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Trigonal planar units with large polarizability anisotropy and high physicochemical stability are ideal structural units for exploring nonlinear optical (NLO) materials. Integrating the merits of two types of triangular‐like moieties, a family of second‐order NLO‐active hybrid halides, MATX (X = Cl (1), Br (2), and I (3)), are achieved. MATX crystallizes in a nonpolar space group of P6¯$P\overline 6 $2c but exhibits the optimal spatial arrangement and superior NLO performance. The low coordination planar trigonal AgX3 units enable segregation in layers of the three‐winged propeller‐like Me3TPA units. All of the layers are packed in a perfect parallel fashion, making the functional materials exhibit superior NLO performances, including the phase matchable behavior with strong SHG responses (6.2/1, 6.5/2, and 7.6/3 times that of potassium dihydrogen phosphate), large birefringence (0.232/1, 0.252/2 and 0.260/3 at 1064 nm), high laser damage threshold, wide transparent window, and easiness of crystal growth. The first‐principles calculations reveal that the coexistence of strong linear and nonlinear optical properties are ascribed to the synergistic effect of the trigonal moieties. This study points out a useful path for the rational design of excellent NLO materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Comprehensive Summary Key Scientists Tuning electrolyte properties is a widely recognized strategy to enhance activity and selectivity in electrocatalysis, drawing increasing attention in this domain. Despite extensive experimental and theoretical studies, debates persist about how various electrolyte components influence electrocatalytic reactions. We offer a concise review focusing on current discussions, especially the contentious roles of cations. This article further examines how different factors affect the interfacial solvent structure, particularly the hydrogen‐bonding network, and delves into the microscopic kinetics of electron and proton‐coupled electron transfer. We also discuss the overarching influence of solvents from a kinetic modeling perspective, aiming to develop a robust correlation between electrolyte structure and reactivity. Lastly, we summarize ongoing research challenges and suggest potential directions for future studies on electrolyte effects in electrocatalysis.In 1956, Marcus theory was developed to describe the mechanism of outer‐sphere electron transfer (OS‐ET). In 1992, Nocera et al. directly measured proton‐coupled electron transfer (PCET) kinetics for the first time, and their subsequent research in 1995 investigated the effects of proton motion on electron transfer (ET) kinetics. In 1999 and 2000, Hammes‐schiffer et al. developed the multistate continuum theory for multiple charge reactions and deduced the rate expressions for nonadiabatic PCET reactions in solution, laying the theoretical foundation for the analysis of PCET kinetics in electrochemical processes. In 2006, Saveant et al. verified the concerted proton and electron transfer (CPET) mechanism in the oxidation of phenols coupled with intramolecular amine‐driven proton transfer (PT). Their subsequent work in 2008 reported the pH‐dependent pathways of electrochemical oxidation of phenols.Electrolyte effects in electrocatalysis have gained emphasis in recent years. In 2009, Markovic's pioneering work proposed non‐covalent interactions between hydrated alkaline cations and adsorbed OH species in oxygen reduction reaction (ORR)/hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR). In 2011, Markovic et al. significantly enhanced hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity in alkaline solution by improving water dissociation, which was assumed to dominate the sluggish HER kinetics in such media. In comparation, Yan et al. applied hydrogen binding energy (HBE) theory in 2015 to explain the pH‐dependent HER/HOR activity. Cations play a significant role in regulating the selectivity and activity of carbon dioxide reduction (CO2RR). In 2016 and 2017, Karen Chan et al. introduced the electric field generated by solvated cations to explain the cation effects on electrochemical CO2RR. Conversely, in 2021, Koper et al. suggested that short‐range electrostatic interactions between partially desolvated metal cations and CO2 stabilized CO2 and promoted CO2RR.Recent researches have combined the exploration of the electrical double layer (EDL) structure with theoretical analysis of PCET kinetics. In 2019, Huang et al. developed a microscopic Hamiltonian model to quantitatively understand the sluggish hydrogen electrocatalysis in alkaline media. In 2021, two meticulous studies from Shao‐Horn's group analyzed the effects of cations on reorganization energy and the impacts of hydrogen bonds between proton donors and acceptors on proton tunneling kinetics, respectively. Electrolyte effects on proton transport process were researched in recent years. In 2022, Hu et al. and Chen et al. proposed that the cation‐induced electric field distribution and pH‐dependent hydrogen bonding network connectivity played essential roles in proton transport, separately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Five 15-nuclearity lanthanide clusters were obtained under solvothermal conditions based on N-tris(hydroxymethyl)methylglycine (H5thmmg) with molecular formulas Ln15(OH)20(H4thmmg)10(H2O)10·xCl·(15 − x)NO3 (Ln = Dy, x = 15 (1); Ln = Tb, x = 11 (2); Ln = Eu, x = 13 (3); Ln = Sm, x = 15 (4); and Ln = Ho, x = 15 (5)). They have the same pentagram-type metal cores made up of five cubane-like [Ln4(μ3-OH)4] units by sharing vertical Ln3+ ions and their peripheries are all protected by ten H4thmmg− ligands and ten coordinated H2O. Such structural Sm15 and Ho15 clusters are reported for the first time. For 1, 4 and 5, these metal-hydroxide cores are further stabilized only by free Cl− ions, whereas NO3− and Cl− ions both operate as anionic templates for 2 and 3 to balance the positive charge and to promote lanthanide metal ion aggregation. These are the first reported Ln15 clusters self-assembled by NO3− and Cl− anion templates. The luminescence behaviors of 2 and 3 show the characteristic emissions of the corresponding Ln3+ (Ln = Tb, Eu) ions. The temperature-dependent luminescence of 2 and 3 reveals that their emission intensities increase as the temperature drops, and good linear relationships exist in the 120–300 K range, so 2 and 3 are potential luminescent molecular thermometers. Moreover, 2 and 3 exhibit high quantum yields (QYs) (58.05% for 2 and 17.34% for 3) and long luminescence lifetimes (τ = 934 μs for 2, τ = 242 μs for 3). In addition, 1 displays slow magnetic relaxation behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urethral plate (UP)-preserving urethroplasty is simple and has few complications, but it may affect the development of penis in the long term and lead to recurrent chordee. In this study, we used obliquely cut UP to repair hypospadias with mild chordee after degloving (15°–30°) and compared the results with onlay urethroplasty to explore its rationality and feasibility. Between April 2018 and October 2020, 108 hypospadias patients underwent onlay urethroplasty or modified onlay urethroplasty. Clinical data were prospectively collected, and medium-term outcomes were assessed at follow-up. The complications were compared between the two groups. Forty-four patients underwent the modified onlay procedure (Group I), with follow-up time (mean ± standard deviation [s.d.]) of 23.2 ± 4.5 (range: 17–31) months. Sixty-four patients underwent a standard onlay procedure (Group II), with follow-up time (mean ± s.d.) of 39.7 ± 3.9 (range: 32–46) months. There was no difference in age at surgery. The urethral defect length and operative time were longer in Group I. Six cases of fistula and one case each of stricture and diverticulum were reported in Group I. In Group II, 11 cases of fistula and one case each of stricture and diverticulum were reported. The complication rates were 18.2% and 20.3% in Group I and Group II, respectively (P > 0.05). These medium-term follow-up results demonstrate that the modified onlay procedure (oblique cut UP urethroplasty) is a safe and feasible technique for hypospadias with mild chordee after degloving. Compared with standard onlay urethroplasty, this modified procedure is conducive to the complete removal of scar tissue underlying the UP without increasing the risk of surgical complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Different from most crops and forages, the xerophyte Pugionium cornutum can absorb high quantities of Cl− and then efficiently transport them into shoots to enhance osmotic adjustment ability under salt stress. However, the molecular mechanism underlying long-distance Cl− transport remains unclear. SLAH1 is crucial for root-to-shoot Cl− transport in Arabidopsis only under non-saline conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the function of PcSLAH1 from P. cornutum in long-distance Cl− transport under salt stress. Methods: PcSLAH1 was cloned, its tissue and subcellular locations and expression patterns in response to salt treatments were analyzed. The effect of PcSLAH1 on ion accumulation and the expression of key genes involved in Na+ and Cl− transport were investigated by ectopically overexpressing in Arabidopsis driven by a root stelar-specific promoter. Results: PcSLAH1 was specifically expressed at root stelar cells and located on the plasma membrane. Opposing with AtSLAH1 in Arabidopsis, the relative expression level of PcSLAH1 in roots was significantly induced by high Cl− treatments. The root stelar-specific expression of PcSLAH1 in Arabidopsis resulted in a significant increase in shoot Cl− content under NaCl or KCl treatment. PcSLAH1 could coordinate with CLCg and NHX1 to regulate shoot Cl− and Na+ homeostasis under salt treatment. In addition, the root stelar-specific expression of PcSLAH1 conferred a stronger long-distance transport ability of Cl− than AtSLAH1. Conclusions: PcSLAH1 functions in facilitating the long-distance transport of Cl− and modulating shoot Na+ and Cl− homeostasis under salt stress. The up-regulated expression of PcSLAH1 is conducive to salt tolerance of P. cornutum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Controlling root-to-shoot Cl− transport to reduce Cl− accumulation in shoots is one of crucial mechanisms for salt tolerance of glycophytes, but the proteins directly involved in this process under salt stress are poorly reported. Here, we evaluated the role of Aluminum-activated Malate Transporter 12 (AtALMT12), which is expressed in both guard cells and root steles, in root-to-shoot Cl− transport. Methods: The expression of AtALMT12 under salt stress was analyzed. The salt tolerance, ion accumulation, and expression of key ion transport genes in roots were compared among wild-type, atalmt12 mutants, and ALMT12 complementation lines driven by a guard cell-specific or a root stele-specific promoter. Results: The expression of AtALMT12 in roots was significantly induced by Cl−-salt treatment. The mutation of AtALMT12 significantly increased Cl− accumulation and decreased NO3− accumulation in shoots, and reduced plant's tolerance to Cl−-salt stress. Complementation by AtALMT12 driven by a root stele-specific promoter restored the shoot Cl− and NO3− concentration of atalmt12 mutant to the wild-type level, while AtALMT12 expression driven by a guard cell-specific promoter had no such effect. Meanwhile, loss-of-function of AtALMT12 resulted in an increased expression of AtNPF7.2/NRT1.8 in roots under Cl−-salt stress. In addition, AtALMT12 mutation decreased shoot K+ concentration and the expression of AtSKOR in roots under high KCl treatment. Conclusions: AtALMT12 participates in restricting root-to-shoot Cl− transport, and modulates NO3− accumulation in shoots under Cl−-salt stress, therefore plays an important role in salt tolerance. Meanwhile, AtALMT12 affects K+ accumulation in shoots under higher KCl condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]