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We examine how the racial wealth gap interacts with financial aid in American higher education to generate a disparate impact on college access and outcomes. Retirement savings and home equity are excluded from the formula used to estimate the amount a family can afford to pay. All else equal, omitting those assets mechanically increases the financial aid available to families that hold them. White families are more likely to own those assets and in larger amounts. We document this issue and explore its relationship with observed differences in college attendance, types of institutions attended, degrees attained, and education debt using data from the Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF), the National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS), and the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID). We show that this treatment of assets provides an implicit subsidy worth thousands of dollars annually to students from families with above-median incomes. White students receive larger subsidies relative to Black students and Hispanic students with similar family incomes, and this gap in subsidies is associated with disadvantages in educational advancement and student loan levels. It may explain 10 percent to 15 percent of white students' advantage in these outcomes relative to Black students and Hispanic students.

Anatomy is an essential component of clinical anesthesiology. The use of simulated patients and alternative materials, including embalmed human bodies, have become increasingly common during resident physician training due to the deemphasis on anatomical education during undergraduate medical training. In this report, the need for a more extensive review of relevant anatomy for the practice of anesthesiology was addressed by the design, evaluation, and dissemination of a human dissection course for procedural training of anesthesiology residents. The course utilized "freedom art" embalmed human bodies that allowed trainees to perform ultrasound-based regional and neuraxial techniques followed by detailed dissections of critical anatomy. One hundred and four residents participated in workshops and small group discussions and were evaluated using pre- and post-course assessments. A variety of clinical techniques were performed on the bodies, including regional blocks and neuraxial catheter placement. Insertion of peripheral/neuraxial catheters was successful, with dissections demonstrating the expected placement. Assessment scores improved following the course (pre-course mean 52.7%, standard deviation ([delta]) 13.1%; post-course mean 72.2%, [delta] 11.6%; t-test p < 0.0001) and feedback highlighted the usefulness and clinical relevance of course content. The ability to correlate ultrasound imaging with subsequent dissections of the "blocked" area and visualization of dye staining was extremely relevant for spatial understanding of the anatomy relevant for the clinical practice of these techniques. This manuscript demonstrates successful implementation of a comprehensive course for anesthesiology resident physicians to address gaps in undergraduate anatomical education and suggests that broader adoption of dissection courses may be beneficial for training anesthesiologists.

Two essential questions for those leading the field of public administration are: What do we teach our students, and how do we train them? As scholars, we pay significant attention to our research, often to the detriment of recognizing the potential for merging our research with teaching through the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning (SoTL). However, given our students' leadership positions, SoTL-related work is vital to their success. In this article, we have come together to reflect on the state of SoTL's work in public administration. Through this reflection, we explore the windows of opportunity for research that we see emerging. Included among these opportunities is the need for research on how we can best serve students in and out of the classroom, as well as research the most effective way of managing our programs. We also see the need for research into faculty development, instructional design, and the return on investment for a public administration degree. Lastly, we argue for improved recognition of the value and contribution of SoTL-related work in tenure and promotion standards.

Uganda hosts the largest number of refugees of any country in Africa. To protect the rights of refugees in the country, Uganda has designed policies regarding the right to quality education participation and freedom of expression. The authors' non-profit organization, Africa Education & Leadership Initiative (Africa ELI), works with refugee youth to increase their ability to achieve their dreams and reach their potential. However, refugee education in Uganda faces a number of challenges. Additionally, Uganda continues to have education policies that are not fully inclusive of refugees, such as the English-only policy that establishes English as the only language taught and valued within the school setting. The Wellbeing Club, was designed to support refugee and local Ugandan youth to help them build their resilience, voice, and expression. The Wellbeing Club is a powerful idea to support the wellbeing of learners, teachers, and, ultimately, the parents and community.

Early childhood educators play a critical role in the lives of young children, especially through their sensitive interactions. Educators' capacities to engage in high-quality interactions are shaped by their mental health. Studies examining early childhood educators' mental health often focus on psychopathology or negative aspects of mental health, despite the importance of understanding mental health through a well-being lens. This study explores the connection between two important areas of well-being: psychological and financial well-being. Using mixed methods, we examined 123 early childhood educators' financial well-being and psychological well-being. Financial well-being predicted psychological well-being, but the relationship was curvilinear; those with the highest and lowest financial well-being had the highest psychological well-being. Qualitative findings suggest possible buffers for psychological well-being among educators with low-financial well-being and highlight struggles of those with low psychological well-being. Implications for how early childhood educators' well-being might be supported with policy and practice initiatives are discussed.

This study explored how mentoring begins and the benefits provided for African American sexual and/or gender minority (SGM) youth. Participants were mentors and mentees living in three Mid-Atlantic cities. Mentees (ages 15-21, n = 14) identified as African American; cisgender male, transgender female, or non-binary assigned male; and had sexual interest in men. Mentor participants (ages 18[plus], n = 13) mentored such youth. Qualitative in-depth interviews were conducted with mentoring relationship partners (both partners did not necessarily participate). All interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and imported into Atlas.ti. Using a basic interpretive qualitative analysis, a codebook was developed through inductive and deductive techniques. Analysis focused on mentees' and mentors' descriptions and interpretations about how they formed a mentoring relationship and any observed benefits that arose. Themes showed mentoring relationships were formed through introductions via social circles or social media. Mentoring was described as providing a trusted confidant and support with identity formation, relationships, transitioning to adulthood, and health. Results indicate a potential for natural mentoring relationships to provide trusted adult support to SGM adolescents in ways that are experienced as authentic and beneficial to the mental health of African American SGM male youth.

Success in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields is often believed to require intellectual talent ("brilliance"). Given that many cultures associate men more than women with brilliance, this belief poses an obstacle to women's STEM pursuits. Here, we investigated the developmental roots of this phenomenon, focusing specifically on young children's beliefs about math (N = 174 U.S. students in Grades 1-4; 93 girls, 81 boys; 52% White, 17% Asian, 13% Hispanic/Latinx). We found that field-specific ability beliefs (FABs) that associate success in math (vs. reading/writing) with brilliance are already present in early elementary school. We also found that brilliance-oriented FABs about math are negatively associated with elementary school students' (and particularly girls') math motivation--specifically, their math self-efficacy and interest. The early emergence of brilliance-oriented FABs about math and the negative relation between FABs and math motivation underscore the need to understand the sources and long-term effects of these beliefs.

Nonverbal communication impacts a broad range of human interactions and bears significant influence on understanding and perceptions. One of the most influential categories of nonverbal communication is kinesics, which includes physical gestures and other body movements. The current study develops a foundation for future kinesics education in sales by examining the use of four types of gestures (illustrators, beats, adaptors, and regulators) and coinciding measures of sales performance within the context of a national student sales competition. Results include the finding that highly rated sales students use one specific kind of gesture -- illustrators -- more frequently than low-performing sales students. No significant relationships were uncovered between beats, adaptors, or regulators and performance. Educational implications and recommendations for sales courses are provided.

The COVID-19 pandemic prompted many youth mentoring programs to offer digital services (e-mentoring). The sustained success of these efforts depended, in large part, on organizations' digital readiness. Although there are established, broad measures of digital readiness, mentoring organizations have unique requirements for readiness that have not been previously measured. The current cross-sectional survey research study measured the state of digital readiness for youth mentoring organizations and tested the organizational E-Mentoring Readiness Scale. Ninety-five representatives from U.S. mentoring programs completed an online survey. Participants felt mentors, mentees, and families were moderately comfortable with e-mentoring. There was less confidence and comfort with the required technology and execution of e-mentoring. A confirmatory factor analysis of the E-Mentoring Readiness Scale showed two distinct but related factors with good model fit. An honest assessment using this tool may allow the youth mentoring field to move into the digital age more seamlessly.

Background: The use of intraoperative diuretics, such as furosemide or mannitol, during kidney transplantation has been suggested to reduce the rate of delayed graft function (DGF). The evidence base for this is sparse, however, and there is substantial variation in practice. We sought to evaluate whether the use of intraoperative diuretics during kidney transplantation translated into a reduction in DGF. Methods: We conducted a cohort study evaluating the use of furosemide or mannitol given intraoperatively before kidney reperfusion compared with control (no diuretic). Adult patients receiving a kidney transplant for end-stage renal disease were allocated to receive furosemide, mannitol, or no diuretic. The primary outcome was DGF; secondary outcomes were graft function at 30 days and perioperative changes in potassium levels. Descriptive and comparative statistics were used where appropriate. Results: A total of 162 patients who received a kidney transplant from a deceased donor (either donation after neurologic determination of death or donation after circulatory death) were included over a 2 -year period, with no significant between-group differences. There was no significant difference in DGF rates between the furosemide, mannitol, and control groups. When the furosemide and mannitol groups were pooled (any diuretic use) and compared with the control group, however, there was a significant improvement in the odds that patients would be free of DGF (odds ratio 2.10, 95% confidence interval 1.06-4.16, 26% v. 44%, p = 0.03). There were no significant differences noted in any secondary outcomes. Conclusion: This study suggests the use of an intraoperative diuretic (furosemide or mannitol) may result in a reduction in DGF in patients undergoing kidney transplantation. Further study in the form of a randomized controlled trial is warranted. Contexte: Il a t sugg r que le recours aux diur tiques perop ratoires, comme le furos mide ou le mannitol, durant la transplantation r nale pourrait r duire le taux de retard la reprise de fonction du greffon. Cependant, il existe peu de donn es probantes appuyant cette hypoth se, et une grande variabilit dans la pratique. Nous avons voulu valuer si le recours aux diur tiques perop ratoires durant la transplantation r nale entra nait une diminution des retards de reprise de fonction. M thodes: Nous avons men une tude de cohorte valuant l'administration per-op ratoire de furos mide ou de mannitol avant la reperfusion du rein, comparativement un groupe t moin (aucun diur tique). Des patients adultes atteints d'une insuffisance r nale chronique terminale recevant une transplantation r nale ont t r partis en 3 groupes: furos mide, mannitol, ou aucun diur tique. Le r sultat principal tait le retard la reprise de fonction du greffon; les r sultats secondaires taient la fonction du greffon 30 jours et la variation p riop ratoire du taux de potassium. Des statistiques descriptives et comparatives ont t utilis es, le cas ch ant. R sultats: Au total, 162 patients ayant re u une greffe du rein d'un donneur d c d (don apr s un diagnostic de d c s neurologique ou de d c s cardiocirculatoire) ont t inclus dans l' tude sur une p riode de 2 ans, sans diff rences significatives entre les groupes. Aucune diff rence significative de taux de retard la reprise de fonction n'a t observ e entre les groupes furos mide, mannitol, et aucun diur tique. Consid r s ensemble, les groupes furos mide et mannitol (tous diur tiques confondus) pr sentaient toutefois une am lioration significative du taux de retard comparativement au groupe t moin (rapport de cotes 2,10, intervalle de confiance 95% 1,06-4,16, 26% c. 44%, p = 0,03). On n'a not aucune diff rence statistiquement significative entre les 2 groupes pour ce qui est des param tres secondaires. Conclusion: Cette tude semble indiquer que le recours aux diur tiques perop ratoires (furos mide ou mannitol) pourrait entra ner une r duction du taux de retard la reprise de fonction du greffon chez les personnes ayant subi une transplantation r nale. L'ex cution d'un essai clinique randomis est de mise., Kidney transplantation has provided decades of successful treatment for end-stage renal disease. Delayed graft function (DGF) is a condition defined in the modern era as a requirement for dialysis within [...]