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Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) Is a common head and neck cancer with high morbidity and mortality. Currently, treatment decisions are guided by TNM staging, which omits important negative prognosticators such as lymphovascular invasion, perineural invasion (PNI), and histologic differentiation. We proposed nomogram models based on adverse pathological features to identify candidates suitable for treatment escalation within each risk group according to the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines. Methods: Anonymized clinicopathologic data of OSCC patients from 5 tertiary healthcare institutions in Asia were divided into 3 risk groups according to the NCCN guidelines. Within each risk group, nomograms were built to predict overall survival based on histologic differentiation, histologic margin involvement, depth of invasion (DOI), extranodal extension, PNI, lymphovascular, and bone invasion. Nomograms were internally validated with precision-recall analysis and the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Results: Low-risk patients with positive pathological nodal involvement and/or positive PNI should be considered for adjuvant radiotherapy. Intermediate-risk patients with gross bone invasion may benefit from concurrent chemotherapy. High-risk patients with positive margins, high DOI, and a high composite score of histologic differentiation, PNI, and the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) 8th edition T staging should be considered for treatment escalation to experimental therapies in clinical trials. Conclusion: Nomograms built based on prognostic adverse pathological features can be used within each NCCN risk group to fine-tune treatment decisions for OSCC patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Byline: Arvind. Krishnamurthy, N. Mohanraj, Venkataraman. Radhakrishnan, Alexander. John, G. Selvaluxmy BACKGROUND: The management of locally advanced carcinomas of the esophagus and esophagogastric junction has undergone a major evolution over [...]

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmoneco.2005.10.005 Byline: Ricardo J. Caballero (a)(b), Arvind Krishnamurthy (c) Abstract: Emerging market economies are fertile ground for the development of real estate and other financial bubbles. Despite these economies' significant growth potential, their corporate and government sectors do not generate the financial instruments to provide residents with adequate stores of value. Capital often flows out of these economies seeking these stores of value in the developed world. Bubbles are beneficial because they provide domestic stores of value and thereby reduce capital outflows while increasing investment. But they come at a cost, as they expose the country to bubble-crashes and capital flow reversals. We show that domestic financial underdevelopment not only facilitates the emergence of bubbles, but also leads agents to undervalue the aggregate risk embodied in financial bubbles. In this context, even rational bubbles can be welfare reducing. We study a set of aggregate risk management policies to alleviate the bubble-risk. We show that liquidity requirements, sterilization of capital inflows and structural policies aimed at developing public debt markets 'collateralized' by future revenues, all have a high payoff in this environment. Author Affiliation: (a) Department of Economics, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA (b) NBER, USA (c) Finance Department, Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, 2001, Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-2001, USA Article History: Received 3 October 2005; Accepted 26 October 2005 Article Note: (footnote) [star] This paper has been prepared for the 2005 Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy. We are grateful to Douglas Diamond, David Lucca, Roberto Rigobon, and the referee for their comments. Caballero thanks the NSF for financial support.

The central role played by the limited development of ex ante and ex post domestic financial markets in generating the collective undervaluation of international resources is described. Two sets of solutions that require government intervention such as capital flows taxation or mandated international liquidity requirements and sterilization of capital inflows are explored.

The author proses that the value of collateral restrains the ability to hedge.

Background: Despite revised staging criteria, stratification of patients with advanced oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remains difficult. Well‐established features like perineural invasion (PNI), differentiation, and lymphovascular‐invasion (LVI) are controversial, and hence omitted from staging. We endeavor to better stratify this cohort by identifying predictors of survival in advanced OSCC (T3‐4). Methods: Seven hundred and forty‐two patients with T3‐4 OSCC underwent surgery from 2006 to 2013. Cox regression was performed to determine predictors of overall survival (OS). Results: OS was adversely impacted by PNI (p = 0.046), LVI (p = 0.038), moderate/poor differentiation (p = 0.001), close/involved surgical margins (p = 0.002), pT (p = 0.034), and pN (p < 0.001). The cumulative number of adverse histopathological features predicted poorer OS; HR 2.64 (CI 1.42–4.90) for one adverse feature and HR 4.23 (CI 2.34–7.67) for ≥2. Conclusion: In advanced OSCC, stratification with histopathologic risk factors can predict survival even in maximally treated patients; adjuvant therapies are unable to entirely mitigate this risk. Incorporation of adverse features into future editions of TNM can improve precision in staging and identify candidates for treatment escalation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The profits of the old thirty-year Treasury bond and the new thirty-year Treasury bond are documented. The factors affecting investorEs preference for liquid assets are discussed.

The role of financial factors behind the crises in emerging markets, the effects of domestic and international financial constraints in a simple unified network and the fact that financial underdevelopment can lead to wasted collateral due to falling asset prices were studied. The results revealed that vulnerability was structural to emerging markets and the domestic financial market underdevelopment would lead the firms to undervalue international collateral and choose excessive dollar liabilities.