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During the past 50 years, America has experienced all of man's triumphs and tragedies in Space. Some of you may remember December 1958, when President Dwight D. Eisenhower sent his Christmas greeting to the world from the Army's Project SCORE (Signal Communication by Orbiting Relay Equipment); the world's first communications satellite. Many of you may also remember when Americans were extremely anxious after a Soviet astronaut named Yuri Gagarin became the first man in Space on April 12, 1961, and intensely proud when 23 days later, Commander Alan Shepard became the first American in Space; placed there, by the way, on an Army Redstone developed rocket Our nation experienced great sorrow, when America suffered her first Space casualties on Jan. 27, 1967. That is when Astronauts Gus Grissom, Ed White and Roger Chaffee tragically lost their lives after a flash fire broke out in the first Apollo Command Module during a launch pad test at Launch Complex 34. Their deaths led to a redesign of the Apollo Capsule, and the successful completion of a program that safely landed the first men on the moon. There were to be many more triumphs and failures during the decades of Space exploration leading up to today. Some would remind us just how very dangerous Space travel can be, and others would forever change our view of the world and how we interact on a global scale. Space is the reason we now have instantaneous global communications as well as the ability to carry out rapid, global, financial transactions. Because of Space, we can easily navigate to any given point on the earth and we can obtain high resolution maps of our destination when we want them. Weather forecasts identify and track major weather events. From the perspective of the United States Army, Space exploration and commercialization has profoundly impacted day-to-day combat operations and has totally changed the face of modern warfare.

The requirements for high-stability ovenized quartz oscillators have been increasing in space applications. These devices provide attractive size, weight, power, and reliability for use in space missions; they also exhibit short-term frequency stability that rivals that of the best atomic-based signal sources. Symmetricom has delivered flight oscillators for the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter and other military programs that have demonstrated 1 x 10(exp -13) Allan deviation for time intervals of 10 to 100 seconds and sub 2 x 10(exp-13) stability to 10,000 seconds. The oscillator, the model 9500, which was developed in 1995, has undergone improvements, including the use of higher stability glass-encapsulated quartz resonators to increase performance for current scientific and military applications. Our presentation will describe the oscillator, the measured performance of various units, and data from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter., See also ADM002186. Presented at the Annual Precise Time and Time Interval (PTTI) Systems and Appliations Meeting (40th) held in Reston, Virginia on 1-4 December 2008. Published in the Proceedings of the Annual Precise Time and Time Interval (PTTI) Systems and Appliations Meeting (40th), p51-56, 2008. The original document contains color images.

Building for space is challenging. Program management requirements, parts availability and delivery, parts costs, and testing costs historically make space OCXOs expensive and longlead. Standardizing specifications based on MIL-PRF-55310, NASA EEE-INST-002, NASA Parts Selection List, and GSFC Preferred Parts Lists, and procuring parts to vendors standard drawings can significantly reduce costs and improve delivery of high-performance OCXOs. Wenzel presents a discussion of parts, materials, and screening specifications for cost and delivery for three grades of OCXOs. Wenzel Associates builds high-performance, very-low-noise oscillators, frequency standards and synthesizers for military, space, and commercial requirements. Space oscillators have recently been completed for Los Alamos/NNSA, the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, the Aquarius/SAC-D sea surveyor, and TACSAT-4 for NASA. Wenzel's oscillators were provided to the Mars Lander Mission for JPL, the NEAR Earth Asteroid Rendezvous Satellite for Johns Hopkins APL, and Northrop Grumman and NASA for the National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS). Flight Models of the X-band synthesizer for the Mars Science Laboratory's landing radar for JPL were delivered this year., See also ADM002186. Presented at the Annual Precise Time and Time Interval (PTTI) Systems and Appliations Meeting (40th) held in Reston, Virginia on 1-4 December 2008. Published in the Proceedings of the Annual Precise Time and Time Interval (PTTI) Systems and Appliations Meeting (40th), p83-94, 2008. The original document contains color images.

This paper presents the K-Band traveling wave tube amplifier (TWTA) developed for the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter and discusses the new capabilities it provides., See also ADM002087. Presented at the 2008 IEEE International Vacuum Electronic Conference (IVEC 2008) (9th) held in Monterey, CA on April 22-24, 2008. Published in the Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE International Vacuum Electronic Conference (IVEC 2008) (9th), p195-196, 2008. The original document contains color images.

The U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) was requested by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA s) Langley Research Center to perform a free-flight experiment with telemetry (TM) instrumented sub-scaled re-entry vehicle in order to determine the feasibility of using TM to obtain aerodynamic coefficients. NASA s current ability to collect aerodynamics data of subscale re-entry vehicles has been limited to forced oscillation wind tunnel testing with a sting-mounted model or by free-flight testing in an indoor aeroballistic range. Both testing techniques have shortcomings. The presence of a rear sting and its effect on the capsule s aft-body flow field introduce uncertainties in forced oscillation test results, and aeroballistic testing provides a very limited set of data and relies on the ability to accurately measure small changes in the capsule s angle of attack, based on shadowgraph images. The current methods also limit NASA s abilities to test crew exploration vehicle (CEV) geometry variations such as offsetting the center of gravity and non-symmetrical mass distributions. ARL developed and demonstrated a unique experimental technique to capture the flight dynamics of sub-scaled re-entry vehicles while testing on an exterior ballistics range. This technique combines the gun launch of a projectile that uses a double-length 120-mm gun with an instrumentation package contained inside the re-entry vehicle. For the current phase 1 effort being described, a reduced size Apollo (see figure 1) shaped re-entry vehicle was used because of its similarity to the current CEV being proposed and the existence of vast empirical data available to validate this technique. Following muzzle exit, the sabot is discarded and an ARL-developed constellation of inertial and magnetic sensors generate raw data that is telemetered and captured via a ground station., The original document contains color images.

This grant was focused on studies of Saturn's satellites. The purpose of these studies was to identify characteristics of these objects that would merit detailed exploration by the CIRS instrument during the Cassini mission.

This report is a compilation of the edited proceedings for the 'Capsule Aerothermodynamics' course held at the von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics (VKI) in Rhode-Saint-Genese, Belgium, 20-22 March 1995. At present, on a world scale, different capsules and penetrators are being considered for planetary entry, such as the Huygens probe to Titan, the Intermarsnet to Mars, and a probe attached to the Mercury orbiter to Venus. In addition, conceptual studies for earth re-entry are in progress for crew transport vehicles. Their geometries vary from low lift to drag ratio Apollo type to more advanced and complex bent biconic high lift to drag configurations. Because of the renewed interest in Capsule Aerothermodynamics, this course was organized to stimulate research in this field for young engineers as well as to update expertise for more experienced aerodynamicists. This series of lectures, supported by the AGARD Fluid Dynamics Panel and the von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics covered all aerodynamic design aspects related to planetary probe and capsule configurations. Critical phenomena occurring during the different regimes of flight from the rarefied through the hypersonic, supersonic, transonic and subsonic portions of flight are reviewed. The impact of real gas and rarefaction on capsule aerothermodynamics, and in particular on forebody and wake flows, is addressed. In addition, present day computational, and experimental capabilities to assess radiation, blackout, ablation and the characterization of the dynamic derivatives are discussed., Summary in English and French.

The Soviet manned space programme is one of the most impressive and mysterious legacies of the Soviet Union. Evidence that has come to light since 1989 throws considerable doubt on earlier Western understanding of the Soviet space effort. One of the more puzzling aspects of the new data is the claim that the Chief Designers of several missile design bureaux played a pivotal role in the making of Soviet manned space policy. This claim contradicts much of what was thought to be known about the Soviet space programme, their research and development system, and Soviet politics generally. This dissertation is an empirical study that seeks to answer four interrelated questions. (1) What major manned space projects did the Soviet Union engage in during the 196Os, and how were these projects authorised? (2) Did the Chief Designers play an influential role in the promotion, selection, approval, and implementation of these projects? (3) What were the overall objectives and purposes of the Soviet manned space programme? (4) What does the example of Soviet space policy tell us about the Soviet political system? The examination of institutions, individuals, and the policymaking process has led to the following conclusions. The Soviet manned space programme was an extremely limited state undertaking until 1964. Prior to Khrushchev's ouster, the Soviet Union began several manned lunar space programmes designed to upstage the US Apollo moon landing effort. When all of these efforts failed by 1969, Soviet manned space policy was re-directed toward orbital space stations. One Chief Designer, Sergei Pavlovich Korolev, played a central role in establishing the Soviet manned space programme. However, the ability Chief Designers to influence space policy was systematically restricted after 1960. The manned space programme was essentially a political programme.