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Five previously undescribed oblongolides, namely phomaones A-E, along with four known compounds, were isolated from the endophytic fungus Phoma bellidis Neerg.. Their structures and absolute configurations were determined by extensive experimental spectroscopic methods as well as single crystal X-ray diffractions, ECD calculations and GIAO 13 C NMR calculations. Phomaone A represent the first example of oblongolides with glycol directly linked by two C-C bonds, and its biosynthetic pathway were proposed. The cytotoxicity of obtained compounds was evaluated against human cancer cell lines MCF-7, DU145, and SW480. All compounds except phomaone A showed the cytotoxicity against MCF-7 with IC 50 value ranging from 12.45 to 49.84 μM., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Neuronal circuits formed in the brain are complex with intricate connection patterns. Such complexity is also observed in the retina with a relatively simple neuronal circuit. A retinal ganglion cell (GC) receives excitatory inputs from neurons in previous layers as driving forces to fire spikes. Analytical methods are required to decipher these components in a systematic manner. Recently a method called spike-triggered non-negative matrix factorization (STNMF) has been proposed for this purpose. In this study, we extend the scope of the STNMF method. By using retinal GCs as a model system, we show that STNMF can detect various computational properties of upstream bipolar cells (BCs), including spatial receptive field, temporal filter, and transfer nonlinearity. In addition, we recover synaptic connection strengths from the weight matrix of STNMF. Furthermore, we show that STNMF can separate spikes of a GC into a few subsets of spikes, where each subset is contributed by one presynaptic BC. Taken together, these results corroborate that STNMF is a useful method for deciphering the structure of neuronal circuits.

The contribution of defects to electrochemistry is a controversial but practically applicable subject. Meanwhile, it is challenging to obtain precisely a certain nonchemometric single phase in mixed-valence compounds. The precise design of nonchemometric single-phase WO 3- x ( x = 0, 0.1, 0.28, and 1) mixed-valence metal oxides (MVMOs) was achieved by the gradient intrinsic reduction method, and the correlation between oxygen vacancies and electrochemical anticorrosion protection was explored systematically. Then, the decisive role of periodic oxygen vacancies in electrochemical anticorrosion was confirmed. And the origin was the synergistic reaction of oxygen vacancy-upgraded photocathodic protection, vacancy-induced passivation, and mixed-valence reductive protection, which were brought about by the high oxygen vacancy concentration. Integrating the above three aspects, the WO 2.72 MVMO showed the best electrochemical anticorrosion performance by increasing the resistance value to 7.67 times that of the epoxy resin coating. The establishment of a positive correlation between oxygen vacancy and corrosion protection in WO 3- x ( x = 0, 0.1, 0.28, and 1) materials can not only guide the design of MVMOs but also make an important contribution to the rapid precorrosion performance of the materials.

Human longevity has increased dramatically during the past century. More than 20% of the 9 billion population of the world will exceed the age of 60 in 2050. Since the last three decades, some interventions and many preclinical studies have been found to show slowing aging and increasing the healthy lifespan of organisms from yeast, flies, rodents to nonhuman primates. The interventions are classified into two groups: lifestyle modifications and pharmacological/genetic manipulations. Some genetic pathways have been characterized to have a specific role in controlling aging and lifespan. Thus, all genes in the pathways are potential antiaging targets. Currently, many antiaging compounds target the calorie-restriction mimetic, autophagy induction, and putative enhancement of cell regeneration, epigenetic modulation of gene activity such as inhibition of histone deacetylases and DNA methyltransferases, are under development. It appears evident that the exploration of new targets for these antiaging agents based on biogerontological research provides an incredible opportunity for the healthcare and pharmaceutical industries. The present review focus on the properties of slow aging and healthy life span extension of natural products from various biological resources, endogenous substances, drugs, and synthetic compounds, as well as the mechanisms of targets for antiaging evaluation. These bioactive compounds that could benefit healthy aging and the potential role of life span extension are discussed., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Neural coding, including encoding and decoding, is one of the key problems in neuroscience for understanding how the brain uses neural signals to relate sensory perception and motor behaviors with neural systems. However, most of the existed studies only aim at dealing with the continuous signal of neural systems, while lacking a unique feature of biological neurons, termed spike, which is the fundamental information unit for neural computation as well as a building block for brain-machine interface. Aiming at these limitations, we propose a transcoding framework to encode multi-modal sensory information into neural spikes and then reconstruct stimuli from spikes. Sensory information can be compressed into 10% in terms of neural spikes, yet re-extract 100% of information by reconstruction. Our framework can not only feasibly and accurately reconstruct dynamical visual and auditory scenes, but also rebuild the stimulus patterns from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) brain activities. More importantly, it has a superb ability of noise immunity for various types of artificial noises and background signals. The proposed framework provides efficient ways to perform multimodal feature representation and reconstruction in a high-throughput fashion, with potential usage for efficient neuromorphic computing in a noisy environment.

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that share components of their parent cells and are attractive in biotechnology and biomedical research as potential disease biomarkers as well as therapeutic agents. Crucial to realizing this potential is the ability to manufacture high-quality exosomes; however, unlike biologics such as proteins, exosomes lack standardized Good Manufacturing Practices for their processing and characterization. Furthermore, there is a lack of well-characterized reference exosome materials to aid in selection of methods for exosome isolation, purification, and analysis. This review informs exosome research and technology development by comparing exosome processing and characterization methods and recommending exosome workflows. This review also provides a detailed introduction to exosomes, including their physical and chemical properties, roles in normal biological processes and in disease progression, and summarizes some of the on-going clinical trials., (© 2022 The Authors. Advanced Science published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

In this illustrative video, the authors demonstrate an endoscopic-assisted combined transcrusal anterior petrosal approach for resection of a large petroclival meningioma with significant brainstem compression involving Meckel's cave. This unique petrosal variant provides increased petroclival exposure that can potentially preserve hearing by combining a transcrusal labyrinthectomy with anterior petrosectomy (Kawase's approach). The advantages include multidirectional angles of attack to the brainstem and petroclival region without cerebellar retraction. Endoscopic assistance allows expanded visualization into deep surgical corridors. The surgery was performed in a two-stage fashion, and a near-total resection was achieved with cranial nerve and hearing preservation. The operative nuances are demonstrated. The video can be found here: https://stream.cadmore.media/r10.3171/2022.1.FOCVID21257., Competing Interests: Disclosures The authors report no conflict of interest concerning the materials or methods used in this study or the findings specified in this publication.The authors report no conflict of interest concerning the materials or methods used in this study or the findings specified in this publication., (© 2022, The Authors.)

Management of patients with pituitary lesions is complex given the delicate nature of the surrounding anatomy and complexity of underlying disease. The care of these patients ideally involves a multidisciplinary team composed of endocrinologists, neuroradiologists, otolaryngologists, neurosurgeons, critical care physicians, and anesthesiologists. The endoscopic endonasal approach to the skull base has revolutionized pituitary and anterior skull base surgery and has gained popularity worldwide. This article presents an overview of the diagnosis, work-up, and management of patients with pituitary lesions, with an emphasis on surgical, perioperative, and postoperative considerations., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Giant pituitary adenomas (GPAs) comprise 5% to 15% of pituitary adenomas, but have higher rates of extrasellar invasion, subtotal resection, surgical morbidity, and recurrence. With the possible exception of giant prolactinomas, GPAs require surgical decompression. On review of 3 decades of case series encompassing 699 microsurgical transsphenoidal (MT), 1060 endoscopic endonasal trans-sphenoidal (EET), and 513 transcranial (TC) patients, gross total resection and recurrence rates were comparable across modalities, but the EET approach had lower perioperative mortality and superior restoration of visual function. Each approach has unique indications. Combined EET-TC approaches for minimizing residual tumor represent another area of study., Competing Interests: Disclosure The authors have nothing to disclose., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

This paper reports on the assembly of a compact, low-cost, pulsed-power facility used for plasma studies. The construction uses two modules placed on opposite sides of the test chamber to minimize the system impedance and improve access to test samples. The stored energy is 1  kJ with a peak current of 135  kA and a 1592  ns quarter-period time. Up until now, an imploding conical-wire array has been studied by using time-integrated (visible) imaging, and time-resolved laser imaging, providing a measure of the plasma jet speed in the range of 170  km/s. Our future plans will continue to investigate high-energy-density plasmas that are relevant to the space environment, fusion, and spectroscopy.

Seven previously undescribed cadinane sesquiterpenoids, albocinnamins A‒G, were isolated from the fungus Antrodiella albocinnamomea. Their structures with absolute configurations were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic methods, as well as single crystal X-ray diffraction. Cadinane sesquiterpenoids were reported from A. albocinnamomea for the first time. All of these sesquiterpenoids possess an unusual ether ring with minor modifications. Albocinnamins D and G showed certain inhibitory activities against nitric oxide production in LPS-activated RAW264.7 macrophages with IC 50 values of 26.1 and 19.2 μM, respectively., (Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

A central goal in sensory neuroscience is to understand the neuronal signal processing involved in the encoding of natural stimuli. A critical step towards this goal is the development of successful computational encoding models. For ganglion cells in the vertebrate retina, the development of satisfactory models for responses to natural visual scenes is an ongoing challenge. Standard models typically apply linear integration of visual stimuli over space, yet many ganglion cells are known to show nonlinear spatial integration, in particular when stimulated with contrast-reversing gratings. We here study the influence of spatial nonlinearities in the encoding of natural images by ganglion cells, using multielectrode-array recordings from isolated salamander and mouse retinas. We assess how responses to natural images depend on first- and second-order statistics of spatial patterns inside the receptive field. This leads us to a simple extension of current standard ganglion cell models. We show that taking not only the weighted average of light intensity inside the receptive field into account but also its variance over space can partly account for nonlinear integration and substantially improve response predictions of responses to novel images. For salamander ganglion cells, we find that response predictions for cell classes with large receptive fields profit most from including spatial contrast information. Finally, we demonstrate how this model framework can be used to assess the spatial scale of nonlinear integration. Our results underscore that nonlinear spatial stimulus integration translates to stimulation with natural images. Furthermore, the introduced model framework provides a simple, yet powerful extension of standard models and may serve as a benchmark for the development of more detailed models of the nonlinear structure of receptive fields., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Herein, we report a novel strategy for the formation of copper carbene via the cycloisomerization of the π-alkyne-Cu(I) complex from terminal alkynes and tropylium tetrafluoroborate. Mechanistic studies and DFT calculations indicate that the reaction undergoes the intramolecular cycloisomerization process from the π-alkyne-Cu(I) complex to afford the copper carbene intermediate, followed by migratory insertion with the second terminal alkyne to afford the barbaralyl-substituted allenyl acid esters. In addition, we develop a mild and highly efficient Cu(I)-catalyzed cross-coupling protocol to synthesize 7-alkynyl cycloheptatrienes that has a broad functional group tolerance and is applicable to the late-stage functionalization of natural products.

Purpose: This study aimed to develop a nomogram model based on multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) radiomics features, clinicopathological characteristics, and blood parameters to predict the progression-free survival (PFS) of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC)., Methods: A total of 462 patients with pathologically confirmed nonkeratinizing NPC treated at Sichuan Cancer Hospital were recruited from 2015 to 2019 and divided into training and validation cohorts at a ratio of 7:3. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) algorithm was used for radiomics feature dimension reduction and screening in the training cohort. Rad-score, age, sex, smoking and drinking habits, Ki-67, monocytes, monocyte ratio, and mean corpuscular volume were incorporated into a multivariate Cox proportional risk regression model to build a multifactorial nomogram. The concordance index (C-index) and decision curve analysis (DCA) were applied to estimate its efficacy., Results: Nine significant features associated with PFS were selected by LASSO and used to calculate the rad-score of each patient. The rad-score was verified as an independent prognostic factor for PFS in NPC. The survival analysis showed that those with lower rad-scores had longer PFS in both cohorts ( p < 0.05). Compared with the tumor-node-metastasis staging system, the multifactorial nomogram had higher C-indexes (training cohorts: 0.819 vs. 0.610; validation cohorts: 0.820 vs. 0.602). Moreover, the DCA curve showed that this model could better predict progression within 50% threshold probability., Conclusion: A nomogram that combined MRI-based radiomics with clinicopathological characteristics and blood parameters improved the ability to predict progression in patients with NPC., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Fang, Li, Yang, Che, Luo, Wu, Gao, Wu, Luo, Lai, Zhang, Wang, Xu, Li, Liu, Zhou and Wang.)

Shrubs play an important role in maintaining biodiversity, stability and ecological service in grassland. Exploring the effects of enclosure on dominant shrub population can provide scientific guidance for grassland restoration and tending management. In this study, we investigated main growth characteristics and spatial distribution pattern of Artemisia ordosica population in four enclosed grasslands with duration of 0, 5, 15, and 25 years. The results showed that population density increased first and then decreased with time extension, and peaked after enclosed for 15 years, which was 3.7 times that of unenclosed plot. The crown and projected area showed opposite responses trend to that of density, which decreased by 31.7% and 52.3% after enclosed 15 years, respectively. The height decreased by 25.3% after 5 years of enclosure, and then increased gradually. Semi-variance function analysis showed that population distribution in all grasslands conformed to Gaussian model. The spatial variation decreased gradually in the early stage of enclosure, and then increased after enclosed for 15 years. Structure ratio in each plot was higher than 0.75, but nugget was relatively small, indicating that spatial autocorrelation of population was mainly affected by structural factors rather than random factors. Spatial distribution of A. ordosica population was patchy and striped. Enclosure reduced spatial variation of population at small scale. However, spatial heterogeneity and scale dependence of population enhanced after enclosed 25 years as plaque dissociating. Our findings suggest that enclosure duration is the key factor affecting plant growth and spatial distribution of dominant population in desert steppe. Long-term fencing enhances the spatial heterogeneity of dominant population. Appropriate human intervention should be carried out after 15 years of enclosure.

Development of the kiwifruit industry has been severely hindered by the canker disease, which is caused by the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. Actinidiae (Psa). However, endophytic fungi associated with healthy kiwi plants may protect host plants through the production of metabolites with potent anti-Psa activity. In the current study, four undescribed isobenzofuranones, namely sporulactones A‒D, two undescribed isocoumarins, namely sporulactones E and F, together with eight known analogs were isolated from the kiwi endophytic fungus Paraphaeosphaeria sporulosa. The structures with absolute configurations were established by extensive spectroscopic methods, quantum chemistry calculations, and X-ray diffraction experiments. In addition, five of the compounds exhibited anti-Psa activity, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 25 to 100 μg/mL. These findings suggest that the small polyketide metabolites produced by P. sporulosa play an important role in the antibacterial properties of the endophyte., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Four new resorcinol derivatives, namely (-)/(+)-xylarinig A ( 1 ), as well as xylarinigs B ( 2 ) and C ( 3 ), were isolated from the ethyl acetate extracts of the solid fermentation of Xylaria nigripes . Their structures were established by comprehensive spectroscopic analysis combined with electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. Compound 1 is an optical mixture, and was resoluted into optical pure enatiomers (+)- 1 and (-)- 1 by chiral HPLC. The neuroprotective effects of 1 - 3 against the damage of PC12 cells induced by oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) were evaluated.

Epigenetic modifiers are proved to be effective specialized products-mining tools by rationally regulating the gene expression of fungal biosynthetic pathways. Chemical investigation on the histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDI) vorinostat (also known as SAHA)-modified cultures of the basidiomycete Cyathus stercoreus (Schwein.) De Toni (Nidulariaceae) led to the isolation of nine previously undescribed sesquiterpenes, and four previously described ones. The structures of the nine undescribed compounds were determined by extensive NMR spectroscopic analysis, HRESIMS analysis, as well as ECD and NMR calculations. Notably, the isolated sesquiterpenes are exclusive or overproduced from the epigenetic modified cultures compared to the negative control cultures. Additionally, the skeleton types of the isolated sesquiterpenes include protoilludalane, illudalane, 1,11-seco-protoilludalane, 10,11-seco-illudalane, and 14(11→10)abeo-illudalane. It is noteworthy that the 14(11→10)abeo-illudalane skeleton is reported for the first time. Cystercorodiol A, 4-O-acetylcybrodol, cystercorotone, and cybrodol showed weak inhibitory activity against the bacterium Escherichia coli ATCC25922 with the inhibitory rates 34.7%, 33.0%, 32.3%, and 29.6% at the concentration 200 μM, respectively. This study suggested that epigenetic modifiers are also an effective tool for specialized metabolite-mining in basidiomycetes., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Most of study regarding periampullary diverticulum (PAD) impact on endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) therapy for choledocholithiasis based on data from one endoscopy center and lacked to compare the clinical characteristic of choledocholithiasis with PAD from different geographical patients., Aim: To compare the choledocholithiasis clinical characteristics between two regional endoscopy centers and analyze impacts of clinical characteristics on ERCP methods for choledocholithiasis patients with PAD., Methods: Patients seen in two endoscopy centers (The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China, and Kyoto Second Red Cross Hospital, Kyoto, Japan) underwent ERCP treatment for the first time between January 2012 and December 2017. The characteristics of choledocholithiasis with PAD were compared between the two centers, and their ERCP procedures and therapeutic outcomes were analyzed., Results: A total of 829 out of 3608 patients in the Lanzhou center and 241 out of 1198 in the Kyoto center had choledocholithiasis with PAD. Lots of clinical characteristics were significantly different between the two centers. The common bile duct (CBD) diameter was wider, choledocholithiasis size was lager and multiple CBD stones were more in the Lanzhou center patients than those in the Kyoto center patients (14.8 ± 5.2 mm vs 11.6 ± 4.2 mm, 12.2 ± 6.5 mm vs 8.2 ± 5.3 mm, 45.3% vs 20.3%, P < 0.001 for all). In addition, concomitant diseases, such as acute cholangitis, gallbladder stones, obstructive jaundice, cholecystectomy, and acute pancreatitis, were significantly different between the two centers ( P = 0.03 to < 0.001). In the Lanzhou center, CBD diameter and choledocholithiasis size were lower, and multiple CBD stones and acute cholangitis were less in non-PAD patients than those in PAD patients (13.4 ± 5.1 mm vs 14.8 ± 5.2 mm, 10.3 ± 5.4 mm vs 12.2 ± 6.5, 39% vs 45.3%, 13.9% vs 18.5%, P = 0.002 to < 0.001). But all these characteristics were not significantly different in the Kyoto center. The proportions of endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST), endoscopic balloon dilatation (EPBD), and EST+EPBD were 50.5%, 1.7%, and 42.5% in the Lanzhou center and 90.0%, 0.0%, and 0.4% in the Kyoto center, respectively. However, the overall post-ERCP complication rate was not significantly different between the two centers (8.9% in the Lanzhou and 5.8% in the Kyoto. P = 0.12). In the Lanzhou center, the difficulty rate in removing CBD stones in PAD was higher than in non-PAD group (35.3% vs 26.0%, P < 0.001). But the rate was no significant difference between the two groups in Kyoto center. The residual rates of choledocholithiasis were not significantly different between the two groups in both centers. Post-ERCP complications occurred in 8.9% of the PAD patients and 8.1% of the non-PAD patients in the Lanzhou Center, and it occurred in 5.8% in PAD patients and 10.0% in non-PAD patients in the Kyoto center, all P > 0.05., Conclusion: Many clinical characteristics of choledocholithiasis patients with PAD were significantly different between the Lanzhou and Kyoto centers. The patients had larger and multiple stones, wider CBD diameter, and more possibility of acute cholangitis and obstructive jaundice in the Lanzhou center than those in the Kyoto center. The ERCP procedures to manage native duodenal papilla were different depending on the different clinical characteristics while the overall post-ERCP complications were not significantly different between the two centers. The stone residual rate and post-ERCP complications were not significantly different between choledocholithiasis patients with PAD and without PAD in each center., Competing Interests: Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to disclose., (©The Author(s) 2022. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.)

Continued interest in bioactive alkaloids led to the isolation of two undescribed alkaloids, ophiorrhines F ( 1 ) and G ( 2 ), from the aerial parts of Ophiorrhiza japonica. Their structures were elucidated based on spectroscopic methods, electronic circular dichroism, and calculated NMR with DP4+ analysis. These two alkaloids represent key biological genetic intermediates in the formation of ring C in the ophiorrhines. Compound 1 exhibited good inhibition on LPS-induced B cell proliferation with an IC 50 value of 0.38 μM and showed significant selective inhibitory activity on a B cell proliferation response with a selective index of 548.42. A preliminary study indicated that 1 may have a new mechanism of immunosuppression.

Three new pyrrole alkaloids albifipyrrols A-C (1-3), were isolated from the endophytic fungus Albifimbria viridis collected from the Chinese medicinal plant. Their structures were elucidated by extensive NMR and HRESIMS spectrometric analyses. All compounds were evaluated for immunosuppressive activity. Fortunately, compound 2 exhibits certain inhibition specifically against the LPS-induced proliferation of B lymphocyte cells with IC 50 value 16.16 μM., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Pleurotremataceae species are saprobes on decaying wood in terrestrial, mangrove, and freshwater habitats. The generic boundary of the family has traditionally been based on morphology. All genera of Pleurotremataceae have a high degree of morphological overlap, of which the generic circumscription of Melomastia and Dyfrolomyces has not been well resolved. Thus, the delimitation of genera has always been challenging. Melomastia traditionally differs from Dyfrolomyces in having 2-septate, oblong, with obtuse-ends ascospores. These main characteristics have been used to distinguish Melomastia from Dyfrolomyces for a long time. However, the above characteristics sometimes overlap among Dyfrolomyces and Melomastia species. Based on the morphology and multigene phylogeny with newly obtained data, we synonymized Dyfrolomyces under Melomastia following up-to-date results. Four novel species (i.e., Melomastia fusispora , M. oleae , M. sichuanensis and M. winteri ) collected from the dead branches of Olea europaea L. in Chengdu Olive Base, Sichuan Province in China are introduced based on detailed morphological characterization and phylogenetic analyses of sequences based on nuclear ribosomal (LSU and SSU) and protein-coding gene ( tef1-α ). The 11 new combinations proposed are Melomastia aquatica (= Dyfrolomyces aquaticus ), M. chromolaenae (= D. chromolaenae ), M. distoseptata (= D. distoseptatus ), M. mangrovei (= D. mangrovei ), M. marinospora (= D. marinosporus ), M. neothailandica (= D. neothailandicus ), M. phetchaburiensis (= D. phetchaburiensis ), M. sinensis (= D. sinensis ), M. thailandica (= D. thailandica ), M. thamplaensis (= D. thamplaensis ) and M. tiomanensis ( = D. tiomanensis) .

Five new isopimarane diterpenes, robustaditerpene A-E ( 1 - 5 ), which include 19-nor-isopimarane skeleton and isopimarane skeleton, were isolated from the liquid fermentation of the endophytic fungus Ilyonectria robusta collected from Bletilla striata. The structure elucidation and relative configuration assignments of all compounds were accomplished by interpretation of NMR and HRESIMS spectrometric analyses and 13 C NMR calculation. And the absolute configuration of 1 - 5 were identified by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and ECD calculation. Compound 3 inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced B lymphocytes cell proliferation with an IC 50 value at 17.42 ± 1.57  μ M while compound 5 inhibited concanavalin A-induced T lymphocytes cell proliferation with an IC 50 value at 75.22 ± 6.10  μ M. These data suggested that compounds 3 and 5 may possess potential immunosuppressive prospect., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Ye, Lv, Zhang, Wei, Li, Ai, Zhao and Liu.)

A crucial question in data science is to extract meaningful information embedded in high-dimensional data into a low-dimensional set of features that can represent the original data at different levels. Wavelet analysis is a pervasive method for decomposing time-series signals into a few levels with detailed temporal resolution. However, obtained wavelets are intertwined and over-represented across levels for each sample and across different samples within one population. Here, using neuroscience data of simulated spikes, experimental spikes, calcium imaging signals, and human electrocorticography signals, we leveraged conditional mutual information between wavelets for feature selection. The meaningfulness of selected features was verified to decode stimulus or condition with high accuracy yet using only a small set of features. These results provide a new way of wavelet analysis for extracting essential features of the dynamics of spatiotemporal neural data, which then enables to support novel model design of machine learning with representative features., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2021 The Author(s).)

Introduction : Smoking affects the occurrence and development of many diseases. We attempt to study the structure of intestinal flora in the middle-aged and elderly population as well as how smoking affects the intestinal flora. Methods : We collected population information, biochemical indicators, and patient feces from 188 middle-aged and elderly male patients, and their feces were tested for the 16S rRNA gene of intestinal flora. Results : We performed a cluster analysis on the intestinal structure of the included population and found that there was a significant difference in the number of smokers between each group ( p = 0.011). Subsequently, the microbiological diversity analysis of current smokers and nonsmokers was carried out. The results indicated that there was a significant difference in species composition between the two groups ( p = 0.029). Through the analysis on LEfSe differential bacteria, it was found that in current smoking patients, the abundances of the genus Bifidobacterium and the genus Coprobacillus were less, while the abundances of the genera Shigella, Paraprevotella, Burkholderia, Sutterella, Megamonas, and p-75-a5 under the family level of Erysipelotrichaceae were slightly high. We analyzed the correlation between the abundances of these eight different bacteria and clinical indicators. The results revealed the following: the abundance of the genus Bifidobacterium was negatively correlated with fasting blood glucose ( r = -0.198, p = 0.006) and positively correlated with uric acid ( r = 0.207, p = 0.004) and total bilirubin ( r = 0.175, p = 0.017); Shigella bacteria were positively correlated with fasting blood glucose ( r = 0.160, p = 0.028) and uric acid ( r = 0.153, p = 0.036) levels; the genus Paraprevotella and BMI ( r = -0.172, p = 0.018) are negatively correlated; the abundance of the genus Burkholderia was positively correlated with γ-glutamyltransferase ( r = 0.146, p = 0.045) levels; Sutterella was correlated with fasting blood glucose ( r = 0.143, p = 0.05) and creatinine level ( r = -0.16, p = 0.027), which was positively correlated with fasting blood glucose and negatively correlated with creatinine. Conclusions : In middle-aged and elderly patients with cardiovascular disease, smoking can reduce the abundance of Bifidobacterium, while the abundances of some negative bacteria such as Burkholderia, Sutterella, and Megamonas increase., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2022 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)

Introduction: Psychosocial distress screening of cancer patients is an American College of Surgeons Commission on Cancer mandate for accredited cancer programs. We evaluated psychosocial distress in breast cancer patients to characterize risk factors for high distress scores at a safety net hospital., Materials and Methods: The psychosocial distress screening form includes a list of potential issues and a distress score scaled from 1 through 10. Psychosocial distress screening results were retrospectively analyzed, along with patient demographics and clinical data. Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test was applied to identify predictors for high distress scores, which were defined as a score of 5 and greater., Results: 775 distress screens were completed by 171 breast cancer patients. High distress scores were reported in 21.3%. Patients who had no evidence of disease at time of screening were less likely to report a high distress score compared to those who were newly diagnosed or in active treatment (odds ratio 0.51, 95% CI, 0.38-0.68, P< .0001). Patients with high distress scores were more likely to report concerns with insurance (29.1% vs. 7.6%, P< .0001), transportation (16.4% vs. 4.6%, P< .0001), housing (15.2% vs 2.1%, P< .0001), sadness/depression (63.6% vs. 14.1, P< .0001), and physical issues (89.1% vs. 52.8%, P< .0001)., Conclusion: Status of cancer at time of screening, particularly newly diagnosed cancer and active treatment of cancer were associated with high distress scores in this patient group. While there should be an emphasis to ensure patients with these risk factors receive psychosocial distress screening, routine periodic screening for all patients should continue to be implemented to ensure quality cancer care., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Kiwi (Actinidia chinensis) plants are severely destroyed by canker disease which is caused by the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa). This program tries to find anti-Psa agents among secondary metabolites of endophytic fungi from kiwi plant itself. The chemical investigation on one kiwi endophytic fungi, Fusarium tricinctum, resulted in the isolation of nine new imidazole alkaloids, fusaritricines A-I (1-9) together with seven known analogues (10-16). The structures of new compounds were established by extensive spectroscopic methods. Compounds 2, 3, 9, and 13 showed good antibacterial activity against Psa with MIC values between 25 and 50 μg/mL. It is suggested that imidazole alkaloids should be potential anti-Psa agents., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have demonstrated impressive performance on many visual tasks. Recently, they became useful models for the visual system in neuroscience. However, it is still not clear what is learned by CNNs in terms of neuronal circuits. When a deep CNN with many layers is used for the visual system, it is not easy to compare the structure components of CNNs with possible neuroscience underpinnings due to highly complex circuits from the retina to the higher visual cortex. Here, we address this issue by focusing on single retinal ganglion cells with biophysical models and recording data from animals. By training CNNs with white noise images to predict neuronal responses, we found that fine structures of the retinal receptive field can be revealed. Specifically, convolutional filters learned are resembling biological components of the retinal circuit. This suggests that a CNN learning from one single retinal cell reveals a minimal neural network carried out in this cell. Furthermore, when CNNs learned from different cells are transferred between cells, there is a diversity of transfer learning performance, which indicates that CNNs are cell specific. Moreover, when CNNs are transferred between different types of input images, here white noise versus natural images, transfer learning shows a good performance, which implies that CNNs indeed capture the full computational ability of a single retinal cell for different inputs. Taken together, these results suggest that CNNs could be used to reveal structure components of neuronal circuits, and provide a powerful model for neural system identification.

Background: Neuroblastoma is a common solid malignant tumor in children. Despite the development of new treatment options, the prognosis of high-risk neuroblastoma patients is still poor. High-dose chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation might improve survival of patients with refractory neuroblastoma. In this study, we aimed to summarize the efficacy of autologous or allogeneic HSC transplantation combined with high-dose chemotherapy for patients with refractory neuroblastoma through the meta-analysis., Methods and Analysis: Relevant clinical trials of autologous or allogeneic HSC transplantation for the treatment refractory neuroblastoma patients will be searched in Web of Science, Cochrane Library, PubMed, Google Scholar, Embase, Medline, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, China Scientific Journal Database, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database and Wanfang Database from their inception to December 2020. Two researchers will perform data extraction and risk of bias assessment independently. The clinical outcomes including tumor response, overall survival, event-free survival (EFS), quality of life (QoL) and adverse events, were systematically evaluated by using Review Manager 5.3 and Stata 14.0 statistical software., Results: The results of this study will provide high-quality evidence for the effect of autologous or allogeneic HSC transplantation combined with high-dose chemotherapy on tumor response, survival, and QoL in patients with refractory neuroblastoma., Conclusions: The conclusions of this meta-analysis will be published in a peer-reviewed journal, and provide more evidence-based guidance in clinical practice., Competing Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interests to disclose., (Copyright © 2021 the Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

The aim of this study was to determine the diversity of intestinal microflora and its correlation with clinical parameters in diabetic patients and healthy subjects and to assess the importance of intestinal flora in patients with diabetes. Forty-four patients with diabetes were included. The control group included 47 healthy people. Their data, biochemical indicators and results from 16S rRNA sequencing of their fecal samples were collected. Compared with the healthy population, the intestinal flora of the diabetic patients was obviously abnormal. Within the diabetes group, the abundances of the genera Faecalibacterium, Prevotella, and Roseburia were higher, and the abundances of the genera Shigella and Bifidobacterium were lower. In the correlation analysis between bacteria and clinical indicators, it was found that the genera Veillonella and unclassified&#95;Enterobacteriaceae were negatively related to blood glucose, while the genera Phascolarctobacterium, unidentified&#95;Bacteroidales and Prevotella were significantly positively correlated with fasting blood glucose. Twelve microbial markers were detected in the random forest model, and the area under the curve (AUC) was 84.1%. This index was greater than the diagnostic effect of fasting blood glucose. This was also supported by the joint diagnostic model of microorganisms and clinical indicators. In addition, the intestinal flora significantly improved the diagnosis of diabetes. In conclusion, it can be concluded from these results that intestinal flora is essential for the occurrence and development of diabetes, which seems to be as important as blood glucose itself. Abbreviations: PCoA: principal coordinate analysis; NMDS: non econometric multidimensional scaling analysis; LEfSe: linear discriminant analysis effect size; LDA: linear discriminant analysis; POD: probability of disease; BMI: body mass index; DCA: decision curve analysis.

Asymptomatic hyperuricemia (AH) is an early stage of gout. Emerging evidence shows that the intestinal microbiota is related to gout. However, the relationship between AH and the intestinal microbiota is poorly understood. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to explore the possible correlation between AH and intestinal flora. We compared the intestinal microbial communities of AH (45 cases) and healthy subjects (45 cases) by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and clustering analysis on the incorporated population. Intestinal-type clustering can be divided into two groups, and significant differences in the proportion of AH are found among different bowel types. Alpha diversity indices were higher in the AH group than in the control group, and beta diversity indices also showed significant differences. A total of 19 genera were found different between the AH group and the control group. Compared with the control group, some probiotics are increased in the AH population. Two groups were ranked by importance of bacteria. We found the different bacteria partially coincided with the important bacteria, and the joint diagnosis level of the important bacteria was good. Conclusion: There were significant differences in the composition of intestinal biota between AH patients and healthy subjects. Some probiotics increased in AH.

Three undescribed lanostane triterpenoids, together with twenty-one known compounds, were isolated from artificially cultivated fruiting bodies of the basidiomycete Ganoderma sichuanense. The absolute configuration at C-25 of ganoderic acid A and its derivatives was determined to be 25R by application of the phenylglycine methyl ester (PGME) method. Among the isolated compounds, ganoderiol F exhibited the most potent activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra with an MIC value of 0.781 μg/ml., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Kiwi, a fruit from plants of the genus Actinidia, is one of the famous fruits with thousand years of edible history. In the past twenty years, a great deal of research has been done on the chemical constituents of the Actinidia species. A large number of secondary metabolites including triterpenoids, flavonoids, phenols, etc. have been identified from differents parts of Actinidia plants, which exhibited significant in vitro and in vivo pharmacological activities including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anti-oxidative, anti-bacterial, and anti-diabetic activities. In order to fully understand the chemical components and biological activities of Actinidia plants, and to improve their further research, development and utilization, this review summarizes the compounds extracted from different parts of Actinidia plants since 1959 to 2020, classifies the types of constituents, reports on the pharmacological activities of relative compounds and medicinal potentials., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Finding out the physical structure of neuronal circuits that governs neuronal responses is an important goal for brain research. With fast advances for large-scale recording techniques, identification of a neuronal circuit with multiple neurons and stages or layers becomes possible and highly demanding. Although methods for mapping the connection structure of circuits have been greatly developed in recent years, they are mostly limited to simple scenarios of a few neurons in a pairwise fashion; and dissecting dynamical circuits, particularly mapping out a complete functional circuit that converges to a single neuron, is still a challenging question. Here, we show that a recent method, termed spike-triggered non-negative matrix factorization (STNMF), can address these issues. By simulating different scenarios of spiking neural networks with various connections between neurons and stages, we demonstrate that STNMF is a persuasive method to dissect functional connections within a circuit. Using spiking activities recorded at neurons of the output layer, STNMF can obtain a complete circuit consisting of all cascade computational components of presynaptic neurons, as well as their spiking activities. For simulated simple and complex cells of the primary visual cortex, STNMF allows us to dissect the pathway of visual computation. Taken together, these results suggest that STNMF could provide a useful approach for investigating neuronal systems leveraging recorded functional neuronal activity., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Botryosphaeriales is an important order of diverse fungal pathogens, saprobes, and endophytes distributed worldwide. Recent studies of Botryosphaeriales in China have discovered a broad range of species, some of which have not been formerly described. In this study, 60 saprobic isolates were obtained from decaying woody hosts in southwestern China. The isolates were compared with other species using morphological characteristics, and available DNA sequence data was used to infer phylogenetic analyses based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), large subunit rRNA gene (LSU), and translation elongation factor 1-α ( tef ) loci. Three novel species were illustrated and described as Botryobambusa &nbsp; guizhouensis , Sardiniella &nbsp; elliptica , and Sphaeropsis &nbsp; guizhouensis , which belong to rarely identified genera within Botryosphaeriaceae . Botryobambusa &nbsp; guizhouensis is the second species identified from the respective monotypic genus. The previously known species were identified as Aplosporella hesperidica , Barriopsis tectonae , Botryosphaeria dothidea, Diplodia mutila , Di. neojuniperi , Di. pseudoseriata , Di . sapinea , Di . seriata , Dothiorella sarmentorum , Do . yunnana , Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae , Neofusicoccum parvum , Sardiniella celtidis , Sa. &nbsp; guizhouensis , and Sphaeropsis citrigena . The results of this study indicate that numerous species of Botryosphaeriales are yet to be revealed in southwestern China.

The heterojunction constructed by tungsten oxide and zinc oxide materials can improve the problem of easy deactivation of electrons, which is a new and effective strategy for realizing anticorrosion. Here, the ZnO/WO 2.92 heterojunction modified by oxygen vacancies (OVs) serving as the photoelectric conversion center was not consumed to provide continuous light-induced protection for steel, and the impedance value was increased by 185.35% compared to that of epoxy resin after 72 h of corrosion. The enhanced anticorrosion activity was due to OV modification leading to oxygen adsorption and electron capture, which inhibited the cathodic corrosion reaction and effectively hindered electron transport. Additionally, the localized surface plasmon resonance effect produced by OVs improved light utilization efficiency and increased electron density, which enabled numerous photoelectrons to gather on the surface of the iron substrate to reduce the corrosion rate of metals. Besides, the cascade effect of the ZnO/WO 2.92 heterojunction promoted the transfer of e - /h + to form an electric field that allowed the directional flow of electrons to inhibit the anode dissolution process. Thus, exploring the corrosion reaction involving OVs and heterojunction structures was of great significance to the development of nonsacrificial and efficient anticorrosion materials.

Fungi are eukaryotes that inhabit various ecosystems worldwide and have a decomposing effect that other organisms cannot replace. Fungi are divided into two main groups depending on how their sexual spores are formed, viz. Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. The members of Botryosphaeriales (Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota) are ubiquitous. They are pathogenic on a wide range of hosts, causing diverse diseases including dieback, canker, leaf spots and root rots and are also reported as saprobes and endophytes worldwide. As an important fungal group, of which most are plant pathogens, it is necessary to organize data and information on Botryosphaeriales so that scientific literature can be used effectively. For this purpose, a new website, https://botryosphaeriales.org is established to gather all published data together with updates on the present taxonomy of Botryosphaeriales. The website consists of an easy-to-operate searching system and provides an up-to-date classification together with accounts of Botryosphaeriales taxa, including colour illustrations, descriptions, notes and numbers of species in each genus, as well as their classification. Thus, readers will be able to obtain information on botryosphaerialean taxa through this platform. Database URL: https://botryosphaeriales.org/., (© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press.)

Our real-time actions in everyday life reflect a range of spatiotemporal dynamic brain activity patterns, the consequence of neuronal computation with spikes in the brain. Most existing models with spiking neurons aim at solving static pattern recognition tasks such as image classification. Compared with static features, spatiotemporal patterns are more complex due to their dynamics in both space and time domains. Spatiotemporal pattern recognition based on learning algorithms with spiking neurons therefore remains challenging. We propose an end-to-end recurrent spiking neural network model trained with an algorithm based on spike latency and temporal difference backpropagation. Our model is a cascaded network with three layers of spiking neurons where the input and output layers are the encoder and decoder, respectively. In the hidden layer, the recurrently connected neurons with transmission delays carry out high-dimensional computation to incorporate the spatiotemporal dynamics of the inputs. The test results based on the data sets of spiking activities of the retinal neurons show that the proposed framework can recognize dynamic spatiotemporal patterns much better than using spike counts. Moreover, for 3D trajectories of a human action data set, the proposed framework achieves a test accuracy of 83.6% on average. Rapid recognition is achieved through the learning methodology-based on spike latency and the decoding process using the first spike of the output neurons. Taken together, these results highlight a new model to extract information from activity patterns of neural computation in the brain and provide a novel approach for spike-based neuromorphic computing., (© 2021 Massachusetts Institute of Technology.)

In this illustrative video, the authors demonstrate retrosigmoid resection of a giant cystic vestibular schwannoma using the subperineural dissection technique to preserve facial nerve function. This thin layer of perineurium arising from the vestibular nerves is used as a protective buffer to shield the facial and cochlear nerves from direct microdissection trauma. A near-total resection was achieved, and the patient had an immediate postoperative House-Brackmann grade I facial nerve function. The operative nuances and pearls of technique for safe cranial nerve and brainstem dissection, as well as the intraoperative decision and technique to leave the least amount of residual adherent tumor, are demonstrated. The video can be found here: https://stream.cadmore.media/r10.3171/2021.7.FOCVID21128., Competing Interests: Disclosures The authors report no conflict of interest concerning the materials or methods used in this study or the findings specified in this publication.The authors report no conflict of interest concerning the materials or methods used in this study or the findings specified in this publication., (© 2021, The Authors.)

The present study explored the mechanism of action of Gynostemma pentaphyllum in the treatment of metabolism associa-ted fatty liver disease(MAFLD) by network pharmacology and molecular docking. The main active components and action targets of G. pentaphyllum were collected from TCMSP. Disease-related targets were obtained from GeneCards, OMIM and TTD, and the common targets of the three databases were screened out, which were converted to the genes with standard names by UniProt. The drug-disease common target genes were obtained through Venn tool and uploaded to STRING for the construction of the protein-protein interaction(PPI) network. Cytoscape was used to construct and analyze the drug-active component-common target-disease network. The gene ontology(GO) analysis and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes(KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis were performed on the common targets by DAVID. Pymol was adopted to perform molecular docking of active components and the common targets and predict their binding ability. Twenty-four active components(such as gypenosides, quercetin and sitosterol) of G. pentaphyllum were screened out. Ninety-two targets were obtained and 54 common targets were identified. Key targets included TNF, IL6, PTGS2, TP53, CCL2 and VEGFA. GO analysis on biological processes, molecular functions and cellular components and KEGG pathway analysis were performed, and the results indicated that NF-κB, PI3 K-Akt, TNF and HIF-1 signaling pathways were mainly involved. Molecular docking results showed that gypenosides and quercetin had a strong binding ability to TNF, IL6 and PTGS2. The findings of this study revealed that the therapeutic efficacy of G. pentaphyllum on MAFLD might be achieved by resisting inflammation and oxidative stress and improving insulin resistance, providing ideas and a theoretical basis for the development and application of G. pentaphyllum in the treatment of MAFLD.

Traditional models of retinal system identification analyze the neural response to artificial stimuli using models consisting of predefined components. The model design is limited to prior knowledge, and the artificial stimuli are too simple to be compared with stimuli processed by the retina. To fill in this gap with an explainable model that reveals how a population of neurons work together to encode the larger field of natural scenes, here we used a deep-learning model for identifying the computational elements of the retinal circuit that contribute to learning the dynamics of natural scenes. Experimental results verify that the recurrent connection plays a key role in encoding complex dynamic visual scenes while learning biological computational underpinnings of the retinal circuit. In addition, the proposed models reveal both the shapes and the locations of the spatiotemporal receptive fields of ganglion cells., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2021 The Authors.)

In our continuous search for antibacterial agents against Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) from kiwi-associated fungi, two pairs of epimeric cytochalasins, zopfiellasins A-D ( 1 - 4 ), were characterized from the fungus Zopfiella sp. The structures were established on the basis of spectroscopic data analysis, while the absolute configurations were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compounds 1 and 3 exhibited antibacterial activity against Psa with MIC values of 25 and 50 μg/mL, respectively. This is the first report of anti-Psa activity of cytochalasin derivatives.

Four polyketide-amino acid derivatives, pardinumones A-D ( 1 - 4 ), were isolated from the wild mushroom Tricholoma pardinum . Their structures together with absolute configurations were characterized by means of spectroscopic data analyses, as well as calculated electronic circular dichroism (ECD) and NMR with sorted training set (STS) protocol analysis. Compounds 1 - 4 exhibited antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus , Staphylococcus epidermidis , and Escherichia coli with MIC values in the range of 6.25-50 μg/mL., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2021 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)

Seven highly oxidized steroids, taccachatrones A-G ( 1 - 7 ), together with four known taccalonolides ( 8 - 11 ), were characterized from the rhizomes of Tacca chantrieri . The structures of 1 - 7 were established on the basis of spectroscopic data analysis, while the absolute configurations were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compounds 1 - 4 may be derived from taccalonolide derivatives by the degradation of three carbon atoms. Compounds 7 , 8 , 10 , and 11 exhibited cytotoxicity to human cancer cell lines, indicating that the presence of a lactone moiety, as well as a double bond between C-22 and C-23, might play key roles in mediating their cytotoxicity.

Objective: We sought to investigate the association between diabetes mellitus and incidence of adverse outcomes in patients who underwent meningioma surgery., Methods: The 2012-2014 National Inpatient Sample database was used. Prolonged length of stay was indicated by values greater than the 90th percentile of the sample. The Fisher exact test and analysis of variance were used to compare demographics, hospital characteristics, comorbidity, and complications among race cohorts. Logistic regression was used to analyze the independent effect of diabetes on adverse outcomes., Results: After selecting for patients with primary diagnosis of meningioma who underwent a resection procedure, 7745 individuals were identified and divided into diabetic (n = 1518) and nondiabetic (n = 6227) cohorts. Demographics, hospital characteristics, and comorbidities were significantly different among the 2 cohorts. Average length of stay was longer in diabetic patients (8.15 vs. 6.04 days, P < 0.001), and total charges were higher in diabetic patients ($139,462.66 vs. $123,250.71, P < 0.001). Multivariate regression indicated diabetic patients have higher odds of experiencing a complication (odds ratio [OR] 1.442, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.255-1.656, P < 0.001) and in-hospital mortality (OR 1.672, 95% CI 1.034-2.705, P = 0.036) after meningioma surgery. Analysis of individual postoperative complications revealed that diabetic patients experienced increased odds of pulmonary (OR 1.501, 95% CI 1.209-1.864, P < 0.001), neurologic (OR 1.690, 95% CI 1.383-2.065, P < 0.001), and urinary/renal complications (OR 2.618, 95% CI 1.933-3.545, P < 0.001). In addition, diabetic patients were more likely to have a prolonged length of stay (OR 1.694, 95% CI 1.389-2.065, P < 0.001)., Conclusions: Diabetes is an important factor associated with complications after meningioma surgery. Preventative measures must be taken to optimize postoperative outcomes in these patients., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Five previously undescribed guanacastane diterpenoids, namely psathyrellins A-E (1-5), were obtained from cultures of the mushroom Psathyrella candolleana. Their structures with absolute configurations were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic methods. Compounds 1-3 showed antibacterial activity against four strains with MIC values in a range of 16-128 μg/mL., (© 2021. The Author(s).)