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Procurar mitigar os efeitos das mudancas climaticas exige conhecer a situacao atual e as possiveis consequencias do aumento de CO 2 na atmosfera nas diferentes areas do conhecimento e escalas espaciais. Na escala global os estudos ja estao bastante difundidos. Na escala regional e local esses estudos ainda precisam de avancos. Diante do exposto, este estudo pretende avaliar os impactos do CO2 atmosferico nas precipitacoes do estado de Pernambuco. Foi escolhido cinco municipios do estado, Recife, Garanhuns, Serra Talhada, Belem do Sao Francisco e Petrolina. Esses municipios representam as mesorregioes do estado, que estao relacionadas com as suas caracteristicas climaticas. Foram aplicados varios metodos estatisticos para identificar as relacoes existentes entre as variaveis e quanto forte sao essas relacoes, correlacao e multivariada. Foi utilizado o SUPer-Sistema de Unidades de Respostas Hidrologicas para Pernambuco para discutir os resultados com o balanco de hidrico de bacias de Pernambuco. Os resultados mostram que Pernambuco tera duas condicoes impactantes com o aumento de CO2 atmosferico, Agreste Litoral aumento de precipitacao e Sertao diminuicao de precipitacao. Sendo o Agreste mais forte o impacto. Considerando o SUPer foi possivel perceber que em torno de 60% da precipitacao de Pernambuco e transformada em evapotranspiracao. Sabe-que o aumento de CO2 impacta a evapotranspiracao da planta. Assim, e possivel afirmar que nao somente as alteracoes das precipitacoes serao impactantes nos recursos hidricos como tambem a evapotranspiracao que sao variaveis importantes no ciclo hidrologico das bacias de Pernambuco. Impact of increased CO2 on precipitation in the state of Pernambuco A B S T R A C T Seeking to mitigate the effects of climate change requires knowing the current situation and the possible consequences of the increase in CO2 in the atmosphere in different areas of knowledge and spatial scales. On a global scale, studies are already widespread. At the regional and local scale, these studies still need to be advanced. Given the above, this study aims to assess the impacts of atmospheric CO2 on rainfall in the state of Pernambuco. Five municipalities in the state were chosen, Recife, Garanhuns, Serra Talhada, Belem do Sao Francisco and Petrolina. These municipalities represent the mesoregions of the state, which are related to their climatic characteristics. Several statistical methods were applied to identify the relationships between variables and how strong these relationships are, correlation and multivariate. The SUPER-System of Hydrological Response Units for Pernambuco was used to discuss the results with the water balance of Pernambuco basins. The results show that Pernambuco will have two impacting conditions with an increase in atmospheric CO2, Agreste and Litoral, an increase in precipitation and Sertao, a decrease in precipitation. The strongest impact being the Agreste. Considering the SUPER, it was possible to see that around 60% of Pernambuco's precipitation is transformed into evapotranspiration. It is known that the increase in CO2 impacts plant evapotranspiration. Thus, it is possible to state that not only changes in precipitation will impact water resources, but also evapotranspiration, which are important variables in the hydrological cycle of Pernambuco basins. Keywords: Climate change, water balance, evapotranspiration, SUPer.

In the current historical context, there is a deepening of the space-capital relationship. Urban space, especially that of the metropolis, within a local scale, is no longer enough to guarantee the support, accumulation and reproduction of capital. In this text, the hypothesis is raised that the production of the regional metropolitan space (or city-region) has become a sine qua non condition for the reproduction of capital in the mainstay of the neoliberal accumulation regime. In view of this, the articulation between the production of scales and the production of space will be investigated, since, through this relationship, it is possible to understand central elements of the new dynamics of capital. Finally, the construction of the Ring Road in the state of Sao Paulo will also be analyzed, as such project contains the intentionality of producing a regional metropolis (with the city of Sao Paulo as the pulsating nucleus of the process) in the national territory.

espanolUna importante cantidad de trabajos podrian mencionarse en torno al estudio de la religion a escalas global y local, pero casi nulos los relacionados a la provincia de Santa Cruz y particularmente a Los Antiguos. Esta localidad, se localiza a 993 km al NO de Rio Gallegos, con uno de los valores mas bajos en cantidad de habitantes. El presente trabajo forma parte del plan de trabajo de la estudiante de la Licenciatura en Geografia Jacquelina Diaz Viegas como integrante del Proyecto de Investigacion 29 A/427-1 “La geografia de las religiones en el ejido municipal de Rio Gallegos en el ano 2018. La Geografia cultural en la Patagonia austral extraandina”. En este caso, se presenta un estado de avance del mismo. Su objetivo es identificar la influencia territorial de la religion Catolica Apostolica Romana en Los Antiguos en el marco de la Geografia cultural y de la Geografia de las religiones. Estas manifestaciones culturales religiosas catolicas, se identificaron y caracterizaron a partir de lecturas comprensivas, de la observacion directa, en salidas de campo y concertando entrevistas con actores clave en la localidad. Se espera contribuir con la generacion de conocimiento a grupos interdisciplinarios abocados al estudio de las Ciencias Sociales, la Geografia y de las religiones, como asi tambien a la formacion profesional de la estudiante avanzada. EnglishA significant amount of work could be mentioned around the study of religion on a global and local scale. It is possible to find innumerable investigations at the local level, but almost nil those related to the province of Santa Cruz and particularly Los Antiguos. This town is located 993 km NW of Rio Gallegos, with one of the lowest values ​​in number of inhabitants. This work is part of the work plan of the student of the Degree in Geography Jacquelina Diaz Viegas as a member of Research Project 29 A / 427-1 “The geography of religions in the municipal ejido of Rio Gallegos in 2018. Cultural Geography in the Southern Andean Patagonia”. In this case, a progress status is presented. Its objective is to identify the territorial influence of the Roman Apostolic Catholic religion in the Ancients within the framework of cultural Geography and the Geography of religions. These Catholic religious cultural manifestations were identified and characterized from comprehensive readings, direct observation, field trips and arranging interviews with key actors in the locality. It is hoped to contribute with the generation of knowledge to interdisciplinary groups dedicated to the study of Social Sciences, Geography and religions, as well as the professional training of the advanced student.

A chemical characterization of PM10 collected at hydrofoil exhaust stacks was performed conducting two on-board measuring campaigns, with the aim of assessing the ship emission impact on PM10 collected in the coastal area of Naples (Southern Italy) and providing information about the characteristics of this important PM emission source. Samples were analysed determining the contribution of different chemical parameters to PM10’s mass, which consisted of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (0.10 ± 0.12%), total carbon (61.9% ± 20.0%, with 40.4% of organic carbon, OC, and 21.5% of elemental carbon, EC) and elemental fraction (0.44% ± 1.00%). Differences in terms of composition and chemical parameter profiles were observed between samples collected during offshore navigation (Off) and samples collected during shunting operations (SO), the latter of higher concern on a local scale. For SO samples, lower contributions of OC and EC were observed (39.7% and 19.6% respectively) compared to Off samples (41.5% and 24.2%), and an increase in terms of elements (from 0.32 to 0.51%) and PAHs (from 0.06 to 0.12%) concentrations was observed. In addition, enrichment factors (EFs) for some elements such as V, Zn, Cd, Cu, Ag and Hg as well as PAHs profile varied significantly between SO and Off. Data presented here were compared with data on chemical composition of PM10 sampled in a tunnel, in a background site and in an urban site in the city of Naples. Results indicated that shipping activities contributed significantly to the emission of V and, in some extent, Zn and Cd; in addition, PAH profiles indicated a greater contribution to urban PM10 from vehicular traffic than shipping emissions. These results can significantly contribute to the correct evaluation of the influence of shipping emission on PM10 generation in urban coastal areas and can be a useful reference for similar studies. The coastal area of Naples is an important example of the coexistence of residential, touristic and natural areas with pollutants emission sources including, among the others, shipping emissions. In this and similar contexts, it is important to distinguish the contribution of each emission source to clearly define environmental control policies.

espanolEn este articulo se presentan los resultados de un estudio exploratorio y descriptivo realizado con el objetivo de conocer la situacion del periodismo ambiental que se desarrolla en Mexico a traves de medios digitales independientes especializados, y de identificar las iniciativas mas solidas en este rubro. Se encontro que, del universo de medios digitales que difunden informacion ambiental, existen tres que generan sus propios contenidos mediante una practica profesional con perspectiva de complejidad, contextualizada, proxima a la identidad cultural y ecosistemica de las regiones en las que operan. Para lograr una comprension cualitativa de estas iniciativas periodisticas, se hicieron entrevistas a los directores de tres de ellos, con el fin de conocer su perspectiva sobre las problematicas socioambientales del pais, el papel del periodismo ambiental en la visibilizacion de los temas ambientales en el ambito social, asi como los desafios y las posibilidades de consolidacion de este quehacer. Los directores de estos sitios son periodistas de vasta experiencia que procuran ofrecer contenidos utiles para la comprension, la reflexion y la toma de decisiones por parte de las audiencias acerca de problemas locales. Se concluye que, frente al desinteres de otros actores por generar informacion ambiental util para la toma de decisiones a escala social y politica, es necesario fortalecer este tipo de iniciativas, pues constituyen un referente del tipo de periodismo ambiental requerido para las condiciones del pais y su replicacion es deseable para favorecer la accion social en los asuntos ambientales a nivel local. EnglishThis article presents the results of an exploratory and descriptive study made with the purpose of knowing the reality of environmental journalism in Mexico, through specialized digital media, and of identifying the most solid initiatives in this field. It was found that, of the spectrum of digital portals that divulge environmental information, there are three who produce their own content through a professional practice with a complex and contextualized perspective, close to the cultural and ecosystemic identity of their respective regions of operations. In order to achieve a qualitative comprehension of these journalistic endeavours, interviews were made with the editors of three of them, aiming to know their views on socio environmental issues in the country, the role of environmental journalism in the visibility of environmental topics in the social sphere, and the challenges and possibilities of consolidation of this profession. The editors of these sites are veteran journalists who seek to offer contents that are useful for comprehension, reflection, and decision-making by audiences on local issues. It is concluded that, against the disinterest of other actors to generate useful environmental information for social and political decision-making, it is necessary to strengthen these kind of initiatives, for they constitute a referent to the kind of environmental journalism that is required by the conditions of the country and their replication is desirable in order to favour social action in environmental issues on a local scale.

[AIM]: Local suitability estimated with species distribution models (SDMs) could indicate the maximum abundance attainable by species. Often the abundance–suitability relationship is wedge-shaped because species do not reach their maximum potential in every suitable location. We explore how SDM performance, the amount of information lost when converting continuous abundance into presence–absence data and species prevalence influence the abundance–suitability relationship., [LOCATION] Undefined, [TIME PERIORD] Undefined, [MAJOR TAXA] Virtual species, [METHODS] Different abundance scenarios were simulated and converted into presence–absence maps. SDMs were parameterized using simulated predictors with different explanatory capacities. Quantile regressions were performed to characterize the abundance–suitability relationship. The strength of the wedge-shaped pattern was estimated using the difference in slopes between the 90th and 50th quantile lines, the goodness-of-fit of the 90th quantile regressions was calculated, and variation of both parameters was analysed as a function of SDM performance, prevalence and maximum abundance., [RESULTS] The degree of wedge shape was directly related to maximum abundance. It also depended on SDM quality; the higher the discrimination capacity, the less wedge-shaped the abundance–suitability relationship and higher the goodness-of-fit of the 90th quantile regressions. Prevalence exerted a significant effect on the shape of the relationship by influencing—together with maximum abundance—the extent of information loss., [MAIN CONCLUSIONS] SDMs cannot predict actual abundance even when the true determinants of abundance are included as predictors. Because presence–absence and abundance data are related but are different variables, wedge-shaped patterns are unavoidable. Discrimination capacity and prevalence affect the strength of the wedge-shaped pattern, so understanding their effects is necessary before any biological explanation is provided for the abundance–suitability relationship. Suitability maps derived from SDMs may transmit a false sense of precision at a local scale and should not be used as a perfect surrogate when abundance information is required., Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Grant/Award Number: CGL2014-56416-P, CGL2017-89000-P, RYC-2011-07670 and RYC-2013-14441

The estimation of forest attributes at the local scale as well as in wall-to-wall approaches benefits from the integration of remote sensing data such as airborne laser scanning (ALS). A poor level...

SummaryUnderstanding the environmental drivers of demographic processes is a prerequisite for providing the evidence-based conservation guidance and management actions required to address management goals at population level. Human activities, to which most species are not adapted, are having an ever-increasing impact on the environment. Most policies and strategies focus on broad-scale conservation actions and disregard the fact that this type of action may not be adequate at local scale. In addition, even though the main conservation targets are well known, managers and practitioners lack an explicit framework in which to identify the varying requirements of site-specific conservation actions. Our aim was to provide an accurate tool for prioritizing specific local-scale conservation actions for endangered territorial birds. In this study we describe our proposed framework using a population of the endangered Bonelli’s Eagle Aquila fasciata as a case study. We identified the most relevant environmental drivers linked to demographic parameters (occupation, productivity and survival) at local scale shaping the dynamics of the Bonelli’s Eagle population in Catalonia (Spain). This information will be useful for designing specific local-scale conservation actions in eagles’ territories with low demographic parameter values. This is a good example of how applied research and achievable conservation practices are applicable to other Bonelli’s eagle populations and to those of other endangered raptors.

espanolEl Desplazamiento Forzado Interno (DFI) es un fenomeno social, cultural, economico y politico complejo en crecimiento a nivel internacional. Las acciones para trabajarlo deben ser de escala global a local. El motivo por el cual se origina es multifactorial. P or ello, este documento tiene como objetivo otorgar un panorama del Desplazamiento Forzado Interno en Mexico con base a dos criterios. El primero, referido al aspecto legal y el segundo, concerniente a la ausencia de asignacion de presupuesto en este fenom eno social. Los autores usados como referentes fueron Salazar (2014), Mercado (2016). La metodologia utilizada fue cualitativa estructurada en el metodo, descriptivo, documental y exegetico. De este modo, se concluye que aun con la existencia de algunas le yes federales y estatales que preven la atencion parcial de la situacion, la carencia normativa y presupuestal especifica al DFI hacen prevalecer las condiciones de violaciones u omisiones a derechos fundamentales, humanos y humanitarios. EnglishForced Internal Displacement (DFI) is a complex social, cultural, economic and political phenomenon that is growing internationally. The actions to work it must be from global to local scale. The reason for which it originates is multifactorial. Therefore, this document aims to provide an overview of Forced Internal Displacement in Mexico based on two criteria. The first, referring to the legal aspect and the second, concerning the absence of a budget in this social phenomenon. The authors used as referents were Salazar (2014), Mercado (2016). The methodology used was qualitative, structured in the method, descriptive, documentary and exegetical. In this way, it is concluded that even with the existence of some federal and state laws that provide partial att ention to the situation, the specific regulatory and budgetary absence of the DFI makes the conditions of violations or omissions of fundamental, human and humanitarian rights prevail.

European riparian forests are in general susceptible to plant invasions compared to other natural forest habitats. Their descriptive vegetation overviews with phytosociological affiliation contain detail insight into species composition patterns at various geographical scales, but quantitative assessment of the relationship between non-native plant richness and measured environmental variables is still scarce. We used two vegetation datasets of alder-dominated forests to analyse plant invasion patterns in the Pannonian and the Carpathian region of Slovakia. A large dataset of 918 vegetation plots was used at the regional scale, whereas 40 vegetation plots completed by ecological (mainly soil, climatic) predictors were used at the local scale in order to determine how they shape non-native species richness. We found significant differences (P < 0.05) between the Pannonian and the Carpathian region in the number of non-native vascular plants at both scales, with altitude being the most important predictor. Generalized Linear Models accounted for 56.6% and 59.6% of alien species richness data in the Pannonian and Carpathian region, respectively. Alien richness was affected by altitude and soil pH in the Pannonian region, but only by altitude in the Carpathian region.

Heavy snowfall during winter period (November to April) over the north-west Himalaya (NWH) generates many natural hazards. Time critical decisions primarily dependent on precipitation amount such as avalanche forecasting, flood forecasting, management of necessary services and supplies etc. demand real time weather forecasts, specially, quantitative precipitation forecasts (QPFs), at local scale during winter over the NWH. Two analog ensemble systems (AE1 system, AE2 system) for QPFs for varied forecast lead times are developed utilizing surface meteorological observations of 10 stations over the NWH. Performances of developed analog ensemble systems are evaluated and compared with performances of the climatological forecast models (CM1 model, CM2 model) for same forecast lead times for binary weather forecasts (precipitation day/no precipitation day) and QPFs at 10 stations over the NWH. The AE1 (AE2) system is found to perform better as compared to the CM1 (CM2) model for binary weather forecasts and QPFs at local scale over the NWH. Performance of the AE1 system for binary weather forecasts for shorter forecast lead times 0–15 h (0–15 h), 15–24 h, 24–39 h is found comparable to performance of the AE2 system for binary weather forecasts for longer forecast lead times 0–24 h, 24–48 h, 48–72 h. However, the Mean Absolute Errors (MAEs) and Root Mean Square Errors (RMSEs) for QPFs for shorter forecast lead times with the help of the AE1 system are found less as compared to the MAEs (RMSEs) for QPFs with the help of the AE2 system for longer forecast lead times. The AE1 system can provide real time QPFs based on recent surface meteorological observations for shorter lead times which can help in dynamic decision making for weather and avalanche forecasting over the NWH. However, QPFs with the help of the AE2 system can be useful for longer forecast lead times. Performances of the AE2 system and CM2 model are evaluated for binary weather forecasts and QPFs for a week period (7 days). The AE2 system is found to perform better as compared to the CM2 model for binary weather forecasts and QPFs for a week at local scale over the NWH. These results suggest that the AE2 system exhibits better consistency for QPFs as compared to the CM2 model for a week. The MAEs (RMSEs) for QPFs with the help of the AE1(AE2) system comparable to the MAEs (RMSEs) for QPFs with the help of other forecasting methods over the NWH (or elsewhere) suggest that the AE1(AE2) system exhibits good performance for real time QPFs at local scale over the NWH.

Reintroductions of extirpated species are an important global conservation tool, yet can be challenging for wide-ranging species. Fences that help anchor reintroduced species to a target area may have deleterious effects on other wildlife. Here we assessed the wildlife-permeability of six bison drift fence designs at three spatial scales during the reintroduction of a wild herd of plains bison Bison bison to a 1200 km2 wilderness area in Banff National Park, Canada. First, we used an array of remote cameras along fences to capture wildlife interactions for 12 species, and modelled crossing success, preferred crossing methods and age–sex class tendencies. Second, we investigated fence barrier effects on wildlife movement at the local scale using cameras that were in place before and after fence construction. Finally, we tested for changes in movement rates of migratory elk and resident wolves at the landscape scale using GPS collar telemetry. Our results point to a single fence design that maximizes permeability for several species with diverse crossing strategies, and can be adjusted to contain bison. Wildlife detections increased independently of fence construction in our broader study area. Fence construction did not affect wolf or elk movements and migration at a landscape scale even when fences were deployed to obstruct bison. Our study highlights the important role of wildlife permeable fences in the reintroduction of large mammals such as bison.

The central part of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, is a highly flood-prone area of the province. The lives and assets of local communities are deeply vulnerable, attributed to the recurrence of seasonal floods. This concern has motivated decision-makers and the research community to develop and adopt best management practices to address flood vulnerability issues. One of the commonly used methods for evaluating flood vulnerability is empirical investigation using composite indicators. However, there are several issues with the available flood vulnerability literature, using composite indicators in the study area. The objectives of the current study are therefore twofold. On the one hand, it demonstrated in a comprehensive step-by-step approach to develop flood vulnerability composite indicator taking into account the broad range of stakeholders and the reliability of research. On the other hand, the flood vulnerability profile of the selected communities is being developed. Households’ survey was conducted in the selected communities using random sampling. The composite indicators of flood vulnerability were developed as the relative measure of flood vulnerability across the selected communities. A robustness check was also carried out using convenient techniques to address the problem of uncertainty. For such a purpose, the composite indicators of flood vulnerability were developed through various data rescaling, weighting, and aggregation schemes. The relative levels of flood vulnerability are identified across the selected communities, and the findings are illustrated by colored matrices. Different factors were identified for being responsible for the relative vulnerability of various communities. Jurisdiction-wise assessment of flood vulnerability reveals that communities located in Charsadda district are more vulnerable to flooding compared to those in Nowshera district. The study can facilitate a wide range of stakeholders and decision-makers not only to develop composite indicators for flood vulnerability but also to scientifically justify it as a management tool for flood risk reduction.

The main goal of this work was to evaluate the potential of the Shuttleworth–Wallace (SW) model for mapping actual crop evapotranspiration (ET) over complex surface located in the foothill of the Atlas Mountain (Morocco). This model needs many input variables to compute soil $$({r}_{\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{s}})$$ and vegetation ( $${r}_{\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{v}})$$ resistances, which are often difficult to estimate at large scale particularly soil moisture. In this study, a new approach to spatialize $${r}_{\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{s}}$$ and $${r}_{\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{v}}$$ based on two thermal-based proxy variables was proposed. Land Surface Temperature ( $$\mathrm{LST}$$ ) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) derived from Landsat data were combined with the endmember temperatures for soil ( $${T\mathrm{s}}_{\mathrm{min}}$$ and $${T\mathrm{s}}_{\mathrm{max}}$$ ) and vegetation ( $${T\mathrm{v}}_{\mathrm{min}}$$ and $${T\mathrm{v}}_{\mathrm{max}}$$ ), which were simulated by a surface energy balance model, to compute the soil ( $$T\mathrm{s}$$ ) and the vegetation ( $$T\mathrm{v}$$ ) temperatures. Based on these temperatures, two thermal proxies ( $${\mathrm{SI}}_{\mathrm{ss}}$$ for soil and $${\mathrm{SI}}_{\mathrm{sv}}$$ for vegetation) were calculated and related to $${r}_{\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{s}}$$ and $${r}_{\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{v}}$$ , with an empirical exponential relationship [with a correlation coefficient (R) of about 0.6 and 0.5 for soil and vegetation, respectively]. The proposed approach was initially evaluated at a local scale, by comparing the results to observations by an eddy covariance system installed over an area planted with olive trees intercropped with wheat. In a second step, the new approach was applied over a large area which contains a mixed vegetation (tall and short) crossed by a river to derive $${r}_{\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{s}}$$ and $${r}_{\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{v}}$$ , and thereafter to estimate ET. A Large aperture scintillometer (LAS) installed over a line transect of 1.4 km and spanning the total area was used to validate the obtained ET. The comparison confirmed the ability of the proposed approach to provide satisfactory ET maps with an RMSE, bias and R2 equal to 0.08 mm/h, 0.06 mm/h and 0.80, respectively.

Land Surface Temperature (LST) derived from space-borne Thermal-infrared (TIR) sensors is a key parameter of urban climate studies. Current studies are inefficient to capture the spatial and temporal variations of LST for only one snapshot adopted at one time. Focusing on the characterization of the spatial and temporal of LST variations at local scales, the latent patterns, and morphological characteristics are extracted in this study. Technically, sixteen MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) eight-day synthesized LST products (MYD11A2) in 2002, 2007, 2012, and 2017 are employed. First, the non-parametric Multi-Task Gaussian Process Model (MTGP) is used to extract the smooth and continuous Latent LST (LLST) patterns using one LST subset and its temporally adjacent images. Second, the Multi-Scale Shape Index (MSSI) is then applied to quantify the morphological characteristics at the optimal scale. Then, the LLST patterns and MSSI maps are clustered into multiple spatial categories. The specific clusters with the highest LLST and MSSI values are considered as local LLST hotspots. The Hotspots Weighted Mean Center (HSWMC) and standard deviation ellipse are adopted to further investigate the spatiotemporal change of hotspots orientation, direction, and trajectories. Results revealed that Impervious Surfaces (IS) composition is the most significant external forcing of local LST anomalies. The configuration factors (e.g., shape index, aggregation index) also have a noticeable local warming effect. This study represents a latent pattern and morphology-based framework for LST hotspots spatial and temporal variations characterization, catering to the zoning and grading strategies in urban planning.

CITYZER develops new digital services and products to support decision-making processes related to weather and air quality in cities. This includes, for example, early warnings and forecasts (0–24 h), which allow for avoiding weather-related accidents, mitigate human distress and costs from weather-related damage and bad air quality, and generally improve the resilience and safety of the society. The project takes advantage of the latest scientific know-how and directly exploits the expertise obtained from earlier projects. Central to the project is the Observation Network Manager NM10 developed by Vaisala, on which CITYZER defines and builds new commercial services and connects new sensor networks, for example, for air quality measurements, as well as the ENFUSER local-scale air quality modelling system developed by the Finnish Meteorological Institute, for real-time air quality forecasts and nowcasts.

espanolEl presente articulo es un dialogo entre las ciencias naturales y las ciencias sociales en torno a la formulacion y la ejecucion de uno de los primeros programas publicos de pago por servicios ambientales (PSA), desarrollado en la cordillera central andina, departamento de Boyaca, Colombia, dentro del ecosistema denominado paramo de Rabanal. Se consideran los desafios que supone el desarrollo de estrategias para la conservacion y proteccion del recurso hidrico y los servicios ecosistemicos asociados con este, como la regulacion y el abastecimiento. El PSA se configura como un instrumento para la gestion ambiental de un territorio con constantes conflictos socioambientales, originados a partir de la dicotomia entre conservar y producir. A traves de la historia ambiental, se observan las multiples transformaciones que ha sufrido este ecosistema, aunadas a particulares discursos globales sobre el desarrollo. Ello aporta una lectura critica a la ejecucion de programas de conservacion en lo local. Mediante la sistematizacion, como metodologia de la educacion popular, se rescatan las percepciones, los aciertos y los aprendizajes de los ejecutores del programa, asi como de la poblacion campesina que habita el paramo de Rabanal. De esa manera, se pretende construir aprendizajes desde un enfoque social para la ejecucion de PSA como instrumentos para la gestion ambiental en escenarios similares. EnglishThis article presents a dialogue between natural and social sciences about the formulation and execution of one of the first public programs of Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES), developed in the central Andes mountain range, department of Boyaca, Colombia, located within the ecosystem paramo of Rabanal. We considered the challenges that strategy development brings to the conservation and protection of water resources, and the associated ecosystem services such as the regulation and supply of water. With this in mind, the PES is set up as a tool for the environmental management of a territory with constant social-environmental conflicts that stem from the dichotomy between conservation and production. Through the analysis of the environmental history of the region we observe multiple transformations suffered by this ecosystem, brought together in specific global development discourses that provide a critical interpretation of the execution of conservation programs on a local scale. Likewise, through systemization as a popular education methodology, we compile the perceptions, good practices and learning process of the leaders of the program, as well as those of the peasants who inhabit the Rabanal. The article aims to foster learning from a social standpoint for the execution of PESs as instruments for environmental management in similar settings.

Prediction and accurate digital soil mapping (DSM) of soil organic carbon (SOC) at a local scale is a key factor for any agro-ecological modelling. This study aims to use remote sensing and terrain derivatives to provide a reliable method for SOC prediction. An advanced geostatistical-based empirical Bayesian Kriging regression (EBKR) method was used and performance was compared with the artificial neural network (ANN) and hybrid ANN, i.e. ANN-OK (ordinary kriging) and ANN-CK (cokriging). The result showed that the hybrid ANN model performs better than ANN, whereas the EBKR method outperforms all other methods with the highest R2 of 0.936. The DSM map shows that the highest SOC concentration was found in easternmost part of the study area with grass and agricultural land. This work shows the robustness of the EBKR prediction method over other techniques. The study will also aid the policymakers in adopting sustainable land use management.

A two-step fracturing method is proposed to investigate the hydraulic fracture evolution behavior and the process of complex fracture network formation under multiple wells. Simulations are conducted with Rock Failure Process Analysis code. Heterogeneity and permeability of the rocks are considered in this study. In Step 1, the influence of an asymmetric pressure gradient on the fracture evolution is simulated, and an artificial structural plane is formed. The simulation results reflect the macroscopic fracture evolution induced by mesoscopic failure; these results agree well with the characteristics of the experiments. Step 2, which is based on the first step, investigates the influence of preexisting fractures (i.e., artificial structural planes) on the subsequent fracturing behavior. The simulation results are supported by mechanics analysis. Results indicated that the fracture evolution is influenced by pressure magnitude on a local scale around the fracture tip and by the orientation and distribution of pore pressure on a global scale. The constant pressure in wellbore H2 can affect fracture propagation by changing the water flow direction, and the hydraulic fractures will propagate to the direction of higher local pore pressure. Furthermore, the artificial structural planes influence the stress distribution surrounding the wellbores and the hydraulic fracture evolution by altering the induced stresses around the preexisting fractures. Finally, fracture network is formed among the artificial structural planes and hydraulic fractures when multiple wells are fractured successively. This study provides valuable guidance to unconventional reservoir reconstruction designs.

Este plano de aula tem por objetivo fazer uso de materiais didático-cartográficos inovadores para os anos iniciais do Ensino Fundamental, enfatizando a escala local de análise e objetivando que os estudantes percebam os problemas presentes em seu cotidiano e projetem possíveis soluções. Essa etapa de escolarização apresenta carências em relação aos materiais de cunho cartográfico adaptados para problematizar e contextualizar a escala local. Sendo assim, os estudantes com o suporte de um mapa (elaborado a partir de imagens de satélite) do entorno da escola, responderam a três perguntas com base nos níveis dos modos de raciocínio do pensamento espacial. Concluiu-se que os materiais didático-cartográficos, respaldados em diferentes níveis de raciocínio relativos a mecanismos de pensamento espacial, são potencializadores de um ensino de Geografia eficaz nos anos iniciais do Ensino Fundamental e sensibilizam o pensamento crítico acerca da realidade vivida dos estudantes.

Depression is a common chronic disorder that affects individual functioning and contributes to the increasing number of suicide rates. At present, the analysis of depression cases is carried out on a global scale and the trend data for the local scale was found to be baffling. Solving this problem would allow government and non-government bodies to understand the distribution of depression cases in the state of Kedah. This research aims to investigate the distribution of depression cases in Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah, Kedah. The age, gender, and ethnicity of depression patients referred to this hospital were classified as secondary data that were the basis of this analysis. The epidemiologic data of depression applied for this analysis were collected from the year 2014 until 2017. This research found that older patients (age 40 years old and above) suffering the depression disorder more than the youths (age below 40 years old). For gender, female patients are found to be diagnosed with depression disorder higher than male patients. It was also found that the percentage of depression among Malays shows higher rates of depression compared to other races. The findings of this research can be used as baseline information for concern parties to monitor and formulate strategies and policies to promote good health and wellbeing to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.

Coastal areas are frequently influenced by direct and/or indirect multiple anthropogenic pressures, which impacts marine life. Those perturbations may act in a heterogeneous way with a different intensity and are related to the complexity of coastal ecosystems. To visualize all these interactions at a local scale, a methodology inspired from many researches has been implemented in order to search, identify, and classify coastal ecosystems according to their sensitivity to anthropic pressure exerted by coastal cities. Thus, producing vulnerability maps will be essential tools to local coastal managers. We have applied this methodology on five coastal municipalities in Algiers. Firstly, the environmental sensitivity of coastal ecosystems was assessed by analyzing these four sub-indices: biological sensitivity, geomorphological sensitivity, hydrodynamic characteristics, and pollution intensity. Secondly, an assessment of the anthropogenic pressures presented by each municipality was carried out. Five sub-indexes have been taken into consideration when conducting this assessment: human activities, infrastructures, vectors of pollution, urbanization, and regulatory protection. Then, vulnerability maps were produced by the overlapping of sensitivity and anthropic pressure maps. The results assessed for the environmental vulnerability indicated that most areas are moderately to highly vulnerable, especially in the municipalities of Bab El Oued, Rais Hamidou, and Ain Bénian. The analysis of the obtained results shows the potential applicability of this methodology because they accurately reflect the reality. Therefore, these results can be useful to decision-makers by providing them with a relatively rational decision-making tool to prioritize future management and planning efforts.

Adult caddisfly (Trichoptera) community assemblages were studied in nine streams located in the transitional zone of the Ozarks and tallgrass prairie ecoregions. Seventy-two species, 36 genera, and 15 families were collected from among these streams. Cluster analysis showed taxa similarity among sites was grouped by geographic proximity rather than stream type, but, within the primary clusters, there also was separation among the streams. Predominantly spring-fed streams were less closely related to the other streams in those clusters. Among streams within a park, there were distinct differences among their respective faunas, which is likely due to local physical and chemical differences in those streams. An NMDS analysis was consistent with the similarity analysis with streams ordinating primarily based on geographic proximity (stress = 0.07, R2 = 0.76) and not stream type (multiresponse permutation procedure: A = 0.289, p = 0.003). Results from free permutation testing showed half of the environmental variables included in the model were significant (p ≤ 0.05). The most important findings of this study are that highest taxa similarities were among streams in the same park (local scale) as opposed to similar stream types among parks (regional scale), but there also was substantial variation among stream types within parks due to local factors.

Urban scholars too often uncritically embrace the local scale (in terms of both place and community) as the privileged site of social change. For at least the past two decades, Marxian geographers ...

Globally, drought constitutes a serious threat to food and water security. The complexity and multivariate nature of drought challenges its assessment, especially at local scales. The study aimed t...

O presente artigo analisa a importância da imigração portuguesa para o rio Madeira, no estado do Amazonas, entre 1840 e 1918, a partir da trajetória individual e coletiva de 91 sujeitos, através dos registros de passaportes e habilitações do Consulado Português no Pará. Nesse sentido, investigamos o perfil social dos imigrantes portugueses, as redes sociais que possibilitaram os múltiplos deslocamentos que esses indivíduos experienciaram ao longo de suas trajetórias e os aspectos relativos ao papel desempenhado por estes sujeitos em escala local, com o avanço da fronteira comercial e extrativista na Amazônia, e em nível global, com avanço do capitalismo sobre novas áreas de exploração.

Human adaptation to climatic variations is being discussed at different scales and from diverse perspectives and specializations in Paleolithic archaeology. We suggest examining human mobility on the local scale through the faunal record to better understand human-environmental interactions during the early dispersal of anatomically modern humans along the Mediterranean coast. Riparo Bombrini is located in the renowned Balzi Rossi complex in Northwest Italy. The site offers an excellent opportunity to compare two distinct Protoaurignacian levels yielding well-documented and well-dated deposits. Previous studies of spatial, lithic, and raw material data from these two Protoaurignacian levels have revealed distinct mobility signatures as well as undeniable evidence for the resilience of the Protoaurignacian technocomplex during episodes of climatic instability including the HE4 event, circa 40ka cal BP. The highly fragmented nature of the animal bones at the site warrants the application of the ZooMS (Zooarchaeology by Mass Spectrometry) collagen fingerprinting technique. For this research we carried out taphonomic and archaeozoological analyses with integrated systematic ZooMS using a mass sampling strategy. The results suggest stability in hunting strategies over time in spite of the apparent shift in mobility strategies from level A2 to level A1 at Riparo Bombrini.

In adhering to the paradigmatic orientation of political sociology in the criminal field, this work aims to examine the mechanisms that harness ‘global threats” to structure the global criminal field and to deconstruct modern criminal law on local scales. Such simultaneous processes base their predominantly repressive strands of logic on the solidarities between neoliberal democracies and totalitarianisms, which effectively defines the contours of the late modernity characteristic of the criminal sphere in the twenty-first century. The social sciences of law are faced with the urgent task of studying criminal deviations to have manifested both on a global and local scale, in order to examine the degree to which penal democracies are sustainable. An epistemological leap is required for the constitution of a new ecology of penal knowledge, guaranteeing the humanizing of the criminal field.

We study random unlabelled k-trees by combining the colouring approach by Gainer-Dewar and Gessel (2014) with the cycle-pointing method by Bodirsky, Fusy, Kang and Vigerske (2011). Our main applications are Gromov–Hausdorff–Prokhorov and Benjamini–Schramm limits that describe their asymptotic geometric shape on a global and local scale as the number of (k + 1)-cliques tends to infinity.

Actualmente en Latinoamérica existe una creciente preocupación por la planificación de los territorios rurales, particularmente en el marco del ordenamiento territorial. Sin embargo, las particularidades de los territorios rurales construidas por los actores locales aún no han sido atendidas en profundidad. En este artículo definimos los conceptos de territorio y capital social para analizar las redes sociales y la manera en que son percibidas por los actores con el fin de elaborar una propuesta metodológica para definir unidades locales de gestión para el ordenamiento territorial rural. La metodología consta de 4 etapas que, a través de técnicas de recolección cualitativas y cuantitativas y análisis de datos basado en la codificación, permite definir los límites analíticos de la unidad a través de un sistema de información geográfico. Para aplicar la metodología seleccionamos un estudio de caso en el departamento de Santa Rosa, Mendoza-Argentina. Sostenemos que al incorporar la unidad local de gestión en el diseño de políticas territoriales es posible atender las singularidades que inscriben los actores locales en territorios rurales. De esta manera, la planificación territorial podría enriquecer sus acciones al abordar la escala local, es decir, al considerar como unidad de análisis a los sujetos y sus redes. Currently, in Latin America, there is a growing concern for the planning of rural territories, particularly in the context of land use planning. However, the distinctive features of the rural territories which are built by the local actors have not yet been addressed in depth. In this article, we define the concepts of territory and social capital to analyze the social networks and how the actors perceive them in order to elaborate a methodological proposal to define local management units for rural land use planning. The methodology consists of four stages that, through qualitative and quantitative techniques and data analysis based on coding, enables the definition of the analytical limits of the unit with the support of a geographical information system. To apply the methodology, we selected a case study in the department of Santa Rosa, Mendoza-Argentina. The consideration of the local management unit in the design of land use policies allows addressing the singularities that local actors express in rural territories. In this way, land use planning could be enriched by approaching the local scale, that is, by considering subjects and their networks as analysis units. Fil: Sales, Romina Giselle. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Arquitectura, Urbanismo y Diseño. Instituto Regional de Planeamiento y Hábitat; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas; Argentina

The conservation, management and monitoring of aquatic resources should benefit from understanding their spatial structuring. In this paper, we used the reference condition approach (RCA) to test if the variability in biotic communities, riverine fish assemblages in the present case, is better controlled with a spatial delineation based on ecoregions or by grouping rivers with local catchment characteristics. Electrofishing data from 493 riffles in 99 rivers in Finland were used in the analysis. We completed multivariate analyses (nonmetric multidimensional scaling, multiresponse permutation procedures) to identify differences in fish community composition among groups based on ecoregions or catchment characteristics. We concluded that both regional processes and local environmental characteristics structured fish populations, and bioassessment of freshwaters should be based on regional spatial delineations, supported by local scale characteristics. Spatial delineations like ecoregions should be used to assist the bioassessment to improve the efficiency to detect the human impacts.

Soil specimens were initially prepared by freezing with a thermal gradient (Fnonuni) and then thawing under uniform temperature (Tuni), then the strain behaviors of which using digital processing technique (DPT)–aided unconfined compression on contacted specimens were investigated. Although the specimen treated under Fnonuni - Tuni exbihted a strength over 1.8 times higher and a specimen scale–based (S–) lateral strain over 0.3 times smaller than that treated under freeze–thaw with uniform temperatures Funi - Tuni, it exhibited a relatively greater local scale–based (L–) strain level under identical S–axial strain, and dominated the deformation process of the specimen assembly. The characteristic of L–strain relationship between top and bottom specimens under Fnonuni - Tuni and specimens under Funi - Tuni approached identical when S–axial strain exceeded a threshold corresponding to the peak strength. Further, an asymmetric L–strain gradient at two sides of the fractured surface in specimens was observed, and it was more evident in specimens treated under Fnonuni - Tuni. These test data and observations obtained have been validated by detailed comparisons with previous studies, and contribute to build a constitutive model considering nonlocal variable and thus improve the settlement prediction precision of the thawed soils.

This paper investigates coping and adaptation strategies and institutional perceptions of hydrological risk at the local scale in Santarém, an Amazonian city in the state of Pará, Brazil. Methods and tools of analysis encompassed secondary data, field observations, and qualitative techniques (focus-group discussions and in-depth interviews). Stakeholders from affected neighbourhoods describe their means of coping with and adapting to flooding, focusing on purposefulness, type of initiative and investment, risk timing, temporal and spatial scope, and performance. The results comprise an inventory of 16 mostly structural measures. The perceptions of six institutions of general responses to flooding are presented as opinions on actions that reduce the effects of such events, individual strategies and collective community endeavours in at-risk areas, and the activities of the public and private sectors to manage floods. Understanding of coping and adaptation strategies and knowledge of institutional flood risk perceptions can benefit the implementation of risk and disaster reduction policies and practices.