodynamic therapy. In addition, for several of these diagnoses, we will review medical therapies that can be combined with light-based devices to provide enhanced results.

Targeted killing of cancer cells by engineered nanoparticles holds great promise for noninvasive photothermal therapy applications. We present the design and generation of a novel class of gold nanoshells with cores composed of self-assembled block copolypeptide vesicles with photothermal properties. Specifically, poly(L-lysine)60- block-poly(L-leucine)20 (K60L20) block copolypeptide vesicles coated with a thin layer of gold demonstrate enhanced absorption of light due to surface plasmon resonance (SPR) in the near-infrared range. We show that the polypeptide-based K60L20 gold nanoshells have low toxicity in the absence of laser exposure, significant heat generation upon exposure to near-infrared light, and, as a result, localized cytotoxicity within the region of laser irradiation in vitro. To gain a better understanding of our gold nanoshells in the context of photothermal therapy, we developed a comprehensive mathematical model for heat transfer and experimentally validated this model by predicting the temperature as a function of time and position in our experimental setup. This model can be used to predict which parameters of our gold nanoshells can be manipulated to improve heat generation for tumor destruction. To our knowledge, our results represent the first ever use of block copolypeptide vesicles as the core material of gold nanoshells.

Currently, there is no curative treatment for advanced metastatic prostate cancer, and options, such as chemotherapy, are often nonspecific, harming healthy cells and resulting in severe side effects. Attaching targeting ligands to agents used in anticancer therapies has been shown to improve efficacy and reduce nonspecific toxicity. Furthermore, the use of triggered therapies can enable spatial and temporal control over the treatment. Here, we combined an engineered prostate cancer-specific targeting ligand, the A11 minibody, with a novel photothermal therapy agent, polypeptide-based gold nanoshells, which generate heat in response to near-infrared light. We show that the A11 minibody strongly binds to the prostate stem cell antigen that is overexpressed on the surface of metastatic prostate cancer cells. Compared to nonconjugated gold nanoshells, our A11 minibody-conjugated gold nanoshell exhibited significant laser-induced, localized killing of prostate cancer cells in vitro. In addition, we improved upon a comprehensive heat transfer mathematical model that was previously developed by our laboratory. By relaxing some of the assumptions of our earlier model, we were able to generate more accurate predictions for this particular study. Our experimental and theoretical results demonstrate the potential of our novel minibody-conjugated gold nanoshells for metastatic prostate cancer therapy.

Miguel Angel Pérez-Silguero,1 David Pérez-Silguero,2 Amado Rivero-Santana,3 Maria Inmaculada Bernal-Blasco,4 Pablo Encinas-Pisa1 1Department of Ophthalmology, La Paloma Hospital, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain; 2Department of Ophthalmology, Pérez-Silguero Ophthalmologic Clinic, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain; 3Department of Health Technology Assessment, Fundación Canaria Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Canarias (FIISC), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain; 4Department of Community and Family Medicine, Primary Care Center of Cuevas Torres, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, SpainCorrespondence: Amado Rivero-SantanaServicio de Evaluación del Servicio Canario de la Salud, Camino Candelaria, 44, El Rosario, S/C de Tenerife, 38109, SpainTel +34 922478269Email amado.riverosantana@sescs.esPurpose: To assess the effectiveness of a combination of intense pulsed light and low-level light therapy (IPL/LLLT) for the treatment of dry eye.Study Design: Retrospective before-after single-center clinical study.Materials and Methods: Patients diagnosed with dry eye, refractory to conventional treatment, underwent four sessions of combined IPL/LLLT over 3 months. The Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire, non-invasive breakup time (NIBUT), tear film osmolarity and meniscus height were measured 6 months before intervention, at baseline, post-intervention (3 months), 9 and 15 months.Results: NIBUT, osmolarity and meniscus height significantly worsened during the 6 months before treatment, whereas symptoms did not change. OSDI scores significantly improved at post-intervention (MD = − 44.0, 95% CI − 38.1, − 50.0), and then increased again until the at last follow-up, but still significantly different from baseline (MD = − 30.0, 95% CI − 23.4, − 36.8). The three clinical signs showed a similar pattern, with one-year improvements of 3.6 seconds for the NIBUT (95% CI 3.1, 4.2, p < 0.001), 28 mOsm/L for osmolarity (95% CI 23.6, 32.4, p < 0.001) and 0.03 mm for meniscus height (95% CI 0.02, 0.04, p < 0.001). No adverse effects were observed.Conclusion: IPL/LLLT is safe and produces an important reduction in symptoms and signs of dry eye disease, still relevant one year after the end of treatment in a sample with high symptoms’ severity. Therefore, it represents a promising treatment option for patients who do not improve with conventional treatment. Randomized trials are needed to determine the added benefit provided by LLLT.Keywords: dry eye, meibomian gland dysfunction, intense pulsed light, low-level light therapy, retrospective study

The present study assessed the efficacy of photobiomodulation (PBM) following leukocyte-platelet rich fibrin (L-PRF) application for recovery of mental nerve neurosensory disturbances (NSDs) caused by genioplasty. This randomized triple-blind split-mouth clinical trial was conducted on 20 female patients (40 quadrants) requiring genioplasty. In each patient, one random side of the mandible served as the intervention (laser), and the other side as the control group. After genioplasty and L-PRF application, the intervention side underwent GaAIAs diode laser irradiation (880 nm, 500 mW, 15 J/cm2, 0.5 cm2 spot size, continuous-wave). Each point was laser irradiated for 15 s. Unilateral extraoral PBM was performed at 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days, postoperatively. Laser in off mode (sham laser) was used for the control side. A visual analog scale (VAS) was used for general sensitivity, and 2-point discrimination, directional discrimination, pain discrimination, and thermal discrimination tests were used to assess the neurosensory recovery at 2 days, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, and 2 months, postoperatively. Statistical analyses were performed using two-way repeated measures ANOVA, Bonferroni test, and generalized estimating equation (alpha = 0.05). Time had a significant effect on improvement of all sensory variables (P < 0.05). Neurosensory recovery was significantly better in the intervention than the control group at all time points according to the two-point discrimination test (P = 0.0135) and brush test (P = 0.025) results. The interaction effect of time and intervention was not significant on any dependent variable (P > 0.05). Application of L-PRF + PBM resulted in significantly greater sensorineural recovery according to the two-point discrimination and brush test results. • Neurosensory disturbances of the chin and lip area caused by the mental nerve injury during osteotomy or fixation in genioplasty is a common unwanted complication. • The promising effects of platelet-rich fibrin for treatment of NSDs have been previously confirmed. • Photobiomodulation has also shown promising results in enhancement of wound healing. • The present results showed an improvement in paresthesia after genioplasty with time in both groups of leukocyte-platelet-rich fibrin with/without photobiomodulation. • Application of leukocyte-platelet-rich fibrin + photobiomodulation resulted in significantly greater sensorineural recovery according to two-point discrimination and brush test results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: Thyroid tissue ablation with radioactive iodine (RAI) has been successfully used in the treatment of differentiated thyroid cancers. However, as a side effect, RAI may induce salivary gland (SG) hypofunction, which has been alternatively managed with photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT). In our study, we assessed the effects of RAI on the SGs and further analyzed whether PBMT can minimize tissue damage. (2) Methods: Balb/c mice were allocated into three groups, as follows: RI, submitted to RAI orally; RIL, similar to RI, but with PBMT for SG hypofunction; and C, control group. The animals were euthanized on days 0, 10, and 90 after RAI. (3) Results: A decrease in tri-iodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) serum levels was observed both in the RI and RIL groups. In addition, a decrease in SG weight and morphological alterations were shown in the RI group throughout the experimental period, as well as a significant increase in total protein and peroxidase concentrations, and catalase activity. On day 90, the RI group presented less collagen and fewer sodium/iodine channels, with higher rates of cell apoptosis. Pertechnetate (Na99mTcO4) uptake was also affected in the RI group in all experimental times. Interestingly, although the RIL group also presented some alterations regarding these parameters, they were not statistically different from those of the C group on day 90. (4) Conclusions: Our results provide evidence that RAI induces harmful effects on the SGs, which can be successfully managed with PBMT.

The aim of this study was to verify if exposure to the far-IR emitted by fabric (FIR) is able to improve the neuromuscular performance of the knee extensors of resistance-trained males regardless of changes of the temperature. It is a crossover, randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled trial. Fourteen resistance-trained males (age: 24.3 ± 4 years; body mass: 82.8 ± 11.3 kg; height: 176.3 ± 4.2 cm) were randomly assigned to one of initial conditions: FIR (n = 7) or placebo (n = 7). After 4 days, the participants were submitted to neuromuscular tests in an isokinetic dynamometer (maximal isometric voluntary contraction (MVC) and fatigue test). After a week of washout, participants performed the other condition. We measured peak torque (Nm), total work (J), fatigue index (%), root mean square (mV), median frequency (Hz), and temperature (°C) of thigh. The FIR was worn for 82 ± 19 h before the experimental session, totaling 317 ± 74 kJ of energy irradiation. There was a significant increase (p < 0.05) for pre-MVC (318.5 ± 68.7 Nm) and post-MVC (284.1 ± 58.2 Nm), and a trend (p = 0.055) for significant increase for total work (4,122.2 ± 699.8 J) on FIR condition regardless of none change on temperature and electromyographic (EMG) signals. FIR improved the neuromuscular performance of knee extensors in resistance-trained males regardless of changes on temperature and EMG. The present results suggest that the FIR could optimize the neuromuscular performance with 82 ± 19 h of wear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molina Correa, JC, Padoin, S, Varoni, PR, Demarchi, MC, Flores, LJ, Nampo, FK, and de Paula Ramos, S. Ergogenic effects of photobiomodulation on performance in the 30-second Wingate test: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. J Strength Cond Res 36(7): 1901–1908, 2022—The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ergogenic effects of red light (630 nm) photobiomodulation on anaerobic capacity in the Wingate test. Sixteen healthy and physically active male volunteers (21.71 ± 2.49 years of age, body mass index between 18.5 and 24.9 kg/m2) participated in this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. The subjects performed 3 Wingate test sessions, with a 48-hour interval between tests. In the first session (baseline session, BS), a Wingate test was performed to evaluate the initial performance. Subjects were paired by performance in the BS and allocated through a draw to receive either the phototherapy (630 nm, 4.6 J/cm2, 6 J per point, 16 points, light-emitting diode [LED] session) or placebo intervention (PLA session) in the second test session. In the third test session, a crossover intervention was performed. The repeated-measures analysis of variance test, followed by Bonferroni post hoc test or Friedman test with Dunn's post hoc test (p < 0.05) and Cohen's d statistic were used for comparisons. The LED session with phototherapy promoted an increase in performance in peak power (p < 0.05), relative power (p < 0.05), RPMpeak (p < 0.05), and peak velocity (p < 0.05), as well as total displacement (p < 0.01) compared with PLA. The mean power (p < 0.05), relative power (p < 0.05), RPMmean (p < 0.01), and mean velocity (p < 0.01) were higher in the LED session than those of BS. We concluded that phototherapy improves performance in Wingate anaerobic exercise, possibly due to large effects on the anaerobic alactic metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study compared the efficacy of photobiomodulation therapy versus soft acrylic wafer for reduction of pain associated with orthodontic metal bracket removal. Background: It has been demonstrated that different methods of bracket removal are associated with different levels of pain. Photobiomodulation decreases the level of pain due to its biological effects. Methods: This split-mouth randomized clinical trial evaluated 28 orthodontic patients. The four quadrants in each patient were randomly assigned to four groups of diode laser (940 nm, 31.7 J/cm2 energy density, 1.7 cm2 spot size, 300mW power, continuous-wave, contact mode) irradiated to the buccal and palatal surfaces of each tooth, soft acrylic wafer, laser in off mode (placebo), and no intervention (control). The severity of pain experienced by patients was assessed immediately after bracket removal from each tooth using a visual analog scale. Data were analyzed using the generalized estimating equation (α = 0.05). Results: The mean pain score in the soft acrylic wafer (p = 0.017), control (p < 0.001), and placebo (p < 0.001) groups was significantly higher compared with the laser group. Gender (p = 0.209), age (p = 0.095), and laterality (right/left quadrant; p = 0.383) had no significant effect on the pain score. The pain score in the mandible was significantly lower compared with the maxilla (p = 0.027). The first and second premolars had significantly lower pain scores (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Within the limitations of this study, photobiomodulation therapy and soft acrylic wafer can both decrease the pain associated with metal bracket removal, but laser is more effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Alopecia areata (AA) in its extensive and severe forms is treatment‐challenging, especially in pediatrics. Method: A PRISMA‐compliant systematic review of seven electronic databases was searched by the terms "alopecia areata," "pediatric," "topical immunotherapy," "Anthralin," and "light therapy" from inception until March 2021. All the alternative names of the disease and therapies have been included in the search terms. 790 articles went to title abstract review by two independent reviewers. In the subsequent level, a review of the full text of studies was conducted. Results: Finally, 10 relevant articles in terms of content structure, subject coverage, and purpose, were selected for further review. The highest percentages of complete hair regrowth were 79.6% and 63.61% by SADBE (topical immunotherapy) and laser therapy. By Anthralin (contact sensitization), the complete response rate was below 50% (between 30 and 35%). Regarding average response, the most effective methods were local immunotherapy (with an average effectiveness of 53.8%), laser therapy (52.55%), and the use of Anthralin‐induced contact dermatitis (30.86%), respectively. However, recurrence rate—after treatment with induced contact dermatitis by topical medications like Anthralin (contact sensitization)—was lower (mean 43.53%) in comparison with local immunotherapy (57%). In topical immunotherapy, light base therapy, and contact sensitization, the highest percentage of complete hair regrowth and the average response rate were (63.61% and 52.55%), (79.6% and 53.8%) and (32% and 30.8%), respectively. These methods are considered safe in children. Conclusion: A high and more than 50% efficacy in hair regrowth could be expected by topical immunotherapy and light/laser therapy method. No serious side effects have been observed by these methods that are well tolerated in children. Therefore, a combination of local immunotherapy and light/laser therapy could be suggested for the treatment of extensive AA in children. The use of Anthralin could be associated with a lower but more durable response. These points are important for patient selection in individualized situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the effect of a rapid treatment protocol of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in patients with myofascial pain and mouth opening limitation. Twenty patients were randomly allocated into the laser group (LG) (n = 10) and the placebo group (PG) (n = 10). Two LLLT sessions or placebo were performed. They were applied to the pain points upon palpation, with a 48-hr interval. Patients were evaluated for spontaneous pain sensitivity during mandibular movements and for oral health-related quality of life, which was assessed using the Oral Health Impact Profile for Temporomandibular Disorders (OHIP/TMD) questionnaire. Two patients from the placebo group were lost during the study. A significant increase in the maximum mouth opening (p = 0.04) and improvement in OHIP/TMD scores (p = 0.003) were observed in the LG after 30 days. Spontaneous pain was reduced in both groups with low-level laser therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Post-pandemic syndrome has lasting functional and psychological consequences, especially for the elderly. This timeline requires a quick search for procedures that will enable us to implement safe and non-invasive therapeutic instruments as prophylactic or adjuvant therapies for post-COVID-19 consequences. Photobiomodulation (PBM) may decrease inflammation and improve leg circulation. So, this study aims to assess the impact of PBM on post-COVID-19 functional capacity and fatigability. Material and methods: Two groups of 100 elders with a positive COVID-19 history were established. The PBM group got photobiomodulation on both lower calf muscles for four weeks (diode laser, Continuous output, stationary in skin contact mode, 100mW, 808 nm, beam spot area of 0.0314 cm2, 127.39 J/cm2/point, 40 s). The control group got placebo PBM for four weeks. Both groups' exhaustion was measured using the FSS. Functional ability was evaluated using the KATZ score before and after the trial. Results: After four weeks of PBM, there was a substantial suppression in the FSS level from 4.57 ± 0.26 to 3.97 ± 0.23 and the KATZ score was significantly elevated from 2.98 ± 0.79 to 3.94 ± 0.77, P value for both was <0.05. In addition, the placebo intervention improved the FSS level and KATZ score to an acceptable level. Conclusions: PBM enhanced functional capacities as evaluated by the KATZ score and fatigability perception as measured by the FSS scale in post-COVID-19 older people. Also, placebo intervention had a considerable effect on the elderly, with an 8.1 percent improvement in fatigue perception and a 19.1 percent improvement in functional ability evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study verifies the acute dose response effect of photobiomodulation (PBM) by light emitting diodes (LEDs) on hemodynamic and metabolic responses in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Thirteen participants with T2DM (age 52 ± 7 years) received PBM by a light-emitting diode array (50 GaAIAs LEDs, 850 ± 20 nm, 75 mW per diode) on the rectus and oblique abdomen, quadriceps femoris, triceps surae, and hamstring muscle areas, bilaterally, using different energy treatments (sham, 75, 150, 300, 450, and 600 Joules) in random order with a washout of at least 15 days apart. The PBM by LEDs statistically decreased plasma glucose levels (primary outcome) in 15 min after application of the 75 and 450 J irradiation protocol, reduced blood lactate levels 15 min after application of the 75, 450, and 600 J irradiation protocol, increased cardiac output ( Q ˙ ) and cardiac index (CI) in the 1st minute after application of the 75 and 300 J irradiation protocol, and reduced Q ˙ and heart rate (HR) in the 15 min after application of the 300 J and 600 J irradiation protocol, respectively. For hemodynamic variables, including Q ˙ , total peripheral resistance (TPR), and HR, we observed that the ideal therapeutic window ranged between 75 and 300 J, while for metabolic variables, glucose and lactate, the variation was between 450 and 600 J. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) on patient morbidity and donor site healing after free gingival graft (FGG) harvesting. Methods: Forty‐four patients requiring FGG were selected for this trial. Individuals were randomly assigned to test group (PBMT, n = 22) or control group (placebo, n = 22) applied immediately after surgery, 24 and 48 h after. Demographic, surgical‐related and psychosocial variables possibly associated with treatment response were collected. The primary outcome was postoperative pain at the donor site evaluated using Visual Analog Scale (VAS) immediately after surgery and 6, 24, 48 and 72 h after. Secondary outcomes include medication consumption, patient‐reported outcome measures (PROMs) and percentage of wound closure. Results: Intragroup analysis showed no differences in VASLOG means for placebo group throughout the study (p >.05), whereas a significant difference in PBMT group at 6 h, 24 h, 48 h and 72 h (p <.05) were observed. Postoperative rescue analgesic requirement was significantly higher in the placebo group (p =.004). The number needed to treat(NNT) was 2.43. PBMT group reported significant better function related to sleeping, going to work/school and daily routine activities, less restriction to mouth opening, chewing and food consumption, less swelling and bleeding (p <.05), mainly in the first 48 h. PBMT group presented a significantly higher palatal wound closure at 7 days compared to placebo group (33.41 vs. 21.20 respectively, p =.024) after adjustment for confounding. No adverse effects were reported. Conclusions: Photobiomodulation therapy accelerated the pain resolution time and palatal closure, decreased rescue medication consumption and significantly improved patient satisfaction in the postoperative period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to compare low-level light therapy with oral contraceptive pills for pain relief and serum levels of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 in patients with primary dysmenorrhoea. This was a randomised, active comparator-controlled, multicentre study. In total, 156 patients were randomised to receive either low-level light therapy with light-emitting diodes (LED) applying on two acupoints, namely, conception vessel 4 (CV4) and CV6 or conventional treatment with oral Marvelon, 30 µg of ethinyl estradiol and 150 µg of desogestrel (DSG/EE), for three consecutive menstrual cycles. The main outcome was the proportion of patients who achieved 33% or more decrease in pain scores measured using the visual analogue scale, which was deemed as efficient rate. Absolute changes in visual analogue scale scores, serum levels of nitric oxide (assessed by nitrites and nitrates reflecting nitric oxide metabolism) and prostaglandin E2 (measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) were the secondary outcomes. A total of 135 patients completed the study (73 in the light therapy group and 62 in the DSG/EE group). The efficient rate at the end of treatment was comparable between the groups (73.6% vs. 85.7%, χ2 = 2.994, p = 0.084). A more significant reduction in pain scores was observed in the DSG/EE group (39.25% vs. 59.52%, p < 0.001). Serum levels of prostaglandin E2 significantly decreased from baseline but did not differ between groups (− 109.57 ± 3.99 pg/mL vs. − 118.11 ± 12.93 pg/mL, p = 0.51). Nitric oxide concentration remained stable in both groups. Low-level light therapy with LED-based device applied on acupuncture points CV4 and CV6 demonstrated a similar level of dysmenorrhoea pain reduction to DSG/EE combined contraceptive. Both treatment modalities achieved clinically meaningful levels of pain reduction. Registration on ClinicalTrials.gov: TRN: NCT03953716, Date: April 04, 2019. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of light in our biological processes and systems is extensively known. In addition, the use of light devices has been introduced in the field of healthcare as an opportunity to administer power light at specific wavelengths to improve our body functions and counteract light deficiency. One of these techniques is photobiomodulation (PBM), which uses red to infrared light in a non-invasive way to stimulate, heal, regenerate, and protect tissue. The main proposed mechanism of action is the stimulation of the cytochrome c oxidase (CCO), the terminal enzyme in the mitochondrial electron transport chain. PBM has achieved positive effects on brain activity and behavioral function of several adult animal models of health and disease, the potential use of this technique in developing stages is not surprising. This research aims to examine the effects of PBM on the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of 23 day-old healthy male (n = 31) and female (n = 30) Wistar rats. Three groups of each sex were used: a PBM group which received 5 days of PBM, a device group submitted to the same conditions but without light radiation, and a control basal group. CCO histochemistry and c-Fos immunostaining were used to analyze brain metabolic activity and immediate early genes activation, respectively. Results displayed no metabolic differences between the three groups in both sexes. The same results were found in the analysis of c-Fos positive cells, reporting no differences between groups. This research, in contrast to the PBM consequences reported in healthy adult subjects, showed a lack of PBM effects in the brain markers we examined in young healthy rat brains. At this stage, brain function, specifically brain mitochondrial function, is not disturbed so it could be that the action of PBM in the mitochondria may not be detectable using the analysis of CCO activity and c-Fos protein expression. Further studies are needed to examine in depth the effects of PBM in brain development, cognitive functions and postnatal disorders, along with the exploration of the optimal light parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a protocol of photobiomodulation (PBM) with light-emitting diodes (LED) on the clinical risk of bleaching-induced sensitivity. Materials and methods: Sixty-four volunteers were selected and randomly divided in two groups, placebo (PG) and LED (LG). The LG received PBM irradiation and tooth bleaching, while the PG received tooth bleaching and simulation of the irradiation. The occurrence of painful sensitivity was recorded during the dental bleaching; immediately after bleaching; and 24, 48, and 72 h after tooth bleaching. At the same measurement times, data were collected on the intensity of sensitivity (VAS and NRS scale) and teeth affected by bleaching-induced sensitivity. A questionnaire sought to measure how the painful sensitivity influenced basic daily activities. Tooth color measures were performed using subjective and objective methods. Results: LED irradiation decreased the occurrence of sensitivity at all studied evaluation times as well as its intensity, with the exception of the 72-h data when both groups presented no difference. Teeth affected by bleaching-induced sensitivity were significantly greater in the PG. Color measurements presented no differences between the groups in the recently after and later measures. Conclusions: PBM with LED decreases sensitivity risk and sensibility intensity during and after office bleaching and causes no influence on the shade degree of whitening achieved. The decrease in tooth sensitivity provided more comfort and less suffering while drinking. Clinical relevance: LED irradiation is a promising intervention in the control of bleaching-induced sensitivity. Trial registration: RBR-7hpfwj. Sensitivity intensity measured by the VAS scale (0-10) in the first whitening session (Graphic A) and second whitening session (Graphic B). Significance level set at ≤ 5%. *Mann-Whiteney U test. Columns followed by the same letter are significant different (ap < 0.001; bp < 0.001; cp < 0.001; dp =0.013; ep < 0.001; fp < 0.001; gp < 0.001; hp = 0.002). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]