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This study examined the usefulness of an 8-week applied problem-solving training program. Specifically, the study examined (a) whether problem-solving training that emphasised self-management principles would be useful, (b) if the effects of training would persist over time, (c) whether an individual difference variable (problem-solving appraisal) would affect training outcomes, and (d) whether the cognitive responses of the subjects during the course of training were related to their problem-solving appraisal or the change process. Results indicated that problem solving training was effective at enhancing students’ problem-solving appraisal, and that the self-report changes were maintained at a 1 year follow-up. In particular, training seemed most useful for students who initially appraised their problem solving very negatively. Finally, the results suggested that the process-oriented cognitive responses were related to students' initial problem-solving self-appraisal as well as the impact of training. Implications of the results are discussed in terms of counselling interventions, problem solving training, the interpersonal influence process, and future research. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Discusses the use of preventive problem-solving training with college students. Metacognitive variables in problem solving; Students at risk for developing psychological difficulties; Enhancement of students' coping abilities.

Responds to observations and reactions to the author's article on Social Cognitive Model of Counselor Training (SCMCT) which appeared in the March 1998 issue of `The Counseling Psychologist' journal. Four criteria to evaluate the SCMCT; Knowledge base; Practical use for supervisors; Extent of adherence to the tenets of social cognitive theory; Extent to which knowledge is gained by bridging to other areas.

Describes a social cognitive model of counselor training (SCMCT). Drama metaphor; Salient variables in the SCMCT; Context in which triadic reciprocal causation occurs; Influence of barriers; Applications of the SCMCT to practice.

Provides an overview of the counseling self-efficacy (CSE) literature conducted from 1983 to 1998. Measurement properties of instruments; Relationship of CSE to related constructs; Interventions; Applications to counselors and supervisors; Recommendations.

This article discusses the potential use of the Coping with Career Indecision (CCI; Larson, Heppner, Ham, & Dugan, 1988) instrument which identifies subtypes of undecided students. The CCI was later refined by Larson, Toulouse, Ngumba, Fitzpatrick, and Heppner (1994) across four studies, extending the use of the CCI to gifted adolescents seeking help in career exploration. Data from 125 adolescents were examined with respect to their CCI scores on five additional career planning measures: the Problem Solving Inventory (PSI; Heppner, 1988), the Career Decision Making Self-Efficacy- Short Form (CDMSE-SF; Betz, Taylor, & Klein, 1994), the Academic College Major Decidedness item from the Career Decision Scale (CDS; Osipow, 1987), the Career Barriers Inventory-Short Form (CBI-SF; Swanson & Tokar, 1991), and the Positive Affect and Negative Affect scales from the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule-Expanded Form (PANAS-X; Watson & Clark, 1994). Factor analysis of the scores revealed two underlying dimensions, personal agency and affective distress. Then, factor scores on both of these dimensions were generated for each participant and entered into a cluster analysis. The cluster procedure identified four groups based on their relationship to these underlying dimensions: (a) Low Agency/High Distress, (b) High Agency/High Distress, (c) High Agency/Low Distress, and (d) Low Agency/Low Distress. Applications for career counselors working with adolescents and the specific utility of the CCI are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The effective control of tuberculosis (TB) has been thwarted by the need for prolonged, complex and potentially toxic drug regimens, by reliance on an inefficient vaccine and by the absence of biomarkers of clinical status. The promise of the genomics era for TB control is substantial, but has been hindered by the lack of a central repository that collects and integrates genomic and experimental data about this organism in a way that can be readily accessed and analyzed. The Tuberculosis Database (TBDB) is an integrated database providing access to TB genomic data and resources, relevant to the discovery and development of TB drugs, vaccines and biomarkers. The current release of TBDB houses genome sequence data and annotations for 28 different Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains and related bacteria. TBDB stores pre- and post-publication gene-expression data from M. tuberculosis and its close relatives. TBDB currently hosts data for nearly 1500 public tuberculosis microarrays and 260 arrays for Streptomyces. In addition, TBDB provides access to a suite of comparative genomics and microarray analysis software. By bringing together M. tuberculosis genome annotation and gene-expression data with a suite of analysis tools, TBDB (http://www.tbdb.org/) provides a unique discovery platform for TB research.

The authors aimed to extend the literature in self-determination theory (SDT) to understand the relations between college environmental variables (faculty and peer support) and academic major satisfaction. The study was disseminated via an online platform to 320 students attending a large midwestern university. Based on SDT, it was hypothesized that student perceptions of their volitional autonomy, competence, and relatedness in their academic major would fully mediate the relations between perceived faculty and peer supports and major satisfaction. This hypothesized model was tested against a partially mediated model and an alternate model that further tested the directionality of the argument. Results from structural equation modeling partially supported the hypotheses. Faculty and peer support, respectively, significantly contributed to students' experience of volitional autonomy in their major (βs =.23 and.39), perceived competence in their major (βs =.31 and.37), and relatedness in their major (βs =.29 and.56). Volitional autonomy in a major fully mediated the relationship between faculty support and major satisfaction (M =.14, SE =.05, p <.01, 95% confidence interval CI [.04,.24]) and the relationship between peer support and academic major satisfaction (M =.22, SE =.02, p <.05, 95% CI [.10,.34]). The hypothesized model was found to be superior than the partially mediated and alternate models. Thus, the authors concluded that SDT is a useful framework for understanding the relationship between faculty and peer supports, psychological needs, and major satisfaction. Public Significance Statement: When students feel supported by faculty and peers in their academic major, they feel more able to make their own choices, to succeed academically, and to connect with others in their major. Students' sense of autonomy in their major plays an important role in explaining the relationship between perceived faculty and peer support and students' satisfaction in their academic major. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We constructed a transgenic mouse model that mimics the human autoimmune disease multiple sclerosis in its spontaneous induction and pathology. Transgenic mice were constructed expressing genes encoding a rearranged T cell receptor specific for myelin basic protein (MBP). T cell tolerance was not induced in the periphery, and functional, autoreactive T cells were found in the spleen and lymph nodes of these mice. Transgenic mice developed experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) following immunization with MBP and adjuvant plus pertussis toxin as well as with administration of pertussis toxin alone. Spontaneous EAE can develop in transgenic mice housed in a nonsterile facility but not in those maintained in a sterile, specific pathogen-free facility. This model system affords a unique opportunity to dissect the genetic and environmental variables that may contribute to the development of spontaneous autoimmune disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How do counselors reach out to individuals who are reluctant to seek counseling services? To answer this question, the authors examined the research on the psychological help-seeking barriers from counseling, clinical and social psychology, as well as social work and psychiatry. Specific avoidance factors that have been identified in the mental health literature; important variations in the setting, problem type, demographics, and cultural characteristics that can influence the degree to which avoidance factors affect professional help-seeking decisions; and suggestions for overcoming these avoidance factors are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attachment working models of self and others may govern adults' preferences for internal vs. external sources of reassurance, which, if unavailable, lead to depressive symptoms. This study examined a model in which the link between depressive symptoms and attachment anxiety is mediated by (a) capacity for self-reinforcement and (b) need for reassurance from others, whereas the link between depressive symptoms and attachment avoidance is mediated only by the capacity for self-reinforcement. Analysis of survey data from 425 undergraduates indicated that both capacity for self-reinforcement and need for reassurance from others partially mediated the link between attachment anxiety and depression. Capacity for self-reinforcement fully mediated the link between attachment avoidance and depression. Moreover, 54% of the variance in depressive symptoms was explained by attachment anxiety, self-reinforcement, and need for reassurance from others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cultural adaptations to evidenced-based practices have the potential to bridge scientifically rigorous interventions to underserved populations. Un Nuevo Amanecer (A New Dawn) is a depression treatment program for Latino older adults and elders (age 60 years and older) with depressive disorders (i.e., major depression, minor depression, and dysthymia). We have implemented an evidence-based practice, originally designed for older adults in a primary care setting, into a community center setting serving Latino elders. Implementation of the evidence-based practice involved relatively little adaptation of the clinical protocol, which facilitated fidelity to the evidence-based model. The major adaptations were cultural adaptations in response to the target population and the community center setting. Treatment outcomes provide preliminary support for a significant reduction in depressive symptoms for Un Nuevo Amanecer clients. In this article, we introduce the presenting concerns and the implemented evidence-based practice; delineate key cultural adaptations to the evidence-based practice specific to our population and setting; offer a case example; and provide preliminary outcome data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The decision to seek psychological help may be hindered or facilitated by many factors. Two potential factors that might facilitate help seeking are having a relationship with someone (a) who recommends seeking help or (b) who themselves have sought help. In two studies (N = 780, N = 746), we explored the relationship between these factors and intentions to seek mental health services. In Study 1, being prompted to seek help and knowing someone who had sought help were both related to positive expectations about mental health services. In Study 2, being prompted to seek help and knowing someone who had sought help were related to more positive attitudes toward help seeking. Also, knowing someone who had sought help was related to the intention to seek help. Of those who sought psychological help, approximately 75% had someone recommend that they seek help and about 94% knew someone who had sought help. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 63: 233–245, 2007. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence and pathogenetic mechanisms of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS).Patients and Methods: We reviewed the medical records of patients with POTS seen at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minn, from January 1, 1993, through December 31, 2003. All patients were required to have had a full autonomic reflex screen. The results of the following additional tests were evaluated: thermoregulatory sweat test, plasma catecholamine measurement, serum ganglionic (a3) acetylcholine receptor antibody detection, and 24-hour urinary sodium measurement.Results: We identified 152 patients (86.8% female; mean +/- SD age, 30.2+/-10.3 years) with a mean duration of symptoms of 4.1 years. The mean orthostatic heart rate increment was 44 beats/min. Half the patients had sudomotor abnormalities (apparent on both the quantitative sudomotor axon reflex test and thermoregulatory sweat test), and 34.9% had significant adrenergic impairment, indicating that at least half of the patients had a neuropathic pattern of POTS. In 13.8% of patients, onset was subacute, and ganglionic acetylcholine receptor antibody was detected in 14.6%, suggesting an autoimmune origin in at least 1 in 7 patients. Hyperadrenergic status was documented in 29.0% of patients (standing plasma norepinephrine level 2600 pg/mL), and at least 28.9% were presumably hypovolemic (24-hour urinary sodium level <100 mEq/24h). The lack of correlation between urinary sodium and standing norepinephrine levels suggests that mechanisms other than hypovolemia accounted for the hyperadrenergic state.Conclusion: Our findings suggest a neuropathic basis for at least half the cases of POTS and that a substantial percentage of cases may be autoimmune. Hyperadrenergic and hypovolemic correlates are likely compensatory or exacerbating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To compare measured autonomic deficits (composite autonomic severity score [CASS]) with a brief self-report scale we developed to measure severity of symptoms of orthostatic hypotension. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients were recruited in 2 phases: from August to October 2002 and in April 2004. All patients underwent full evaluation in the autonomic laboratory, from which a CASS of autonomic deficits was derived. Patients also completed the 5-item self-report Orthostatic Grading Scale, which inquires about symptoms of orthostatic intolerance due to orthostatic hypotension (eg, severity, frequency, and interference with daily activities). RESULTS: Of 145 patients, 97 (67%) had orthostatic hypotension. The 5-item scale demonstrated strong internal consistency (coefficient α=.91). Patients with orthostatic hypotension had significantly higher scores on each questionnaire item and CASS subscores than those without orthostatic hypotension. The scale items correlated significantly with each of the CASS subscores, maximally with the CASS adrenergic subscore. CONCLUSIONS: Orthostatic hypotension is not the only cause of reduced orthostatic tolerance, and some patients may have orthostatic hypotension but be asymptomatic. Results of this study indicate that this 5-item questionnaire is a reliable and valid measure of the severity of symptoms of orthostatic hypotension and that it can supplement laboratory-based measures to provide a rapid, more complete clinical assessment. This questionnaire would also be useful as a brief screening device for orthostatic intolerance to aid physicians in identifying patients who may have orthostatic hypotension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wolverine distribution contracted along the southern periphery of its range in North America during the 19th and 20th centuries due primarily to human influences. This history, along with low densities, sensitivity to climate change, and concerns about connectivity among fragmented habitats spurred the recent US federal listing of threatened status and special concern status in Canada. To help inform large scale landscape connectivity, we collected 882 genetic samples genotyped at 19 microsatellite loci. We employed multiple statistical models to assess the landscape factors (terrain complexity, human disturbance, forest configuration, and climate) associated with wolverine genetic connectivity across 2.2 million km 2  of southwestern Canada and the northwestern contiguous United States. Genetic similarity (positive spatial autocorrelation) of wolverines was detected up to 555 km and a high-to-low gradient of genetic diversity occurred from north-to-south. Landscape genetics analyses confirmed that wolverine genetic connectivity has been negatively influenced by human disturbance at broad scales and positively influenced by forest cover and snow persistence at fine- and broad-scales, respectively. This information applied across large landscapes can be used to guide management actions with the goal of maintaining or restoring population connectivity., Competing Interests: Declarations Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply.)

Long-term avian nesting data are valuable to researchers studying various aspects of avian ecology, conservation, and management. Administered by the Cornell Lab of Ornithology, NestWatch accepts nesting data from volunteers and professionals who agree to follow its protocol and submit data in a standardized form using either the website NestWatch.org, the mobile app, or a bulk upload template. These data (N = 574,288 nest records currently spanning 1874-2023) have been used to examine geographical and temporal variation in breeding success, clutch size, nesting phenology, and other metrics of interest to researchers. When combined with other data sets (e.g., climate, land cover, maps of environmental stressors), NestWatch data have been used to explore the large-scale effects of anthropogenic change on nesting biology. These data can also be incorporated into investigations of status and trends for declining species and can potentially be aggregated with other large-scale nest-monitoring data sets to explore hemispheric or even global change. By committing these data to the public domain, we aimed to increase their use among researchers and stimulate novel studies. The NestWatch Open Data Set by the Cornell Lab of Ornithology is licensed under CC BY-NC 3.0 (creativecommons.org); users are free to copy, redistribute, remix, transform, and build upon the material in any medium or format, but must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. Users may do so reasonably, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses such use, and may not use the material for commercial purposes., (© 2023 The Ecological Society of America.)

The Tuberculosis Database (TBDB) is an online database providing integrated access to genome sequence, expression data and literature curation for TB. TBDB currently houses genome assemblies for numerous strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) as well assemblies for over 20 strains related to MTB and useful for comparative analysis. TBDB stores pre- and post-publication gene-expression data from M. tuberculosis and its close relatives, including over 3000 MTB microarrays, 95 RT-PCR datasets, 2700 microarrays for human and mouse TB related experiments, and 260 arrays for Streptomyces coelicolor. To enable wide use of these data, TBDB provides a suite of tools for searching, browsing, analyzing, and downloading the data. We provide here an overview of TBDB focusing on recent data releases and enhancements. In particular, we describe the recent release of a Global Genetic Diversity dataset for TB, support for short-read re-sequencing data, new tools for exploring gene expression data in the context of gene regulation, and the integration of a metabolic network reconstruction and BioCyc with TBDB. By integrating a wide range of genomic data with tools for their use, TBDB is a unique platform for both basic science research in TB, as well as research into the discovery and development of TB drugs, vaccines and biomarkers.

A consortium of investigators is engaged in a functional genomics project centered on the filamentous fungus Neurospora, with an eye to opening up the functional genomic analysis of all the filamentous fungi. The overall goal of the four interdependent projects in this effort is to accomplish functional genomics, annotation, and expression analyses of Neurospora crassa, a filamentous fungus that is an established model for the assemblage of over 250,000 species of non yeast fungi. Building from the completely sequenced 43-Mb Neurospora genome, Project 1 is pursuing the systematic disruption of genes through targeted gene replacements, phenotypic analysis of mutant strains, and their distribution to the scientific community at large. Project 2, through a primary focus in Annotation and Bioinformatics, has developed a platform for electronically capturing community feedback and data about the existing annotation, while building and maintaining a database to capture and display information about phenotypes. Oligonucleotide-based microarrays created in Project 3 are being used to collect baseline expression data for the nearly 11,000 distinguishable transcripts in Neurospora under various conditions of growth and development, and eventually to begin to analyze the global effects of loss of novel genes in strains created by Project 1. cDNA libraries generated in Project 4 document the overall complexity of expressed sequences in Neurospora, including alternative splicing alternative promoters and antisense transcripts. In addition, these studies have driven the assembly of an SNP map presently populated by nearly 300 markers that will greatly accelerate the positional cloning of genes.

Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by extrapyramidal signs, prominent autonomic failure, and a poor prognosis. In the absence of restorative treatment, management is aimed at improving quality of life. Little is known about modifiable factors, such as depression, that may affect quality of life in MSA. The present study investigated the rate of depressive symptoms and their relationship to life satisfaction in patients with MSA. Ninety-nine patients with MSA (54% women; mean age, 67.8 +/- 8.8) completed measures of depressive symptoms, life satisfaction, physical function, and disease and demographic factors. Objective autonomic indices were abstracted from the medical chart. Participants reported a high rate of depressive symptoms, with 39% endorsing moderate to severe depressive symptoms on the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI > or = 7). Reported life satisfaction was low, with a mean of 38.8 on a 100-point visual analogue scale (0 = Extremely Dissatisfied, 100 = Extremely Satisfied). The SF-36 Physical Component Scale was approximately 1.5 standard deviations below the mean of a normative sample of healthy adults the same age. Regression analysis revealed that autonomic disease parameters accounted for 22% of the variance in life satisfaction. Physical function did not account for any additional variance; however, depressive symptoms accounted for an additional 15%. Depressive symptoms are common, often severe, and an important determinant of life satisfaction in patients with MSA. Adequate treatment of comorbid depression may improve quality of life in this population, despite the presence of other debilitating deficits., (Copyright 2005 Movement Disorder Society)