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Objective: In recent years, lead (Pb) has arisen as a foremost contaminant due to overpopulation, rapid industrialization, and expansion that could contaminate the human food chain. However, the correlation between the environmental contamination of Pb and its spatial transfer to the dairy products is still unmapped. In this paper, we intend to evaluate the concentration of environ¬mental Pb and its spatial distribution in dairy feed and products in Narayangonj, a highly polluted district of Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: A total of 125 samples of soil, water, forage, and milk were collected from five upazilas (Narayangonj Sadar, Bondor, Rupgonj, Araihazar, and Sonargoan) of Narayangonj. The samples were digested by acid digestion, and Pb was detected by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer. The bioconcentration factor of the samples was also calculated. Results: In this study, 25% of the soil, 20% of the water, 5% of the forage, and 2% of the milk samples contained Pb at a variable level. Among the environmental samples, the highest concen¬tration (2639 μg/kg) of Pb was detected in the soil, followed by in the water (0.0230.059 μg/ kg) and forage (0.0170.035 μg/kg). The contamination (0.0410.068 μg/kg) in the milk, however, was lower than the soil but higher than the water and forage. The concentration of Pb in all the samples was within a safer limit. None of the forage samples was the potential bioaccumulator. Conclusion: Although no linear correlation was established between the environmental samples, forage, and milk, the study identifies the potentials of the spatial distribution of Pb from the environment to the dairy feed and products. Therefore, feasible procedures should be adapted to cease the residue to the human food chain. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(4.000): 621-625]

The role of low molecular weight organic acids (LMWOAs) in the Philippine nickel (Ni) hyperaccumulating plant, Brackenridgea palustris ssp. foxworthyi (Elm.) P.O. Karis is not yet fully understood. Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), the presence of organic acids such as oxalic, citric and malic acids were determined. Average nickel concentration in the plant tissues followed the ascending order: roots>stem>leaves with values of 7,294.73 µg/g, 7,412.30 µg/g and 9,866.46 µg/g, respectively. Among the organic acids analyzed, only oxalic acid was detected in all the plant tissues at considerable concentration. Linear correlation between oxalic acid and Ni concentrations in 0.025 M HCl plant extracts generated a positive r- value of 0.0437 indicating that as Ni content increases, oxalic acid also increases. This paper suggests that oxalic acid can be synthesized by B.palustris ssp. foxworthyi , therefore, it may acts as a ligand that chelates Ni and other metals to the aboveground tissues were it gets compartmentalized. To our knowledge, this will be the first report on the presence of organic acids in the Philippine endemic Ni hyperaccumulator plant, B. palustris ssp. foxworthyi whose potential was discovered more than thirty (30) years ago.

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the repeatability and reproducibility of two different pressure-sensitive walkway calibration protocols, while collecting gait data from a heterogenous group of dogs. Study Design Fourteen dogs were walked across a high-definition pressure-sensitive walkway (Tekscan Strideway HRSW3) to obtain five valid trials from each dog. Two different calibration protocols were created following manufacturer recommendations: human step and phantom step using a custom-built three-legged device. Each calibration protocol was repeated five times, by three different operators, and then individually applied to the raw canine gait data. The software then automatically generated values for peak vertical force, vertical impulse and peak pressure for each trial. Results To control for the different bodyweight of the dogs, forces are reported as a percentage of bodyweight. Values for peak vertical force percentage of bodyweight, vertical impulse percentage of bodyweight and peak pressure were significantly different between calibration protocols, but the results were linearly correlated. Both calibration protocols were highly repeatable and highly reproducible. Conclusion Both the step and phantom calibration protocols individually generated highly repeatable and reproducible results, which were not affected by different operators. A linear correlation was identified which may make it possible to apply a correction factor to enable comparison of results between different studies.

Background: Monitoring of intracranial pressure (ICP) and ICP pulse wave amplitude (PWA) is an integrated part of neurosurgery. An increase in ICP usually leads to an increase in PWA. These findings have yet to be replicated during the positional shift from supine to upright, where we only know that ICP decreases. Our main aim is to clarify whether the positional shift also results in a change in pulse wave amplitude. Method: Our database was retrospectively reviewed for subjects having had a standardized investigation of positional ICP. In all subjects, mean ICP and PWA were determined with both an automatic and a manual method and compared using Student’s t test. Finally, ICP and PWA were tested for correlation in both in supine and upright position. Results: The study included 29 subjects. A significant change in ICP (Δ14.1 mmHg, p < 0.01) and no significant change in PWA (Δ0.4 mmHg, p = 0.06) were found. Furthermore, a linear correlation between ICP and PWA was found in both supine and upright positions (p < 0.01). Conclusions: We found that during the positional shift from supine to upright, ICP is reduced while PWA remains unaffected. This indicates that the pressure-volume curve is shifted downward according to a hydrostatic pressure offset, while the slope of the curve does not change. In addition, the correlation between ICP and PWA in both supine and upright position validates the previous research on the matter.

Introduction: An unprecedented outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has swept across the globe since the end of 2019. Shenzhen confirmed its first imported case from Wuhan on 19 January 2020. However, little is known regarding the epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 in these imported cities. Methodology: Data of all 417 confirmed cases diagnosed in Shenzhen before 29 February were collected. The epidemiological characteristics of imported and local cases were compared. The resilience to COVID-19 was evaluated by discharge density. Results: All ten districts reported COVID-19 cases by 29 February, including 331 imported and 86 local cases. The Pearson linear correlation model showed the number of confirmed cases (r = 0.990, p < 0.001) as well as incidence of COVID-19 (r = 0.766, p = 0.010) was positively correlated with the gross domestic product of district. Family clusters were more commonly found in local cases. Imported patients had earlier onset (p < 0.001) and diagnosis (p < 0.001), but longer interval from onset to admission (p = 0.030), diagnosis (p = 0.003) and discharge (p = 0.016). Older and severe cases had lower discharge density (0.024 and 0.018, respectively); while cases with subclinical symptoms exhibited higher discharge density (0.052). Conclusions: COVID-19 patients were predominantly imported cases in Shenzhen and the spatial distribution was closely related to district GDP. Imported and local cases differed in the intervals from onset to admission, diagnosis and discharge. Moreover, family-based transmission should not be ignored, especially in local cases.

The objective of this study was to generate information through the analysis of variability and given structure of spatial dependence as well as the linear correlation of physical and chemical attributes of the soil, in order to assist in the planning of agricultural activities in six cities in the province of El Oro, Ecuador. The soil sample collections were carried out every two kilometers in the form of a grid with smallchanges in the field with a Dutch-type auger and GPS for georeferencing, with a depth of 0-0.20 m, thus totaling 368 points in the sample grid. Chemical and physical attributes of six municipalities in the province of El Oro were evaluated: Huaquillas, Machala, Chilla, Atahualpa, Portovelo and Las Lajas. The sampling was carried out in each city, but notbetween them. Distances between cities were 20,000 km to 180,000 km. Each soil attribute was subjected to an initial descriptive analysis, geostatistics and simple linear correlation matrix. Only pH and sand showed a high variation coefficient (22.02% and 25.42%)andall other attributes showed very high variation. Most of the semivariograms were adjusted to the spherical model.The longest range was indicated by magnesium (41,500 m) and the shortest by copper (7,740 m). The Mg pair versus sum of bases was the highest linear correlation among all the analyzed attributes. The pH stood out with a greater linear correlation between the other chemical attributes of the soil and its specific management zones. In view of the great taxonomic variation of the soil, climatic types, cultures used and management adopted, a specific analysis in each city is recommended for betteragriculturalrecommendations.

Enantiopure aziridin-2-yl methanols 3–7 are used as highly effective sensors for enantiodiscrimination of α-racemic carboxylic acids containing tertiary or quaternary stereogenic centers. A linear correlation between theoretical and observed % ee values for CSA-3 and enantiomerically enriched samples of mandelic acid has been observed, indicating the possible application of these compounds in the ee determination. The free NH and OH groups in 3–7 ensure good recognition.

In the past 26 years the transport of allochthonous matter into Lake Onego has increased. Water brownification in Petrozavodsk Bay, a northwestern bay in Lake Onego, and in the Shuya River, a tributary of the bay, was shown earlier to begin in spring. The goal of this paper was to find out whether brownification spreads from Petrozavodsk Bay to the central part of the lake in summer. Spearman’s correlation coefficient and linear correlation coefficient confirm a significant (p

Two experiments were designed to investigate the feasibility of enzyme hydrolysate gross energy (EHGE) for formulating duck feeds. In experiment 1, six mixed diets and 6 experimental diets (compound feeds) with 20% CP were formulated, and their EHGE, AME, and TME were determined so as to analyze the correlation between EHGE and AME, TME. In experiment 2, six experimental diets with different EHGE levels were further arranged to determine the EHGE requirement for Pekin ducks from hatch to 21 D of age. A total of 384 freshly hatched ducklings was randomly divided into 6 experimental treatments, each treatment containing 8 replicates with 8 ducks per replicate. The results showed that there were a linear correlation between EHGE and AME (r = 0.998, P

Controlled drug release in formulation is an important area of research. Formulations using crospovidone as super-disintegrants to achieve immediate release once it reaches the ileo- cecal region is relevant. The Eudragit L30D pH dependent polymer that allows drug release after a lag time of 4-5 hrs to achieve desired drug release from the drug delivery system is critical. Hence, pre-formulation to study drug-polymer interaction is essential. The linear correlation between the predicted and actual values for all the batches of optimization is shown with high correlation coefficient (r-value). Therefore, the designed formulation is promising for ileo-cecal targeted pulsatile drug delivery system in the management of Crohn's disease.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the periodontal phenotypes among young Malay males with different gingival biotypes. Forty-seven systemically and periodontally healthy young Malay males participated in this study, where 25.5% were diagnosed with thin gingival biotype and 74.5% of thick biotype. The periodontal phenotypes were measured through clinical parameters presented by the gingival thickness (GT), gingival width (GW), papilla height (PH), and crown width/crown length ratio (CW/CL). Three clusters were identified through K-means cluster ing analysis based on the parameters of the periodontal phenotypes. Cluster 1 represents narrow crown form and the average CW/CL, GW, PH and PD were 0.69, 2.92, 4.55 and 2.16 mm, respectively. Cluster 2 displayed an average of 0.76, 4.29, 4.96 and 2.14 mm for CW/CL, GW, PH and PD, respectively. Cluster 3 represents wide crown form and the average displayed for CW/CL, GW, PH and PD were 0.80, 4.85, 3.73 and 2.23 mm, respectively. There were significant differences between the three clusters (p

Harvesting of flowers of Crocus sativus L. at optimum time is a very crucial step in the agribusiness of the species. Therefore, the flower phenology with respect to temperature and light intensity needs to be understood properly. In this regard, a strong correlation between atmospheric temperature and floral phenology whereas no linear correlation between floral phenology and light intensity are worked out. Further, morning hours between 0400 and 0600 h during flowering period are attributed as the optimum time for harvesting the maximum yield of the species.

Fiber composite components play an important role in the turnaround in energy policy as well as in stopping global warming. Therefore, it is essential to improve the manufacturing efficiency of these components. RFID technology is spreading to digitize and organize processes in production and logistics more efficiently. Since cure monitoring is a crucial factor in the manufacturing of composite components, the question arises whether the RFID technology is applicable for cure monitoring. This paper presents two methods of how an into glass fiber-reinforced plastics integrated RFID transponder could monitor the curing. Following the assumption that the change in permittivity of the glass fiber-reinforced plastic during curing influence the RFID signal, experiments in a measuring chamber (low-interference environment) were conducted. It was investigated whether the optimal response frequency of the integrated RFID transponder changes and whether the received signal strength indicator (RSSI) changes at a specific frequency during curing. As a reference method, the dielectric analysis as a well-known method for cure monitoring was used and compared with the RFID measurements. The results indicate that the optimal response frequency remains constant but the RSSI increases and possess a very high linear correlation with the measurement of the dielectric analysis in a low-interference environment. Consequently, the RFID technology is applicable to monitor the curing of glass fiber-reinforced plastics by measuring the RSSI in a low-interference environment.

To develop a rapid and high-sensitivity method for detection of grapevine virus E (GVE), a SYBR Green based real-time fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR method (RT-qPCR) was established. This method could be used to detect GVE specifically, and the sensitivity was about 100 times greater than conventional RT-PCR. An excellent linear correlation (R2=0.997) and a high amplification efficiency (E=97.5%) were obtained from the standard curve of this method. Reproducibility tests revealed that the coefficients of variation in the intra- and inter-assay results were 0.31–1.03% and 0.82–2.62%, respectively, indicating a good reproducibility. The RT-qPCR method could be used to detect GVE in a wide range of grapevine sample types. The detection rates of RT-qPCR for nearly all sample types from different positions and seasons were higher than conventional RT-PCR. The detection rates in spring, summer, autumn and winter increased gradually. Samples in autumn and winter were best for detection, and the detection rates of most samples were 80–100%, which were 10 to 40% higher than conventional RT-PCR. In general, old petioles and branches were the best tissues for GVE detection. The detection rates of these samples in each season were all 100%, which were 20 to 40% higher than conventional RT-PCR. The second highest rates were in the old leaf, with detection rates for RT-qPCR of 80–100% in all seasons, which were 20 to 40% higher than conventional RT-PCR. GVE could be difficultly detected in young leaves by conventional RT-PCR, and the detection rates were only 0–50%, while by RT-qPCR the rates could increase to 0–80%. A total of 33 out of 363 samples (belonging to 68 cultivars) from 20 regions in China were detected to be positive by RT-qPCR (9.1%), which was more than twice the rate of the conventional RT-PCR (3.9%).

Considered here is the interrelation between five diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs), λλ 5545, 6113, 6196, 6445 and 6614 Å. Two DIBs (λλ 6196 and 6614 Å) are already known as being well correlated with each other; their relation with three other weaker bands is investigated for the first time. To accomplish this task, high-resolution spectra (λ/δλ ≈100 000) with high signal-to-noise ratios (S/N) of 54 hot O–B stars with reddening 0.12–1.45 mag were used. Analysis of measured equivalent widths has allowed us to establish linear dependences and evaluate linear correlation coefficients as high as 0.968–0.988 between the intensities of these five DIBs. Such a degree of correlation may indicate their common origin. Several spacings in wavenumbers found between these DIBs correspond to the energies of vibrational transitions in some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons resulting in IR emissions at λλ 16.4, 11.3, 7.7, 6.2 and 3.3 μm.

A quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe pretreatment method using dispersive solid-phase extraction was developed to quantify kasugamycin in Chinese cabbage samples by using ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. A pretreatment method involving precolumn transformation was utilized to determine the residue of saisentong in Chinese cabbage through high-performance liquid chromatography/ultraviolet detection. These methods were successfully applied through field trials to determine the contents of kasugamycin and saisentong in Chinese cabbage. The dissipation of kasugamycin and saisentong in Chinese cabbage followed first-order kinetics with a linear correlation coefficient of 0.9066-0.9731 at the 95% confidence level. The half-lives of kasugamycin and saisentong in Chinese cabbage were 1.8-2.0 and 2.2-3.8 days, respectively. Terminal residual levels of kasugamycin in Chinese cabbage were not detected 14 days after application. The dietary risk assessment of kasugamycin and saisentong in Chinese cabbage showed that their risk quotients were 0.93 and 2.58%, respectively, in the preharvest interval (PHI) of 14 days. Kasugamycin and saisentong in Chinese cabbage did not pose potential health hazards at PHI of 14 days. The maximum residue limits of kasugamycin and saisentong in Chinese cabbage were 0.02 and 0.36 mg/kg, respectively, and 14 days was the safe PHI.

The article presents an assessment of the impact of subsidies received from the budget of a local government unit on the financial situation of local government budgetary establishments in Poland. As a result of the change in the financial law in 2009, budgetary establishments operate only at the local government level. Despite the fact that legislators decided that the sphere of tasks of budgetary establishments is strictly defined in the law, it is justified to assess the impact of the subjective subsidy transferred from the local government budget on the generated revenues. The article verifies the hypothesis, that the amount of the subsidy depends on the generated revenues. The hypothesis was verified using Pearson’s linear correlation coefficient vector and Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance. All analyses were performed with the Statistica v.12 package.

In this study, the preparation and solvent extraction parameters of Mn(II) and Fe(III) -bis(salicylidene) ethylenediamine (H2SAL) was modeled with classical statistical analyses processed using SPSS19.0 software. The linear correlation coefficients for Mn(II) was between 59.5 to 1.0 % whereas for Fe(III), it was between 48-1.0%. The F-values, a measure of the significance of the models indicated that all the factors are needed though at differing degrees for the preparation and extraction of the metal complexes. The significance level for each model was lower than 5% and as such the relationship can be generalized to the whole process. The experiments indicated that the solvent extraction combined with modeling method was accurate, efficient, and reproducible and can be applied in industrial scale production. Doi: 10.28991/HEF-2020-01-02-03 Full Text: PDF

The Freundlich isotherm is a classic model widely used to analyze the equilibrium of solution-phase adsorption. Further analysis of the adsorption mechanism has, however, been hindered by the empirical nature of the Freundlich isotherm. By deriving the Freundlich isotherm from the Gibbs equation, this study presents a novel interpretation of the classic model with theoretical definitions for model parameters. The new interpretation shows that the inverse of the Freundlich power is linearly correlated with the molecular weight of an adsorbate for congeners with similar chemical structures, revealing a previously unappreciated dependence of adsorption capacity on the molecular size of the adsorbate. The new interpretation also shows a linear correlation between the Freundlich power and the logarithm of the equilibrium constant, exposing the existence of an isocapacity concentration for the adsorption of congeners. The quantitative structure–activity relationships, known as QSARs, represented by these linear correlations are validated using experimental data reported in the literature, including the adsorption of aliphatic alcohols by an activated carbon and the adsorption of aromatic hydrocarbons adsorption by an aquitard soil. These results provide an unprecedented explanatory power to understanding experimental observations of solution-phase adsorption using the Freundlich isotherm.

OBJECTIVES Central blood pressure (CBP) can now be reliably measured noninvasively with a number of devices in adult; however, noninvasive assessment of CBP has not been validated in children and adolescents. The purpose of this study was to clarify the accuracy of noninvasive oscillometric CBP measurements in children and adolescents. METHODS This study included 60 patients with an average age of 7.9 ± 4.4 years (range 1-18 years) who underwent a cardiac catheterization. We compared CBP, estimated with a noninvasive oscillometric method using a Mobil-O-Graph, with simultaneous invasive recordings using a catheter in children and adolescents. RESULTS Comparison of the SBP values measured by the two methods, showing a linear correlation (r = 0.85; P

Background Women in perimenopausal and postmenopausal period are at increased risk of depression and anxiety. Physiologic changes in menopause can change body’s appearance and function that may disturb body and then lead to anxiety and depression. This study aims to assess the relationship between body image with anxiety and depression among postmenopausal women. Methods This descriptive study was performed on 307 women attending to the health centers in Tehran- Iran. Sampling was performed by a multi-staged randomized method. Data were collected by using Beck Depression questionnaire, Spielberger Anxiety Questionnaire, Fisher Body Image Questionnaire and Socio-demographic questionnaires. Data were analyzed by SPSS 21 and using t-test, Pearson and Spearman correlation tests and multiple linear regression methods. Results The average age of the participants was 55.19 ± 4.034 years. Mean scores for body image, anxiety and depression were 163.26 ± 20.38, 12.00 ± 7.71 and 42.70 ± 8.40 respectively. Fifty five percent of women had mild to severe depression and 83.7% of them had mild to severe anxiety. Total score and all domains of body image had a negative correlation with depression and anxiety scores (P P Conclusions Body image of women can be effective on occurrence of depression and anxiety in menopause. Therefore, women’s health policies should consider body image to control cognitive problems including depression and anxiety in menopause.

We demonstrate the potential of an eight-channel light sensing platform system, named Black Box I (BBI), for rapid and highly sensitive measurement of low-level light using a nonradioactive optical readout. We developed, normalized, and characterized the photon sensitivities of the eight channels of the BBI using placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) as a model imaging reporter. We found that the BBI system had a statistically strong linear correlation with the reference IVIS Lumina II system. When we applied normalization constants, we were able to optimize the photomultiplier tubes (PMT) of all eight channels of the BBI (up to r2 = 0.998). We investigated the biomedical utilities of BBI by: (i) determining alkaline phosphatase activities in mouse plasma samples as a diagnostic secretory biomarker of cancer, and (ii) diagnosing cancer metastases in the organs of mice bearing triple negative breast cancer. We provide an important new addition to low-cost biomedical instruments intended for pre-clinical diagnostic imaging with high sensitivity, high sample throughput, portability, and rapid on-site analysis of low-level light.

An HPLC-UV method for quantitative determination of lidocaine and miramistin in a combination wound-healing gel is reported. The method was validated for specificity, linearity, accuracy, and precision. The linear range for lidocaine hydrochloride was 0.08 – 0.12 mg/mL; for miramistin, 0.04 – 0.06 mg/mL. The linear correlation coefficients were 0.9992 and 0.9996 for lidocaine hydrochloride and miramistin, respectively. The method could be used for quantitative evaluation of lidocaine and miramistin in combination medicines.

This paper includes methods for comparing three-dimensional movements with data saved in a C3D file usingPearson's linear correlation algorithms and a mean-quadratic error. Their accuracy was also examined. The movements of a person rowing on an ergometer at a distance of 500 meters were recorded by motion acquisition technology. The article presents the created application used for analysis.

Discoveries of the accurate spatial arrangement of active sites in biological systems and cooperation between them for high catalytic efficiency are two major events in biology. However, precise tuning of these aspects is largely missing in the design of artificial catalysts. Here, a series of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) were used, not only to overcome the limit of distance between active sites in bio-systems, but also to unveil the critical role of this distance for efficient catalysis. A linear correlation was established between photocatalytic activity and the reciprocal of inter active-site distance; a smaller distance led to higher activity. Vacancies created at selected crystallographic positions of MOFs promoted their photocatalytic efficiency. MOF-525-J33 with 15.6 A inter active-site distance and 33 % vacancies exhibited unprecedented high turnover frequency of 29.5 h-1 in visible-light-driven acceptorless dehydrogenation of tetrahydroquinoline at room temperature.

Superfine pulverization and ordinary pulverization were used to obtain powders with different particle sizes in different parts of Fructus rosae laxae. High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) was used to carry out a simple, fast, qualitative, and quantitative analysis of vitamin C in Fructus rosae laxae. The effects of superfine pulverization and ordinary pulverization on the vitamin C content in the whole fruit, pulp, and seed of Fructus rosae laxae were compared. A G F254 silica gel thin-layer plate was utilized, and ethyl acetate, anhydrous ethanol, and water in (10:6:3.75, v/v) ratio were used as a developer. The scanning wavelength was 273 nm. Results showed that the Rf value of vitamin C was 0.61, the linear range was 0.25–1.2 μg, and the correlation coefficient was 0.9959, indicating good linear correlation. Precision RSD was

Background:It is currently believed that protein folding rates are influenced by protein structure, environment and temperature, amino acid sequence and so on. We have been working for long to determine whether and in what ways mRNA affects the protein folding rate. A large number of palindromes aroused our attention in our previous research. Whether these palindromes do have important influences on protein folding rates and what’s the mechanism? Very few related studies are focused on these problems.Objective:In this article, our motivation is to find out if palindromes have important influences on protein folding rates and what’s the mechanism.Method:In this article, the parameters of the palindromes were defined and calculated, the linear regression analysis between the values of each parameter and the experimental protein folding rates were done. Furthermore, to compare the results of different kinds of proteins, proteins were classified into the two-state proteins and the multi-state proteins. For the two kinds of proteins, the above linear regression analysis were performed respectively.Results :Protein folding rates were negatively correlated to the palindrome frequencies for all proteins. An extremely significant negative linear correlation appeared in the relationship between palindrome densities and protein folding rates. And the repeatedly used bases by different palindromes simultaneously have an important effect on the relationship between palindrome density and protein folding rate.Conclusion:The palindromes have important influences on protein folding rates, and the repeatedly used bases in different palindromes simultaneously play a key role in influencing the protein folding rates.

PurposeThis paper presents the application of grey modeling for thermal spray processing parameter analysis in less data environment.Design/methodology/approachBased on processing knowledge, key processing parameters of thermal spray process are analyzed and preselected. Then, linear and non-linear grey modeling models are integrated to mine the relationships between different processing parameters.FindingsModel A reveals the linear correlation between the HVOF process parameters and the characterization of particle in-flight with average relative errors of 9.230 percent and 5.483 percent for velocity and temperature.Research limitations/implicationsThe prediction accuracies of coatings properties vary, which means that there exists more complex non-linear relationship between the identified input parameters and coating results, or more unexpected factors (e.g. factors from material side) should be further investigated.Practical implicationsAccording to the modeling case in this paper, method has potential to deal with other diverse modeling problems in different industrial applications where challenge to collecting large quantity of data sets exists.Originality/valueIt is the first time to apply grey modeling for thermal spray processing where complicated relationships among processing parameters exist. The modeling results show reasonable results to experiment and existing processing knowledge.

This article presents a method for the analysis of diagnostic acoustic signals for defect detection in composite materials. For this purpose, a multiple-scale decomposition of the acoustic signal and the determination of informational entropy for its components are used. It is established that, in the presence of small defects, the distribution of the power spectral density is little different from the power spectral density for a defect-free region. As a criterion for defect detection, a linear correlation coefficient is selected for vectors composed of informational entropies of multiple-scale components of the acoustic signal.

Variables occurring in a real estate market are frequently presented on scales other than interval or ratio scales. Most frequently, the scale is an ordinal (for instance – onerous, unfavourable, neutral, favourable), or possibly a nominal one. That is why the use of scales intended for quantitative attributes (such as Pearson linear correlation coefficient) is not possible. The paper presents the results of employing other coefficients (Kendall’s τ B and Spearman’s ρ coefficients) in analyzing correlations on the real estate market. The objective of the article is to present a method of analyzing the correlation of qualitative variables (attributes) and to present the possibility of using the obtained results in the process of real estate appraisal.

The experience of developed countries demonstrates the use of the cluster concept as an effective tool, that promotes the development of entrepreneurship and innovations, improving the competitiveness of both individual regions of clusters and the country as a whole. As analysis result of indicators of innovation development and competitiveness of countries, a close link was noted between the factors under study. This circumstance confirms the importance of the cluster concept in the development of national innovation systems. As part of the study were used the methods of bibliographic and logical analysis, as well as the method of linear correlation and regression analysis.

Supplemental digital content is available in the text., BACKGROUND Trauma-induced coagulopathy is a major driver of mortality following severe injury. Viscoelastic goal-directed resuscitation can reduce mortality after injury. The TEG 5000 system is widely used for viscoelastic testing. However, the TEG 6s system incorporates newer technology, with encouraging results in cardiovascular interventions. The purpose of this study was to validate the TEG 6s system for use in trauma patients. METHODS Multicenter noninvasive observational study for method comparison conducted at 12 US Levels I and II trauma centers. Agreement between the TEG 6s and TEG 5000 systems was examined using citrated kaolin reaction time (CK.R), citrated functional fibrinogen maximum amplitude (CFF.MA), citrated kaolin percent clot lysis at 30 minutes (CK.LY30), citrated RapidTEG maximum amplitude (CRT.MA), and citrated kaolin maximum amplitude (CK.MA) parameters in adults meeting full or limited trauma team criteria. Blood was drawn ≤1 hour after admission. Assays were repeated in duplicate. Reliability (TEG 5000 vs. TEG 6s analyzers) and repeatability (interdevice comparison) was quantified. Linear regression was used to define the relationship between TEG 6s and TEG 5000 devices. RESULTS A total of 475 patients were enrolled. The cohort was predominantly male (68.6%) with a median age of 49 years. Regression line slope estimates (ß) and linear correlation estimates (p) were as follows: CK.R (ß = 1.05, ρ = 0.9), CFF.MA (ß = 0.99, ρ = 0.95), CK.LY30 (ß = 1.01, ρ = 0.91), CRT.MA (TEG 6s) versus CK.MA (TEG 5000) (ß = 1.06, ρ = 0.86) as well as versus CRT.MA (TEG 5000) (ß = 0.93, ρ = 0.93), indicating strong reliability between the devices. Overall, within-device repeatability was better for TEG 6s versus TEG 5000, particularly for CFF.MA and CK.LY30. CONCLUSION The TEG 6s device appears to be highly reliable for use in trauma patients, with close correlation to the TEG 5000 device and equivalent/improved within-device reliability. Given the potential advantages of using the TEG 6s device at the site of care, confirmation of agreement between the devices represents an important advance in diagnostic testing. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Diagnostic test, level II.

This paper aims to develop sintering indexes to evaluate and correlate the sintering degree and compressive strength in pellets. Based on image processing techniques by using the watershed algorithm, sintering indexes, such as pellets consolidation index (CI), grain growth index (GI), and grain uniformity index (UI) are proposed for the first time to evaluate the sintering degree during the induration of pellets. The results showed that with the increase of roasting temperature from 0–1300 °C, CI and GI of ore #1 increase from 0 to 0.47 and 0 to 1.72 respectively. In contrast to ore #2, CI and GI increased from 0 to 0.41 and 0 to 1.75, respectively. CI and GI of ore #1 were higher than #2 ore under the same roasting temperature, which indicated that the Fe2O3 particles in #1 ore are easier to form sintering neck than #2. CI, GI and compressive strength of pellets have an obvious linear correlation, and the linear correlation between GI and the compressive strength of pellets is stronger with the R-Square 0.98 for #1 ore and 0.99 for ore #2.

The article shows a direct relationship between the maximum frictional force Fst (static friction) and the mean frictional force Fkin (kinetic friction). The tests were carried out for three plant granular materials (peas, maize, triticale). The modified Amontons-Coulomb model of friction was proposed for the Fst and Fkin description. The additional statistical analysis showed a strong linear correlation (R2 = 0.95) between the Fst and Fkin forces for all combinations of moisture levels (9, 12, 15, 18%) and loads (16, 27, 42, 50, 61 N). This makes it possible to simplify the measurement procedure, which in the case of kinetic friction is relatively difficult to implement.

Calculated methyl anion affinities are known to correlate with experimentally determined Mayr E parameters for individual organic functional group classes but not between neutral and cationic organic electrophiles. We demonstrate that methyl anion affinities calculated with a solvation model (MAA*) give a linear correlation with Mayr E parameters for a broad range of functional groups. Methyl anion affinities (MAA*), plotted on the log scale of Mayr E, provide insights into the full range of electrophilicity of organic functional groups. On the Mayr E scale, the electrophilicity toward the methyl anion spans 180 orders of magnitude.

In comparison with constant static pressure and total air volume control strategies, a static pressure reset strategy for variable static pressure control of Variable Air Volume (VAV) air condition...

This study aims to find out how people's perceptions about MR immunization, as for the background of this research is because in the community there are many pros and cons in the implementation of MR immunization. This research is quantitative with a case study in Glugur Darat Health Center. The population is the community that has children aged 9 months to 15 years. Determination of the sample with quota sampling. With a total sample of 100 people. Data collection instruments with documentation, questionnaires and direct interviews which are then analyzed using simple linear correlation. From the results of this study indicate the public perception of MR Immunization in the Work Area of the Glugur Darat Health Center the majority of 71% do not understand about MR immunization. And from the results of the chi quare test to analyze the relationship between the perception of the community about MR immunization and the participation of MR immunization, the results obtained p = 0,000. Then there is a relationship between the public perception of MR immunization with the participation of MR immunization. For onshore glugur health centers to provide information to the public about MR immunization by providing counseling to the community, distributing leaflets about MR immunization.

Animal blood products, also known as "liquid meat" or “blood tofu”, are rich in many nutrients, consumed in large quantities, and plagued by adulteration. In this study, a qualitative and absolute quantitative method for blood tofu of different animal species, including pig, bovine, sheep, chicken, and duck was established. Species-specific peptide markers were screened using Proteome Discoverer software after data analysis by high-resolution mass spectrometry. Then, calibration and quantitative analysis were used to identify peptides which could be used for accurate quantification. Finally, three peptides of each species were selected for accurate qualitative and quantitative analyses. The linear correlation coefficients were all greater than 0.995, and the deviation of the quantitative results was 80–120%. The method can directly quantify the accurate blood content in blood tofu.

Determination of the factors influencing solar irradiation plays an important role in the performance of a prediction model based on machine learning techniques. This study compared the results obtained using a linear correlation analysis and stepwise regression method to identify the key meteorological, weather, and radiation factors that significantly affect the solar irradiation on the following day, as well as the difference between the quantities of solar irradiation on the current day and following day. These factors were used to establish prediction models for the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, which has a complex topography and weather caprices. The results indicated that the stepwise regression method was capable of screening more effective influencing factors and the corresponding predictive accuracy was acceptable even under the weather conditions of the plateau.

Due to their affordability, compact size, and moderate accuracy, low-cost sensors have been studied extensively in recent years. Different manufacturers employ different calibration methodologies and provide users with calibration factors for their models. This study assessed the performance of nine low-cost PM monitors (AirVisual, Alphasense, APT, Awair, Dylos, Foobot, PurpleAir, Wynd, and Xiaomi) in a chamber containing a well-defined aerosol. A GRIMM and a SidePak were used as the reference instruments. The monitors were divided into two groups according to their working principle and data reporting format, and a linear correlation factor for the PM2.5 mass concentration measurement was calculated for each monitor. Additionally, the differences between the mass concentrations reported by the various monitors and those measured by the reference instruments were plotted against their average before and after user calibration to demonstrate the degree of improvement possible with calibration. Bin-specific calibration was also performed for monitors reporting size distributions to demonstrate coincidence errors that could bias the results. Since monitors designed for residential use often display the air quality index, typically illustrating it with a simplified, color-coded index, the color schemes of various monitors were evaluated against the U.S. EPA regulation to determine whether they could convey the overall air quality accurately and promptly. Although these residential monitors indicated the air quality moderately well, their differing color schemes made the evaluation difficult and potentially inaccurate. Altogether, the tested monitors offer low-cost sensors in packages that are convenient for use and ready for deployment without additional assembly. However, to improve the accuracy of the measurements, user-defined calibration for the target PM source is still recommended.

The use of electret N95 filtering facepiece respirators (N95FFRs) after prolonged storage or treatment can reduce the expense of buying non-expired N95 and thus enable developing and developed countries to optimize their use of limited resources to against airborne particles and diseases, such as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The filtration performance of five N95FFR models following long-term storage, removal of charge using isopropanol alcohol (IPA), autoclaving, or treatment with gamma-radiation was assessed using a TSI 8130 automated filter tester. Statistically significant differences were found in the penetration (P), pressure drop (Δp) and quality factor (qf) between non-expired and expired N95 models 3M-8210 and 3M-8511. A statistically significant linear correlation was also obtained between the N95 penetration ratio (PR) and the difference between year of manufacture and time of test (DYM). The PR of N95 was more strongly influenced by eliminating the charge (for extremely out-of-date respirators) on the electret filter than by the DYM. Sterilization by gamma irradiation increased the P into non-expired and expired N95FFR models (p < 0.05), reducing their qf. The qf of all N95FFR models, except UVEX-3200, was strongly affected by gamma irradiation, the removal of charge using IPA, autoclaving, and storage in that order. All expired models maintained acceptable filtration performance and still could be used to collect aerosol effectively, even though models 3M-8511 and 3M-1860 had been manufactured up to 13 years previously. As the COVID-19 outbreaks in 2019 and is getting worse in 2020, these data are useful in developing a global stockpiling strategy to maximize the longevity of N95FFRs for public health and healthcare workers. However, the aging of the straps and seal materials (rubbers, plastics) of the N95FFRs may affect their fit factor and effectiveness.

The main intention of this study was to assess the solid waste management challenges and their impacts on people’s livelihood. Specifically, the study evaluated the methods and techniques used for waste collection, transportation and deposit to the landfill by households, and companies in Kinyinya sector. A survey was conducted to collect data from household, waste collection company and field. Household waste collection, transportation and deposit illustrated different challenges which impede the sustainable treatment and disposal of waste. Findings pointed out poor deposit of wastes, failure to pay waste collection fees, poor assessment before selecting waste landfill and poor working condition of companies in charge of waste collection, transportation as the major challenges toward waste management in Kinyinya. The findings illustrated that only 33.25% of households separated decay from undecayed waste and 66.75% couldn’t perform such activities. The findings indicated that members of some households suffered waste borne diseases from poor waste management. The linear correlation coefficient has shown 84.5% of correlation level between waste management challenges and people’s livelihood (r = 0.845) and this correlation is statistically significant. Thus, poor waste management is one among factors of poor people’s livelihood. The adaptation of segregation of waste at the household, strengthening company capacity and training workers at the landfill would save life and reduce exposure of both household and landfill workers.

The purpose of this study is to analyze association between stress perception and physical activity with the prevalence of symptoms of musculoskeletal disorders (SMSD) in police officers. The police officers (n=142) answered the Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS-10) and the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire. Pearson’s linear correlation coefficient was used to measure strength and direction of relationship between PSS-10 and prevalence of SMSD and showed a positive correlation between variables in the last 7 days (r=0.34, p=0.00001) and in the last 12 months (r=0.40, p=0.00001). The mean prevalence of SMSD in the last 12 months was lower among police officers practicing physical activity (W=1888.5, p=0.04). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the practice of physical activities as well as efforts to reduce stress perception both decrease the odds of musculoskeletal disorders. This study indicated that stress level and physical activity practice influenced in prevalence of SMSD. Multidisciplinary interventions with actions to reduce stress level and encourage physical activity practice are needed to control SMSD prevalence.

Despite reduction efforts, the concentration of PM2.5 (particulate matter ≤ 2.5 µm in diameter) has remained steady or even grown slightly in Santiago, Chile, over the last few years. However, this potential increase may be due to the formation of secondary particles rather than a rise in primary emissions. Therefore, this study measured the size distribution of particulate matter with an Electrical Low Pressure Impactor (ELPI; Dekati) to investigate the generation of secondary ultrafine particles at several sites in this metropolitan area during 2013 and 2018. Little formation was detected during winter, but more activity was observed during fall, and the highest generation of these particles was found during summer, when the number of new particles between 10 and 20 nm in diameter displayed an obvious peak in the afternoon during periods of high solar radiation. Overall, no clear relationship was discerned between the secondary particle number and the UV radiation until the latter exceeded ~4.5 kJ m–2, when an almost linear correlation (R2 = 0.739) appeared. Additionally, the particle number exhibited a much lower correlation with the total solar energy, indicating that UV solar radiation plays the major role in ultrafine particle formation. However, these trends may only apply to polluted cities, which already contain elevated particulate matter concentrations. Also, the fact that secondary formation primarily occurs in Santiago during summer, when the PM2.5 level is low, confirms that large numbers of pre-existing particles inhibit the creation of new ones.

A series of K(DxH1−x)2PO4 (DKDP) crystals with different saturating temperature and deuteration levels were grown via the point-seed rapid growth method. The correlation between the deuterium segregation coefficient and temperature, and deuterium content in a solution was studied via Raman spectroscopy. The intensity of the Raman peak has no obvious linear correlation with the deuterium content or growth temperature of the crystals. A low growth temperature at a lower deuterium content of a solution (30%) or a high temperature at a higher deuterium content of a solution (70%) both can achieve smaller gaps (10.47% and 14.62%, respectively) of the deuteration content between the DKDP crystals and solution. Our results evidence that the segregation coefficient of the deuterium of the point-seed rapid growth method depends on the deuterium content in the solution and temperature.

Changes in the local structure and magnetic properties at Fe sites due to defects were addressed in a detailed manner in Co2FeAl by 57Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy. Based on the systematic correlation of these results a comprehensive understanding of the defects and hence of the different types of disordering that occur in Co2FeAl subjected to different non-equilibrium treatments have been obtained in this study. As high as 35% of the Fe atoms were deduced to be associated with the A2 type of disordering in Co2FeAl, which provides a basic understanding of the observed much lower value of spin polarization as observed in this system against the high value predicted theoretically. Also this study revealed a striking linear correlation between the valence electron concentration and the effective magnetic hyperfine fields as deduced at different sites of occupation of 57Fe atoms.

The influences of environment, such as temperature, humidity and interfering gases, on the performance of a surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensor in the detection of 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES) were invested. The 150 MHz SAW dual delay lines were used, coated with a poly(epichlorohydrin) (PECH) thin layer, and CEES was detected under different concentrations. Linear correlation between the frequency-shift and the exposure time of the sensor to CEES could be observed, and the limit of CEES could be detected as low as 1.5 mg m−3. Under different temperature (0–50 C°) and humidity (30–80% RH) conditions, CEES was detected by the fabricated SAW sensor coated with PECH, the frequency shifts were measured and the performance of the sensor was evaluated. The results proved that temperature and humidity were the most important factors to influence the performance of SAW sensors; with the decreasing of temperature and the increasing of humidity, there would be larger frequency shifts. In the interference experiments, it was found that most gases existing in the environment in high concentrations would not influence the detection of CEES. Then, the SAW sensor having been fabricated was kept under the conditions of 25 °C and 35% RH for 18 months to further verify the quality, and CEES was detected every so many months. It proved that the performance of the sensor would decrease about 16.39% after 18 months. Although it reflected the attenuation of the sensor to some extent, the sensor was still in good condition. Additionally, the related mechanisms were also discussed.

Purpose The aim of this study was to propose an index for evaluating dosimetric impact of inter-observer target delineation variability in brachytherapy. Material and methods The coverage with dosimetric concordance index (CDCI) is expressed as CDCIcommon and CDCIpair. The CDCIcommon is the mean coverage of target volume with common volume irradiated by prescription dose among all observers and represents the condition of worst target coverage. CDCIpair is the generalized form of CDCI, which is mean target coverage with common prescription volume obtained between all possible pairs of observers and represents more realistic coverage of target with dosimetric concordance. The index was used to evaluate the dosimetric impact of target delineation variability in optimized conformal plans on target volumes of five radiation oncologists for twenty patients of multi-catheter interstitial partial breast brachytherapy. Results The mean decline of 5.6 ±3.2% and 11.3 ±5.7% in CDCIpair and CDCIcommon, respectively, was observed comparing to coverage index (CI) of target volume in all patients due to inter-observer target variability. CDCIcommon and CDCIpair were found to have significant linear correlation (r = 0.964, p < 0.000). The difference between CDC and CI increased with the mean relative target volume among observers. Significant correlation (r = 0.962, p < 0.000) was also noted for the difference (Δ) in CDCIcommon and CDCIpair with CI of target volume. Conclusions The recommended indices and difference between the dosimetric coverage of target volume (CI) with CDCI (ΔCDCI) can be used for evaluating dosimetric impact of the inter-observer target delineation variability.