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Spectral studies are carried out and crystallization processes of niobium-containing phosphate glass with a high content of lithium oxide are studied for further research of the structural transformations in them caused by exposure to femtosecond laser radiation.

Considering lack of lithium, the authors believe it is advisable to analyze dressability of spodumene concentrates from mine wastes, specifically from tailings of Transbaikal Mining-and-Processing Integrated Works. The analysis includes mineral chemical, and grain-size compositions of raw material, as well as the capacity of spodumene to be separated and recovered. These characteristics make the basis for developing the dressing technology and process flowsheet for the indicated type of technogenic (i.e. resulted from production activities) deposits.

Studies using molecular dynamics (MD) have long struggled to simulate the failure modes of materials, predicting unrealistically high ductility and failing to capture brittle fracture. The primary cause of this shortcoming is an inadequate description of bond breaking. While reactive force fields such as ReaxFF show improvements compared to traditional force fields, the charge models used yield unphysical partial charges, especially during dissociation of ionic bonds. This flaw may be remedied by using the atom-condensed Kohn-Sham density functional theory (DFT) approximated to a second order (ACKS2) charge model for determining partial charges. In this work, we present a new ACKS2-enabled Reax force field for fracture simulations of lithium oxide systems, which was obtained by training against an extensive set of DFT, multireference configuration interaction (MRCI), and MRCI+Q reference data using genetic optimization techniques. This new force field significantly improves the bond breaking behavior, but still cannot fully capture the brittle fracture in MD simulations, suggesting more research is needed to improve simulation of brittle fracture.

We present the electrical and the phonon vibrational properties of Li2O–2SiO2 (LS12) and Li2O–SiO2 (LS11) glasses to exploit for lithium ion transport in the merits of solid electrolyte. Electrical impedance measurements are carried out in the frequency 100 Hz–30 MHz and temperature range 30–150 °C. Based on the theory of the modified fractional Rayleigh equation, we predict the number densities of the lithium ions in the lithium silicate glasses. As an increase in lithium content, the covalent interaction between the Li-cation and its local sites of network increases the number of the non-bridging oxygen (NBO) sites by the depolymerization of the silicate glass network. We find the fact that the number of NBOs in the LS11 glass increases a factor of two larger than the number of NBOs in the LS12 glass. A low conductivity of lithium oxide glasses is reflection of a long stay of the lithium ions in the NBO atoms. The partial Li+ ions in the lithium silicate glasses participate on the ac conduction through the NBO sites.

Gold nanoparticles (NPs) exhibit strong surface plasmon resonance (SPR) in the visible spectral region. Lithium Zinc Calcium Fluoroborate glasses embedded with Au NPs were synthesized by conventional melt quench technique. The gold NPs embedded glasses exhibited dichroic nature. A small kink around 44.61∘ in the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern suggests the presence of Au (2 0 0) in the matrix. High resolution-transmission electron microscopic (HR-TEM) measurements further confirmed the existence of spherical and ellipsoidal Au NPs. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) reveals the role of network modifiers in the matrix as the glasses that contained higher concentration of lithium oxide exhibits lower Tg thereby resulting in creation of more non bridging oxides (NBO's). The Z-Scan studies were performed under non-resonant condition (800 nm) to analyze the application of these glasses for optical limiting devices.

Lithium-doped ZnO structures with sizes in the micro- and nano-scale and different morphologies were obtained by vapor–solid growth method. Two different precursors, lithium oxide and lithium carbonate, were used as the lithium source in order to study the influence on the morphology and optical properties of the obtained structures. Scanning electron microscopy, cathodoluminescence, photoluminescence, X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis and Raman spectroscopy were used to characterize their structure, morphology, composition and optical properties. Depending on the lithium content present, changes in the crystalline quality and the luminescent intensity of the samples were observed. Optical resonant cavity behavior was also observed in some of the nano-structures.

Iron catalyst precursors promoted with oxides of calcium, aluminum, and lithium were prepared by a fusion method. Using XRD analysis, it was found that catalyst precursors had a magnetite structure. Lithium oxide, which is dependent on the Fe2+/Fe3+ molar ratio in a catalyst, was built into the magnetite structure as a solid solution and/or formed a separate Li2Fe3O4 phase. Lithium oxide forming the solid solution in magnetite accelerated the magnetite phase reduction. However, it was observed that magnetite, in the presence of lithium oxide, was not reduced to iron directly, but to a transient phase, Li2O&middot, xFeO, where x &lt, 3 was formed, which meant that the reduction to iron was much slower. Activity of the catalysts promoted with lithium oxide increased, while the degree of reduction increased.

Thin layers containing lithium oxide (Li2O), lithium sulfide (Li2S), or lithium selenide (Li2Se) are relevant for many electrochemical processes in lithium-based batteries. As a step toward understanding the electrochemical properties of such layers, this work demonstrates the growth of dense single-phase films by both sputter deposition (for Li2O and Li2S) and thermal evaporation (for Li2S and Li2Se). The dependence of morphology and grain size on the growth conditions is characterized. Reactive deposition is found to be faster and more practical than direct deposition, and both sputtered S8 and heated SnS2 are shown to be viable sulfur precursors for growing sulfides. These results enable the preparation of Li2O, Li2S, and Li2Se films suitable for future electrochemical studies. An initial set of conductivity data from an evaporated Li2S film is also presented.

Energy storage is a growing concern in an ever increasingly battery driven society. Development of safer, smaller, and longer lasting batteries is in demand. Ion conducting glasses are an important type of solid electrolyte that could be used to answer this need. Unfortunately, many known ion conducting glasses, such as binary lithium oxide glasses with conductivities in the 10-7 - 10-8 S/cm range, are not conductive enough for practical use. In order for ion conducting glasses to be used as a commercial solid electrolyte, a method of increasing the glasses' ionic conductivity must be found. While alkali mixed glass former glasses, such as Bi2O3+B2O3+LiO2 and Li2S+SiS2+GeS2, have shown increases in the alkali ion conductivity up to two orders of magnitude, the cause of this increase is unclear. This phenomena has become known as the Mixed Glass Former Effect (MGFE) and is defined by a non-linear, non-additive change in ionic conductivity. Although the MGFE has been observed in the literature, it has not been observed in all mixed glass former (MGF) glasses and has also been seen as a negative or positive effect. In this talk, I will review our comprehensive study of the physical properties, structure, and the effect of composition on MGF sodium borophosphate glasses. It is our hypothesis that changes in the short range order structures, caused by the mixing of the boron and phosphate networks, are responsible for the MGFE. I will show a strong correlation between physical properties and structural changes with changing glass former composition.

One route toward sustainable land and aerial transportation is based on electrified vehicles. To enable electrification in transportation, there is a need for high-energy-density batteries, and this has led to an enormous interest in lithium–oxygen batteries. Several critical challenges remain with respect to realizing a practical lithium–oxygen battery. In this article, we present a detailed overview of theoretical efforts to formulate design principles for identifying stable electrolytes and electrodes with the desired functionality and stability. We discuss design principles relating to electrolytes and the additional stability challenges that arise at the cathode–electrolyte interface. Based on a thermodynamic analysis, we discuss two important requirements for the cathode: the ability to nucleate the desired discharge product, Li $$_2$$ O $$_2$$ , and the ability to selectively activate only this discharge product while suppressing lithium oxide, the undesired secondary discharge product. We propose preliminary guidelines for determining the chemical stability of the electrode and illustrate the challenge associated with electrode selection using the examples of carbon cathodes and transition metals. We believe that a synergistic design framework for identifying electrolyte–electrode formulations is needed to realize a practical Li–O $$_2$$ battery.

Structural properties and ionic conductivity have been correlated in the XLi2O-(100 − X)B2O3 vitreous system over a wide range of composition (X = 0–50 mol%). The structural evolution of the vitreous network as a function of the lithium oxide content was established at ambient temperature by 11B and 7Li high resolution solid state NMR, while electrical conductivity has been measured by complex impedance spectroscopy from room temperature up to the glass transition temperature Tg. The 11B NMR spectra indicate that starting from pure boron trioxide glass, the addition of alkali leads to a gradual transformation of BO3 units into BO4−. From X ≈ 30, the increase of Li+ content is also accompanied by the formation of Non-Bridging Oxygen (NBO). These specific structural changes have been used to interpret the conductive behavior of vitreous lithium borates. Indeed, measured on a wide range of composition, the direct conductivity (σdc) increases with the Li2O content and exhibits a clear regime change at X ≈ 32, which can be correlated to the interaction of cations with BO4− units and NBO.

Silica based materials are important candidates as anodes for lithium ion batteries due to their high specific capacity, low production and material cost and abundance in the earth crust. Silica lithiation leads to reversible and irreversible reactions to produce silicon, lithium oxide and lithium silicates. The final composition of these products confers a variety of electrochemical performances, particularly concerning their specific capacity and stability/cyclability of the electrodes. Knowledge on the thermochemistry of these reactions is relevant to analyze the thermodynamic stability and potential occurrence of the different phases. In this work, the free energy of reaction for the lithiation of silica is calculated for different products. The present first principles studies indicate that the formation of products is a highly exothermic and endergonic process in all cases. In the case of SiO2 lithiation, the free energy shows that the reaction to form Li2Si2O5 is highly exothermic, having the greatest probability of formation. The lithiation potentials and stability of different products are analyzed in the context of experimental results from the literature. Fil: Lener, German. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Matemática, Astronomía y Física; Argentina Fil: Otero, Manuel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico-química de Córdoba. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico-química de Córdoba; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Matemática, Astronomía y Física; Argentina Fil: Barraco Diaz, Daniel Eugenio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola; Argentina Fil: Leiva, Ezequiel Pedro M.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico-química de Córdoba. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico-química de Córdoba; Argentina

Reaction of solutions of uranium tri- and tetrachloride with lithium oxide was studied in the melts based on the eutectic mixture of lithium and potassium chlorides. The experiments were conducted at 550 and 750 °C, and the atomic ratio of oxygen-to-uranium in the melt varied from 0.5 to 2.0. Degree of uranium precipitation from the melt and the phase composition of the solids formed were determined.

Lithium oxide (Li2O) has been suggested as a suitable breeder blanket material for fusion reactors. Li+ vacancies are created by neutron irradiation, forming bulk defect complex whose extra character is experimentally unclear. We present a theoretical study of Li2O using density functional theory (DFT) with a plane-wave basis set. The generalized gradient approximation (GGA) and local-density approximation (LDA) were used for exchange and correlation. Here we address the total energy for defect free, cation defect, cation vacancy and vacancy formation energy in Li2O crystal in anti-fluorite structure.Lithium oxide (Li2O) has been suggested as a suitable breeder blanket material for fusion reactors. Li+ vacancies are created by neutron irradiation, forming bulk defect complex whose extra character is experimentally unclear. We present a theoretical study of Li2O using density functional theory (DFT) with a plane-wave basis set. The generalized gradient approximation (GGA) and local-density approximation (LDA) were used for exchange and correlation. Here we address the total energy for defect free, cation defect, cation vacancy and vacancy formation energy in Li2O crystal in anti-fluorite structure.

A recycling process for automotive lithium-ion batteries was developed. The process combines a mechanical pretreatment with pyrometallurgical recycling process step to recover all battery components, and realize cost-neutral and sustainable recycling. The focus of the research work is the development of a pyrometallurgical process step to recover especially Li out of electrode mass powder which is the fine fraction extracted mechanically from spent Li-ion batteries. Two metallurgical treatment technologies were investigated: direct vacuum evaporation of Li and recovery of metallic Li by distillation, and a selective entraining gas evaporation of Li and recovery of lithium oxide.

Soft X-ray absorption spectroscopic studies are carried out to clarify the charge/discharge reaction mechanism of Co-doped Li 2 O (CDL, Co/Li = 0.1 molar ratio) as a cathode material for a new rechargeable lithium-peroxide battery. Upon charging CDL in an aprotic electrolyte, a drastic change can be seen in the O K-edge spectra, with a new, strong peak assignable to σ*(O–O) of peroxide at photon energy of 531.0 eV. This peak is reduced during subsequent discharging, causing the spectrum to essentially return to that of pristine CDL recorded in total fluorescence yield mode. The Co L 2,3 -edge spectra do not show a remarkable change during charging, with the exception of the disappearance of a Co 2+ shoulder peak. The spectrum of charged CDL is in reasonable agreement with the calculated spectrum, assuming that the fraction of Co 3+ – L (where L indicates a hole state in the oxygen 2 p band) is dominant in the electronic configuration of the ground state. This suggests that, to a certain extent, a redox reaction involving a ligand hole state (Co 3+ – L ) participates in generation of the capacity.

The graphene/cubic cobaltite oxide nanosheets (rGO/Co 3 O 4 ) with a face centered cubic crystalline structure are synthesized and are exploited as effective cathode catalysts in high performance Lithium-air batteries. The morphological images enunciate that 220 nm average diameter of Co 3 O 4 nanosheets are effectively anchored over the graphene sheets and the diameter of individual nanoparticles that construct the cubic nanosheets is 5 nm. The growth and composite formation mechanisms of prepared nanostructures are identified from Raman and FT-IR spectroscopic techniques. rGO/Co 3 O 4 composite exhibits a lower voltage, high discharge capacity of 4150 mAh g −1 and displays superior cyclability without any capacity losses, signifying the excellent rechargeability of the fabricated electrodes. The post mortem analysis of electrodes specify the existence of lithium peroxide (Li 2 O 2 ), lithium oxide (Li 2 O) and lithium carbonate (Li 2 CO 3 ) discharge products, revealing the involved electrochemical reaction of Lithium-air batteries. The excellent electrochemical properties of rGO/Co 3 O 4 composite is due to the combination of rapid electrokinetics of electron transport and high electrocatalytic activity toward oxygen reduction reaction given via the synergetic effects of rGO and cubic Co 3 O 4 nanosheets. These findings provide fundamental knowledge on understanding the influence of morphological and structural properties of graphene based nanostructures toward Lithium-air battery performances.

In this work, we investigate deuterium retention at the Mo–Li interface by studying thin Li films three monolayers thick on a TZM Mo alloy. Li films at temperatures between 315 and 460 K were exposed to a deuterium ion beam and D retention was measured using temperature programmed desorption. In the absence of oxygen, D is retained as LiD, and the relative amount of retained D decreases with increasing substrate temperature. In three-monolayer thick lithium oxide films, the amount of D retained was 2.5 times higher than the amount retained as LiD in the metallic Li film. However, oxygen reduces the thermal stability of D in the film, causing D2O and D2 to be released from the surface at temperatures 150–200 K below the LiD decomposition temperature. These results highlight the importance of maintaining a metallic Li layer for high D retention in Li films on TZM at elevated temperatures.

The Materials Analysis and Particle Probe (MAPP) diagnostic has been implemented on the Lithium Tokamak Experiment (LTX) at PPPL, providing the first in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) surface characterization of tokamak plasma facing components (PFCs). MAPP samples were exposed to argon glow discharge conditioning (GDC), lithium evaporations, and hydrogen tokamak discharges inside LTX. Samples were analyzed with XPS, and alterations to surface conditions were correlated against observed LTX plasma performance changes. Argon GDC caused the accumulation of nm-scale metal oxide layers on the PFC surface, which appeared to bury surface carbon and oxygen contamination and thus improve plasma performance. Lithium evaporation led to the rapid formation of a lithium oxide (Li2O) surface; plasma performance was strongly improved for sufficiently thick evaporative coatings. Results indicate that a 5 h argon GDC or a 50 nm evaporative lithium coating will both significantly improve LTX plasma performance.

The results of the analysis of a series of binary lithium silicate glass are reported. In the synthesis of glass, lithium oxide was substituted with lithium chloride, taking into consideration the preliminary calculation. The calculation was based on the concept of the formation of large polar associates in a glass-forming melt and made it possible to quantitatively predict the final composition. The experimental results agree well with the proposed model. The possible reasons for the loss of halogens during the synthesis of oxyhalide glass are discussed.

The formation of a previously unknown salt with the stoichiometry Li5GeNO3 was found during studies on the reactivity of lithium metagermanate with lithium nitride, germanium oxynitride, and LiGeNO and Li3GeNO2 with lithium oxide. The possibility of existence of anion GeNO35− with mixed oxygen-nitrogen coordination shell of germanium had been predicted on the basis of analogies occurring among known silicon and germanium compounds. The course of thermal decomposition of the new salt was determined.

During Li-insertion in some complex transition metal molybdates with a NASICON structure, which serve as cathodes in Li-ion rechargeable cells, a formation of a cubic rock-salt-type phase was often detected between 1 and 2 V vs Li+/Li. Detailed information about elemental composition and stability of this compound was missing, and suggestions were made toward a solid solution composed of lithium oxide and two-valence transition metal oxide MO with M a 3d element. In the present work, we showed that Li2MoO4 with a phenacite-type structure without any additional transition metal can reversibly accommodate Li-ions at room temperature with the formation of the NaCl-type compound. Reversible Li-incorporation into the Li2MoO4 structure is accompanied by a reduction of Mo ions and changes in their oxygen coordination. Li-ions are shifted from a tetrahedral to an octahedral site, resulting in the formation of a cubic (Li3Mo)O4 framework with a random distribution of Li and Mo on one site. This mixed occupancy is ...

Mill scale contains high amounts of iron and it is classified as residue Class 2 – Not Inert (ABNT NBR 10.004:2004). Considering its availability, this study aimed to investigate glass-ceramics from this residue focused on its valorization. The influence of lithium oxide and zirconia was also evaluated. Six formulations were melted at 1350 °C and obtained frits were wet ground, dried and characterized: X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, thermal differential analysis and dilatometry. Pressed bodies were dried and heat treated at 950 °C. After, crystallized samples were characterized by different techniques: X-ray diffraction, apparent and theoretical density, coefficient of thermal expansion, hardness and bending strength. Results showed that lithium oxide and zirconia significantly influenced the thermal and structural behavior of obtained glass-ceramics.

Basaltic glass fibers with different lithium oxide (6–14 mol%) and sodium oxide (2–14 mol%) contents were prepared. The influence of Li2O and Na2O content on the process of fiber manufacturing was investigated. Addition of alkali oxides reduced the forming temperature and substantially expanded the fiber-forming temperature ranges. The obtained thermal data from differential thermal analysis revealed a decline in glass transition temperature (Tg) of fibers against the compositional changes. The inclusion of Li2O and Na2O in the glass network led to a reduction in its thermal stability. The obtained X-ray diffraction patterns and IR spectra of Li-rich and Na-rich basaltic glass fibers confirmed the formation of highly polymerized structures such as LiAl(Si2O6) and (Na,K)(AlSiO4), respectively, and relatively depolymerized silicate anions. The effects of potassium–lithium and potassium–sodium ion exchange on the mechanical properties of basaltic glass fibers were investigated. As-received Li-rich and Na-rich basaltic glass fibers were ion-exchanged in potassium nitrate for different exchange times, and their mechanical properties were measured before and after chemical tempering. The measured tensile strength and Young's modulus values of the fibers showed an increase after treatment in molten salt.

This is the first report where crystalline carbon-coated Li4Ti5O12 nanowires are employed as an anode material for sodium-ion batteries. The Li4Ti5O12 nanowires are synthesized via a two-step ionic exchange process from Na2Ti3O7 nanowires to form hydrous lithium titanate nanowires, where excessive lithium oxide is adhered on the surface of the nanowires. The nanowire products are consequently heated to form Li4Ti5O12, and the resultant nanowires are subsequently coated by pitch as the carbon source. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron microscopic studies reveal that the carbon-coated Li4Ti5O12 nanowires are highly crystalline products and that their nanowire features have been modified with carbon nanolayers (

Based on density functional theory, we investigated the mechanism of graphene oxide reduction by lithium naphthalenide (C10H8Li). C10H8(-) easily reacts with GO to form a neutral C10H8 and the negatively charged GO, which can attach to Li(+) ions to form lithium oxide on a graphene skeleton. The reduction mechanism is similar to the reduction of GO by metallic Li; the C10H8 is used to disperse Li in THF solution. Furthermore, the lithium oxide on GO can react with CO2 to form Li2CO3 and be further reduced by MeOH washing. In the negatively charged GO, the carboxyl at the edge of GO transfers an electron to GO and releases a CO2 molecule by overcoming a barrier of 0.19 eV. CO2 can also be adsorbed by lithium oxide to form Li2CO3 that is tightly attached on graphene skeleton. After GO is partially reduced, the adsorption of CO2 eliminates O in the form of Li2CO3 without any barrier. This mechanism can be helpful for further understanding the nature of GO reduction among various reducing agents and for exploring new and efficient GO reducing agents.

Over-lithiated oxides are promising cathode materials for 5V-class high-voltage batteries, however, their widespread adoption has been seriously restricted owing to their complicated chemical and electrochemical limitations. To resolve both of these issues at once, we suggest a multi-functional additive, tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphite (TMSP), with a comprehensive working mechanism that is demonstrated by systematic spectroscopic analyses combined with first-principles calculations. First, TMSP remarkably reduces the internal pressure because trivalent phosphorus effectively scavenges the oxygen gas in the cell. Second, TMSP greatly enhances the overall chemical stability of electrolytes because electrophilic phosphorus and silicon readily remove nucleophilic lithium oxide species by means of a chemical scavenging reaction. Third, TMSP affords a phosphite component in the protection layer on the electrode surface, inhibiting additional electrolyte decomposition under a high working potential. Finally, TMSP provides a silyl ether component in the protection layer, which is responsible for preventing transition metal dissolution through a fluoride scavenging reaction. Based on these verified effects, TMSP-controlled cells offer remarkable cycle performance with 90.2% capacity retention for 100 cycles.

Lithium carbonate (Li2CO3), either as a product of a conversion reaction or as an important component of the solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer on the anode of a lithium ion (Li-ion) battery, is known to be chemically inactive in both reducing and oxidizing atmospheres. No sufficient evidence has shown that Li2CO3 can be reduced, let alone recognize its reduction products. Here we clarify that Li2CO3, as a product of a conversion reaction of cobalt carbonate (CoCO3) upon Li insertion, can indeed be further reduced/converted to lithium carbide (Li2C2) and lithium oxide (Li2O), based on spectroscopic and transmission electron microscopic analyses. These findings will have important guidance to designing electrode (materials) with more stable cycling performances, finding ways to convert some inert compounds into useful electrode materials, and search for electrode materials with higher specific capacities, as well as understanding the excess reversible capacity of some electrode reactions.

The incorporation of lithium oxide (Li2O) as a sintering additive has specific advantages for electrolyte membrane fabrication. However, the viability of the sintering additive to be implemented in a phase inversion technique is still ambiguous. In this first attempt, lithium was doped into a gadolinium-doped ceria (CGO) crystal structure using the metal nitrate doping method and calcined at four different temperatures, i.e. 140, 300, 500 and 700 °C. The prepared Li-doped CGO (Li–CGO) powders were analyzed by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2 adsorption/desorption, and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR). Primary results demonstrate that the calcination temperature of the Li–CGO influences the condition of the electrolyte suspension. Li–CGO calcined at 700 °C (D-700), as compared with other Li–CGO, possessed a strong interaction between the Li and CGO. The D-700 was then incorporated into the electrolyte flat sheet membrane which was prepared by a phase inversion technique. The membrane was then sintered at different sintering temperatures from 1350 °C to 1450 °C. In comparison with the unmodified CGO, the morphological results suggest that the Li2O can remarkably promote the densification of CGO at a lower sintering temperature (1400 °C). These findings help to promote the use of sintering additives in a ceria-based electrolyte suspension specifically for the phase inversion technique.

Sulfated zirconia was successfully synthesized and uniformly coated onto a nickel-rich layered lithium oxide (LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2), and investigated with a view to its potential use as a cathode material in Li-ion batteries. The uniformity of this sulfated zirconia coating was confirmed through electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Furthermore, the electrochemical properties of the sulfated-zirconia-coated LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 electrode were found to be greatly improved compared to those of pristine LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 and zirconia-coated LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2, especially at elevated temperature (60 °C). These results are directly attributed to the sulfated zirconia coating, which is effective in reducing side reactions by preventing direct contact between the active materials and electrolyte solutions, as well as forming a more stable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer on the active material surface.

Alloying nickel oxide (NiO) with lithium oxide (Li2O) at high Li concentrations may reduce NiO's band gap and expand its use as a light absorber in photocatalytic and tandem dye-sensitized solar cell technologies. In this work, we evaluate the viability of this alloy as a p-type hole transport material. We use embedded cluster models, along with unrestricted Hartree-Fock and complete active space self-consistent field theories, to study the impact of alloying on polaronic transport of holes. Our calculated energy barrier for hole transfer in undoped NiO is in excellent agreement with the experimental value of ∼0.1 eV. We predict that hole transport in NiO is anisotropic and mostly confined parallel to the (111) ferromagnetic planes. Applying the same model to Li-doped NiO indicates that isolated Li ions do not introduce free holes into NiO samples. However, free holes can be created in the homogeneous Li0.125Ni0.875O alloy, in which the Li concentration is very high. Our kinetic Monte Carlo calculations show that hole mobility in this alloy is lower than in undoped NiO. However, the additional free holes and the predicted lower band gap of Li0.125Ni0.875O should increase hole conductivity compared to NiO upon alloy formation. Therefore, Li0.125Ni0.875O alloys have potential for use as a hole transporter, as well as a sunlight absorber, in a variety of solar energy applications.

The core–shell structure of Co3O4@Li2MnO3 was prepared by a facile hydrothermal method following heat treatment at 300 °C. The outer shell is porous and makes the diffusion of Li+ ions to the inner shell easier. The synergetic effect between the core and shell shows that the Co3O4 shell in the composite serves as a host to react with lithium oxide removed from the Li2MnO3 core during the initial charging process, which eliminates the huge irreversible capacity loss of Li2MnO3. As the cathode material for lithium ion batteries, the composite exhibits an attractive discharge capacity of 178 mA h g−1 with little irreversible capacity loss in the voltage range of 2.0–4.8 V. Its cycling performance is stable without any drastic capacity fading when cycling in the high voltage range of 2.0–4.6 V.

Despite their technological challenges, non-aqueous rechargeable lithium–oxygen cells offer extremely high theoretical energy densities and are therefore attracting much attention in a rapidly emerging area of electrochemical research. Early results have suggested that, among the transition metal oxides, alpha manganese dioxide (α-MnO2) appears to offer electrocatalytic properties that can enhance the electrochemical properties of Li–O2 cells, particularly during the early cycles. In this study, we have investigated the hybrid Li-ion/Li–O2 character of α-MnO2 electrodes in Li–O2 coin cells by in situ high-energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction, and compared the results with conventional Li/α-MnO2 coin cells assembled under argon. Complementary first principles density functional theory calculations have been used to shed light on competing lithium insertion and lithium and oxygen insertion reactions within the α-MnO2 tunnel structure during discharge, relative to lithium peroxide or lithium oxide formation.

As a potential solution to concerns on sustainable energy, the wide spread commercialization of fuel cell has long been hindered by limited reserves and relatively high costs of metal catalysts. 3D graphene, a carbon-only catalyst prepared by reduction of carbon monoxide with lithium oxide, is found to electrochemically catalyze carbohydrazide oxidation reaction efficiently. A prototype of a completely metal-catalyst-free anion exchange membrane fuel cell (AEMFC) with a 3D graphene anode catalyst and an N-doped CNT (N-CNT) cathode catalyst generate a peak power density of 24.9 mW cm(-2) . The average number of electrons electrochemically extracted from one carbohydrazide molecule is 4.9, indicating the existence of CN bond activation, which is a key factor contributing to high fuel utilization efficiency.

We demonstrate the ultraclean atomic layer deposition (ALD) of Li2O and LiOH using lithium tert-butoxide (LiOtBu) precursor with H2O and plasma O2 as oxidants, along with conversion of Li2O and LiOH products to Li2CO3 upon CO2 dosing. Using LiOtBu and H2O results in LiOH below 240 °C and Li2O above 240 °C for otherwise identical process parameters. Substituting plasma O2 as the oxidation precursor results in a combination of Li2CO3 and Li2O products, indicating modification of the ALD reaction preventing volatilization of the C from the Li precursor. The chemistry of the films is definitively characterized for the first time with XPS utilizing an all-UHV transfer procedure from the ALD reactor. We use in situ UHV gas dosing to investigate the reaction mechanisms of ALD Li2O and LiOH with H2O and CO2 to simulate reactions upon air exposure. Lastly, we employ in situ spectroscopic ellipsometry to determine the reaction kinetics of thermal LiOH decomposition, and we report an activation energy of 112.7 ± 0.6...

ObjectiveTo investigate the protective effect and mechanism of lithium chloride pretreatment on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (I-RI) in rats.MethodsA total of 60 SD rats were randomly divided into control group, model group, lithium chloride intervention group and L-arginine methyl ester + lithium chloride intervention group with 15 in each. The I-RI model was established in model group, the lithium chloride intervention group and L-arginine methyl ester + lithium chloride intervention group by method of seaming along left anterior descending coronary artery myocardial, control group was only opened the chest without seaming, ST-elevation within 2 min was regarded as modeling success. Model group did not adopted any intervention, lithium chloride intervention group was treated with lithium chloride injection 15 mg/kg by jugular venipuncture preoperatively, L-arginine methyl ester + lithium chloride intervention group was treated with intraperitoneal injection of 30 mg•kg−1•d−1 L-arginine methyl ester 7 d before the test, and intravenous catheter of 15 mg/kg lithium chloride preoperatively. The hydroxybutyric acid dehydrogenase (HBDH), creatine kinase isoenzyme (CK-MB), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA) level and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activites were tested. Each large area of myocardial ischemia tissue was extracted for determination of the MDA content, SOD activity in tissue and serum, and morphological changes of myocardial tissue.ResultsSOD activity was highest in lithium chloride intervention group, followed by L-arginine methyl ester + lithium chloride intervention group, control group and model group (P0.05); HBDH and CK-MB of plasma were highest in model group, followed by L-arginine methyl ester + lithium chloride intervention group, lithium chloride intervention group and control group (P

Viscosities of selected CaO-SiO2-MgO melt compositions were determined as a function of temperature and composition. Temperature was varied between 1798 K and 1973 K (1525 °C and 1700 °C), while the compositional variables involved changes to the proportions of the three principle constituents and/or addition of calcium fluoride, lithium oxide, and potassium hydroxide. Elevating slag basicity by increasing the calcia and magnesia additions produced conflicting results with respect to slag viscosity. Relative to the baseline composition of 53 pct CaO, 45 pct SiO2, and 2 pct MgO, increasing the calcia content did not lower viscosity, presumably because of Ca2SiO4 crystallite formation, but increasing magnesia content produced a modest decrease in viscosity. Calcium fluoride and lithium oxide were proved to be highly effective in lowering viscosity. Calcium fluoride additions equivalent to 10 wt pct of the slag mass lowered viscosity by an average of 125 mPa s at slag temperatures between 1798 K and 1948 K (1525 °C and 1675 °C); viscosities below 50 mPa s were measured above 1968 K (1695 °C).

Li-oxide garnet-related structures are promising solid-state Li-ion electrolytes in Li-ion batteries. However, garnet-type structures are susceptible to carbonate and hydroxide formation in environments containing gaseous CO2 and H2O. Therefore, in considering garnets for Li-ion conducting applications, chemical stability is an important issue. We examine the chemical stability of Li7La3Zr2O12, Li7La3Sn2O12, and Li7La3Hf2O12 with respect to carbonate and hydroxide formation reactions using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. From these studies, we rank the chemical stability of Li-oxide garnet-related structures against CO2 and H2O. The ranking of these materials by their chemical stability with respect to carbonate and hydroxide formation changes at higher partial pressures of CO2 and H2O.

LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 was synthesized by sol–gel using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as dispersant and ethylene glycol (EG) as size-controlled additive. Crystal structure, particle morphology and electrochemical performance of the resulting product (PVP–LNMO) as cathode of lithium ion battery were investigated with XRD, SEM, CV, EIS, and charge/discharge test, with a comparison of LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 (LNMO) synthesized under the same conditions but without using PVP and EG. It is found that PVP–LNMO is composed of dispersed LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 nanoparticles with uniform size, and exhibits far better rate capability and cyclic stability than LNMO. The particles of the latter are in micro size due to the aggregation of smaller primary particles. PVP–LNMO delivers a reversible discharge capacity of 96 mAh g −1 at 20C rate with a capacity retention of 93% at 5C rate after 500 cycles, while only 40 mAh g −1 and 53% for LNMO, respectively. The nanoparticles provide shorter distance for electron and lithium ion transport and larger surface area for electron exchange on the electrode/electrolyte interface, resulting in the far better rate capability of PVP–LNMO than LNMO, while the room among nanoparticles in PVP–LNMO releases the stress of Jahn–Teller distortion that causes destruction of LNMO microparticles, resulting in the excellent cyclic stability.

A stretchable wire-shaped lithium-ion battery is produced from two aligned multi-walled carbon nanotube/lithium oxide composite yarns as the anode and cathode without extra current collectors and binders. The two composite yarns can be well paired to obtain a safe battery with superior electrochemical properties, such as energy densities of 27 Wh kg(-1) or 17.7 mWh cm(-3) and power densities of 880 W kg(-1) or 0.56 W cm(-3), which are an order of magnitude higher than the densities reported for lithium thin-film batteries. These wire-shaped batteries are flexible and light, and 97 % of their capacity was maintained after 1000 bending cycles. They are also very elastic as they are based on a modified spring structure, and 84 % of the capacity was maintained after stretching for 200 cycles at a strain of 100 %. Furthermore, these novel wire-shaped batteries have been woven into lightweight, flexible, and stretchable battery textiles, which reveals possible large-scale applications.

x Li 2 O–(1− x )α-Fe 2 O 3 ( x =0.1, 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7) nanoparticle systems were successfully synthesized by mechanochemical activation of Li 2 O and α-Fe 2 O 3 mixtures for 0–12 h of ball milling time. The study aims at exploring the formation of magnetic oxide semiconductors at the nanoscale, which is of crucial importance for catalysis, sensing and electrochemical applications. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Mossbauer spectroscopy and magnetic measurements were used to study the phase evolution of x Li 2 O–(1− x )α-Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticle systems under the mechanochemical activation process. Rietveld refinement of the XRD patterns yielded the values of the particle size as function of composition and milling times and indicated the presence of Li-substituted hematite and tetra lithium iron oxide LiFeO 2 , along with the formation of multiple phases for large x values and long milling times. The Mossbauer studies showed that the spectrum of the mechanochemically activated composites evolved from a sextet for hematite to sextets and a doublet upon duration of the milling process with lithium oxide. Magnetic measurements recorded at 5 K to room temperature (RT) in an applied magnetic field of 50,000 Oe showed that the magnetization of the milled samples is larger at low temperatures than at RT and increases with decreasing particle size. Zero field cooling measurements made possible the determination of the blocking temperatures of the specimens as function of ball milling time and evidenced the occurrence of superparamagnetism in the studied samples. This result correlates well with the observed presence of a quadrupole-split doublet in the Mossbauer spectra.

Four formulas of the stoneware bodies were formulated with and without an increasing amount of lithium oxide. The bodies were designed to vitrify at the temperature lower than 1150°C. A comparison on the physical properties and the phase formation of the bodies after firing at the temperature of 1100°C, 1150°C, and 1200°C was studied. The experiment results showed that the bodies containing lithium oxide vitrified at lower temperature and showed less variation in water absorption, density, and shrinkage values in the firing range 1100-1200°C. The XRD results showed that, at 1100°C, all the bodies composed of mullite, albite, and quartz. A reduction in the amount of albite and quartz associated with mullite formation was observed when increasing the amount of lithium oxide or the temperature. Furthermore, the body with lithium oxide tended to have higher value of the Modulus of Rupture.

The paper describes a new technique of molten salt synthesis (MSS) that is based on the direct oxidation of halide ions with molecular oxygen in thermally stable halide melts to prepare nanoparticles of complex oxides. Lithium cobaltate (LiCoO2) was chosen as a model compound for testing this method. Synthesis was achieved in LiCl–CoCl2 melts at 600 and 700 °C, respectively, under a dry-air atmosphere. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopies, x-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to study the products obtained. The route suggested results in the formation of stoichiometric high-temperature (HT) LiCoO2 powders.

Lead boro-phosphate glasses containing lithium oxide of the system xLi2O-(50-x)B2O3-40PbO-10P2O5 mol% were prepared by melt quenching technique. The infrared absorption spectra of the studied phosphate glasses indicate the presence of phosphate units with metaphosphate groups, triangular borate groups together with the sharing of PbO vibrations as the main structural constituents. The optical absorption spectra of these glasses were measured at room temperature in the wavelength range between 190 and 1100 nm. The optical band gap decreases with gradual increasing of Li2O mole content and Urbach energy of the tested glass samples increased with the increase in Li2O mol%. Density and molar volume is discussed and correlated with the structural changes within the glassy matrix.

In order to confirm reasons that deteriorate cathode performances, Ni-rich Li[Ni0.7Mn0.3]O2 is modified by lithium isopropoxide to artificially provide lithium excess environment by forming Li2O on the surface of active materials. X-ray diffraction patterns indicate that the lithium oxide coating does not affect structural change comparing to the bare material. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy data show the presence of coating layers on the surface of Li[Ni0.7Mn0.3]O2. Electrochemical tests demonstrate that the Li2O-coated Li[Ni0.7Mn0.3]O2 exhibits a greater irreversible capacity with a small capacity because of the presence of insulating layers composed of lithium compounds on the active materials since these layers delay facile Li+ diffusion. Also, the Li2O layer forms byproducts such as Li2CO3, LiOH, and LiF, as are proved by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. The presence of residual lithium tends to bond with hydrocarbons induced from decomposition of electrolytic salt during electrochemical reactions. And the reaction, accelerated by the decomposition of electrolytic salt that produces the byproducts, causes the formation of passive layers on the surface of active material. As a result, the new layers consequently impede diffusion of lithium ions that deteriorate electrochemical properties.

The increasing demand on high quality optical systems with complex geometries, low tolerances and a low installation space necessitates new replicative production systems for complex optical glass elements. The technology precision blank moulding shows promising properties to comply with these demands on an industrial bulk production. Due to the required high surface quality and low surface roughness of produced optical elements, moulding dies must have comparable low roughness and defect-free surfaces. To reduce wear and chemical interaction with the hot glass, moulding dies are often coated with a thin sputtered physical vapour deposition (PVD) coating. The objective of this research work was to analyze the diffusion behaviour inside different industrially used low-Tg (transformation point) glasses and their interaction with three different noble metal coating systems during an application oriented heating test. Therefore, three different PtIr coating systems with different interlayers (50 nm nickel as reference, 20 nm chromium, without interlayer) were deposited and tested in combination with six different industrially used low-Tg glasses. Using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) a diffusion of the light alkali and alkaline earth metals (sodium, potassium, calcium) was detected. The interaction between glass and coating was analyzed by EDS, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The different chemical compositions of the glasses have a significant influence on the interaction between glass and coating system. Several correlations between the chemical composition of the glasses and the amount of glass adhesion on the three coating systems were identified. The percentage of ions allocated to network modifiers lithium oxide, sodium oxide and potassium oxide correlates with the intensity of the interaction between coating and glass. The intensity of glass adhesion on the reference coating system PtIr/Ni is related with the zinc content in the glasses. Due to a diffusion process of the nickel interlayer, a direct correlation between the zinc content in the glasses and glass adhesion exists. The coating system with chromium interlayer showed comparable results to the system without interlayer.