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Background: Phonological working memory is key to vocabulary acquisition, spoken word recognition, real-time language processing, and reading. Transcranial direct current stimulation, when coupled with behavioral training, has been shown to facilitate speech motor output processes, a key component of nonword repetition, the primary task used to assess phonological working memory. In this study, we examined the efficacy of combining overt nonword repetition training with anodal high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD tDCS) to the presupplementary motor area (preSMA) to enhance nonword repetition. Objective: This study investigated whether 20 min of active or sham anodal HD tDCS targeting preSMA concurrently with a nonword repetition task differentially impacted nonword repetition ability. Method: Twenty-eight neurotypical college-age adults (18–25 years; 19 females, eight males, one nonbinary) completed a 20-min nonword repetition training task where they received either active or sham 1-mA anodal HD tDCS to the preSMA while overtly repeating a list of four-, five-, six-, and seven-syllable English-like nonwords presented in a random order. Whole nonword accuracy and error patterns (phoneme and syllable) were measured prior to and following training. Results: Following training, both groups showed a decrease in nonword repetition accuracy. The drop in performance was significantly greater for the active stimulation group compared to the sham stimulation group at the four-syllable nonword length. Discussion: The findings suggest that targeting the speech motor component of nonword repetition through overt training and HD tDCS to the preSMA does not enhance phonological working memory ability.

This review article of Joseph Farrell’s 2021 monograph on Virgil’s Aeneid (Juno’s Aeneid: A Battle for Heroic Identity, Princeton and Oxford) takes the cue from Farrell’s analysis of Virgil’s intertextuality with the Homeric epics and provides a methodological re-assessment of intertextuality in Virgilian studies and Latin literature more broadly. It attempts to retrace the theoretical history and some of the main applications of Latin intertextual studies and suggests some possible ways for Latinists to engage more profoundly with deconstructive criticism and post-critique.

Large multilingual language models typically share their parameters across all languages, which enables cross-lingual task transfer, but learning can also be hindered when training updates from different languages are in conflict. In this article, we propose novel methods for using language-specific subnetworks, which control cross-lingual parameter sharing, to reduce conflicts and increase positive transfer during fine-tuning. We introduce dynamic subnetworks, which are jointly updated with the model, and we combine our methods with meta-learning, an established, but complementary, technique for improving cross-lingual transfer. Finally, we provide extensive analyses of how each of our methods affects the models.

Purpose: The objectives of this study were (a) to linguistically and culturally adapt the English bedside version of the Western Aphasia Battery–Revised (Bedside WAB-R) into Moroccan Arabic (MA) and (b) to assess its psychometric properties. Method: The Bedside MA-WAB-R was piloted on a population of 20 participants after a process of linguistic adaptation from English to MA. To verify the psychometric properties of the test, a group of healthy controls ( n = 106) and a group of persons with chronic aphasia ( n = 52) completed the Bedside MA-WAB-R. The test's content validity, construct validity, and the concurrent validity of the aphasia classification system were examined. In addition, the interrater reliability, intrarater reliability, test–retest reliability, and internal consistency of the instrument were evaluated. Results: The results indicated that the Bedside MA-WAB-R overall met standard criteria for excellent psychometric properties, as evinced by high content and construct validity and concurrent validity with independent measures of aphasia diagnosis (speech-language pathologists' impression and lesion location) as well as high internal consistency, inter- and intrarater reliability, and test–retest reliability. The test was also found to have very high sensitivity and specificity for the detection of aphasia, as revealed by the performance of controls. By controlling for age and educational level effects, specific cutoff values were determined to optimize the aphasia diagnosis. Conclusions: The Bedside MA-WAB-R is the first standardized quick aphasia assessment tool with associated psychometric properties for clinical use with an MA-speaking population, particularly within the 26- to 58-year age range. It meets standard criteria for a valid and reliable measure than can have a variety of clinical and research applications.

抽象的 閩南語的「文白異讀」很大程度上是透過構詞層面體現出來的。根據筆者對廈門閩南語的調查，至少有兩個因素能決定構詞時到底採用的是白讀形式，還是文讀形式，即「語體因素」和「語義因素」。只要這兩個因素不衝突，白讀形式和文讀形式便會形成分工，各司其職；但當兩個因素發生衝突時，文、白形式便會發生競爭，牽涉的複合詞也會因而出現變體。本文的分析也適用於其他閩南語。

抽象的 本文說明(1)「尾、𤈦、苦、雨、九、子、犬、乳、屎、邇」這10個上聲字在藏緬語(Chepang, Lushai)的同源詞帶著-ʔ。由此可見上古漢語的上聲來自漢藏語的*-ʔ。(2)上古漢語的「虎」字*khlaʔ以及古緬語的klaʔ（老虎）都是借自孟高棉語(Mon-Khmer)*klaʔ（老虎）。*klaʔ的-ʔ就是漢語「虎」字上聲的來源。

Summary In 1877 Heinrich Brugsch, the founder of the ZÄS, mentioned a publication in print concerning foreign peoples in his „Geschichte Ägyptens unter den Pharaonen“. However, the work entitled „Ueber die libyschen Völker im 14. und 13. Jahrhundert vor Chr. Geb.“ should never appear. Six sheets from the estate of Ernst Weidenbach’s great-granddaughter can now be identified as part of this once announced work.

抽象的 本文通過兩項實證性的研究，再談漢語分裂式「是」句及幾類相關結構的語義。研究發現(i)不同於Paul & Whitman (2008)、Cheng (2008)等分析，句首、句中「是」字句以及「是」字句和「是……的」結構在焦點標記方式和窮盡性的表達等分裂句相關語義屬性上具有一致性，因此應該進行統一化的處理。(ii)分裂式「是」字句的核心語義表達唯一性識別，其預設焦點候選項集合中有且只有一個唯一為真的候選項並斷言其自身表達的命題(prejacent)為真。「是」字句的窮盡性來自於預設和斷言共同作用下的語義推理，而對比性則來自於語篇在此基礎上的進一步限制作用。(iii)「是」字句同幾類相關結構（如斷言命題句，真值焦點句等等）具有共同的語義內核，即表達唯一性識別，而其區別則主要來自於各類句型中焦點成分屬性的不同。這樣的分析不但有助於更精確的語言事實描寫，也可以幫助我們更加系統化的理解漢語分裂句系統。

We introduce an extensive dataset for multilingual probing of morphological information in language models (247 tasks across 42 languages from 10 families), each consisting of a sentence with a target word and a morphological tag as the desired label, derived from the Universal Dependencies treebanks. We find that pre-trained Transformer models (mBERT and XLM-RoBERTa) learn features that attain strong performance across these tasks. We then apply two methods to locate, for each probing task, where the disambiguating information resides in the input. The first is a new perturbation method that masks various parts of context; the second is the classical method of Shapley values. The most intriguing finding that emerges is a strong tendency for the preceding context to hold more information relevant to the prediction than the following context., Comment: to appear in the Journal of Natural Language Engineering

Summary The Malqatta Palace was built in the vicinity of modern Luqsor for the celebrations of the first sed festival of Amenhotep III. This archaeological site is renowned for its decorations but also for the thousands of jar labels found. They provide valuable information concerning the food product, the date, the origin, the stewart responsible for the area and the associated titles, the person in charge of the preparation and, thus, his specific title. One of those jobs’ designation, "responsible for fat preparation", hasn’t been read accurately so far. This article aims to provide an answer to this shortcoming. This title, which seems attested only at Malqatta and during the last years of Amenhotep III, should read p/fs(w) ʿḏ and should be translated as "fat-boiler".

Summary This paper deals with the title jry nfr-ḥȝ.t, which has been debated for a long time. The aim is to identify all individuals who weared this title from the Old Kingdom until the Late Period. The study of people wearing this title can provide some keys to understand the meaning of the expression jry nfr-ḥȝ.t. Some textual and iconographical informations give an idea of its significance, the period and reason of its creation, even if there are no direct evidence. The reuse of the title during the Late Period can be understood as well.

抽象 霍爾語群分佈於川西阿壩、甘孜兩州六個縣，屬於漢藏語系羌語支嘉戎語組。本文沿用並進一步闡釋Tournadre & LaPolla對示證式的修正定義，系統介紹中部霍爾語格西話謂語的示證範疇。格西話採用零標記及三種後綴構成的「四元對立」示證體系。說話者報導敘實、自知、過去親歷、現場親察等情況時，對訊息有高度的掌握，無需添加任何示證標記；而三種示證後綴分別代表說話者掌握度較低的三類訊息，即現場察知的「新知」訊息、事後方知的「後知」訊息、以及二手轉知的「旁知」訊息。此外尚有兩種動詞成分可表達近似示證的語意，然而尚未充分語法化成為示證體系的一部分。格西話示證體系的形式與用法都有鮮明的特點，在霍爾語群中具有代表性。雖不能排除藏語示證模式的影響，但主要為自身發展形成的語法範疇。

This article is written in response to listening to teachers query the place of fun in learning. Students often express that learning should be fun but teachers are often unsure what they mean by this and whether fun is actually important to learning. We have drawn some relevant understandings and views together to promote further conversation and learning around these questions in support of our professional development work alongside teachers, leaders, students, and whānau to develop effective relational and responsive pedagogy.

The Routledge Handbook of Second Language Acquisition and TechnologyEdited by Nicole Ziegler and Marta González-LloretNew York: Routledge, US $ 220, ISBN 9780815360773 (Hardback), 428 pages, 2022

In mining, manufacturing and industrial process industries, maintenance procedures are used as an aid to guide technicians through complex manual tasks. These procedures are not machine-readable, and cannot support reasoning in digitally integrated manufacturing systems. Procedure documents contain unstructured text and are stored in a variety of formats. The aim of this work is to query information held in real industrial maintenance procedures. To achieve this, we develop an ontology for maintenance procedures using the OWL 2 description language. We leverage classes and object properties from the ISO 15926 Part 14 Upper Ontology and create a domain ontology. The key contribution of this paper is a demonstration of trade-offs required when modelling an existing engineering artifact, where an abstraction of its contents is given a-priori. We provide an ontologically rigorous abstraction of notions captured in procedure documentation to a set of classes, relations and axioms that allow reasoning over the contents. Validation of the ontology is performed via a series of competency questions based on queries relevant to technicians, engineers and schedulers in industry. The ontology is applied to real world maintenance procedures from two industrial organisations.

This study examines two syntactic analyses of P/Case-drop in Korean gapping (aka right-node-raising or right-peripheral ellipsis): LF copying (Abe & Hoshi 1997) and PF deletion (Kim 1997). We employ two online acceptability rating experiments to investigate to what extent the distribution of P/Case-drop is controlled by grammatical and extra-grammatical constraints. The experimental findings suggest that (a) linear non-parallelism elicits a processing cost for gapping and (b) P/Case-drop is a costly operation, which results in higher frequencies of PP fragments (in relation to NP fragments) and Case-marked NP fragments (in relation to Case-less NP fragments). We argue that the parallelism effect follows from the parser’s general preference to keep the structure of each conjunct maximally parallel in a coordination structure (Kim et al. 2020). Given this, we conclude that P/Case-drop phenomena in Korean gapping are better explained by a PF deletion analysis, supplemented with extra deletion (An 2016, 2019; Erschler 2022) and ellipsis parallelism (Frazier, Munn & Clifton 2000; Kehler 2000; Frazier & Clifton 2001; Carlson 2002), rather than by an LF copying analysis.

Although there are many studies on distance students’ language learning strategies (LLS) use, very little is known about what distinguishes LLS use between synchronous and asynchronous environments. This preliminary mixed-methods research helps to fill this gap by investigating distance students’ LLS use in these two environments. The picture of LLS use that emerged from the data collected has clearly demonstrated that the participants’ use of LLS and technologies was environment-dependent. Our findings suggest that, although the participants were able to use a wide repertoire of LLS and technological tools to facilitate their independent and collaborative learning, the efficacy of their efforts could be further improved by practicing LLS consciously and systematically. We therefore recommend environment-dependent LLS training and the integration of such training into curricular design, in order to empower learners to take more responsibility in online language learning.

This study of the Late Egyptian literary work, The Contendings between the Body and the Head, presents a new edition of the Turin writing tablet CGT 58004. Having visualised recent photos of the tablet with DStretch, a new transcription of the text can be presented, along with a new translation. A textual analysis, moreover, reveals the highly playful and metaphorical nature of the language, whereby the feminine body paints a vivid picture of her roles and responsibilities in order to challenge the primacy of the masculine head.

Game-based instruction has been praised as an effective approach to second language (L2) development, as it can provide a low-stakes, fun, and engaging learning environment. However, in designing digital games for L2 learning, it is important to consider how various game designs and mechanics can affect learning gains. In the current study building on Taguchi (2023), a digital game-informed application was developed to teach 118 L2 English learners to identify and produce pragmatically appropriate requests in English. Two versions of the game were developed that differed only in one designed game mechanic: version A allowed learners to see one single reaction from interlocutors after selecting one option from a set of request forms. In contrast, version B allowed learners to see the full range of interlocutor reactions across all items in the same set of request form options. Results indicate that both versions of the game had positive effects on learners’ pragmatics knowledge. The difference in learners’ gains between the two versions of the app had negligible to small effect size (Cohen’s d) differences on both the recognition and production knowledge of the learners. Implications are discussed, offering direction for future research aiming to measure the effects of targeted game mechanics implemented in educational technology

Resenha do livro Reframing translators, translators as reframers.

Purpose: This prospective longitudinal study aimed to explore (a) the development of social-pragmatic understanding of children with bilateral hearing aids (BiHAs), bilateral cochlear implants (BiCIs), and typical hearing (TH) between the ages of 4 and 6 years and (b) group differences between children with BiHAs, BiCIs, and TH. Method: The Pragma test was used for a comprehensive assessment of social-pragmatic understanding of a total of 86 children: 19 children with BiHAs, 22 children with BiCIs, and 45 children with TH. The Pragma test requires answering socially and contextually demanding questions and explaining the right answers. The explanation tasks are targeted at studying the participant's own awareness of the inferencing process. The children in this study were assessed yearly at the ages of 4, 5, and 6 years. Results: The participants with BiHAs, BiCIs, and TH showed significant development in their social-pragmatic understanding between the ages of 4 and 6 years, but most children with hearing loss (HL) still did not meet age expectations at the age of 6 years. Children with BiHAs and BiCIs both showed large-scale inferential difficulties, including utilizing theory of mind, utilizing verbal and visual information, and understanding conversational norms and emotions in context. Conclusions: Children with BiHAs and BiCIs are at risk of delays in social-pragmatic understanding despite early detection of HL, early amplification, and cochlear implantation. Therefore, the social-pragmatic abilities of children with HL should be assessed regularly, and the children with HL should have early access to social-pragmatic interventions where utilizing contextual information is practiced comprehensively.

This paper focuses on two film productions of the Shakespearean play Hamlet (1600-1601), both made in Brazil in the 1970s. It is my contention that A herança (“The Inheritance”), by Ozualdo Candeias (1970), and O jogo da vida e da morte (“The Game of Life and Death”), by Mario Kuperman (1971), constitute intertextual works which can be understood as transcultural, anthropophagic adaptations of the Shakespearean drama.

Automation technologies have altered media localisation workflows as much as practitioners’ workstations and habits. Subtitling systems and streaming services now often integrate built-in automatic speech recognition (ASR) engines, sometimes even combined with machine translation engines, to produce subtitles from audio tracks. The rise of post-editors in the audiovisual translation (AVT) sector, specifically subtitling, has been a reality for some time, thus triggering the need for up-to-date training methods and academic curricula. This article examines the uses and applications of editing practices for machine-generated timed transcriptions in subtitler training environments. A situated learning experience was designed for an international team of eight AVT trainees and three educators to edit raw machine-generated subtitles (both inter- and intra-lingually) for educational videos. The publication of an accessible video book by a publishing house was the ultimate objective of this project, undertaken by an international team of English- and Spanish-speaking postgraduate students and graduates. The feedback collated after this experience through an online questionnaire proved paramount to understanding the use of subtitle post-editing for ASR-produced templates in AVT education. Interestingly, most respondents believed that subtitle post-editing training, be it intralingual or interlingual, should be further embedded in translation curricula while also identifying bottlenecks that AVT educators may find useful when developing activities of this nature.

This article explores the future of language teaching in the light of recent developments. It is set against the background of the COVID-19 pandemic, which accelerated technology-related changes within the field. The article outlines factors that have contributed to a shift in the role of language teachers, followed by a depiction of the transformation observed at three distinct points in time during the pandemic. Trends in the changes are drawn from the data with the help of direct quotes, categories of responses, and vignettes representing aggregated language teacher voices. Finally, based on the uncovered trends, we outline reasons for being optimistic about the future of our profession, and provide recommendations for language teachers and language educators to take charge of developments to co-create possible futures for our roles in the profession.

Summary The article studies the trope of the crocodile bird in its evolution from antiquity to the present day. The story tells of the mutualistic behaviour between the Nile crocodile and an Egyptian bird, typically known as the trochilus. The trope has a complex history: primarily known from classical writers, it spread in fact to Jewish and Islamic traditions, too. The story is universally thought to be an invention of Herodotus. But a demotic papyrus, here published for the first time, proves that the trope of the crocodile bird has its true origin in ancient Egyptian culture.

Salvador Reyes Equiguas es investigador del Instituto de Investigaciones Bibliográficas (IIB) de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), profesor de náhuatl clásico en la Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia (ENAH), además de biólogo, historiador y traductor de documentos coloniales en náhuatl clásico al español, entre ellos los Cantares mexicanos y el Códice florentino. La presente entrevista aborda el rol central de la traducción en la (re)construcción histórica del México prehispánico a través de manuscritos novohispanos en náhuatl clásico, por lo que evidencia la esencialidad del acto traductivo y su respectiva reflexión en la investigación y producción de conocimientos entre esos historiadores o, más bien, esos historiadores-traductores.

Parents of Pacific learners are clear about what they want their childrens’ teachers to know. Teachers can make good sense of such knowledge when it is gifted to them if they are well-supported. This article is a preliminary account of a Teaching and Learning Research Initiative project, Learning From Each Other. The article describes an appropriate learning framework to support teachers of Pacific learners which leverages the potential of parent–teacher relationships to be the beating heart of Pacific education. The argument, driven by data from two case studies, points to the significance of a number of features as framework elements when seeking sustained positive change in Pacific education. These are: a context in which teachers see, and are motivated by, a need for change; talanoa as supportive exploratory process; exposure to resources (Pacific parent voice, Pacific origin theory, navigators); sufficient opportunity to learn; and a growth mindset. By linking these elements into a framework, we seek to support the effectiveness of activities designed to help teachers serve their Pacific (and other) learners better.

Over the past decades, but particularly as a response to the global pandemic, online language technologies have made blended approaches increasingly practical for the language learning classroom. Despite the growing interest in blended learning generally, research has shown an overemphasis on comparative studies (Goertler, 2019), and left the field with a lack of summative research in blended language learning (BLL). For this article, therefore, we reviewed 208 peer-reviewed studies on BLL to identify predominant scholarly trends, including gaps in the literature, and to encourage further investigation in targeted areas. We specifically advocate for scholarship that addresses language proficiency outcomes, connects the domains of language learning theory and blended instruction, and centers on design-based aims. We invite educators within blended education, foreign language acquisition, and other relevant fields to work collaboratively across disciplines, using our review as a springboard to develop a more complete BLL design framework to better use the affordances of technology to advance BLL.

Ancient languages preserve the cultures and histories of the past. However, their study is fraught with difficulties, and experts must tackle a range of challenging text-based tasks, from deciphering lost languages to restoring damaged inscriptions, to determining the authorship of works of literature. Technological aids have long supported the study of ancient texts, but in recent years advances in Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning have enabled analyses on a scale and in a detail that are reshaping the field of Humanities, similarly to how microscopes and telescopes have contributed to the realm of Science. This article aims to provide a comprehensive survey of published research using machine learning for the study of ancient texts written in any language, script and medium, spanning over three and a half millennia of civilisations around the ancient world. To analyse the relevant literature, we introduce a taxonomy of tasks inspired by the steps involved in the study of ancient documents: digitisation, restoration, attribution, linguistic analysis, textual criticism, translation and decipherment. This work offers three major contributions: first, mapping the interdisciplinary field carved out by the synergy between the Humanities and Machine Learning; second, highlighting how active collaboration between specialists from both fields is key to producing impactful and compelling scholarship; third, flagging promising directions for future work in this field. Thus, this work promotes and supports the continued collaborative impetus between the Humanities and Machine Learning.

Summary A fragmentary ostracon, inscribed in Egyptian hieratic and found by the Austrian team during renewed excavations at Lachish, can safely be dated to the early (pre-Amarna) 18th dynasty. Albeit difficult to read, it seems to preserve part of a list with apparently Canaanite names and allocated provisions, in a structured layout. This differs notably from the later (Ramesside) hieratic inscriptions from Lachish and provides important evidence for early scribal practice and Egyptian involvement at the site in the 15th century BC.

抽象的 本文希望能在前人研究的基礎上更合理地解釋閩南語去鼻化音變(Denasalization)的來龍去脈。首先，本文觀察到閩南語的去鼻化現象中的「詞彙兩分」現象跟中古四聲的聲調兩分存在關聯，且詞彙條件完全一致，兩者的相關性只能用一個同時存在清濁兩套鼻音的階段來解釋，即去鼻化音變發生在清濁鼻音合併之前。其次，本文發現閩南語的去鼻化符合世界語言去鼻化音變的普遍規律：它發生在鼻化元音出現與濁塞音消失之後。最後，本文也梳理了閩南語去鼻化音變及其相關音變的條件與相對順序，構擬了原始沿海閩語表現為清響音的語素，並討論了它跟客家話的聯繫。