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Saissetia miranda (Cockerell y Parrott, 1899). Material examinado. Cuba: Salto de Soroa, 2.vi.2000, col. N. Mestre, Adelia ricinella, Quisqualis indica, Tectaria sp., 8 (F) adultas (CZAC); Pan de Guajaibón, Arroyo Canilla (ladera oeste), 11.iv.2000, col. N. Mestre, M. Olcha y E. Fonseca, Cinnamomum montanum, 1 (F) adulta (CZAC); San Vicente, Viñales, 2.v.1999, Col. N. Mestre, Bursera simaruba, 2 (F) adultas (CZAC); Cerro de Guane, 7.xi.1999, col. N. Mestre, Eugenia foetida, 1 (F) adulta (CZAC); Orquideario de Soroa, 1.vi.2000, col. N. Mestre, Mussaenda philippica, 1 (F) adulta (CZAC). Notas. Saissetia miranda se ha registrado para la Sierra del Rosario y la Sierra de los Órganos (Mestre et al. 2001c, 2004). Además, se incluyó en la lista de insectos de interés económico presentes en ecosistemas naturales de la Sierra de los Órganos (Mestre et al. 2006c). Se reconoce como especie polífaga y presenta distribución cosmopolita (Ben-Dov 2009b; Kondo 2001; Granara de Willink y Claps 2003; Miller et al. 2005); probablemente es de origen afrotropical (Miller et al. 2005). En Argentina fue referida para plantas ornamentales, común y más abundante que S. oleae, con la cual puede confundirse fácilmente (Granara de Willink y Claps 2003). Esta especie no está registrada para Cuba en ScaleNet (Ben-Dov et al. 2009)., Published as part of Novoa, Nereida Mestre, Hamon, Avas, Evans, Greg, Kondo, Takumasa, Oliver, Herrera, Hernández, Arturo & Alonso, Ana Abraham, 2011, Los cocoideos (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea) presentes en la Cordillera de Guaniguanico, Pinar del Río, Cuba, y la relación con sus hospedantes, pp. 1-25 in Insecta Mundi 2011 (183) on page 9, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5161102, {"references":["Mestre, N., A. B. Hamon, y P. Herrera. 2001 c. Tres nuevos registros de coccidos (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) para Cuba. Insecta Mundi 15 (3): 189 - 191.","Mestre, N., T. Ramos, A. B. Hamon, y G. Evans. 2004. Los insectos escamas (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea) presentes en el Orquideario de Soroa, Pinar del Rio, Cuba. Fitosanidad 8 (3): 25 - 29.","Mestre, N., D. Rodriguez, N. Novoa, M. Hidalgo-Gato, R. Rodriguez-Leon, y P. Herrera. 2006 c. Insectos de interes agricola presentes en ecosistemas naturales de la Sierra de los Organos, Pinar del Rio, Cuba. Revista Centro Agricola 33 (3): 47 - 54.","Ben-Dov, Y. 2009 b. ScaleNet, Coccidae. Consultado en la web: http: // www. sel. barc. usda. gov / SCALENET / distrib. htm Fecha de consulta: junio del 2010.","Kondo, T. 2001. Las cochinillas de Colombia (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Biota Colombiana 2 (1): 31 - 48.","Claps, L., V. R. Wolff. 2003. Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) frecuentes en plantas de importancia economica de la Argentina y Brasil. Publicacion Especial de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina 3: 1 - 59.","Miller, D. R., G. L. Miller, G. S. Hodges, y J. A. Davidson. 2005. Introduced scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of the United States and their impact on U. S. agriculture. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 107 (1): 123 - 158.","Ben-Dov, Y., D. R. Miller, y G. A. P. Gibson. 2009. ScaleNet. A data base of the scale insects of the world. Consulatdo en: http: // www. sel. barc. usda. gov / scalenet / scalenet. htm Fecha de consulta: junio del 2010."]}

Aspidiella sacchari (Cockerell, 1893). Material examinado. Cuba: Pan de Guajaibón, laderas norte y oeste, 11.iv.2000 y 12.iv.2000, col. N. Mestre, M. Olcha y E. Fonseca, Casearia aculeata y Poaceae, 2 (F) adultas (CZAC). Notas. Aspidiella sacchari se ha registrado para Araceae y gramíneas, principalmente en caña de azúcar (Ben-Dov 2009c). Se distribuye en todas las regiones biogeográficas del mundo excepto en la Paleártica (Ben-Dov 2009c); probablemente es de origen oriental (Miller et al. 2005). En Cuba está referida para la caña de azúcar, Saccharum officinarum (Houser 1918; Ballou 1926; Bruner et al. 1975). Se ha citado para Puerto Rico en varios hospedantes (Colón Ferrer y Medina Gaud 1998)., Published as part of Novoa, Nereida Mestre, Hamon, Avas, Evans, Greg, Kondo, Takumasa, Oliver, Herrera, Hernández, Arturo & Alonso, Ana Abraham, 2011, Los cocoideos (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea) presentes en la Cordillera de Guaniguanico, Pinar del Río, Cuba, y la relación con sus hospedantes, pp. 1-25 in Insecta Mundi 2011 (183) on page 10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5161102, {"references":["Ben-Dov, Y. 2009 c. ScaleNet, Diaspididae: Aspidiotinae. Consultado en la web: http: // www. sel. barc. usda. gov / SCALENET / distrib. htm Fecha de consulta: junio del 2010.","Miller, D. R., G. L. Miller, G. S. Hodges, y J. A. Davidson. 2005. Introduced scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of the United States and their impact on U. S. agriculture. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 107 (1): 123 - 158.","Houser, J. S. 1918. The Coccidae of Cuba. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 11: 157 - 172.","Ballou, C. H. 1926. Los coccidos de Cuba y sus plantas hospederas. Estacion Agronomica de Santiago de las Vegas. Boletin 51: 1 - 47.","Bruner, S., L. C. Scaramuzza, y A. R. Otero. 1975. Catalogo de los insectos que atacan a las plantas economicas de Cuba (2 da Edicion Revisada y Aumentada). Academia de Ciencias de Cuba; La Habana. 1975: 395 p."]}

Protopulvinaria longivalvata Green, 1909. Material examinado. Cuba: Lomas de Soroa, camino a los Hoyos, 23.iii.2000, col. N. Mestre y J. Bocourt, Syzygium jambos, 1 (F) adulta (CZAC); Mirador del Salto de Soroa, 22.iii.2000, col. N. Mestre, Syzygium jambos, 2 (F) adultas (CZAC); Salto de Soroa, 2.vi.2000, col. N. Mestre y J. Bocourt, Syzygium jambos, 2 (F) adultas (CZAC); Pan de Guajaibón, ladera norte, 12.iv.2000, col. N. Mestre, M. Olcha y E. Fonseca, Chrysophyllum oliviforme, 3 (F) adultas (CZAC); Mogote del Valle, Viñales, 30.iv.1999, col. N. Mestre, Tabernaemontana citrifolia, 2 (F) adultas (CZAC). Notas. Protopulvinaria longivalvata es reconocida como polífaga (Kondo 2001). Se distribuye en pocos países de las regiones Afrotropical, Australásica, y Oriental; en la región Neotropical se encuentra en Brasil, Colombia, Islas Vírgenes y Puerto Rico (Ben-Dov 2009b); es considerada de origen oriental (Miller y Miller 2003). Se registró para Cuba en Gardenia augusta (Bruner et al. 1975, Mestre et al. 2001a). Está incluida en la lista de insectos de interés económico presentes en ecosistemas naturales de la Sierra de los Órganos (Mestre et al. 2006c). Se mencionó como plaga de Piper nigrum en el Pacífico Sur, de frutales tropicales y ornamentales (Williams y Watson 1990; Miller y Miller 2003). Esta especie no está citada para Cuba en ScaleNet (Ben-Dov et al. 2009)., Published as part of Novoa, Nereida Mestre, Hamon, Avas, Evans, Greg, Kondo, Takumasa, Oliver, Herrera, Hernández, Arturo & Alonso, Ana Abraham, 2011, Los cocoideos (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea) presentes en la Cordillera de Guaniguanico, Pinar del Río, Cuba, y la relación con sus hospedantes, pp. 1-25 in Insecta Mundi 2011 (183) on page 8, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5161102, {"references":["Kondo, T. 2001. Las cochinillas de Colombia (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Biota Colombiana 2 (1): 31 - 48.","Ben-Dov, Y. 2009 b. ScaleNet, Coccidae. Consultado en la web: http: // www. sel. barc. usda. gov / SCALENET / distrib. htm Fecha de consulta: junio del 2010.","Miller, G. L, y D. R Miller. 2003. Invasive soft scale (Hemiptera: Coccidae) and their threat to U. S. Agriculture. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 105 (4): 832 - 846.","Bruner, S., L. C. Scaramuzza, y A. R. Otero. 1975. Catalogo de los insectos que atacan a las plantas economicas de Cuba (2 da Edicion Revisada y Aumentada). Academia de Ciencias de Cuba; La Habana. 1975: 395 p.","Mestre, N., I. Baro, y S. Rosete. 2001 a. Actualizacion de los coccidos (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) de Cuba y sus plantas hospedantes. Revista Centro Agricola 3: 31 - 36.","Mestre, N., D. Rodriguez, N. Novoa, M. Hidalgo-Gato, R. Rodriguez-Leon, y P. Herrera. 2006 c. Insectos de interes agricola presentes en ecosistemas naturales de la Sierra de los Organos, Pinar del Rio, Cuba. Revista Centro Agricola 33 (3): 47 - 54.","Ben-Dov, Y., D. R. Miller, y G. A. P. Gibson. 2009. ScaleNet. A data base of the scale insects of the world. Consulatdo en: http: // www. sel. barc. usda. gov / scalenet / scalenet. htm Fecha de consulta: junio del 2010."]}

Ceroplastes stellifer (Westwood, 1871). Material examinado. Cuba: Mirador del Salto de Soroa, 22.iii.2000, col. N. Mestre, Syzygium jambos, 3 (F) adultas (CZAC); Orquideario de Soroa, 22.iii.2000, col. N. Mestre y T. Ramos, Maxillaria purpurea, Brassia caudata, 5 (F) adultas (CZAC). Notas. Ceroplastes stellifer es reconocida como una especie polífaga y se distribuye en todas las regiones biogeográficas; es de origen oriental (Miller et al. 2005; Ben-Dov 2009). En el Neotrópico se ha registrado para el área caribeña, Brasil y Colombia (Kondo 2001; Ben-Dov, 1993, 2009b). En Cuba se ha encontrado sobre Mangifera indica L., Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen, Oryza sativa L., Cocos nucifera L., y varias especies de Orchidaceae, entre otros hospedantes (Ballou 1926; Bruner et al. 1975; Mestre et al. 2001 a, 2004). Se menciona para cítricos, mango y plantas ornamentales en Florida, EE. UU. (Hamon y Williams 1984; Miller y Miller 2003)., Published as part of Novoa, Nereida Mestre, Hamon, Avas, Evans, Greg, Kondo, Takumasa, Oliver, Herrera, Hernández, Arturo & Alonso, Ana Abraham, 2011, Los cocoideos (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea) presentes en la Cordillera de Guaniguanico, Pinar del Río, Cuba, y la relación con sus hospedantes, pp. 1-25 in Insecta Mundi 2011 (183) on page 6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5161102, {"references":["Miller, D. R., G. L. Miller, G. S. Hodges, y J. A. Davidson. 2005. Introduced scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of the United States and their impact on U. S. agriculture. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 107 (1): 123 - 158.","Kondo, T. 2001. Las cochinillas de Colombia (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Biota Colombiana 2 (1): 31 - 48.","Ben-Dov, Y. 1993. A systematic catalogue of the soft scale insects of the World. Flora y Fauna Handbook No. 9. Sandhill Crane Press; Gainesville, FL. 536 p.","Ben-Dov, Y. 2009 b. ScaleNet, Coccidae. Consultado en la web: http: // www. sel. barc. usda. gov / SCALENET / distrib. htm Fecha de consulta: junio del 2010.","Ballou, C. H. 1926. Los coccidos de Cuba y sus plantas hospederas. Estacion Agronomica de Santiago de las Vegas. Boletin 51: 1 - 47.","Bruner, S., L. C. Scaramuzza, y A. R. Otero. 1975. Catalogo de los insectos que atacan a las plantas economicas de Cuba (2 da Edicion Revisada y Aumentada). Academia de Ciencias de Cuba; La Habana. 1975: 395 p.","Mestre, N., I. Baro, y S. Rosete. 2001 a. Actualizacion de los coccidos (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) de Cuba y sus plantas hospedantes. Revista Centro Agricola 3: 31 - 36.","Ramos Portilla, A. A., y F. J. Serna. 2004. Coccoidea de Colombia, con enfasis en las cochinillas harinosas (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). Revista de la Facultad Nacional de Agronomia de Medellin 57 (2): 2383, 2412.","Miller, G. L, y D. R Miller. 2003. Invasive soft scale (Hemiptera: Coccidae) and their threat to U. S. Agriculture. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 105 (4): 832 - 846."]}

Howardia biclavis (Comstock), 1883. Material examinado. Cuba: San Vicente, Viñales, 2.v.1999, col. N. Mestre, Delonix regia, 6 (F) adultas (CZAC); Soroa, 7.ii.1968, col. A. Huba, hospedante desconocido, 1 (F) adulta (CZAC); San Vicente, Viñales, 20.ii.1969, col. R. Alayo, Calophyllum calaba, Leucaena leucocephala, Ixora coccinea, Corchorus siliquosus, Thunbergia grandiflora, 5 (F) adultas (CZAC). Notas. Howardia biclavis es una especie polífaga y con distribución cosmopolita (Kondo 2001; Miller et al. 2005; Miller y Gimpel 2009c); probablemente de origen afrotropical (Miller et al. 2005). En Cuba se ha registrado sobre especies de frutales y ornamentales, y es común en Coffea arabica (Ballou 1926; Bruner et al. 1975; Vázquez 1989; Mendoza y Gómez 1983; Mestre 1999; Mestre et al. 2006b). Está incluida en la lista de insectos de interés económico presentes en ecosistemas naturales de la Sierra de los Órganos (Mestre et al. 2006c). Se refirió para plantas ornamentales en Florida, EE. UU. (Dekle 1976) y en São Paulo, Brasil (Peronti et al. 2001)., Published as part of Novoa, Nereida Mestre, Hamon, Avas, Evans, Greg, Kondo, Takumasa, Oliver, Herrera, Hernández, Arturo & Alonso, Ana Abraham, 2011, Los cocoideos (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea) presentes en la Cordillera de Guaniguanico, Pinar del Río, Cuba, y la relación con sus hospedantes, pp. 1-25 in Insecta Mundi 2011 (183) on page 12, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5161102, {"references":["Kondo, T. 2001. Las cochinillas de Colombia (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Biota Colombiana 2 (1): 31 - 48.","Miller, D. R., G. L. Miller, G. S. Hodges, y J. A. Davidson. 2005. Introduced scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of the United States and their impact on U. S. agriculture. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 107 (1): 123 - 158.","Ballou, C. H. 1926. Los coccidos de Cuba y sus plantas hospederas. Estacion Agronomica de Santiago de las Vegas. Boletin 51: 1 - 47.","Bruner, S., L. C. Scaramuzza, y A. R. Otero. 1975. Catalogo de los insectos que atacan a las plantas economicas de Cuba (2 da Edicion Revisada y Aumentada). Academia de Ciencias de Cuba; La Habana. 1975: 395 p.","Vazquez, L. M. 1989. Insectos que atacan al cafeto en Cuba. Instituto de Sanidad Vegetal. Ministerio de la Agricultura. CID-IISV; La Habana. 38 p.","Mestre, N. 1999. Composicion taxonomica y estructura de una comunidad de Coccoidea (Homoptera: Sternorrhyncha) en un policultivo de cafeto, guayabo y aguacatero. Tesis en opcion al grado de Master en Ciencias de Ecologia, Sistematica Aplicada con Mencion en Ecologia, Sistematica y Colecciones Zoologicas. Instituto de Ecologia y Sistematica. Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnologia y Medio Ambiente. Depositada en Biblioteca del IES. IES; La Habana. 56 p. y Anexos.","Mestre, N., A. B. Hamon, J. L. Fontenla, M. Fernandez, M. Hernandez, y R. Sanchez. 2006 b. Composicion taxonomica y estructura de una comunidad de Coccoidea (Homoptera: Sternorrhyncha) en un policultivo de cafeto, guayabo y aguacatero. Revista Brasileira de Agroecologia 1 (1): 53 - 57.","Mestre, N., D. Rodriguez, N. Novoa, M. Hidalgo-Gato, R. Rodriguez-Leon, y P. Herrera. 2006 c. Insectos de interes agricola presentes en ecosistemas naturales de la Sierra de los Organos, Pinar del Rio, Cuba. Revista Centro Agricola 33 (3): 47 - 54.","Dekle, G. W. 1976. Florida armored scale insects. Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Lands Areas 3: 1 - 345.","Peronti, A. L., D. R. Miller, y C. R. Sousa-Silva. 2001. Scale Insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of ornamental plants from Sao Carlos, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Insecta Mundi 15 (4): 247, 255."]}

Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni Tozzetti), 1886. Material examinado. Cuba: Sierra Rangel, 13.iv.2000, col. N. Mestre y E. Fonseca, Cissampelos pareira, Psychotria horizontalis, 3 (F) adultas (CZAC); Sierra del Infierno; Viñales, 1.v.1999, col. N. Mestre, Urena lobata, 10 (F) adultas (CZAC); Viñales, 21.ii.1969, col. R. Alayo, Urena lobata, 1 (F) adulta (CZAC). Notas. Pseudaulacaspis pentagona ha sido considerada especie polífaga y con distribución cosmopolita (Kondo 2001, Granara de Willink y Claps 2003, Miller et al. 2005, Miller y Gimpel 2009a); es de origen Paleártico u Oriental (Miller et al. 2005). En Cuba, se ha referido para 15 especies y 10 familias botánicas, que incluyen a Mangifera indica y varias ornamentales (Houser 1918, Ballou 1926, Bruner et al. 1975, Mendoza y Gómez 1983). Está incluida en la lista de insectos que presentan interés económico en ecosistemas naturales de la Sierra de los Órganos (Mestre et al. 2006c). Se citó para especies de plantas ornamentales en São Paulo, Brasil (Peronti et al. 2001); también como el diaspídido más común y abundante en plantas ornamentales de Argentina (Granara de Willink y Claps 2003, Zamudio y Claps 2005)., Published as part of Novoa, Nereida Mestre, Hamon, Avas, Evans, Greg, Kondo, Takumasa, Oliver, Herrera, Hernández, Arturo & Alonso, Ana Abraham, 2011, Los cocoideos (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea) presentes en la Cordillera de Guaniguanico, Pinar del Río, Cuba, y la relación con sus hospedantes, pp. 1-25 in Insecta Mundi 2011 (183) on page 13, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5161102, {"references":["Kondo, T. 2001. Las cochinillas de Colombia (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Biota Colombiana 2 (1): 31 - 48.","Claps, L., V. R. Wolff. 2003. Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) frecuentes en plantas de importancia economica de la Argentina y Brasil. Publicacion Especial de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina 3: 1 - 59.","Miller, D. R., G. L. Miller, G. S. Hodges, y J. A. Davidson. 2005. Introduced scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of the United States and their impact on U. S. agriculture. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 107 (1): 123 - 158.","Houser, J. S. 1918. The Coccidae of Cuba. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 11: 157 - 172.","Ballou, C. H. 1926. Los coccidos de Cuba y sus plantas hospederas. Estacion Agronomica de Santiago de las Vegas. Boletin 51: 1 - 47.","Bruner, S., L. C. Scaramuzza, y A. R. Otero. 1975. Catalogo de los insectos que atacan a las plantas economicas de Cuba (2 da Edicion Revisada y Aumentada). Academia de Ciencias de Cuba; La Habana. 1975: 395 p.","Mestre, N., D. Rodriguez, N. Novoa, M. Hidalgo-Gato, R. Rodriguez-Leon, y P. Herrera. 2006 c. Insectos de interes agricola presentes en ecosistemas naturales de la Sierra de los Organos, Pinar del Rio, Cuba. Revista Centro Agricola 33 (3): 47 - 54.","Peronti, A. L., D. R. Miller, y C. R. Sousa-Silva. 2001. Scale Insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of ornamental plants from Sao Carlos, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Insecta Mundi 15 (4): 247, 255."]}

Ischnaspis longirostris (Signoret), 1882. Material examinado: Cuba: Pan de Guajaibón, ladera oeste, 11.iv.2000, col. N. Mestre, M. Olcha y E. Fonseca, Pouteria dominigensis, 2 (F) adultas (CZAC). San Vicente, Viñales, 2.v.1999, col. N. Mestre, Trichilia hirta, 2 (F) adultas (CZAC). San Vicente, Viñales, 20.ii.1969, col. R. Alayo, Monstera deliciosa, 1 (F) adulta (CZAC). Notas. Ischnaspis longirostris es una especie polífaga y de distribución cosmopolita (Kondo 2001; Miller et al. 2005; Miller y Gimpel 2009a); de origen afrotropical (Miller et al. 2005). En Cuba se refirió para Coffea arabica, palmas y ornamentales, entre otras plantas (Houser 1918; Ballou 1926; Bruner et al. 1975; Alayo 1976). Está incluida en la lista de insectos de interés económico presentes en ecosistemas naturales de la Sierra de los Órganos (Mestre et al. 2006c). Fue considerada plaga ocasional de palmas y plantas ornamentales en Florida, EE. UU. (Dekle 1976) y de ornamentales en São Paulo, Brasil (Peronti et al. 2001)., Published as part of Novoa, Nereida Mestre, Hamon, Avas, Evans, Greg, Kondo, Takumasa, Oliver, Herrera, Hernández, Arturo & Alonso, Ana Abraham, 2011, Los cocoideos (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea) presentes en la Cordillera de Guaniguanico, Pinar del Río, Cuba, y la relación con sus hospedantes, pp. 1-25 in Insecta Mundi 2011 (183) on page 12, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5161102, {"references":["Kondo, T. 2001. Las cochinillas de Colombia (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Biota Colombiana 2 (1): 31 - 48.","Miller, D. R., G. L. Miller, G. S. Hodges, y J. A. Davidson. 2005. Introduced scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of the United States and their impact on U. S. agriculture. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 107 (1): 123 - 158.","Houser, J. S. 1918. The Coccidae of Cuba. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 11: 157 - 172.","Ballou, C. H. 1926. Los coccidos de Cuba y sus plantas hospederas. Estacion Agronomica de Santiago de las Vegas. Boletin 51: 1 - 47.","Bruner, S., L. C. Scaramuzza, y A. R. Otero. 1975. Catalogo de los insectos que atacan a las plantas economicas de Cuba (2 da Edicion Revisada y Aumentada). Academia de Ciencias de Cuba; La Habana. 1975: 395 p.","Alayo, R. 1976. Introduccion al estudio de Coccoidea en Cuba. Academia de Ciencias de Cuba. Serie Biologica 61: 1 - 12.","Mestre, N., D. Rodriguez, N. Novoa, M. Hidalgo-Gato, R. Rodriguez-Leon, y P. Herrera. 2006 c. Insectos de interes agricola presentes en ecosistemas naturales de la Sierra de los Organos, Pinar del Rio, Cuba. Revista Centro Agricola 33 (3): 47 - 54.","Dekle, G. W. 1976. Florida armored scale insects. Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Lands Areas 3: 1 - 345.","Peronti, A. L., D. R. Miller, y C. R. Sousa-Silva. 2001. Scale Insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of ornamental plants from Sao Carlos, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Insecta Mundi 15 (4): 247, 255."]}

Pseudokermes vitreus (Cockerell, 1894). Material examinado. Cuba: Lomas de Soroa, camino a los Hoyos, 23.iii.2000, col. N. Mestre y J. Bocourt, Mimosaceae, 3 (F) adultas (CZAC). Notas. Pseudokermes vitreus ha sido considerada una especie polífaga (Kondo 2001, Miller et al. 2005); es de origen neotropical (Miller et al. 2005). Además de Cuba, se distribuye en Argentina, Barbados, Brasil, Colombia, Costa Rica, EE. UU. (Florida), Islas Galápagos, Jamaica, Panamá, Puerto Rico, República Dominicana, Trinidad y Venezuela (Ben-Dov 1993, 2009b; Miller et al. 2005; Kondo 2001; Kondo y Hardy 2008). En Cuba sólo se ha registrado para Laurus nobilis (Ballou 1926; Bruner et al. 1975)., Published as part of Novoa, Nereida Mestre, Hamon, Avas, Evans, Greg, Kondo, Takumasa, Oliver, Herrera, Hernández, Arturo & Alonso, Ana Abraham, 2011, Los cocoideos (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea) presentes en la Cordillera de Guaniguanico, Pinar del Río, Cuba, y la relación con sus hospedantes, pp. 1-25 in Insecta Mundi 2011 (183) on page 8, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5161102, {"references":["Kondo, T. 2001. Las cochinillas de Colombia (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Biota Colombiana 2 (1): 31 - 48.","Miller, D. R., G. L. Miller, G. S. Hodges, y J. A. Davidson. 2005. Introduced scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of the United States and their impact on U. S. agriculture. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 107 (1): 123 - 158.","Ben-Dov, Y. 1993. A systematic catalogue of the soft scale insects of the World. Flora y Fauna Handbook No. 9. Sandhill Crane Press; Gainesville, FL. 536 p.","Ben-Dov, Y. 2009 b. ScaleNet, Coccidae. Consultado en la web: http: // www. sel. barc. usda. gov / SCALENET / distrib. htm Fecha de consulta: junio del 2010.","Ballou, C. H. 1926. Los coccidos de Cuba y sus plantas hospederas. Estacion Agronomica de Santiago de las Vegas. Boletin 51: 1 - 47.","Bruner, S., L. C. Scaramuzza, y A. R. Otero. 1975. Catalogo de los insectos que atacan a las plantas economicas de Cuba (2 da Edicion Revisada y Aumentada). Academia de Ciencias de Cuba; La Habana. 1975: 395 p."]}

Saissetia coffeae (Walker, 1852). Material examinado. Cuba: Sierra Rangel, 13.iv.2000, col. N. Mestre, M. Olcha y E. Fonseca, Psychotria horizontalis, Tectaria sp., 5 (F) adultas (CZAC); Pan de Guajaibón, ladera oeste, 16.ix.1999, col. I. Fernández, helecho, 2 (F) adultas (CZAC); Mogote del Valle; 30.iv.1999, N. Mestre, desconocido, 5 (F) adultas (CZAC); San Vicente, 2.v.1999, N. Mestre, Delonix regia, 1 (F) adulta (CZAC); Sierra del Infierno, Viñales, 1.v.1999, col. N. Mestre, Psilotum nudum, 2 (F) adultas (CZAC); El Sitio del Infierno, Viñales, 1.v.1999, col. N. Mestre, Gardenia augusta; Orquideario de Soroa, 20.iii.2000 y 1.vi.2000, col. N. Mestre y T. Ramos, Cyrtopodium punctatum, Dendrobium densiflorum, Isochilus linearis, Spathoglottis plicata, Mussaenda philippica, 10 (F) adultas (CZAC). Notas. Saissetia coffeae es extremadamente polífaga y presenta distribución cosmopolita (Ben-Dov 1993, 2009b; Kondo 2001; Granara de Willink y Claps 2003; Miller et al. 2005); es de origen afrotropical (Miller et al. 2005). Incide sobre cuatro especies de Psychotria (Ben-Dov 1993, 2009b). En Cuba está registrada para 75 especies y 38 familias botánicas (Ballou 1926; Bruner et al. 1975; Alayo y Blahutiak 1981). Se ha encontrado abundante en el cafeto y sobre orquídeas (Mendoza y Gómez 1983; Vázquez 1989; Mestre 1999; Mestre et al. 2004, 2006b). Se incluyó en la lista de insectos de interés económico presentes en ecosistemas naturales de la Sierra de los Órganos (Mestre et al. 2006c). Fue considerada plaga para plantas ornamentales en Florida, EE. UU. (Hamon y Williams 1984; Ben-Dov 1993); en São Paulo, Brasil, y Argentina (Peronti et al. 2001; Granara de Willink y Claps 2003). Se ha citado como plaga importante para el cafeto en otras regiones tropicales (Ben-Dov 1993)., Published as part of Novoa, Nereida Mestre, Hamon, Avas, Evans, Greg, Kondo, Takumasa, Oliver, Herrera, Hernández, Arturo & Alonso, Ana Abraham, 2011, Los cocoideos (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea) presentes en la Cordillera de Guaniguanico, Pinar del Río, Cuba, y la relación con sus hospedantes, pp. 1-25 in Insecta Mundi 2011 (183) on page 9, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5161102, {"references":["Ben-Dov, Y. 1993. A systematic catalogue of the soft scale insects of the World. Flora y Fauna Handbook No. 9. Sandhill Crane Press; Gainesville, FL. 536 p.","Ben-Dov, Y. 2009 b. ScaleNet, Coccidae. Consultado en la web: http: // www. sel. barc. usda. gov / SCALENET / distrib. htm Fecha de consulta: junio del 2010.","Kondo, T. 2001. Las cochinillas de Colombia (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Biota Colombiana 2 (1): 31 - 48.","Claps, L., V. R. Wolff. 2003. Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) frecuentes en plantas de importancia economica de la Argentina y Brasil. Publicacion Especial de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina 3: 1 - 59.","Miller, D. R., G. L. Miller, G. S. Hodges, y J. A. Davidson. 2005. Introduced scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of the United States and their impact on U. S. agriculture. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 107 (1): 123 - 158.","Ballou, C. H. 1926. Los coccidos de Cuba y sus plantas hospederas. Estacion Agronomica de Santiago de las Vegas. Boletin 51: 1 - 47.","Bruner, S., L. C. Scaramuzza, y A. R. Otero. 1975. Catalogo de los insectos que atacan a las plantas economicas de Cuba (2 da Edicion Revisada y Aumentada). Academia de Ciencias de Cuba; La Habana. 1975: 395 p.","Vazquez, L. M. 1989. Insectos que atacan al cafeto en Cuba. Instituto de Sanidad Vegetal. Ministerio de la Agricultura. CID-IISV; La Habana. 38 p.","Mestre, N. 1999. Composicion taxonomica y estructura de una comunidad de Coccoidea (Homoptera: Sternorrhyncha) en un policultivo de cafeto, guayabo y aguacatero. Tesis en opcion al grado de Master en Ciencias de Ecologia, Sistematica Aplicada con Mencion en Ecologia, Sistematica y Colecciones Zoologicas. Instituto de Ecologia y Sistematica. Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnologia y Medio Ambiente. Depositada en Biblioteca del IES. IES; La Habana. 56 p. y Anexos.","Mestre, N., T. Ramos, A. B. Hamon, y G. Evans. 2004. Los insectos escamas (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea) presentes en el Orquideario de Soroa, Pinar del Rio, Cuba. Fitosanidad 8 (3): 25 - 29.","Mestre, N., A. B. Hamon, J. L. Fontenla, M. Fernandez, M. Hernandez, y R. Sanchez. 2006 b. Composicion taxonomica y estructura de una comunidad de Coccoidea (Homoptera: Sternorrhyncha) en un policultivo de cafeto, guayabo y aguacatero. Revista Brasileira de Agroecologia 1 (1): 53 - 57.","Mestre, N., D. Rodriguez, N. Novoa, M. Hidalgo-Gato, R. Rodriguez-Leon, y P. Herrera. 2006 c. Insectos de interes agricola presentes en ecosistemas naturales de la Sierra de los Organos, Pinar del Rio, Cuba. Revista Centro Agricola 33 (3): 47 - 54.","Peronti, A. L., D. R. Miller, y C. R. Sousa-Silva. 2001. Scale Insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of ornamental plants from Sao Carlos, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Insecta Mundi 15 (4): 247, 255."]}

Pulvinaria psidii Maskell, 1893. Material examinado. Cuba: Salto de Soroa, 6.vi.2000, col. N. Mestre, Centrosema plumieri, 1 (F) adulta (CZAC); Pan de Guajaibón, ladera norte, 12.iv.2000, col. N. Mestre, M. Olcha y E. Fonseca, Ficus membranacea, 3 (F) adultas (CZAC); entrada de la Cueva de Jose Miguel, Viñales, 1.v.1999, col. N. Mestre, Anthurium cubense, 2 (F) adultas (CZAC). Notas. Pulvinaria psidii es una especie polífaga de distribución cosmopolita. Se ha hallado sobre 11 especies de Ficus (Ben-Dov 1993, 2009b; Miller et al. 2005); probablemente presenta origen oriental (Miller et al. 2005). En Cuba está referida para ocho especies y seis familias de hospedantes (Houser 1918,; Ballou 1926, Bruner et al. 1975, Mestre et al. 2001a). Se incluyó en la lista de insectos de interés económico presentes en ecosistemas naturales de la Sierra de los Órganos (Mestre et al. 2006c). Ha sido considerada una plaga de plantas ornamentales en Florida, EE. UU., especialmente en Ficus sp., y una plaga del mango en Egipto (Hamon y Williams 1984; Miller et al. 2005)., Published as part of Novoa, Nereida Mestre, Hamon, Avas, Evans, Greg, Kondo, Takumasa, Oliver, Herrera, Hernández, Arturo & Alonso, Ana Abraham, 2011, Los cocoideos (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea) presentes en la Cordillera de Guaniguanico, Pinar del Río, Cuba, y la relación con sus hospedantes, pp. 1-25 in Insecta Mundi 2011 (183) on page 8, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5161102, {"references":["Ben-Dov, Y. 1993. A systematic catalogue of the soft scale insects of the World. Flora y Fauna Handbook No. 9. Sandhill Crane Press; Gainesville, FL. 536 p.","Ben-Dov, Y. 2009 b. ScaleNet, Coccidae. Consultado en la web: http: // www. sel. barc. usda. gov / SCALENET / distrib. htm Fecha de consulta: junio del 2010.","Miller, D. R., G. L. Miller, G. S. Hodges, y J. A. Davidson. 2005. Introduced scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of the United States and their impact on U. S. agriculture. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 107 (1): 123 - 158.","Houser, J. S. 1918. The Coccidae of Cuba. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 11: 157 - 172.","Ballou, C. H. 1926. Los coccidos de Cuba y sus plantas hospederas. Estacion Agronomica de Santiago de las Vegas. Boletin 51: 1 - 47.","Bruner, S., L. C. Scaramuzza, y A. R. Otero. 1975. Catalogo de los insectos que atacan a las plantas economicas de Cuba (2 da Edicion Revisada y Aumentada). Academia de Ciencias de Cuba; La Habana. 1975: 395 p.","Mestre, N., I. Baro, y S. Rosete. 2001 a. Actualizacion de los coccidos (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) de Cuba y sus plantas hospedantes. Revista Centro Agricola 3: 31 - 36.","Mestre, N., D. Rodriguez, N. Novoa, M. Hidalgo-Gato, R. Rodriguez-Leon, y P. Herrera. 2006 c. Insectos de interes agricola presentes en ecosistemas naturales de la Sierra de los Organos, Pinar del Rio, Cuba. Revista Centro Agricola 33 (3): 47 - 54."]}

Saissetia neglecta De Lotto, 1969. Material examinado. Cuba: Salto de Soroa, 2.vi.2000, col. N. Mestre, Quisqualis indica, 3 (F) adultas (CZAC); Pan de Guajaibón, ladera oeste, 12.iv.2000, col. N. Mestre, M. Olcha y E. Fonseca, Magnoliophyta 3 (F) adultas (CZAC); El Sitio del Infierno, Viñales, 1.v.1999, col. N. Mestre, Gardenia augusta, 1 (F) adulta (CZAC); San Vicente, Viñales, 2.v.1999, col. N. Mestre, Delonix regia, 1 (F) adulta (CZAC); Cerro de Guane, 7.xi.1999, col. N. Mestre, Faramea occidentalis, 5 (F) adultas (CZAC). Notas. Saissetia neglecta se considera una especie polífaga (Kondo 2001; Miller et al. 2005). Está distribuida en las regiones Australásica, Neotropical y Neártica (Ben-Dov 1993, 2009b); es probablemente de origen afrotropical (Miller et al. 2005). Se ha registrado para Cuba en Topes de Collantes, provincia de Sancti Spíritus y en San José de las Lajas, provincia de La Habana (Mestre 1999; Mestre et al. 2001b, 2006b). Está incluida en la lista de insectos que presentan interés económico en ecosistemas naturales de la Sierra de los Órganos (Mestre et al. 2006c). Se ha citado como plaga de los cítricos en Florida, EE. UU. (Hamon y Williams 1984; Miller et al. 2005); y para una especie de planta ornamental en Argentina (Granara de Willink y Claps 2003). Esta especie no está citada para Cuba en ScaleNet (Ben-Dov et al. 2009)., Published as part of Novoa, Nereida Mestre, Hamon, Avas, Evans, Greg, Kondo, Takumasa, Oliver, Herrera, Hernández, Arturo & Alonso, Ana Abraham, 2011, Los cocoideos (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea) presentes en la Cordillera de Guaniguanico, Pinar del Río, Cuba, y la relación con sus hospedantes, pp. 1-25 in Insecta Mundi 2011 (183) on page 9, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5161102, {"references":["Kondo, T. 2001. Las cochinillas de Colombia (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Biota Colombiana 2 (1): 31 - 48.","Miller, D. R., G. L. Miller, G. S. Hodges, y J. A. Davidson. 2005. Introduced scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of the United States and their impact on U. S. agriculture. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 107 (1): 123 - 158.","Ben-Dov, Y. 1993. A systematic catalogue of the soft scale insects of the World. Flora y Fauna Handbook No. 9. Sandhill Crane Press; Gainesville, FL. 536 p.","Ben-Dov, Y. 2009 b. ScaleNet, Coccidae. Consultado en la web: http: // www. sel. barc. usda. gov / SCALENET / distrib. htm Fecha de consulta: junio del 2010.","Mestre, N. 1999. Composicion taxonomica y estructura de una comunidad de Coccoidea (Homoptera: Sternorrhyncha) en un policultivo de cafeto, guayabo y aguacatero. Tesis en opcion al grado de Master en Ciencias de Ecologia, Sistematica Aplicada con Mencion en Ecologia, Sistematica y Colecciones Zoologicas. Instituto de Ecologia y Sistematica. Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnologia y Medio Ambiente. Depositada en Biblioteca del IES. IES; La Habana. 56 p. y Anexos.","Mestre, N., A. B. Hamon, I. Baro, y M. Reyes. 2001 b. Nuevos registros de Coccoidea (Homoptera: Sternorrhyncha) para Cuba. Insecta Mundi 15 (1): 59 - 61.","Mestre, N., A. B. Hamon, J. L. Fontenla, M. Fernandez, M. Hernandez, y R. Sanchez. 2006 b. Composicion taxonomica y estructura de una comunidad de Coccoidea (Homoptera: Sternorrhyncha) en un policultivo de cafeto, guayabo y aguacatero. Revista Brasileira de Agroecologia 1 (1): 53 - 57.","Mestre, N., D. Rodriguez, N. Novoa, M. Hidalgo-Gato, R. Rodriguez-Leon, y P. Herrera. 2006 c. Insectos de interes agricola presentes en ecosistemas naturales de la Sierra de los Organos, Pinar del Rio, Cuba. Revista Centro Agricola 33 (3): 47 - 54.","Claps, L., V. R. Wolff. 2003. Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) frecuentes en plantas de importancia economica de la Argentina y Brasil. Publicacion Especial de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina 3: 1 - 59.","Ben-Dov, Y., D. R. Miller, y G. A. P. Gibson. 2009. ScaleNet. A data base of the scale insects of the world. Consulatdo en: http: // www. sel. barc. usda. gov / scalenet / scalenet. htm Fecha de consulta: junio del 2010."]}

Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley), 1899. Material examinado. Cuba: Sierra Rangel, 13.iv.2000, col. N. Mestre y E. Fonseca, Vitis tiliifolia, 3 (F) adultas (CZAC). Notas. Pinnaspis strachani es polífaga y presenta distribución cosmopolita (Kondo 2001; Granara de Willink y Claps 2003; Miller et al. 2005; Miller y Gimpel 2009a); es de origen oriental (Miller et al. 2005). En Cuba está referida para 93 especies y 39 familias botánicas, entre ellas Vitis vinifera (Houser 1918, Ballou 1926, Bruner et al. 1975, Alayo 1976). Se menciona de importancia para el toronjo (Fernández et al. 1998). Se registró sobre varias especies de plantas ornamentales en Brasil (Peronti et al. 2001)., Published as part of Novoa, Nereida Mestre, Hamon, Avas, Evans, Greg, Kondo, Takumasa, Oliver, Herrera, Hernández, Arturo & Alonso, Ana Abraham, 2011, Los cocoideos (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea) presentes en la Cordillera de Guaniguanico, Pinar del Río, Cuba, y la relación con sus hospedantes, pp. 1-25 in Insecta Mundi 2011 (183) on page 13, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5161102, {"references":["Kondo, T. 2001. Las cochinillas de Colombia (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Biota Colombiana 2 (1): 31 - 48.","Claps, L., V. R. Wolff. 2003. Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) frecuentes en plantas de importancia economica de la Argentina y Brasil. Publicacion Especial de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina 3: 1 - 59.","Miller, D. R., G. L. Miller, G. S. Hodges, y J. A. Davidson. 2005. Introduced scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of the United States and their impact on U. S. agriculture. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 107 (1): 123 - 158.","Houser, J. S. 1918. The Coccidae of Cuba. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 11: 157 - 172.","Ballou, C. H. 1926. Los coccidos de Cuba y sus plantas hospederas. Estacion Agronomica de Santiago de las Vegas. Boletin 51: 1 - 47.","Bruner, S., L. C. Scaramuzza, y A. R. Otero. 1975. Catalogo de los insectos que atacan a las plantas economicas de Cuba (2 da Edicion Revisada y Aumentada). Academia de Ciencias de Cuba; La Habana. 1975: 395 p.","Alayo, R. 1976. Introduccion al estudio de Coccoidea en Cuba. Academia de Ciencias de Cuba. Serie Biologica 61: 1 - 12.","Fernandez, M., T. Burgos, I. Val, y M. A. Proenza. 1998. Causas de mortalidad de Pinnaspis strachani C. en el cultivo del toronjo en la Isla de la Juventud. Parte II. Revista Proteccion Vegetal 13 (3): 179,188.","Peronti, A. L., D. R. Miller, y C. R. Sousa-Silva. 2001. Scale Insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of ornamental plants from Sao Carlos, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Insecta Mundi 15 (4): 247, 255."]}

Eucalymnatus tessellatus (Signoret, 1873). Material examinado. Cuba: Mirador del Salto de Soroa, 22.iii.2000, col. N. Mestre, Syzygium jambos, 2 (F) adultas (CZAC); Lomas de Soroa (parte de la Reserva), 23.iii.2000, col. N. Mestre y J. Bocourt, Mangifera indica, Jatropha integerrima, Syzygium jambos, 11 (F) adultas (CZAC); Pan de Guajaibón (laderas norte y oeste), 12.iv.2000, col. N. Mestre, M. Olcha y E. Fonseca, Calophyllum calaba, Scleria lithosperma, Nectandra coriacea, Syzygium jambos, Chrysophyllum oliviforme, 9 (F) adultas (CZAC); Orquideario de Soroa, 22.iii.2000, col. N. Mestre y T. Ramos, Prosthechea cochleata, 2 (F) adultas (CZAC). Notas. Eucalymnatus tessellatus es una especie polífaga y con distribución cosmopolita (Ben-Dov 1993, 2009b; Kondo 2001; Granara de Willink y Claps 2003; Miller et al. 2005; Culik et al. 2007b). Es considerada de origen neotropical (Miller et al. 2005). En Cuba está citada para 10 hospedantes (Ballou, 1926; Bruner et al. 1975; Mestre et al. 2001 a, 2004). Se ha incluido en la lista de insectos de interés económico presentes en ecosistemas naturales de la Sierra de los Órganos (Mestre et al. 2006c). Ha sido referida como plaga ocasional en invernaderos y una plaga de jardines y viveros al sur de Florida, EE. UU. (Hamon y Williams 1984; Gill 1988; Miller y Miller 2003; Miller et al. 2005)., Published as part of Novoa, Nereida Mestre, Hamon, Avas, Evans, Greg, Kondo, Takumasa, Oliver, Herrera, Hernández, Arturo & Alonso, Ana Abraham, 2011, Los cocoideos (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea) presentes en la Cordillera de Guaniguanico, Pinar del Río, Cuba, y la relación con sus hospedantes, pp. 1-25 in Insecta Mundi 2011 (183) on page 7, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5161102, {"references":["Ben-Dov, Y. 1993. A systematic catalogue of the soft scale insects of the World. Flora y Fauna Handbook No. 9. Sandhill Crane Press; Gainesville, FL. 536 p.","Ben-Dov, Y. 2009 b. ScaleNet, Coccidae. Consultado en la web: http: // www. sel. barc. usda. gov / SCALENET / distrib. htm Fecha de consulta: junio del 2010.","Kondo, T. 2001. Las cochinillas de Colombia (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Biota Colombiana 2 (1): 31 - 48.","Claps, L., V. R. Wolff. 2003. Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) frecuentes en plantas de importancia economica de la Argentina y Brasil. Publicacion Especial de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina 3: 1 - 59.","Miller, D. R., G. L. Miller, G. S. Hodges, y J. A. Davidson. 2005. Introduced scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of the United States and their impact on U. S. agriculture. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 107 (1): 123 - 158.","Culik, M. P., D. S. Martins, J. A. Ventura, y V. S. Wolff. 2007 b. Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of Espirito Santo, Brazil. Journal of Insect Science 8 (17): 1 - 6.","Ballou, C. H. 1926. Los coccidos de Cuba y sus plantas hospederas. Estacion Agronomica de Santiago de las Vegas. Boletin 51: 1 - 47.","Bruner, S., L. C. Scaramuzza, y A. R. Otero. 1975. Catalogo de los insectos que atacan a las plantas economicas de Cuba (2 da Edicion Revisada y Aumentada). Academia de Ciencias de Cuba; La Habana. 1975: 395 p.","Mestre, N., I. Baro, y S. Rosete. 2001 a. Actualizacion de los coccidos (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) de Cuba y sus plantas hospedantes. Revista Centro Agricola 3: 31 - 36.","Ramos Portilla, A. A., y F. J. Serna. 2004. Coccoidea de Colombia, con enfasis en las cochinillas harinosas (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). Revista de la Facultad Nacional de Agronomia de Medellin 57 (2): 2383, 2412.","Mestre, N., D. Rodriguez, N. Novoa, M. Hidalgo-Gato, R. Rodriguez-Leon, y P. Herrera. 2006 c. Insectos de interes agricola presentes en ecosistemas naturales de la Sierra de los Organos, Pinar del Rio, Cuba. Revista Centro Agricola 33 (3): 47 - 54.","Gill. R. J. 1988. The scales insects of California. Part 1. The soft scales (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). California Department of Food and Agriculture Sacramento. Technical Series in Agriculture Biosystematic and Plant Pathology. 132 p.","Miller, G. L, y D. R Miller. 2003. Invasive soft scale (Hemiptera: Coccidae) and their threat to U. S. Agriculture. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 105 (4): 832 - 846."]}

Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner, 1861). Material examinado. Cuba: Pan de Guajaibón, ladera norte, 12.iv.2000, col. N. Mestre, M. Olcha y E. Fonseca, Ficus membranacea, 4 (F) adultas (CZAC). Notas. Parasaissetia nigra constituye una especie polífaga con distribución cosmopolita, (Ben-Dov 1993, 2009b; Kondo 2001; Granara de Willink y Claps 2003; Miller et al. 2005). Se considera de origen oriental o afrotropical (Miller et al. 2005). Particularmente incide sobre 23 especies de Ficus (Ben-Dov 1993, 2009b). Se ha registrado para Cuba en Topes de Collantes, grupo montañoso Guamuhaya, sobre Guarea guidonia (Mestre et al. 2001b). Se citó como plaga del cafeto en África y como plaga moderada de ornamentales y cítricos en California, EE. UU (Gill 1988, Ben-Dov 1993 y 2003, Miller et al. 2005). Se ha referido sobre ornamentales en São Paulo, Brasil y Argentina (Peronti et al. 2001; Granara de Willink y Claps 2003). Asimismo, se menciona como plaga del guayabo y del cafeto en áreas del Pacífico Sur (Williams y Watson 1990)., Published as part of Novoa, Nereida Mestre, Hamon, Avas, Evans, Greg, Kondo, Takumasa, Oliver, Herrera, Hernández, Arturo & Alonso, Ana Abraham, 2011, Los cocoideos (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea) presentes en la Cordillera de Guaniguanico, Pinar del Río, Cuba, y la relación con sus hospedantes, pp. 1-25 in Insecta Mundi 2011 (183) on page 7, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5161102, {"references":["Ben-Dov, Y. 1993. A systematic catalogue of the soft scale insects of the World. Flora y Fauna Handbook No. 9. Sandhill Crane Press; Gainesville, FL. 536 p.","Ben-Dov, Y. 2009 b. ScaleNet, Coccidae. Consultado en la web: http: // www. sel. barc. usda. gov / SCALENET / distrib. htm Fecha de consulta: junio del 2010.","Kondo, T. 2001. Las cochinillas de Colombia (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Biota Colombiana 2 (1): 31 - 48.","Claps, L., V. R. Wolff. 2003. Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) frecuentes en plantas de importancia economica de la Argentina y Brasil. Publicacion Especial de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina 3: 1 - 59.","Miller, D. R., G. L. Miller, G. S. Hodges, y J. A. Davidson. 2005. Introduced scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of the United States and their impact on U. S. agriculture. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 107 (1): 123 - 158.","Mestre, N., A. B. Hamon, I. Baro, y M. Reyes. 2001 b. Nuevos registros de Coccoidea (Homoptera: Sternorrhyncha) para Cuba. Insecta Mundi 15 (1): 59 - 61.","Gill. R. J. 1988. The scales insects of California. Part 1. The soft scales (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). California Department of Food and Agriculture Sacramento. Technical Series in Agriculture Biosystematic and Plant Pathology. 132 p.","Peronti, A. L., D. R. Miller, y C. R. Sousa-Silva. 2001. Scale Insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of ornamental plants from Sao Carlos, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Insecta Mundi 15 (4): 247, 255."]}

Aspidiotus destructor Signoret, 1869. Material examinado. Cuba: San Diego de los Baños, 29.iii.1921, col. J. R. Johnston y C. H. Ballou, Calophyllum calaba, Parathesis cubana, material seco, (F) adultas (C. H. Ballou) (CZAC). Notas. Aspidiotus destructor es considerada una especie polífaga y presenta distribución cosmopolita (Kondo 2001; Miller et al. 2005; Culik et al. 2007b; Ben-Dov 2009c); probablemente es de origen australásico (Miller et al. 2005). En Cuba está referida para especies de frutales, Cocos nucifera, Roystonea regia y otras ornamentales (Houser 1918; Ballou 1926; Bruner et al. 1975; Mendoza y Gómez Souza 1983). Se incluyó en la lista de insectos que presentan interés económico en ecosistemas naturales de la Sierra de los Órganos (Mestre et al. 2006c). Fue citada para Puerto Rico en frutales y ornamentales (Colón Ferrer y Medina Gaud 1998). Se registró sobre Arecaceae, y en el fruto de Cocos nucifera en São Pulo, Brasil (Culik et al. 2007b). Esta especie no está citada para Cuba en ScaleNet (Ben-Dov et al. 2009)., Published as part of Novoa, Nereida Mestre, Hamon, Avas, Evans, Greg, Kondo, Takumasa, Oliver, Herrera, Hernández, Arturo & Alonso, Ana Abraham, 2011, Los cocoideos (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea) presentes en la Cordillera de Guaniguanico, Pinar del Río, Cuba, y la relación con sus hospedantes, pp. 1-25 in Insecta Mundi 2011 (183) on page 10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5161102, {"references":["Kondo, T. 2001. Las cochinillas de Colombia (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Biota Colombiana 2 (1): 31 - 48.","Miller, D. R., G. L. Miller, G. S. Hodges, y J. A. Davidson. 2005. Introduced scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of the United States and their impact on U. S. agriculture. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 107 (1): 123 - 158.","Culik, M. P., D. S. Martins, J. A. Ventura, y V. S. Wolff. 2007 b. Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of Espirito Santo, Brazil. Journal of Insect Science 8 (17): 1 - 6.","Ben-Dov, Y. 2009 c. ScaleNet, Diaspididae: Aspidiotinae. Consultado en la web: http: // www. sel. barc. usda. gov / SCALENET / distrib. htm Fecha de consulta: junio del 2010.","Houser, J. S. 1918. The Coccidae of Cuba. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 11: 157 - 172.","Ballou, C. H. 1926. Los coccidos de Cuba y sus plantas hospederas. Estacion Agronomica de Santiago de las Vegas. Boletin 51: 1 - 47.","Bruner, S., L. C. Scaramuzza, y A. R. Otero. 1975. Catalogo de los insectos que atacan a las plantas economicas de Cuba (2 da Edicion Revisada y Aumentada). Academia de Ciencias de Cuba; La Habana. 1975: 395 p.","Mestre, N., D. Rodriguez, N. Novoa, M. Hidalgo-Gato, R. Rodriguez-Leon, y P. Herrera. 2006 c. Insectos de interes agricola presentes en ecosistemas naturales de la Sierra de los Organos, Pinar del Rio, Cuba. Revista Centro Agricola 33 (3): 47 - 54.","Ben-Dov, Y., D. R. Miller, y G. A. P. Gibson. 2009. ScaleNet. A data base of the scale insects of the world. Consulatdo en: http: // www. sel. barc. usda. gov / scalenet / scalenet. htm Fecha de consulta: junio del 2010."]}

Selenaspidus articulatus (Morgan), 1889. Material examinado. Cuba: Mirador del Salto de Soroa, 22.iii.2000, col. N. Mestre, Syzygium jambos, 1 (F) adulta (CZAC); Lomas de Soroa, camino a los Hoyos, 23.iii.2000, col. N. Mestre y J. Bocourt, S. jambos, 1 (F) adulta (CZAC); Pan de Guajaibón, ladera norte, 12.iv.2000, col. N. Mestre, M. Olcha y E. Fonseca, Chrysophyllum oliviforme, 2 (F) adultas (CZAC); Viñales, 20.ii.1969, Col. R. Alayo, Calophyllum calaba, 1 (F) adulta (CZAC). Notas. Selenaspidus articulatus es una especie polífaga y con distribución cosmopolita (Kondo 2001; Granara de Willink y Claps 2003, Miller et al. 2005, Ben-Dov 2009c), de origen afrotropical (Miller et al. 2005). En Cuba se ha referido en 132 plantas hospedantes, que incluyen todas las especies de Citrus, frutales y ornamentales; es común en el cafeto (Houser 1918, Ballou 1926, Bruner et al. 1975, Mendoza y Gómez 1983, Mestre 1999). Se incluyó en la lista de insectos de interés económico presentes en ecosistemas naturales de la Sierra de los Órganos (Mestre et al. 2006c). Se mencionó para especies de plantas ornamentales en São Paulo, Brasil (Peronti et al. 2001) y como plaga de cítricos en Brasil (Claps y Wolff 2003)., Published as part of Novoa, Nereida Mestre, Hamon, Avas, Evans, Greg, Kondo, Takumasa, Oliver, Herrera, Hernández, Arturo & Alonso, Ana Abraham, 2011, Los cocoideos (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea) presentes en la Cordillera de Guaniguanico, Pinar del Río, Cuba, y la relación con sus hospedantes, pp. 1-25 in Insecta Mundi 2011 (183) on page 14, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5161102, {"references":["Kondo, T. 2001. Las cochinillas de Colombia (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Biota Colombiana 2 (1): 31 - 48.","Claps, L., V. R. Wolff. 2003. Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) frecuentes en plantas de importancia economica de la Argentina y Brasil. Publicacion Especial de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina 3: 1 - 59.","Miller, D. R., G. L. Miller, G. S. Hodges, y J. A. Davidson. 2005. Introduced scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of the United States and their impact on U. S. agriculture. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 107 (1): 123 - 158.","Ben-Dov, Y. 2009 c. ScaleNet, Diaspididae: Aspidiotinae. Consultado en la web: http: // www. sel. barc. usda. gov / SCALENET / distrib. htm Fecha de consulta: junio del 2010.","Houser, J. S. 1918. The Coccidae of Cuba. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 11: 157 - 172.","Ballou, C. H. 1926. Los coccidos de Cuba y sus plantas hospederas. Estacion Agronomica de Santiago de las Vegas. Boletin 51: 1 - 47.","Bruner, S., L. C. Scaramuzza, y A. R. Otero. 1975. Catalogo de los insectos que atacan a las plantas economicas de Cuba (2 da Edicion Revisada y Aumentada). Academia de Ciencias de Cuba; La Habana. 1975: 395 p.","Mestre, N. 1999. Composicion taxonomica y estructura de una comunidad de Coccoidea (Homoptera: Sternorrhyncha) en un policultivo de cafeto, guayabo y aguacatero. Tesis en opcion al grado de Master en Ciencias de Ecologia, Sistematica Aplicada con Mencion en Ecologia, Sistematica y Colecciones Zoologicas. Instituto de Ecologia y Sistematica. Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnologia y Medio Ambiente. Depositada en Biblioteca del IES. IES; La Habana. 56 p. y Anexos.","Mestre, N., D. Rodriguez, N. Novoa, M. Hidalgo-Gato, R. Rodriguez-Leon, y P. Herrera. 2006 c. Insectos de interes agricola presentes en ecosistemas naturales de la Sierra de los Organos, Pinar del Rio, Cuba. Revista Centro Agricola 33 (3): 47 - 54.","Peronti, A. L., D. R. Miller, y C. R. Sousa-Silva. 2001. Scale Insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of ornamental plants from Sao Carlos, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Insecta Mundi 15 (4): 247, 255."]}

Chrysomphalus aonidum (Linnaeus), 1758. Material examinado. Cuba: Guane, 27.i.1968, col. A. Huba y R. Alayo, Citrus sinensis, 1 (F) adulta (CZAC); Orquideario de Soroa, 22.iii.2000 y 1.vi.2000, col. N. Mestre y T. Ramos, Broughtonia cubensis, Encyclia fucata, Oncidium undulatum, 4 (F) adultas (CZAC). Notas. Chrysomphalus aonidum es una especie polífaga y presenta distribución cosmopolita (Kondo 2001, Miller et al. 2005, Ben-Dov 2009 c, Granara de Willink y Claps 2003); es de origen oriental (Miller et al. 2005). En Cuba está referida para 68 hospedantes, hallada muy común sobre cítricos y orquídeas (Houser 1918; Ballou 1926; Bruner et al. 1975; Mendoza y Gómez 1983; Mestre et al. 2004). Se ha incluido en la lista de insectos que presentan interés económico en ecosistemas naturales de la Sierra de los Órganos (Mestre et al. 2006c). Ha sido referida como plaga de los cítricos en Florida y Texas, EE. UU. (Dekle 1976; Gill 1997). Asimismo se ha registrado sobre plantas ornamentales en São Paulo, Brasil y Argentina (Peronti et al. 2001; Granara de Willink y Claps 2003)., Published as part of Novoa, Nereida Mestre, Hamon, Avas, Evans, Greg, Kondo, Takumasa, Oliver, Herrera, Hernández, Arturo & Alonso, Ana Abraham, 2011, Los cocoideos (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea) presentes en la Cordillera de Guaniguanico, Pinar del Río, Cuba, y la relación con sus hospedantes, pp. 1-25 in Insecta Mundi 2011 (183) on page 11, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5161102, {"references":["Kondo, T. 2001. Las cochinillas de Colombia (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Biota Colombiana 2 (1): 31 - 48.","Miller, D. R., G. L. Miller, G. S. Hodges, y J. A. Davidson. 2005. Introduced scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of the United States and their impact on U. S. agriculture. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 107 (1): 123 - 158.","Ben-Dov, Y. 2009 c. ScaleNet, Diaspididae: Aspidiotinae. Consultado en la web: http: // www. sel. barc. usda. gov / SCALENET / distrib. htm Fecha de consulta: junio del 2010.","Granara de Willink, M. C., y L. Claps. 2003. Cochinillas (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) presentes en plantas ornamentales de la Argentina. Neotropical Entomology 32 (4): 625 - 637.","Houser, J. S. 1918. The Coccidae of Cuba. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 11: 157 - 172.","Ballou, C. H. 1926. Los coccidos de Cuba y sus plantas hospederas. Estacion Agronomica de Santiago de las Vegas. Boletin 51: 1 - 47.","Bruner, S., L. C. Scaramuzza, y A. R. Otero. 1975. Catalogo de los insectos que atacan a las plantas economicas de Cuba (2 da Edicion Revisada y Aumentada). Academia de Ciencias de Cuba; La Habana. 1975: 395 p.","Mestre, N., T. Ramos, A. B. Hamon, y G. Evans. 2004. Los insectos escamas (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea) presentes en el Orquideario de Soroa, Pinar del Rio, Cuba. Fitosanidad 8 (3): 25 - 29.","Mestre, N., D. Rodriguez, N. Novoa, M. Hidalgo-Gato, R. Rodriguez-Leon, y P. Herrera. 2006 c. Insectos de interes agricola presentes en ecosistemas naturales de la Sierra de los Organos, Pinar del Rio, Cuba. Revista Centro Agricola 33 (3): 47 - 54.","Dekle, G. W. 1976. Florida armored scale insects. Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Lands Areas 3: 1 - 345.","Gill, R. J. 1997. The Scale Insects of California. Part 3. The Armored Scales (Homoptera: Diaspididae). California California Department of Food and Agriculture Sacramento. Technical Series in Agriculture Biosystematic and Plant Pathology. 307 p.","Peronti, A. L., D. R. Miller, y C. R. Sousa-Silva. 2001. Scale Insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of ornamental plants from Sao Carlos, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Insecta Mundi 15 (4): 247, 255.","Claps, L., V. R. Wolff. 2003. Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) frecuentes en plantas de importancia economica de la Argentina y Brasil. Publicacion Especial de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina 3: 1 - 59."]}

Toumeyella liriodendri (Gmelin), 1790. Material examinado. Cuba: Mogote del Valle, Viñales, iv.1999, col. N. Mestre, Casearia aculeata, 6 (F) adultas (CZAC); Cerro de Guane, 7.xi.1999, col. N. Mestre, Allophylus cominia, 6 (F) adultas (CZAC). Notas. Esta especie se ha registrado para Sierra de los Órganos, Cuba (Mestre et al. 2001c). Toumeyella liriodendri ha sido considerada de origen neártico y está distribuida en EE. UU. (Ben-Dov 2009b; Kondo y Williams 2008; Miller y Miller 2003). Está presente sobre 11 familias botánicas (nueve familias en ScaleNet, Ben-Dov 2009b) y se considera polífaga (Kondo 2001; Ben-Dov et al. 2009). Esta especie no está citada para Cuba en ScaleNet (Ben-Dov et al. 2009)., Published as part of Novoa, Nereida Mestre, Hamon, Avas, Evans, Greg, Kondo, Takumasa, Oliver, Herrera, Hernández, Arturo & Alonso, Ana Abraham, 2011, Los cocoideos (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea) presentes en la Cordillera de Guaniguanico, Pinar del Río, Cuba, y la relación con sus hospedantes, pp. 1-25 in Insecta Mundi 2011 (183) on page 10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5161102, {"references":["Mestre, N., A. B. Hamon, y P. Herrera. 2001 c. Tres nuevos registros de coccidos (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) para Cuba. Insecta Mundi 15 (3): 189 - 191.","Ben-Dov, Y. 2009 b. ScaleNet, Coccidae. Consultado en la web: http: // www. sel. barc. usda. gov / SCALENET / distrib. htm Fecha de consulta: junio del 2010.","Miller, G. L, y D. R Miller. 2003. Invasive soft scale (Hemiptera: Coccidae) and their threat to U. S. Agriculture. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 105 (4): 832 - 846.","Kondo, T. 2001. Las cochinillas de Colombia (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Biota Colombiana 2 (1): 31 - 48.","Ben-Dov, Y., D. R. Miller, y G. A. P. Gibson. 2009. ScaleNet. A data base of the scale insects of the world. Consulatdo en: http: // www. sel. barc. usda. gov / scalenet / scalenet. htm Fecha de consulta: junio del 2010."]}

Lepidosaphes gloverii (Packard), 1869. Material examinado. Cuba: Granja Montoto, Guane, 27.i.1968, col. A. Huba y R. Alayo, hospedante desconocido, 1 (F) adulta (CZAC). Notas. Lepidosaphes gloverii es polífaga y presenta distribución cosmopolita (Kondo 2001; Granara de Willink y Claps 2003; Miller et al. 2005; Miller y Gimpel 2009a); es de origen oriental (Miller et al. 2005). En Cuba se ha registrado para ocho hospedantes y resulta importante para los cítricos; es común sobre Annona muricata (Houser 1918, Ballou 1926, Bruner et al. 1975, Alayo 1976, Mendoza y Gómez 1983, González et al. 2005). Está incluida en la lista de insectos que presentan interés económico en ecosistemas naturales de la Sierra de los Órganos (Mestre et al. 2006c). Ha sido considerada plaga de los cítricos en EE. UU. (Dekle 1976, Miller et al. 2005) y común en los cítricos del noroeste y noreste argentino (Granara de Willink y Claps 2003)., Published as part of Novoa, Nereida Mestre, Hamon, Avas, Evans, Greg, Kondo, Takumasa, Oliver, Herrera, Hernández, Arturo & Alonso, Ana Abraham, 2011, Los cocoideos (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea) presentes en la Cordillera de Guaniguanico, Pinar del Río, Cuba, y la relación con sus hospedantes, pp. 1-25 in Insecta Mundi 2011 (183) on page 13, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5161102, {"references":["Kondo, T. 2001. Las cochinillas de Colombia (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Biota Colombiana 2 (1): 31 - 48.","Claps, L., V. R. Wolff. 2003. Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) frecuentes en plantas de importancia economica de la Argentina y Brasil. Publicacion Especial de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina 3: 1 - 59.","Miller, D. R., G. L. Miller, G. S. Hodges, y J. A. Davidson. 2005. Introduced scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of the United States and their impact on U. S. agriculture. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 107 (1): 123 - 158.","Houser, J. S. 1918. The Coccidae of Cuba. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 11: 157 - 172.","Ballou, C. H. 1926. Los coccidos de Cuba y sus plantas hospederas. Estacion Agronomica de Santiago de las Vegas. Boletin 51: 1 - 47.","Bruner, S., L. C. Scaramuzza, y A. R. Otero. 1975. Catalogo de los insectos que atacan a las plantas economicas de Cuba (2 da Edicion Revisada y Aumentada). Academia de Ciencias de Cuba; La Habana. 1975: 395 p.","Alayo, R. 1976. Introduccion al estudio de Coccoidea en Cuba. Academia de Ciencias de Cuba. Serie Biologica 61: 1 - 12.","Gonzalez, C., S. Caceres, M. Gomez, M. Fernandez, D. Hernandez, y J. Tapia. L. 2005. Lepidosaphes gloverii (Hemiptera: Diaspididae): estudios biologicos y ecologicos en citricos de Cuba. Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina 64 (1 / 2): 26 - 28.","Mestre, N., D. Rodriguez, N. Novoa, M. Hidalgo-Gato, R. Rodriguez-Leon, y P. Herrera. 2006 c. Insectos de interes agricola presentes en ecosistemas naturales de la Sierra de los Organos, Pinar del Rio, Cuba. Revista Centro Agricola 33 (3): 47 - 54.","Dekle, G. W. 1976. Florida armored scale insects. Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Lands Areas 3: 1 - 345."]}

Insignorthezia insignis (Browne), 1887. Material examinado. Cuba: Sierra Rangel, 13.iv.2000, col. N. Mestre y E. Fonseca, Psychotria horizontalis, 2 (F) adultas (CZAC); Orquideario de Soroa, 1.vi.2000, col. N. Mestre y T. Ramos, Mussaenda philippica, 3 (F) adultas (CZAC). Notas. Insignorthezia insignis es una especie polífaga y de distribución cosmopolita (Kondo 2001, Granara de Willink y Claps 2003, Miller y Gimpel 2009c); es de origen neotropical (Miller et al. 2005). En Cuba está referida para plantas ornamentales, medicinales y otras plantas herbáceas (Ballou 1926, Bruner et al. 1975). Se recolectó en el orquideario de Soroa (Mestre et al. 2004). Se ha referido como una plaga en jardines en varias partes del mundo (Williams y Watson 1990, Gill 1993, Miller et al. 2005); como plaga de invernaderos en los EE. UU. (Kosztarab 1974); y también en plantas ornamentales de São Paulo, Brasil (Peronti et al. 2001)., Published as part of Novoa, Nereida Mestre, Hamon, Avas, Evans, Greg, Kondo, Takumasa, Oliver, Herrera, Hernández, Arturo & Alonso, Ana Abraham, 2011, Los cocoideos (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea) presentes en la Cordillera de Guaniguanico, Pinar del Río, Cuba, y la relación con sus hospedantes, pp. 1-25 in Insecta Mundi 2011 (183) on page 15, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5161102, {"references":["Kondo, T. 2001. Las cochinillas de Colombia (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Biota Colombiana 2 (1): 31 - 48.","Claps, L., V. R. Wolff. 2003. Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) frecuentes en plantas de importancia economica de la Argentina y Brasil. Publicacion Especial de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina 3: 1 - 59.","Miller, D. R., G. L. Miller, G. S. Hodges, y J. A. Davidson. 2005. Introduced scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of the United States and their impact on U. S. agriculture. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 107 (1): 123 - 158.","Ballou, C. H. 1926. Los coccidos de Cuba y sus plantas hospederas. Estacion Agronomica de Santiago de las Vegas. Boletin 51: 1 - 47.","Bruner, S., L. C. Scaramuzza, y A. R. Otero. 1975. Catalogo de los insectos que atacan a las plantas economicas de Cuba (2 da Edicion Revisada y Aumentada). Academia de Ciencias de Cuba; La Habana. 1975: 395 p.","Mestre, N., T. Ramos, A. B. Hamon, y G. Evans. 2004. Los insectos escamas (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea) presentes en el Orquideario de Soroa, Pinar del Rio, Cuba. Fitosanidad 8 (3): 25 - 29.","Kosztarab, M. 1974. The Ortheziidae (Homoptera: Coccoidea) of economic importance in the United States. First Coccidology Training Session. University of Maryland. 14 p.","Peronti, A. L., D. R. Miller, y C. R. Sousa-Silva. 2001. Scale Insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of ornamental plants from Sao Carlos, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Insecta Mundi 15 (4): 247, 255."]}

Novoa, Nereida Mestre, Hamon, Avas, Evans, Greg, Kondo, Takumasa, Oliver, Herrera, Hernández, Arturo, Alonso, Ana Abraham (2011): Los cocoideos (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea) presentes en la Cordillera de Guaniguanico, Pinar del Río, Cuba, y la relación con sus hospedantes. Insecta Mundi 2011 (183): 1-25, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5161102, {"references":["A la Dra. Lucia Claps (Instituto Superior de Entomologia \"Dr. Abraham Willink\" - INSUE) y al Dr. Aristobulo Lopez Avila de Corpoica por la exaustiva revison del trabajo y las apropiadas sugerencias realizadas. A los colegas del Instituto de Ecologia y Sistematica Dr. Luis de Armas, Dr. Jorge Alberto Sanchez, M.Sc. Nayla Garcia, M.Sc. Dely Rodriguez, M.Sc. Adriana Lozada y al Dr. Jorge Luis Fontenla, por la revision del documento y los oportunos senalamientos. A la Ing. Ramona Oviedo por la identificacion de las plantas hospedantes correspondientes a las Lomas de Soroa. Al Lic. Elier Fonseca, a Jose Bocourt y a Marcos Olcha, por su ayuda en los muestreos de campo. A la Dra. Ileana Fernandez por la revision del documento y por la recoleccion de ejemplares de Saissetia coffeae en el Pan de Guajaibon. Al colectivo de trabajadores del Orquideario de Soroa, en particular al Dr. Tomas Ramos, por su colaboracion en todo el trabajo desarrollado. A los trabajadores del Area Protegida de Mil Cumbres y de la Estacion de Forestales de Vinales, por facilitarnos el trabajo en estos territorios. A los colegas del Center of Systematic Entomology y del Florida Department of Agriculture y Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry (Entomology Contribution # 1197), Florida State Collection of Arthropods (FSCA) por toda la ayuda brindada.","Alayo, R. 1976. Introduccion al estudio de Coccoidea en Cuba. Academia de Ciencias de Cuba. Serie Biologica 61: 1-12.","Alayo, R. A., y A. Blahutiak. 1981. Aspectos biologicos y taxonomicos en Saissetia hemisphaerica Targioni (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Poeyana 220: 1-18.","Ballou, C. H. 1926. Los coccidos de Cuba y sus plantas hospederas. Estacion Agronomica de Santiago de las Vegas. Boletin 51: 1-47.","Ben-Dov, Y. 1993. A systematic catalogue of the soft scale insects of the World. Flora y Fauna Handbook No. 9. Sandhill Crane Press; Gainesville, FL. 536 p.","Ben-Dov, Y. 2009a. ScaleNet, Russellaspis pustulans. Consultado en la web: http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/ scalecgi/valname.exe?Family=Allygenus=Russellaspisysubgenus=yspecies=pustulansysubspecies Fecha de consulta: junio del 2010.","Ben-Dov, Y. 2009b. ScaleNet, Coccidae. Consultado en la web: http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/SCALENET/ distrib.htm Fecha de consulta: junio del 2010.","Ben-Dov, Y. 2009c. ScaleNet, Diaspididae: Aspidiotinae. Consultado en la web: http:// www.sel.barc.usda.gov/SCALENET/distrib.htm Fecha de consulta: junio del 2010.","Ben-Dov, Y. 2009d. ScaleNet. Pseudococcidae. Consultado en la web: http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/catalogs/pseudoco/Pseudococcus.htm Fecha de consulta: junio del 2010.","Ben-Dov, Y., D. R. Miller, y G. A. P. Gibson. 2009. ScaleNet. A data base of the scale insects of the world. Consulatdo en: http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/scalenet/scalenet.htm Fecha de consulta: junio del 2010.","Blanco, E. 2007. Diagnostico, distribucion y hospedantes de los pseudococcidos en Cuba. Riesgos de introduccion de especies exoticas. Tesis presentada en Opcion al Grado Cientifico de Doctor en Ciencias Agricolas. Instituto Nacional de Sanidad Vegetal. Ministerio de la Agricultura; La Habana. 96 p.","Bruner, S., L. C. Scaramuzza, y A. R. Otero. 1975. Catalogo de los insectos que atacan a las plantas economicas de Cuba (2da Edicion Revisada y Aumentada). Academia de Ciencias de Cuba; La Habana. 1975: 395 p.","Capote, R., y R. Berazain. 1984. Clasificacion de las formaciones vegetales de Cuba. Revista del Jardin Botanico Nacional 5 (2): 27-75.","Claps, L. E., y A. L. Teran. 2001. Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) asociadas a citricos en la provincia de Tucuman, Republica Argentina. Neotropical Entomology 30 (3): 391-402.","Claps, L., V. R. Wolff, y R. H. Gonzalez. 2001. Catalogo de las Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) exoticas de la Argentina, Brasil y Chile. Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina 60 (1-4): 9-34.","Claps, L., V. R. Wolff. 2003. Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) frecuentes en plantas de importancia economica de la Argentina y Brasil. Publicacion Especial de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina 3: 1- 59.","CNAP. 2002. Sistema Nacional de Areas Protegidas. Cuba. Plan 2002-2008. Centro Nacional de Areas Protegidas. La Habana. Escandon Impresores; Espana. 222 p.","Colon Ferrer, M., y S. Medina Gaud. 1998. Contribution to the Systematic of the Diaspidids (Homoptera: Diaspididae) of Puerto Rico. Editions First Book Publishing of Puerto Rico; San Juan. 258 p.","Coy A., L. Bidart, N. Rodriguez, A. Perez, L. Ventosa, M. Reyes, M. Condis, D. Rodriguez, N. Mestre, M. Marquetti, A. Lopez, S. Rosete, et al. 2000. Biodiversidad de la Sierra de los Organos. Informe final de Proyecto. Fondos Agencia de Medio Ambiente. Depositado en Biblioteca del Instituto de Ecologia y Sistematica. Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnologia y Medio Ambiente; La Habana. 257p.","Culik, M. P., D. S. Martins, J. A.Ventura, A. L. Peronti, P. J. Gullan, y T. Kondo. 2007a. Coccidae, Pseudococcidae, Ortheziidae, and Monophlebidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of Espirito Santo, Brazil. Biota Neotropical 7 (3): 61-65.","Culik, M. P., D. S. Martins, J. A.Ventura, y V. S. Wolff. 2007b. Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of Espirito Santo, Brazil. Journal of Insect Science 8 (17): 1-6.","Dekle, G. W. 1976. Florida armored scale insects. Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Lands Areas 3: 1-345.","Davidson, J. A., M. B. Stoetzel, S. Nakahara, y D. Miller. 1974. The armored scale insects of economic importance in the Continental United States (Homoptera: Diaspididae). First Coccidology Training Session; University Maryland. 225 p.","Fernandez, M., T. Burgos, I. Val, y M. A. Proenza. 1998. Causas de mortalidad de Pinnaspis strachani C. en el cultivo del toronjo en la Isla de la Juventud. Parte II. Revista Proteccion Vegetal 13 (3): 179,188.","Gill. R. J. 1988. The scales insects of California. Part 1. The soft scales (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). California Department of Food and Agriculture Sacramento. Technical Series in Agriculture Biosystematic and Plant Pathology. 132 p.","Gill, R. J. 1997. The Scale Insects of California. Part 3. The Armored Scales (Homoptera: Diaspididae). California California Department of Food and Agriculture Sacramento. Technical Series in Agriculture Biosystematic and Plant Pathology. 307 p.","Gonzalez, C., S. Caceres, M. Gomez, M. Fernandez, D. Hernandez, y J. Tapia. L. 2005. Lepidosaphes gloverii (Hemiptera: Diaspididae): estudios biologicos y ecologicos en citricos de Cuba. Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina 64 (1/2): 26-28.","Granara de Willink, M. C. 1999. Las cochinillas blandas de la Republica Argentina (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). Contributions on Entomology International. Associated Publishers 3 (1): 183 p.","Granara de Willink, M. C., y L. Claps. 2003. Cochinillas (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) presentes en plantas ornamentales de la Argentina. Neotropical Entomology 32 (4): 625-637.","Granara de Willink, M. C., V. D Pirovani, y P. S. Ferreira. 2010. Las especies de Coccus que afectan Coffea arabica en Brasil (Coccoidea: Coccidae) y redescripcion de dos species. Neotropical Entomology 39 (3): 391-399.","Grillo, H., y R. Gonzalez. 1998. Identidad, biologia y enemigos naturales de la Pulvinaria (Homoptera: Coccidae) de las hojas de la cana de azucar en Cuba. Revista Centro Agricola 25: 79-82.","Gutierrez, R., y M. Rivero. 1999. Regiones Naturales de la isla de Cuba. Editorial Cientifico Tecnica. La Habana. 184 p.","Hamon, A. B., y M. L Williams. 1984. The soft scale insects of Florida (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Lands Areas11: 1-194.","Heidel, W., y G. Kohler. 1979. Toumeyella cubensis sp. n. (Hemiptera: Coccinea. Coccidae) una guagua en los cultivos de citricos cubanos. Zoologischer Anzeiger (Jena) 202: 132-144.","Hodgson, C. J. 1994. The scale Insects family Coccidae: An identification manual to genera. CAB International; London, UK. 639 p.","Houser, J. S. 1918. The Coccidae of Cuba. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 11: 157-172.","Kondo, T. 2001. Las cochinillas de Colombia (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Biota Colombiana 2 (1): 31-48.","Kondo, T. 2007. Taxonomy of Toumeyella lomagundiae Hall and T. obunca De Lotto, and their transfer to Hallicoccus gen. nov. (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). Zootaxa 1415: 23-33.","Kondo, T. 2008. Ceroplastes rubens Maskell (Hemiptera, Coccidae) a new coccid record for Colombia. Boletin del Museo de Entomologia de la Universidad del Valle 9 (1): 66-68.","Kondo T., y P. J. Gullan. 2010. The Coccidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of Chile, with descriptions of three new species and transfer of Lecanium resinatum Kieffer y Herbst to the Kerriidae. Zootaxa 2560: 1-15","Kondo, T., y N. Hardy. 2008. Redescription of Inglisia vitrea Cockerell (Hemiptera, Coccidae) and its transfer to the genus Pseudokermes Cockerell. ZooKeys 3: 11-21.","Kondo, T., y J. A. Munoz Velasco. 2009. Nuevos registros de Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead (Hemiptera: Diaspidae) en Colombia y experimentos de transferencia de hospederos. Revista Asiava 84: 18- 20.","Kondo, T., A. A. Ramos, y E. V. Vergara. 2008. Update list of mealybugs and putoids from Colombia (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae and Putoidae). Boletin del Museo de Entomologia de la Universidad del Valle 9 (1): 29, 53.","Kondo, T., y D. J. Williams. 2008. Neotype designation and redescription of Toumeyella liriodendri (Gmelin) (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). Journal of Insect Science 8 (56): 1-6.","Kosztarab, M. 1974. The Ortheziidae (Homoptera: Coccoidea) of economic importance in the United States. First Coccidology Training Session. University of Maryland. 14 p.","Lindinger, L. 1913 (1912). Afrikanische Schildlause. V. Die Schildlause Deutsche-ostafrikas. Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten 30: 59-95.","MapInfo Professional Version 4.5 (Computer program). Win 98. New York: MapInfo Corporation 1985-1998.","Martinez, M. A., M. Suris, y E. Blanco. 2008. Fauna de chinches harinosas (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) asociadas a plantas de interes: iv plantas ornamentales. Revista Proteccion Vegetal 23 (1): 48-53.","Martinez, M. A., M. Suris, y E. Blanco. 2009. Fauna de chinches harinosas (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) asociada a plantas de interes: v flores de corte y de Jardin. Revista Proteccion Vegetal 24 (2): 123-125.","Martins, D., M. P. Culik, y V. Wolff. 2004. New records of scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) as pest of papaya in Brazil. Neotropical Entomology 33 (5): 653-654.","Mendoza, F., y J. Gomez Sousa. 1983. Principales insectos que atacan a las plantas economicas de Cuba. Editorial Pueblo y Educacion; La Habana. 304 p.","Mestre, N. 1999. Composicion taxonomica y estructura de una comunidad de Coccoidea (Homoptera: Sternorrhyncha) en un policultivo de cafeto, guayabo y aguacatero. Tesis en opcion al grado de Master en Ciencias de Ecologia, Sistematica Aplicada con Mencion en Ecologia, Sistematica y Colecciones Zoologicas. Instituto de Ecologia y Sistematica. Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnologia y Medio Ambiente. Depositada en Biblioteca del IES. IES; La Habana. 56 p. y Anexos.","Mestre, N., I. Baro, y S. Rosete. 2001a. Actualizacion de los coccidos (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) de Cuba y sus plantas hospedantes. Revista Centro Agricola 3: 31-36.","Mestre, N., A. B. Hamon, I. Baro, y M. Reyes. 2001b. Nuevos registros de Coccoidea (Homoptera: Sternorrhyncha) para Cuba. Insecta Mundi 15 (1): 59-61.","Mestre, N., A. B. Hamon, y P. Herrera. 2001c. Tres nuevos registros de coccidos (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) para Cuba. Insecta Mundi 15 (3): 189-191.","Mestre, N., T. Ramos, A. B. Hamon, y G. Evans. 2004. Los insectos escamas (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea) presentes en el Orquideario de Soroa, Pinar del Rio, Cuba. Fitosanidad 8 (3): 25-29.","Mestre, N., H. Grillo, y G. S. Hodges. 2006a. Paratachardina lobata lobata (Chamberlin) (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Kerriidae) un nuevo registro de insecto escama para Cuba. Revista Centro Agricola 33 (3): 21-24.","Mestre, N., A. B. Hamon, J.L. Fontenla, M. Fernandez, M. Hernandez, y R. Sanchez. 2006b. Composicion taxonomica y estructura de una comunidad de Coccoidea (Homoptera: Sternorrhyncha) en un policultivo de cafeto, guayabo y aguacatero. Revista Brasileira de Agroecologia 1 (1): 53-57.","Mestre, N., D. Rodriguez, N. Novoa, M. Hidalgo-Gato, R. Rodriguez-Leon, y P. Herrera. 2006c. Insectos de interes agricola presentes en ecosistemas naturales de la Sierra de los Organos, Pinar del Rio, Cuba. Revista Centro Agricola 33 (3): 47-54.","Miller, G. L. 2005. Selected scale insect groups (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in the southern region of the United States. Florida Entomologist 88 (4): 482-501.","Miller, G. L, y D. R Miller. 2003. Invasive soft scale (Hemiptera: Coccidae) and their threat to U.S. Agriculture. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 105 (4): 832-846.","Miller, D. R., G. L. Miller, G. S. Hodges, y J. A. Davidson. 2005. Introduced scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of the United States and their impact on U. S. agriculture. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 107 (1): 123-158.","Miller, D. R., y W. F. Gimpel. 2009a. ScaleNet, Diaspididae: Diaspidinae. Consultado en la web: http:/ /www.sel.barc.usda.gov/SCALENET/distrib.htm Fecha de consulta: junio del 2010.","Miller, D. R., y W. F. Gimpel. 2009b. ScaleNet, Eriococcidae. Consultado en la la web: http:// www.sel.barc.usda.gov/SCALENET/distrib.htm Fecha de consulta: junio del 2010.","Miller, D. R., y W. F. Gimpel. 2009c. ScaleNet, Ortheziidae. Consultado en la web en: http:// www.sel.barc.usda.gov/SCALENET/distrib.htm Fecha de consulta: junio del 2010.","Peronti, A. L., D. R. Miller, y C. R. Sousa-Silva. 2001. Scale Insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of ornamental plants from Sao Carlos, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Insecta Mundi 15 (4): 247, 255.","Peronti, A. L., C. R. Sousa-Silva, y M. C. Granara de Willink. 2008. Revisao das especies de Ceroplastinae Atkinson (Hemiptera, Coccoidea, Coccidae) do Estado de Sao Paulo, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 52 (2): 139, 181.","Pielou, E. C. 1984. The interpretation of ecological data. Wiley y Sons; New York. 263 p.","Ramos Portilla, A. A., y F. J. Serna. 2004. Coccoidea de Colombia, con enfasis en las cochinillas harinosas (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). Revista de la Facultad Nacional de Agronomia de Medellin 57(2): 2383, 2412.","Vazquez, L. M. 1989. Insectos que atacan al cafeto en Cuba. Instituto de Sanidad Vegetal. Ministerio de la Agricultura. CID-IISV; La Habana. 38 p.","Williams, D. J., y M. C. Granara de Willink. 1992. Mealybugs of Central and South America. C.A.B. International; London. 630 p.","Williams, D. J., y G. W. Watson. 1990. The scale insects of the Tropical South Pacific Region. Part 3: The soft scales (Coccidae) and other families. C.A.B. International Institute of Entomology; London, UK. 265 p.","Zamudio, P., y L. E Claps. 2005. Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) asociadas a frutales en la Argentina. Neotropical Entomology 34(2): 255, 272."]}

Capulinia sallei Signoret, 1875. Material examinado. Cuba: Taco Taco, Sierra Rangel, 2.iv.1922, col. S. C. Bruner, C.H. Ballou y J. Acuña, Muntingia calabura, material seco, (F) adultas (C.H. Ballou) (CZAC). Notas. Capulinia sallei fue descrita para Tabasco, México (Miller y Gimpel 2009b). En el Neotrópico está referida para Cuba sobre Muntingia calabura (Elaeocarpaceae) y Eugenia axillaris (Myrtaceae) (Houser 1918, Ballou 1926, Bruner et al. 1975, Miller y Gimpel 2009b), puede considerarse una especie oligófaga; no se encontraron referencias de su origen., Published as part of Novoa, Nereida Mestre, Hamon, Avas, Evans, Greg, Kondo, Takumasa, Oliver, Herrera, Hernández, Arturo & Alonso, Ana Abraham, 2011, Los cocoideos (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea) presentes en la Cordillera de Guaniguanico, Pinar del Río, Cuba, y la relación con sus hospedantes, pp. 1-25 in Insecta Mundi 2011 (183) on page 14, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5161102, {"references":["Houser, J. S. 1918. The Coccidae of Cuba. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 11: 157 - 172.","Ballou, C. H. 1926. Los coccidos de Cuba y sus plantas hospederas. Estacion Agronomica de Santiago de las Vegas. Boletin 51: 1 - 47.","Bruner, S., L. C. Scaramuzza, y A. R. Otero. 1975. Catalogo de los insectos que atacan a las plantas economicas de Cuba (2 da Edicion Revisada y Aumentada). Academia de Ciencias de Cuba; La Habana. 1975: 395 p."]}

Duplaspidiotus tesseratus (Grandpré y Charmoy), 1899. Material examinado. Cuba: Salto de Soroa, 22.iii.2000, col. N. Mestre, Oxandra lanceolata, 1 (F) adulta (CZAC). Notas. Esta especie es considerada polífaga (Kondo 2001). Está distribuida en todas las regiones biogeográficas del mundo, excepto en la Paleártica (Ben-Dov 2009c); se encuentra bien representada en al región del Caribe (Colón Ferrer y Medina Gaud 1998). No se encontró referencias de su origen. En Cuba ha sido registrada para varias especies de plantas silvestres y cultivadas de las familias Anacardiaceae, Euphorbiaceae y Mimosaceae (Houser 1918; Ballou 1926; Bruner et al. 1975). Está referida como una especie de importancia sobre las parras (Vitaceae) en Centro y Suramérica (Ben-Dov 2009c)., Published as part of Novoa, Nereida Mestre, Hamon, Avas, Evans, Greg, Kondo, Takumasa, Oliver, Herrera, Hernández, Arturo & Alonso, Ana Abraham, 2011, Los cocoideos (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea) presentes en la Cordillera de Guaniguanico, Pinar del Río, Cuba, y la relación con sus hospedantes, pp. 1-25 in Insecta Mundi 2011 (183) on page 11, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5161102, {"references":["Kondo, T. 2001. Las cochinillas de Colombia (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Biota Colombiana 2 (1): 31 - 48.","Ben-Dov, Y. 2009 c. ScaleNet, Diaspididae: Aspidiotinae. Consultado en la web: http: // www. sel. barc. usda. gov / SCALENET / distrib. htm Fecha de consulta: junio del 2010.","Houser, J. S. 1918. The Coccidae of Cuba. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 11: 157 - 172.","Ballou, C. H. 1926. Los coccidos de Cuba y sus plantas hospederas. Estacion Agronomica de Santiago de las Vegas. Boletin 51: 1 - 47.","Bruner, S., L. C. Scaramuzza, y A. R. Otero. 1975. Catalogo de los insectos que atacan a las plantas economicas de Cuba (2 da Edicion Revisada y Aumentada). Academia de Ciencias de Cuba; La Habana. 1975: 395 p."]}

Chionaspis pinifoliae (Fitch, 1856). Material examinado. Cuba: San Diego de los Baños, 26.iii.1921, col. J. R. Johnston y C. H. Ballou, Pinus caribaea, material seco, (F) adultas (C. H. Ballou) (CZAC). Notas. Chionaspis pinifoliae incide sobre aproximadamente 47 especies y tres familias de plantas, todas coníferas, de ellas, 43 especies de Pinaceae; puede considerarse oligófaga. Se encuentra bien distribuida en la región Neártica (Miller y Gimpel 2009a). En la región Neotropical, se ha referido para Cuba, Chile, El Salvador, Honduras; y en la Paleártica en Egipto, Libia y Reino Unido (Miller y Gimpel 2009a). No se encontraron referencias de su origen. En Cuba se ha registrado sobre Pinus caribaea y P. tropicalis (Ballou 1926; Bruner et al. 1975; Alayo 1976). Se incluyó en la lista de insectos que presentan interés económico en ecosistemas naturales de la Sierra de los Órganos (Mestre et al. 2006c). Es una especie recolectada frecuentemente en el sur de EE. UU. y considerada una plaga de los pinos ornamentales; es capaz de reducir la vitalidad de los hospedantes y su apariencia estética cuando los ataques son intensos (Gill 1997; Miller 2005; Miller y Gimpel 2009a)., Published as part of Novoa, Nereida Mestre, Hamon, Avas, Evans, Greg, Kondo, Takumasa, Oliver, Herrera, Hernández, Arturo & Alonso, Ana Abraham, 2011, Los cocoideos (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea) presentes en la Cordillera de Guaniguanico, Pinar del Río, Cuba, y la relación con sus hospedantes, pp. 1-25 in Insecta Mundi 2011 (183) on page 11, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5161102, {"references":["Ballou, C. H. 1926. Los coccidos de Cuba y sus plantas hospederas. Estacion Agronomica de Santiago de las Vegas. Boletin 51: 1 - 47.","Bruner, S., L. C. Scaramuzza, y A. R. Otero. 1975. Catalogo de los insectos que atacan a las plantas economicas de Cuba (2 da Edicion Revisada y Aumentada). Academia de Ciencias de Cuba; La Habana. 1975: 395 p.","Alayo, R. 1976. Introduccion al estudio de Coccoidea en Cuba. Academia de Ciencias de Cuba. Serie Biologica 61: 1 - 12.","Mestre, N., D. Rodriguez, N. Novoa, M. Hidalgo-Gato, R. Rodriguez-Leon, y P. Herrera. 2006 c. Insectos de interes agricola presentes en ecosistemas naturales de la Sierra de los Organos, Pinar del Rio, Cuba. Revista Centro Agricola 33 (3): 47 - 54.","Gill, R. J. 1997. The Scale Insects of California. Part 3. The Armored Scales (Homoptera: Diaspididae). California California Department of Food and Agriculture Sacramento. Technical Series in Agriculture Biosystematic and Plant Pathology. 307 p.","Miller, D. R., G. L. Miller, G. S. Hodges, y J. A. Davidson. 2005. Introduced scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of the United States and their impact on U. S. agriculture. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 107 (1): 123 - 158."]}

Kondo, Takumasa (2011): Transfer of the myrmecophilous soft scale insect Neolecanium amazonensis Foldi to Foldilecanium gen. nov. (Hemiptera: Coccidae), with description of a new species from Colombia. Insecta Mundi 2011 (167): 1-10, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5160587, {"references":["Cockerell, T. D. A. 1895. New scale-insects from Arizona. Bulletin Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station 14: 56.","Foldi, I. 1988. Nouvelle contribution a l'etude des cochenilles de l'Amazonie Bresilienne (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France (N.S.) 24: 77-87.","Hodgson, C. J. 1994. The Scale Insect family Coccidae: An Identification Manual to Genera. CAB International; Wallingford, Oxon, UK. 639 p.","Kondo, T. 2010. Description of a new coccid (Hemiptera, Coccidae) on avocado (Persea americana Mill.) from Colombia, South America. ZooKeys 42: 37-45.","Kondo, T., and M. L. Williams. 2004. Redescription of the soft scale insect Toumeyella sallei (Signoret), new combination (Hemiptera: Coccidae: Myzolecaniinae). Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. B 105: 211-5.","Kondo, T., and M. L. Williams. 2009. Redescriptions of Neolecanium leucaenae Ckll., Toumeyella cerifera Ferris and T. sonorensis Ckll. and Parrott and their transfer to Neotoumeyella gen. nov. (Hemiptera: Coccidae), with descriptions of two new species from the southeastern U.S.A. and Colombia, South America. International Journal of Insect Science 2: 11-27.","Manner, H. I., and C. R. Elevitch. 2006. Cananga odorata (ylang-ylang), ver. 2.1. In: C. R. Elevitch (ed.). Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry. Permanent Agriculture Resources (PAR), H lualoa, Hawai'i. . [Last accessed on December 7, 2010].","Parrot, P. J. 1901. In: T. D. A. Cockerell and P. J. Parrott. Table to separate the genera and subgenera of Coccidae related to Lecanium. The Canadian Entomologist 33: 57-58.","Williams, D. J., and M. C. Granara de Willink. 1992. Mealybugs of Central and South America. CAB International; Wallingford, UK. 635 p."]}

Genus Foldilecanium Kondo, new genus Type species: Neolecanium amazonensis Foldi, 1988: 80. Generic description, adult female. Insect body oval to broadly oval in shape. Dorsum. Derm membranous, becoming sclerotized in older specimens. Dorsal setae absent. Dorsal microducts scattered over dorsum. Preopercular pores present around anal plates and extending in a narrow mid-dorsal line anteriorly up to area dorsad to mouthparts or antennae. Simple pores of 2 types: type (i) pore small, scattered over dorsum; type (ii) pore medium in size, under high magnification appearing as having numerous loculi, scattered over dorsum and intermixed with type (i) pores. Dorsal tubular ducts, dorsal tubercles and pocket-like sclerotizations absent. Anal plates together broadly pyriform, with smooth rounded outer angles, plates located near mid-dorsum, each plate with 9-14 setose setae on dorsal surface. Anal ring with 10 setae. A well-developed sclerotic area present around anal plates in mature specimens, or at least around upper half of plates. Margin. Marginal setae sharply to blunly spinose. Stigmatic clefts shallow to deep, each with 2-7 stigmatic setae; stigmatic setae bulbous, or sharply to bluntly spinose, all more or less subequal in length. Eyespots present or absent. Venter. Derm entirely membranous. Perivulvar pores completely absent. Spiracular pores with 3-6 (mostly 5) loculi, present in a narrow band as wide as peritreme or narrower, with band of pores extending laterally from each spiracle to body margin. Ventral microducts scattered evenly throughout, but in dense concentration around labium. Ventral tubular ducts absent. Ventral submarginal setae slender, straight or slightly bent, present in a single row. Ventral setae across abdominal segments sharply spinose, longer and thicker than other setae. Anterior spiracular peritremes generally smaller than posterior peritremes. Legs well developed, but small compared to body size, claws with or without a denticle. Antennae each 6 segmented, with fleshy setae present on last three antennal segments. Interantennal setae totaling 3 pairs. Mouthparts well developed; labium 1 segmented, with 4 pairs of labial setae. Etymology. The new genus Foldilecanium is named for Dr. Imre Foldi, coccidologist and author of the type species. The name is a combination of the name Foldi and “ lecanium ” which is an ending commonly used for scale insect names. Gender masculine., Published as part of Kondo, Takumasa, 2011, Transfer of the myrmecophilous soft scale insect Neolecanium amazonensis Foldi to Foldilecanium gen. nov. (Hemiptera: Coccidae), with description of a new species from Colombia., pp. 1-10 in Insecta Mundi 2011 (167) on page 3, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5160587, {"references":["Foldi, I. 1988. Nouvelle contribution a l'etude des cochenilles de l'Amazonie Bresilienne (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France (N. S.) 24: 77 - 87."]}

Foldilecanium amazonensis (Foldi) comb. nov. (Fig. 1) Proposed common names. Spanish: Escama blanda de la Amazonia; English: Amazonian soft scale. Holotype. Adult female, 1(1) (Manaus: Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Coleção Sistemática de Entomologia, Brasil). Brazil, Manaus, km 60, 2.xii.1985, coll. Imre Foldi, ex Pourouma cecropiifolia Mart., inside ant shelters of ants. Type material studied. Holotype not studied. Paratypes, same data as holotype, 2 slides 3 specimens (MNHN). Unmounted material. Young adult female slightly convex, subspherical, yellowish-white. Old females, convex, strongly sclerotized, reddish-brown, dorsal margins rolled (Foldi 1988). Slide-mounted material (Fig. 1). Slide mounted specimens 1.7 mm long, 2.0 mm wide; body oval in shape (Foldi 1988). Description. Adult female (measurements based on n=3). Dorsum. Derm membranous, becoming sclerotized in older specimens. Dorsal setae absent. Dorsal microducts (dmic) each about 3.0 µm wide, scattered over dorsum. Simple pores (sp) of 2 types: type (i) pore small, with a thick sclerotized rim, often with a sclerotized center, each about 3.0 µm wide, scattered over dorsum; type (ii) pore median in size, each about 4.5 µm wide, under high magnification appearing as having about 8 loculi, scattered over dorsum and intermixed with type (i) pores. Preopercular pores (prop) each 4.0-5.5 µm wide, present around anal plates and extending medially towards head region. Anal plates (aplt) together broadly pyriform, with smooth rounded outer angles, plates located about middorsum, dorsad to area between just posterior to metathoracic legs, each plate 232-248 µm long, 97-130 µm wide, anterolateral margin 173-200 µm long, posterolateral margin 108-124 µm long, with 13 or 14 setae on dorsal surface, 1 pair of fringe setae anteriorly, ventral subapical setae 3 pairs, and hypopygial setae about 8 pairs. Anal ring (ar) with 10 setae. Well-developed sclerotic area present around anterior part of anal plates. Margin. Marginal setae (mgset) bluntly to sharply spinose, each 10-15 µm long, arranged in an irregular single row, with 15-20 setae on each side between anterior and posterior stigmatic areas. Stigmatic clefts shallow, each with 2-4 (mostly 3) stigmatic seta (stgset) per stigmatic area, each clavate to bluntly spinose, 8-16 µm long. Eyespots present on dorsal margin. Venter. Derm entirely membranous. Spiracular pores (spp) each 3.5-4.5 µm wide, with 3-7 (mostly 5) loculi, present in a narrow band as wide as peritreme (about 2-4 pores wide), with band of pores extending laterally from each spiracle to body margin, fused pores often present. Ventral microducts (vmic) scattered evenly throughout, but in dense concentration around labium, each about 3.0 µm wide. Ventral setae (vset): submarginal setae slender, each 6.4-11.0 µm long, present in a single row; ventral setae across abdominal segments, sharply spinose, each 11-17 µm long; elsewhere setose and 8.5-11.0 µm long. Anterior spiracular peritremes each 62-72 µm wide, posterior peritremes each 72-81 µm wide. Legs well developed, but small, claw with a denticle; anterior tarsal digitules dissimilar, one spiniform, the other knobbed; meso- and methathoracic tarsal digitules similar, both knobbed. Antennae (ant) each 188-200 µm long, 6 segmented, with fleshy setae present on last three antennal segments. With 3 pairs of interantennal setae. Clypeolabral shield 164–187 µm wide; labium 1 segmented, with 4 pairs of labial setae. Diagnosis. The adult female of F. amazonensis can be diagnosed by the combination of the following features: (1) dorsal setae completely absent; (2) simple pores of 2 types; (3) preopercular pores present around anal plates and extending medially towards head region; (4) anal plates together broadly pyriform, with 13-14 setae on dorsal surface; (5) sclerotic area present at least around anterior part of anal plates; (6) marginal setae spinose, with pointed or round tips, with 15-20 setae on each side between anterior and posterior stigmatic areas; (7) stigmatic clefts shallow, each with 2-4 (mostly 3) stigmatic setae; (8) eyespots present; (9) spiracular pores with 3-7 (mostly 5) loculi, (10) dense concentration of ventral microducts around labium; (11) ventral setae across abdominal segments, sharply spinose, setose elsewhere; (12) legs well developed, but small, claw with a denticle; (13) antennae 6 segmented. Foldilecanium amazonensis comes closest to its congener F. multisetosus, however, the two can be easily separated by the combination of the following features (features of F. multisetotosus in parenthesis): (1) stigmatic setae bulbose to spinose with sharp or rounded tips, totaling 3 (rarely 2 or 4) per stigmatic cleft (stigmatic setae spinose with rounded tips, totaling 5-7 per stigmatic cleft); (2) marginal setae bluntly to sharply spinose (marginal setae bluntly spinose, with parallel sides). Biology. The soft scales were found on the underside of the leaf blades near the petiole insertion. Colonies were covered by ant cartons (Foldi 1988). Distribution. Neotropical region. Brazil., Published as part of Kondo, Takumasa, 2011, Transfer of the myrmecophilous soft scale insect Neolecanium amazonensis Foldi to Foldilecanium gen. nov. (Hemiptera: Coccidae), with description of a new species from Colombia., pp. 1-10 in Insecta Mundi 2011 (167) on pages 4-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5160587, {"references":["Foldi, I. 1988. Nouvelle contribution a l'etude des cochenilles de l'Amazonie Bresilienne (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France (N. S.) 24: 77 - 87."]}

Key to separate the known species of Foldilecanium Kondo 1. Stigmatic setae bulbose and/or spinose with sharp or rounded tips, totaling 3 (rarely 2 or 4) per stigmatic cleft; marginal setae bluntly to sharply spinose................................................................................................................................................. F. amazonensis Foldi, comb. nov. –- Stigmatic setae spinose with rounded tips, totaling 5-7 per stigmatic cleft; marginal setae bluntly spinose, with parallel sides................................................. F. multisetosus Kondo, sp. nov., Published as part of Kondo, Takumasa, 2011, Transfer of the myrmecophilous soft scale insect Neolecanium amazonensis Foldi to Foldilecanium gen. nov. (Hemiptera: Coccidae), with description of a new species from Colombia., pp. 1-10 in Insecta Mundi 2011 (167) on page 4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5160587

Tachardiella resinata (Kieffer & Herbst), comb. nov. Lecanium resinatum Kieffer & Herbst, 1909: 122. Coccus resinatum; Ben-Dov, 1993: 88 (change of combination). Coccus resinatus; Williams & Ben-Dov, 2009: 41 (justified emendation). Many scale insect species described in the genus Lecanium Burmeister (now an unavailable name) are soft scale insects and a number have been transferred to the genus Coccus (see Williams & Ben-Dov, 2009). Presumably, this was the reason that Ben-Dov (1993) transferred L. resinatum to Coccus. Kieffer & Herbst (1909) described this scale insect from the host plant Baccharis rosmarinifolia (Asteraceae), which is now Baccharis linearis (Tropicos, 2010), from Concepcion, Chile. The original description is in German and the claim (Ben-Dov, 1993), which has been perpetuated by others (e.g., Gullan et al., 2005), that this species induces a gall is based on a misinterpretation of the description, which refers to these insects producing "Harzgallen", which literally translates to "resin galls". These structures are described as yellow, tending to spherical or hemispherical, attaining 4���5 mm in diameter, sessile, and usually densely packed. Resinous tests are produced by several scale insect groups, including the lac insects (Kerriidae). It seems certain that C. resinatus is a kerriid because Kieffer���s & Herbst���s (1990) description of the red ���larvae���, the first-instar nymphs, matches that of kerriid nymphs. Two genera of Kerriidae, Austrotachardiella Chamberlin and Tachardiella Cockerell, are widespread in South America (Ben-Dov, 2006) and it cannot be established with certainty to which genus C. resinatus belongs because there is no type material. However, only Tachardiella species have been found on Asteraceae, including T. pustulans (Cockerell) on Baccharis from the southwestern USA. Furthermore, the resinous tests of adult females of Tachardiella species are usually globular, as in C. resinatus, whereas those of Austrotachardiella species usually have various projections or processes. Here we transfer Lecanium resinatum to Tachardiella as T. resinata (Kieffer & Herbst) comb. nov., until the identity of this species can be investigated further based on collections made from the host plant in the region of the type locality., Published as part of Kondo, Takumasa & Gullan, Penny J., 2010, The Coccidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of Chile, with descriptions of three new species and transfer of Lecanium resinatum Kieffer & Herbst to the Kerriidae, pp. 1-15 in Zootaxa 2560 on page 2, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.293984, {"references":["Kieffer, J. J. & Herbst, P. (1909) Uber einige neue Gallen und Gallenerzeuger aus Chile. (In German). Zentralblatt fur Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde, Infektionskrankheiten (und Hygiene), Jena, 23, 119 - 126.","Ben-Dov, Y. (1993) A Systematic Catalogue of the Soft Scale Insects of the World (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). Sandhill Crane Press, Gainesville, Florida, 536 pp.","Williams, D. J. & Ben-Dov, Y. (2009) A review of species names combined with the genus name Coccus Linnaeus (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea). Zootaxa, 2285, 1 - 64.","Tropicos (2010) Tropicos. org. Missouri Botanical Garden. http: // www. tropicos. org. (accessed 23 Mar 2010).","Gullan, P. J., Miller, D. R. & Cook, L. G. (2005) Gall-inducing scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea). In: Raman, A., Schaefer, C. W. & Withers, T. M. (Eds), Biology, Ecology, and Evolution of Gall-Inducing Arthropods. Science Publishers, Inc., Enfield, USA, Plymouth, UK, pp. 159 - 229.","Ben-Dov, Y. (2006) A Systematic Catalogue of Eight Scale Insect Families of the World. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 368 pp."]}

Pulvinaria drimyswinteri Kondo & Gullan sp. nov. (Figs 1 B & C, 3). Proposed common names. Spanish: Escama blanda algodonosa del canelo; English: Canelo cottony scale. (The host plant of this scale is known by the common name of ���canelo��� in Chile.) Type material examined. Holotype, adult female. Chile, Xth region, Huerquehue National Park, 39 �� 10 ��00˝N, 75 �� 43 �� 29 ˝N, 750 m a.s.l., 21.ii. 2006, coll. Takumasa Kondo, ex Drimys winteri J.R. Forst. & G. Forst., 1 (1) (USNM). Paratypes, same data as holotype, 15 (15) (2 in BME including voucher No. TK0241, 3 in MNNC, 10 in USNM). Adult female (measurements based on n= 14). Unmounted material (Figs 1 B & C). Adult female in life about 2.5���6.2 mm long, 2.0��� 4.2 mm wide, oval, moderately convex, covered by a thin waxy layer. Brown to yellowish brown; some specimens with submarginal areas lighter, yellowish, with mid-dorsal area darker, reddish-brown. Younger specimens especially tessellated, tessellations becoming less clear in older specimens; some older specimens with a clear darker mid-dorsal longitudinal line running from area just anterior to anal plates up to head margin. Immature females reddish brown. Ovisac, in either a straight or curved line, present on mature adult females, up to 4 times length of female. Slide-mounted material (Fig. 3). Body 2.3���6.1 mm long, 1.7���4.1 mm wide, elongate-oval in shape. Dorsum. Derm membranous. Dorsal setae sharply spinose, rather short, each 7.5���12.5 mm long, scattered evenly on dorsum. Dorsal microducts not detected. Simple pores each 1.8 ��m wide, scarce, scattered over dorsum. Dorsal tubular ducts, dorsal tubercles and pocket-like sclerotizations absent. Preopercular pores small, each 4.0���6.0 ��m wide, circular in shape, present along midline from area just anterior to anal plates and extending anteriorly up to about mesothorax. Anal plates together quadrate, with rounded outer angles, plates located at about 1 / 5 to 1 / 4 of body length from posterior margin, each plate 215���225 ��m long, 105���125 ��m wide, anterolateral margin 160���175 ��m long, posterolateral margin 150���165 ��m long; with about 3 slender setae on dorsal surface along posterior margin of each plate; 1 pair of fringe setae; about 4 ventral subapical setae on each side and 2 pairs of hypopygial setae. Anal ring with 10 setae. Sclerotic area around anal plates absent. Margin. Marginal setae sharply spinose, straight to slightly bent, each 13���30 ��m long, arranged in a single row, with 10���21 on each side between anterior and posterior stigmatic areas. Stigmatic clefts very shallow or absent. Stigmatic spine totalling 3 per stigmatic area, median seta longest, each 32���65 ��m long; lateral setae shorter, each 10���43 ��m long. Eyes 22���25 ��m wide, located on dorsal margin. Venter. Derm entirely membranous. Perivulvar pores each 8���10 ��m wide, with 5���8 loculi, abundant on perivulvar region, more or less in single rows across mid areas of all abdominal and thoracic segments, abundant around metathoracic coxae, with a fewer around prothoracic and mesothoracic coxae. Spiracular pores each 6.0���7.0 ��m wide, usually with 5 loculi, an occasional pore with 3, 4 or 6 loculi, present in a narrow band as wide as peritreme or narrower (about 2 or 3 pores wide), with line of pores extending laterally from each spiracle to body margin. Ventral microducts scattered evenly throughout, each about 3.0 ��m wide. Ventral tubular ducts of 3 types: (i) large size tubular ducts present on each side of abdomen in an inner submarginal band from area posterior to vulvar region near anal folds up to area just posterior to metathoracic spiracular pore band, each duct with a broad inner duct and flower-shaped terminal gland; (ii) medium size tubular ducts present in transverse rows across all abdominal segments, and submedially between meso- and metathoracic coxae, and in transverse band in area between prothoracic and mesothoracic coxae, each duct rather similar to large size ducts but smaller and with a narrower inner duct; (iii) smaller tubular ducts present submarginally from area posterior to vulvar region near anal folds up to about abdominal segment II, intermixed with larger size tubular ducts. Ventral tubular ducts of all types absent marginally and submarginally from head and thorax and from the outer submarginal and marginal areas of abdomen. Ventral submarginal setae slender, straight or slightly bent, arranged in a row; other ventral setae present in transverse rows across all abdominal and thoracic segments; about 4 pairs anterior to tentorial bridge; a transverse group present between procoxae and mouthparts and sparsely distributed elsewhere, each seta 7.5���17.5 ��m long, with longest setae (45���113 ��m long) present on last 3 abdominal segments. Spiracles well developed, anterior spiracular peritremes each 75���85 ��m wide, posterior peritremes each 90���103 ��m wide, without a sclerotization around each spiracle. Legs well developed, each coxa 265���325 ��m long (at widest point), trochanter + femur 400���435 ��m long; tibia + tarsus 395���455 ��m long, with tibio-tarsal scleroses; claw 47.5��� 52.5 ��m long, without a denticle. Tarsal digitules both similar, knobbed, one slightly thicker than other; claw digutules similar and broad. Antennae each 410���440 ��m long, 7 segmented, with fleshy setae present on last 2 antennal segments; with a long slender seta present on antennal segment V. Preantennal pores present, small each 2.5 ��m wide. With about 3 pairs of interantennal setae. Mouthparts relatively small; clypeolabral shield 193���215 ��m wide; labium 1 segmented, with 4 pairs of labial setae. Diagnosis. The adult female of P. drimyswinteri can be diagnosed by the combination of the following features: (1) producing a long ovisac, up to 4 times its body length; (2) dorsal microducts, tubular ducts and tubercles absent; (3) dorsal setae sharply spinose, short; (4) antennae well developed, 7 segmented; (5) legs well developed, with tibio-tarsal scleroses; (6) ventral tubular ducts absent from head and body margins plus submargins, but elsewhere 3 types present: (i) large size tubular ducts on each side of abdomen in a submarginal band from posterior of vulvar region near anal folds anteriorly to just posterior to metathoracic spiracular pore band, (ii) medium size tubular ducts in transverse rows across all abdominal segments, submedially between meso- and metathoracic coxae, and in transverse band in area between prothoracic and mesothoracic coxae, (iii) smaller tubular ducts present in the inner submarginal areas of abdomen from posterior of vulvar region near anal folds to about abdominal segment II, intermixed with larger size tubular ducts; and (7) perivulvar pores with 5���8 loculi, present on perivulvar region, across mid areas of all abdominal and thoracic segments, and around coxae. The genus Pulvinaria is composed of more than 100 species (Hodgson, 1994; Ben-Dov, 2009), of which 25 have been recorded from the New World (Ben-Dov et al., 2009). Reviewing the genus Pulvinaria of the New World was out of the scope of this paper. Five species in the genus Pulvinaria are considered to be invasive species in South America, namely Pulvinaria elongata Newstead, Pulvinaria floccifera (Westwood), Pulvinaria iceryi (Signoret), Pulvinaria psidii Maskell, and Pulvinaria vitis (Linnaeus) (Kondo unpublished data). Pulvinaria drimyswinteri does not appear to be an invasive species considering its native host Drimys winteri (Winteraceae) and its geographical location in the Chilean Nothofagus forest. Pulvinaria elongata and P. iceryi occur commonly on grasses (Ben-Dov et al., 2009), and the morphology of P. drimyswinteri does not match the morphology of any of the other three species considered to be invasive (character states of P. drimyswinteri in parenthesis), i.e., P. psidii has fringed marginal setae (sharply spinose, with a pointed apex); P. floccifera and P. v i t i s have dorsal submarginal tubercles (absent) [character states taken from Gill (1988), Hodgson (2002) and Tanaka & Amano (2007)]. No other Pulvinaria species have been described from Chile. There are five species described from neighboring Argentina and none recorded from neighboring Peru (Ben- Dov et al., 2009). In Granara de Willink��s (1999) key to species recorded from Argentina, P. drimyswinteri comes closest to P. flavescens Brethes and P. platensis Brethes. It differs from P. flavescens by having an elongate, oval-shaped body and abundant ventral tubular ducts across mid areas of the abdominal segments (body pyriform shaped and ventral tubular ducts absent across mid areas of abdominal segments in P. flavescens), and from P. p l a t e n s i s by the lack of dorsal tubular ducts, in having straight to slightly bent sharply spinose marginal setae, and by having smaller tubular ducts present submarginally from area posterior to vulvar region near anal folds anteriorly to about abdominal segment II (dorsal tubular ducts present, marginal setae curved and with a round apex, and with some smaller tubular ducts present on submarginal areas of thorax and abdomen in P. p l a t e n s i s) (character states taken from Granara de Willink (1999)). Etymology. The species is named after its host: Drimys winteri (Winteraceae) and the name is a noun in apposition. Biology. Adult females were collected on the leaves of the host, locally known as canelo. No males were observed., Published as part of Kondo, Takumasa & Gullan, Penny J., 2010, The Coccidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of Chile, with descriptions of three new species and transfer of Lecanium resinatum Kieffer & Herbst to the Kerriidae, pp. 1-15 in Zootaxa 2560 on pages 6-9, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.293984, {"references":["Hodgson, C. J. (1994) The Scale Insect family Coccidae: An Identification Manual to Genera. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, UK. 639 pp.","Gill, R. J. (1988) The Scale Insects of California: Part 1. The Soft Scales (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). California Dept. of Food & Agriculture, Sacramento, California. 132 pp.","Tanaka, H. & Amano, H. (2007) Redescription of Pulvinaria floccifera (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coccidae). Species Diversity, 12, 211 - 215."]}

Kondo, Takumasa, Gullan, Penny J. (2010): The Coccidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of Chile, with descriptions of three new species and transfer of Lecanium resinatum Kieffer & Herbst to the Kerriidae. Zootaxa 2560: 1-15, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.293984

Key to separate the known species of Cryptinglisia Cockerell [Adapted from Brain (1920), De Lotto (1967), Granara de Willink (1999) and Hodgson (1967, 1994)] 1. Stigmatic spines not differentiated from marginal setae ........................................... C. patagonica Granara de Willink - Stigmatic spines totalling 1 per stigmatic cleft............................................................................................................. 2 2. Legs rudimentary, with reduced number of segments ................................................................. C. elytropappi (Brain) - Legs normal, with well-developed coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia and tarsus as typical for Coccidae......................... 3 3. Perivulvar pores present in small groups on either side of anal cleft just posterior to anal plates only. Antennae 7 or 8 segmented................................................................................................................................. C. lounsburyi Cockerell - Perivulvar pores present along the anal cleft, with some pores extending anterolaterally on posterior abdominal segments. Antennae 6 or 7 segmented............................................................................................................................... 4 4. Preopercular pores present along midline from area just anterior to anal plates and extending anteriorly to head margin. Uni- and bilocular microducts intermixed with the preopercular pores, and also present alongside marginal setae, absent elsewhere. Antennae 6 or 7 segmented .......................................................................... C. zizyphi (Brain) - Preopercular pores present along midline from area just anterior to anal plates and extending anteriorly to about mesothorax. Bilocular microducts absent. Unilocular microducts scarce, scattered throughout dorsum, not intermixed with preopercular pores, not present alongside marginal setae. Antennae 7 segmented.................................... ............................................................................................................................ C. chilensis Kondo & Gullan sp. nov., Published as part of Kondo, Takumasa & Gullan, Penny J., 2010, The Coccidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of Chile, with descriptions of three new species and transfer of Lecanium resinatum Kieffer & Herbst to the Kerriidae, pp. 1-15 in Zootaxa 2560 on page 3, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.293984, {"references":["Brain, C. K. (1920) The Coccidae of South Africa - V. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 11, 1 - 41.","De Lotto, G. (1967) The soft scales (Homoptera: Coccidae) of South Africa. I. South African Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 10, 781 - 810.","Hodgson, C. J. (1967) A revision of the species of Inglisia Maskell (Homoptera: Coccoidea) recorded from the Ethiopian region. Arnoldia (Rhodesia), 3, 1 - 11.","Hodgson, C. J. (1994) The Scale Insect family Coccidae: An Identification Manual to Genera. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, UK. 639 pp."]}

Genus Pulvinaria Targioni Tozzetti Pulvinaria Targioni Tozzetti, 1866: 146. Type species: Coccus vitis Linnaeus, 1758: 456. By original designation and monotypy. The new species, described below, is a typical member of the tribe Pulvinariini, of the subfamily Coccinae. The Pulvinariini is defined by the following combination of features: (i) production of a woolly ovisac; (ii) presence of ventral tubular ducts of 3 or 4 types (rarely 2), including a small duct with a fine inner ductule, which generally forms the submarginal band, and a larger duct with the inner and outer ductules of subequal width, which is typically present medially on head and thorax and occasionally elsewhere, (iii) absence of ovisac covering dorsum (or if mealy covering present, very sparse), (iv) absence of dorsal tubular ducts, or if present, of one type and typically similar to smallest of ventral tubular ducts, (v) presence of spinose dorsal setae, (vi) presence of a tibio-tarsal articulatory sclerosis, (vii) absence of pocket-like sclerotizations, (viii) presence of an eyespot near margin, and (ix) shallow, unsclerotized stigmatic clefts. The present species keys out to the genus Pulvinaria in Hodgson��s keys to subfamilies, tribes and genera of Coccidae (Hodgson, 1994) and fits into his Pulvinaria -group, in which tubular ducts are scarce or absent on the head. According to Hodgson (1994), this group can be further divided into those species that have distinctly bilocular pores on the dorsum (Pendularia Fonseca and Tectopulvinaria Hempel) and those without (Chloropulvinaria Borchsenius, Neopulvinaria Hadzibejli and Pulvinaria)., Published as part of Kondo, Takumasa & Gullan, Penny J., 2010, The Coccidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of Chile, with descriptions of three new species and transfer of Lecanium resinatum Kieffer & Herbst to the Kerriidae, pp. 1-15 in Zootaxa 2560 on page 6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.293984, {"references":["Targioni Tozzetti, A. (1866) Come certe cocciniglie sieno cagione di alcune melate delle piante, e di alcune ruggini; e come la cocciniglia del fico dia in abbondanza una specie di cera. Atti della R. Accademia dei Georgofili (N. S.) 13: 115 - 137; App. 138 - 146.","Linnaeus, C. (1758) (In Latin). Systema Naturae, per Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species cum Characteribus, Differentii, Synonymis, Locis. Ed X, Trformata, Tomus I. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae. 823 pp.","Hodgson, C. J. (1994) The Scale Insect family Coccidae: An Identification Manual to Genera. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, UK. 639 pp."]}

Stictolecanium cranstoni Kondo & Gullan sp. nov. (Figs 1 D & E, 4). Proposed common names. Spanish: Escama blanda de Cranston; English: Cranston���s scale. Type material examined. Holotype, adult female. Stictolecanium cranstoni Kondo & Gullan, Chile, Peulla, 41 ˚05' 13.7 " S, 72 ˚00' 54.7 " W, 241 m, 17.ii. 2006, voucher No. TK0242, T. Kondo, ex Gevuina avellana Mol., 1 (1) (USNM). Paratypes, same data as holotype, adult female 1 (1) (USNM), and second-instar male nymphs 2 (2) (USNM). Description. Adult female (measurements based on n= 2). Unmounted material (Fig. 1 D & E). Adult female in life about 4���5 mm long, 3���4 mm wide, oval, moderately convex. Insect covered in a thin layer of clear wax. Slide-mounted material (Fig. 4). Body 4.0��� 4.7 mm long, 3.1���3.5 mm wide, rather convex, elongate oval in shape. Dorsum. Derm areolated. Dorsal setae sharply spinose, straight or slightly bent, each 7.5���17.5 mm long. Dorsal microducts oval, with a clear septum seen under high magnification, each about 2.5 ��m wide, scattered over dorsum. Simple pores each 2.0���3.0 ��m wide, scarce, scattered over dorsum. Cribriform plates absent. Dorsal tubular ducts, dorsal tubercles and pocket-like sclerotizations absent. Preopercular pores circular to irregularly circular in shape, with a granulated surface, each 7.5���8.8 ��m wide, present on mid-dorsal area in a reticulated pattern. Anal plates together quadrate, with smooth rounded outer angles, plates located at about 1 / 5 of body length from posterior margin, each plate 175���178 ��m long, 73���78 ��m wide, anterolateral margin 100���105 ��m long, posterolateral margin 123���125 ��m long, with 4 slender setae on dorsal surface, i.e., 1 subapical seta on outer margin, 2 subapical setae on inner margin and 1 apical seta; with 2 pairs of fringe setae on ventral side and with 2 subapical setae on each side; hypopygial setae not detected. Anal ring with 10 setae. Sclerotic area around anal plates absent. Margin. Marginal setae of 2 types; (i) slender, straight, capitate setae, each 36���45 ��m long, arranged in a single row, and (ii) sharply spinose setae with a pointed apex, each seta 20���33 ��m long, present in an irregular single row, intermixed with type (i) setae; total number of marginal setae (type i + ii) totalling 25���41 on each side between anterior and posterior stigmatic areas. Stigmatic clefts shallow, with 3 stigmatic spines per stigmatic area, each bluntly spinose, and 25���55 ��m long, generally with median setae longest. Eyes 26���28 ��m wide, located on dorsal margin. Venter. Derm entirely membranous. Perivulvar pores each 8.0���9.0 ��m wide, with 10 loculi, abundant on perivulvar area; in sparse transverse rows on abdominal segments, and with a pore mesad to each mesothoracic and metathoracic coxa. Spiracular pores each 5.0���6.0 ��m wide, with 5 loculi, present in a narrow band as wide as peritreme (about 1 or 2 pores wide), with line of pores extending laterally from each spiracle to body margin, with several pores in a linear group anterior to each spiracle extending from each spiracle towards mid area between spiracle and nearest coxa. Ventral microducts scattered evenly throughout, each about 2.5 ��m wide. Ventral tubular ducts of 2 types present: (i) larger duct with a short and broad inner ductule with flower-shaped terminal gland, present around body in an almost complete submarginal band, except absent from spiracular furrows and from head region between eyespots; (ii) a smaller duct with a thin inner ductule with a small and branched terminal gland, rather sparse throughout on thorax and abdomen, with a few around mouthparts, more abundant and fairly evenly distributed on head region, and with a few intermixed with larger ducts in submarginal band; with neither duct type present around margins near ventral submarginal setae. With about 7 pairs of setae on area between antennae; ventral submarginal setae slender, straight or slightly bent, each 10���25 ��m long; long pairs of ventral median setae present on last 3 abdominal segments, each 107���163 ��m long; other setae slender, similar in shape to submarginal setae, each 5���15 ��m long, present in single transverse rows across abdominal segments and sparse on thorax and elsewhere. Spiracles rather small, anterior spiracular peritremes each 47���55 ��m wide, posterior peritremes each 60���70 ��m wide, without a sclerotization around each spiracle. Legs well developed, each coxa 190���265 ��m long, trochanter + femur 300���355 ��m long; tibia + tarsus 340���405 ��m long, with tibio-tarsal scleroses; claw 37���40 ��m long, without a denticle. Tarsal digitules similar, knobbed, one slightly thicker than other; claw digitules similar, broad, with apical dilations, each longer than claw. Antennae each 500���550 ��m long, 8 segmented, with fleshy setae present on last 3 antennal segments. Mouthparts normally positioned between coxae; clypeolabral shield 175���210 ��m wide; labium 1 segmented, with 4 pairs of labial setae. Diagnosis. The adult female of S. cranstoni can be diagnosed by the combination of the following features: (1) insect in life covered in a thin clear waxy layer; (2) dorsal derm areolated; (3) cribriform plates absent; (4) preopercular pores present on mid-dorsum in a reticulated pattern; (5) dorsal tubercles and dorsal tubular ducts absent; (6) marginal setae of two types, i.e., capitate and sharply spinose, more or less intermixed, present in an irregular row; (7) stigmatic spines bluntly spinose, three per stigmatic cleft, median seta generally slightly longer than lateral setae; (8) antennae well developed, 8 segmented; (9) legs well developed, small, with tibio-tarsal scleroses; (10) ventral tubular ducts of two types, the larger forming an almost complete submarginal band; and (11) perivulvar pores with 10 loculi, present on vulvar area, and on mid areas of venter and with a few around mesothoracic and metathoracic coxa. Stictolecanium cranstoni can be easily separated from all other species currently included in the genus by the lack of cribriform plates and the presence of differentiated stigmatic spines. The only other species of Stictolecanium with differentiated stigmatic spines is S. entrerrianum Granara de Willink (Granara de Willink, 2006), but the two can be easily separated by the character states given in the key to species of Stictolecanium provided above. Etymology. The species is named after the entomologist Dr Peter Cranston, who kindly invited the first author on a collecting trip to Chile, during which the species was collected. Biology. Insects found on the leaves of the host, Gevuina avellana (Proteaceae)., Published as part of Kondo, Takumasa & Gullan, Penny J., 2010, The Coccidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of Chile, with descriptions of three new species and transfer of Lecanium resinatum Kieffer & Herbst to the Kerriidae, pp. 1-15 in Zootaxa 2560 on pages 10-12, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.293984

Cryptinglisia chilensis Kondo & Gullan sp. nov. (Figs 1 A, 2) Proposed common names. Spanish: Escama blanda vidriosa de Chile; English: Chilean glassy scale. Type material examined. Holotype, adult female. Chile, Xth region, Volc��n Osorno, 16.ii. 2006, coll. Takumasa Kondo, ex twig of Nothofagus dombeyi, 1 (1) (USNM). Paratype, same data, first-instar nymph, 1 (1) (USNM). Adult female (measurements based on n= 1). Unmounted material (Fig. 1 A). Adult female in life 4.0 mm long, 3.2 mm wide, oval, moderately convex. Test of scale glassy, semi-transparent, with about 12 pointed waxy/glassy plates around body, with an ovoid whitish median central plate composed of three subplates with radiating ridges. Slide-mounted material (Fig. 2). Insect 3.9 mm long, 3.0 mm wide, body oval in shape, anterior margin notched. Dorsum. Derm membranous, apparently with a thin cuticle. Dorsal setae completely absent. Dorsal microducts oval, unilocular, each about 1.2 ��m wide, very scarce, scattered over dorsum. Simple pores each 3.0 ��m wide, scarce, scattered over dorsum. Dorsal tubular ducts, dorsal tubercles and pocket-like sclerotizations absent. Preopercular pores circular to irregularly ovoid in shape, each about 4.0���7.0 ��m wide, present along midline from area just anterior to anal plates and extending anteriorly up to about mesothorax. Anal plates together subcircular, with smooth rounded outer angles, plates located at about 1 / 5 of body length from posterior margin, each plate 120���130 ��m long, 43���55 ��m wide, with about 4 bluntly spinose setae on dorsal surface along inner margin, plus 4 pairs of fringe setae anteriorly (2 shorter and 2 longer pairs); ventral subapical setae and hypopygial setae not detected. Anal ring with 10 setae. A narrow sclerotic area present around anal plates. Margin. Marginal setae conical, with a bulbous base, straight, each 20���40 ��m long, arranged in a single row, with about 28 on each side between anterior and posterior stigmatic areas. Stigmatic clefts very shallow or absent, each with 1 stigmatic spine per stigmatic area, probably all with a pointed apex and about 50 ��m long. Eyes about 22.5 ��m wide, located on dorsal margin. Venter. Derm entirely membranous. Perivulvar pores each 5.0���6.0 ��m wide, with 5 loculi, present submarginally along anal fold just posterior to vulvar area, with a linear submedial group extending anteriorly on either side up to around abdominal segment V. Spiracular pores each 4.0���5.0 ��m wide, with 5 loculi, present in a narrow band as wide as peritreme (about 1 or 3 pores wide), but widening near margins (about 4 to 5 pores wide), with line of pores extending laterally from each spiracle to body margin. Ventral microducts scarce, scattered evenly throughout, each about 3.0 ��m wide. Ventral tubular ducts present in a broad submarginal band, and also around mouthparts, and medially between each pair of legs; each tubular duct with a terminal filament ending in a roundish flower-shaped gland. Ventral submarginal setae slender, straight or slightly bent, each 11���16 ��m long; ventral median setae present on last 4 abdominal segments, each 10���16 ��m long, with longest setae (23���32 ��m long) present on last abdominal segment. Spiracles rather small, anterior spiracular peritremes each 45���48 ��m wide, posterior peritremes each 50���53 ��m wide, with a ring of sclerotization around each spiracle. Legs well developed, but small, each coxa 120���130 ��m long, trochanter + femur 160���170 ��m long; tibia + tarsus 180���220 ��m long, without a tibio-tarsal scleroses; claw 20���23 ��m long, without a denticle. Tarsal digitules both similar, knobbed; claw digitules similar and broad. Antennae each 210���220 ��m long, 7 segmented, with fleshy setae present on last 3 antennal segments; with long slender setae present on pedicel and antennal segment IV. With about 4 pairs of interantennal setae, each interantennal seta 9���21 ��m long. Mouthparts relatively small; clypeolabral shield 145 ��m wide; labium 95 ��m long, 100 ��m wide, 1 segmented, with 4 pairs of labial setae. Diagnosis. The adult female of C. chilensis can be diagnosed by the combination of the following features: (1) insect in life covered in an ornate glassy wax cover; (2) dorsum entirely membranous; (3) dorsal setae completely absent; (4) dorsal tubercles and dorsal tubular ducts absent; (5) one stigmatic spine per stigmatic cleft; (6) antennae well developed, 7 segmented; (7) legs well developed, small, without tibio-tarsal scleroses; (8) ventral tubular ducts present in a broad submarginal band, around mouthparts, and medially between each pair of legs; and (9) perivulvar pores with 5 loculi, present submarginally along anal cleft just posterior to vulvar area, with a linear group extending anteriorly on either side up to around abdominal segment V. There are currently two species of Cryptinglisia recorded from the New World, namely C. lounsburyi and C. patagonica. Cryptinglisia chilensis appears closest to C. lounsburyi, but the two species can be differentiated by the combination of the following features (character states of C. lounsburyi in parentheses, taken from Hodgson (1994)): (1) antennae 7 segmented (antennae 7 or 8 segmented); (2) perivulvar pores present submarginally along anal fold just posterior to vulvar area, with a linear submedial group extending anteriorly on either side up to around abdominal segment V (perivulvar pores restricted to a small group of 1��� 3 pores on either side of anal cleft just posterior to anal plates). Cryptinglisia chilensis differs from C. patagonica by the following combination of features (character states of C. patagonica in parentheses, taken from Granara de Willink (1999)): (1) preopercular pores shallow (preopercular pores deeply invaginated); (2) mid-dorsal line of preopercular pores extending up to about mesothorax (mid-dorsal line of preopercular pores extending up to cephalic region; (3) stigmatic spine differentiated from marginal setae, 1 per stigmatic cleft (stigmatic spine not differentiated from marginal setae); and (4) antennae with 7 segments (8 segments). Etymology. The species is named after its country of origin, Chile. Biology. Insects found on twigs and leaves of N. dombeyi. The holotype was collected on a twig, and several specimens collected on the leaves were lost., Published as part of Kondo, Takumasa & Gullan, Penny J., 2010, The Coccidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of Chile, with descriptions of three new species and transfer of Lecanium resinatum Kieffer & Herbst to the Kerriidae, pp. 1-15 in Zootaxa 2560 on pages 3-6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.293984, {"references":["Hodgson, C. J. (1994) The Scale Insect family Coccidae: An Identification Manual to Genera. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, UK. 639 pp."]}

Cryptostigma philwardi Kondo, sp. nov. (Fig. 17) Material examined. Holotype. Adult ♀. COLOMBIA: Magdalena, Ciénaga, 11°00’N, 74°15’W, 15.viii.1985, coll. P.S. Ward (#7932), ex colony of Pseudomyrmex sp. cf. fortis, on live tree of Avicennia germinans, 1 (1) (USNM). Paratype. Same data as holotype 1 (1) (USNM). Adult female (Fig. 17) Unmounted material. Not available during present study. Mounted material. Body outline oval, 3.0– 4.7 mm long, 2.2–3.0 mm wide (n=2). Dorsum. Derm membranous, with elevated ridges arranged in a cellular, tessellated pattern, transverse ridges well-developed on thorax and abdomen. Orbicular pores present, each pore 125–305 µm wide, with 1 or 3 on head region and 2 or 5 on thoracic region, largest on head. Dorsal setae absent, except for a group of 25–40 flagellate setae present next to each stigmatic sclerotization on a thin membranous area, each 15–55 µm long. Simple pores present, of 3 types: large simple pores each 5–6 µm wide, scattered evenly on dorsum; small simple pores each 2–3 µm wide, evenly distributed on dorsum, and a second type of small simple pores each 3–4 µm wide, arranged in groups of 2–15 pores scattered throughout dorsum but most abundant near anal plates. Dorsal microducts bilocular, thick rimmed, each 4–5 µm wide, evenly distributed on dorsum. Preopercular pores absent. Sclerotic crescent present around anal plates. Anal plates together quadrate, with rounded angles, each plate 215–220 µm long, 88–100 µm wide, anterolateral margin 125–175 µm long, posterolateral margin 130–135 µm long; with 12–27 setae on dorsal surface; ventral subapical setae not visible due to sclerotization of anal plates; plates located about 1/4 of body length from posterior margin. Anal ring with 10 setae. Eyes absent. Margin. Margin rugose, smooth or undulating. Marginal setae each 13–18 µm long and sharply spinose, with well-developed bases; arranged in a single irregular row, with 40–60 between anterior and posterior stigmatic areas. Stigmatic clefts very deep, stigmatic sclerotization C-shaped, closely associated with spiracles. Stigmatic setae bluntly spinose with swollen bases, rarely sharply spinose, each cleft with 2 or 3 setae 15–18 µm long but often broken off. Venter. Derm membranous. Ventral setae slender, straight or slightly bent, each 18–35 µm long. Ventral microducts each 3–4 µm wide, scattered evenly on venter. Tubular ducts absent. Clypeolabral shield 285 µm wide. Multilocular disc-pores each 6–7 µm wide, with 5–8 (mostly 8) loculi, abundant around vulvar area, extending onto last 2 abdominal segments. Spiracular disc-pores each 5–6 µm wide, with 5–7 (mostly 6–7) loculi, found closely associated with each spiracle. Antennae reduced, with 1 or 2 antennal segments, total length 53–65 µm. Legs reduced, atrophied; with most segments fused, total length 33–60 µm. Tarsal digitules similar, long, setose. Claw digitules, slender, knobbed. Claws well developed, without a denticle. Spiracles larger than legs, located near margin; anterior spiracular peritremes each 113–125 µm wide, posterior peritremes each 123–130 µm wide. Diagnosis. The adult female of C. philwardi can be diagnosed by the following features: (i) derm with elevated ridges arranged in a cellular or tessellated pattern, (ii) sclerotic pores absent, (iii) dorsum with numerous clusters of 2–15 small simple pores, (iv) dorsal setae absent, except for a group of 25–40 flagellate setae present next to each stigmatic sclerotization on a thin membranous area, (v) orbicular pores present, with 1 or 3 on head region and 2 or 5 on thoracic region, (vi) preopercular pores absent, (vii) stigmatic sclerotization forming a sclerotized crescent, each with 2 or 3 stigmatic setae, (viii) each anal plate with 12–27 setae on dorsal surface, and (ix) ventral tubular ducts absent. C. philwardi is the only known species in the genus with a cellular or tessellated pattern on the dorsum. Remarks. First-instar nymphs were not available during present study. Host plants. Verbenaceae: Avicennia germinans. Associated Hymenoptera. Formicidae: Pseudomyrmecinae: Pseudomyrmex sp. cf. fortis. Males. Unknown. Etymology. The species is named after Dr. Philip S. Ward, its collector and world authority of ant systematics, particularly those ants in the subfamily Pseudomyrmecinae. Distribution. Neotropical Region: Colombia., Published as part of Kondo, Takumasa, 2010, Taxonomic revision of the myrmecophilous, meliponiphilous and rhizophilous soft scale genus Cryptostigma Ferris (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) 2709, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 2709 on pages 43-45

Cryptostigma Ferris Cryptostigma Ferris 1922: 160. Type species: Cryptostigma ingae Ferris, by original designation and monotypy. [= Cryptostigma inquilina (Newstead)] Generic description. Adult female. Insect body oval to elongate oval, convex, rarely cylindrical when found inside narrow hollow twigs, with a thin glassy wax cover or rarely a rather thicker wax cover. Not producing an ovisac. Dorsum. Dorsal derm generally becoming heavily sclerotized at maturity. Dorsal setae present or absent, when present, spinose with a pointed, blunt, knobbed, rounded, or occasionally spatulate apex. Dorsal tubercles absent. Sclerotic pores present or absent. Preopercular pores present or absent. Dorsal microducts present, with either a single or bilocular opening, outer and inner ductules usually short. Simple pores usually present, of 1 or more sizes, absent in Cryptostigma reticulolaminae. Orbicular pores present or absent; when present, each pore with a thin membrane and margins membranous or mildly to heavily sclerotized; sometimes with associated setae, simple pores and microducts. Cribriform plates absent, although cribriform platelets often present. Anal plates together quadrate, rarely pyriform, with rounded angles, 4–21 setae on dorsal surface, and 0–6 ventral subapical setae. Anal ring commonly with 10 setae, but with up to 20 setae in C. serratum. Eyes absent. Margin. Marginal setae spinose or conical, stout, with pointed apex, usually numerous, but absent in some species. Stigmatic clefts deep; spiracular sclerotizations closely associated with a spiracle; spiracular sclerotizations either short or long and extending far from margin, often enclosing spiracles. Stigmatic setae totalling 0–3 per stigmatic area, present on each stigmatic sclerotization, setae often broken-off; shape bluntly or sharply spinose, or conical, all subequal in length. Venter. Spiracles large; width of peritreme usually greater than length of legs; spiracular opening generally facing dorsally or towards body margin. Antennae reduced, usually 1–4 segmented, mostly 1 segmented or represented by a flattened segment bearing numerous setae, rarely up to 8 fused segments in C. melissophilum. Legs greatly reduced; segments usually indistinct or fused; in many species represented by clusters of setae usually associated with a tiny sclerotic plate. Spiracular disc-pores with 3–9 loculi. Mouthparts well developed; labium with 8 labial setae. Pregenital disc-pores with 3–11 loculi, mostly with 5– 8 loculi, about same size or larger than spiracular disc-pores. Distribution of pregenital disc-pores variable. Ventral setae, slender, pointed, usually abundant towards posterior end of body. Ventral tubular ducts usually absent, but present in C. saundersi and C. chacoensis. First-instar nymph. Body elongate oval. Dorsum. Dorsal derm membranous, smooth or reticulated, with segmentation delineated by membranous folds. Dorsal setae present or absent. Trilocular pore present on each side of head near margin close to each eye. Dorsal microducts present. Simple pores present. Anal plates together oval or quadrate, dorsal surface with 1 seta on anterior part of plate, often present on inner margin of plate, plus 3 apical setae; ventral side with 1 fringe seta. Anal ring typical of coccid first-instar nymphs, with 6 setae and an irregular row of translucent wax pores. Eyespots present or absent. Margin. Outline smooth. Marginal setae sharply spinose, straight or strongly bent. Stigmatic setae bluntly spinose, usually 1 or 2 per stigmatic cleft, but rarely up to 5. Venter. Ventral derm membranous. Antennae 5 or 6 segmented, third antennal segment longest; if 5 segmented, fleshy setae present on last 2 segments only; if 6 segmented, fleshy setae present on last 3 segments. Interantennal setae usually 1 pair, rarely 3 pairs. Mid-ventral setae slender, usually present on last 3 abdominal segments, but may be present on all segments and mid-thoracic region. Submarginal setae present in 7 pairs on each side between posterior stigmatic areas and anal cleft; with 1 or numerous setae between anterior and posterior spiracles; with usually 1, rarely 2 pairs near apex of head; setae rarely present elsewhere. Ventral microducts present submarginally from just below eyes to body posterior apex, rarely present between pro- and metathoracic coxae and around mouthparts. Spiracular disc-pores with 3–9 loculi, with 5-locular pores most common. Muscle plate usually attached to upper edge of each peritreme or absent. Mouthparts well developed, with long coiled stylets (not illustrated in the figures); labium with 8 setae. Legs well developed, often with numerous setae; microctenidia present on apex of tibiae. Prothoracic tarsal digitules dissimilar, 1 knobbed and the other spiniform; meso- and metathoracic tarsal digitules similar, knobbed. Claw slender, with or without a denticle; claw digitules slender, knobbed, one digitule broader than other. Diagnosis. Adult female. Without subcircular groups of simple disc pores present submarginally or submedially, although a subcircular group may occur laterad to each spiracular sclerotization. Anal plates together quadrate or subcircular. Pregenital disc pores present, either restricted to around vulva or extending onto anterior abdominal segments; if pregenital disc-pores restricted to small area around vulva, then stigmatic setae either absent or less than 3; ventral microducts short, without swollen inner ductules (except for C. reticulolaminae Morrison); legs reduced, often represented by a group of setae and a small sclerotic plate, never completely absent, although often hard to detect. First-instar nymphs. Antennae 5 or 6 segmented; without a seta present near each coxa; with 1 or 2 membranous folds just above anal plates and always showing signs of sclerotization; usually with 3 ventral submedian setae, rarely up to 5, or many setae present on all abdominal segments and thorax, never in 6 pairs (known from the Neotropical region)., Published as part of Kondo, Takumasa, 2010, Taxonomic revision of the myrmecophilous, meliponiphilous and rhizophilous soft scale genus Cryptostigma Ferris (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) 2709, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 2709 on pages 8-9, {"references":["Ferris, G. F. (1922) Notes on Coccidae - IX. (Hemiptera). Canadian Entomologist, 54, 156 - 161."]}

Cryptostigma gullanae Kondo, sp. nov. (Fig. 8) Material examined. Holotype. Adult ♀. ECUADOR: Provincia Napo, Jatun Sacha, 400 m asl, 1°04’S, 37°37’W, 3.viii.1991, coll. P.S. Ward (#11320), ex live branch of Sapium utile, tended by Pseudomyrmex viduus, 1 (2: 1 adult ♀ + 1 third-instar nymph), holotype clearly indicated on label (USNM). Adult female (Fig. 8) Unmounted material. Not available for study. Mounted material. Body outline irregularly oval, constricted at stigmatic areas, 3.1 mm long, 2.3 mm wide (n=1). Dorsum. Derm membranous, highly rugose; with 3 subcircular orbicular pores: 1 on head region, and 1 on each side between anterior and posterior stigmatic areas; each pore 225–275 µm wide. Dorsum with conspicuous apodemes evenly distributed on dorsum; most conspicuous in submarginal areas. Dorsal setae absent. Cribriform platelets each 5–10 µm wide, with 3–6 pores, either square, hexagonal, triangular or irregular in shape. Simple pores each 6–8 µm wide, thick, sunken, scattered evenly on dorsum. Dorsal microducts each about 3–4 µm wide, with a simple opening, thick rimmed, sunken, evenly distributed on dorsum. Preopercular pores absent. Sclerotic crescent present around anal plates. Anal plates together quadrate, with rounded angles, each plate 205–220 µm long, 75–88 µm wide, anterolateral margin 148–150 µm long, posterolateral margin 105–108 µm long; with 10 or 11 setae on dorsal surface; plates located about 1/5 of body length from posterior margin. Anal ring with 6 setae. Eyes absent. Margin. Body margin papillate. Marginal setae sharply spinose, each 15–20 µm long, with well-developed bases, arranged in a single irregular row, numerous, with about 50–60 between anterior and posterior stigmatic areas. Stigmatic clefts very deep, stigmatic sclerotization well-developed, extending from margin onto area dorsad to spiracles. Stigmatic setae similar to marginal setae, with 3 per cleft, subequal in length, each 13–18 µm long, often broken off. Venter. Derm membranous. Ventral setae slender, straight or slightly bent, each 15–35 µm long, abundant on abdominal segments and toward margin, longest anterior to vulva. Ventral microducts each 3–4 µm wide, scattered evenly on venter. Tubular ducts absent. Clypeolabral shield 203 µm wide. Multilocular disc-pores each 4–6 µm wide with 6–8 (mostly with 5 and 6) loculi, sunken; present around vulva and on last abdominal segments, becoming progressively fewer on anterior segments; pores absent medially and only present near the areas of mediolateral lobes on segments V and IV. Spiracular disc-pores each 6–7 µm wide, with 4–7 (mostly with 5 & 6) loculi, sunken, numerous, found laterad to each spiracular peritreme and incorporated into stigmatic sclerotization. Antennae reduced, each with 1 or 2 antennal segments, fleshy setae normal, total length 58–68 µm. Legs reduced, atrophied, but claws well developed; with most segments fused, total length 38–50 µm. Claw and tarsal digitules knobbed. Claw with or without a denticle. Spiracles larger than legs; each anterior spiracular peritreme 175–180 µm wide, each posterior peritreme 170–190 µm wide. Diagnosis. The adult female of C. gullanae can be diagnosed by the following combination of characters: (i) dorsal setae absent, (ii) dorsum with 3 orbicular pores, (iii) cribriform platelets present, (iv) apodemes conspicuous on dorsal derm, (v) dorsal surface of anal plates with 10 or 11 setae, (vi) preopercular pores absent, (vii) margin papillate, (viii) with 3 stigmatic setae in each cleft, but often broken off, (ix) multilocular disc-pores present around vulva and medially on last abdominal segments, but becoming progressively fewer on anterior abdominal segments, and sparsely scattered submarginally on abdomen, and (x) anal ring with 6 setae. Remarks. First-instar nymphs were not available during present study. Host plants. Euphorbiaceae: Sapium utile. Associated Hymenoptera. Formicidae: Pseudomyrmecinae: Pseudomyrmex viduus. Males. Unknown. Etymology. The species is name after Dr. Penelope J. Gullan who prepared the slide-mounts. Dr. Gullan is an eminent scale insect taxonomist and expert in the study of ant-coccoid interactions. Distribution. Neotropical Region: Ecuador., Published as part of Kondo, Takumasa, 2010, Taxonomic revision of the myrmecophilous, meliponiphilous and rhizophilous soft scale genus Cryptostigma Ferris (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) 2709, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 2709 on pages 23-25

Cryptostigma mexicanum Kondo, sp. nov. (Fig. 16) Material examined. Holotype. Adult ♀. MEXICO: Intercepted at Dallas, Fort Worth, 31.vii.1978, coll. G.M. Stamey, in wood stick of crate (from Mexico), 1 (3: holotype clearly indicated on label; smallest of three specimens, located centermost, dimensions: 2.7 mm wide, 3.0 mm long) (USNM). Paratypes. Same data as holotype 2 (9: 3 adult ♀ + 6 immatures) (USNM); MEXICO: Jalisco, San Antonio, 4.ix.1976, coll. D. Johnston, #8535 (77–31), ex hollow pit of twig of wood crate, 2 (4: 2 adult ♀ + 1 third-instar ♀ + 1 immature [2 nd instar] ♂) (USNM); MEXICO: Intercepted at New York, date not given, coll. C.E. Stegmaier, ex Sambucus wood from Mexico, 1 (3) (USNM). Adult female (Fig. 16) Unmounted material. Not available during present study. Mounted material. Body outline oval to elongate oval, 2.5–3.3 mm long, 2.1–3.1 mm wide (n=8). Dorsum. Derm membranous. Dorsal setae slender, with a straight or bent apex, each 11–18 µm long; present evenly on dorsum. Simple pores circular to subcircular; variable in size, large pores 3–4 µm wide, small pores about 2 µm wide, probably minute microducts; numerous, scattered evenly on dorsum. Dorsal microducts each 3–4 µm wide, thick-rimmed, numerous, evenly distributed on dorsum. Preopercular pores present, each 5.5–10 µm wide; few, totalling 10–30, located in a small area around anterolateral margin of anal plates. Sclerotic crescent present around anal plates. Anal plates together slightly pyriform, with rounded angles, each plate 183–243 µm long, 86–97 µm wide, anterolateral margin 162–189 µm long, posterolateral margin 108–113 µm long; with about 10 setae on dorsal surface, plus about 3 ventral subapical setae on each plate; plates located about 1/5 of body length from posterior margin. Anal ring with 10 setae. Eyes absent. Margin. Margin smooth. Marginal setae present, sharply spinose, short, each 8.9–16.0 µm long, arranged in 1 or 2 rows, mostly in 1 row, with 16–36 setae between anterior and posterior stigmatic areas. Stigmatic clefts very deep; stigmatic sclerotization extending from margin to dorsad to spiracles. Stigmatic setae not detected. Venter. Derm membranous. Ventral setae slender, straight or slightly bent, each 15–36 µm long, those on abdominal segments usually longer. Ventral microducts each about 3 µm wide, appearing bilocular, scattered evenly on venter. Tubular ducts absent. Clypeolabral shield 329–372 µm wide. Multilocular disc-pores fairly large, each 6–8 µm wide, with 4–8 loculi, present around vulvar area, and in transverse bands in mid-ventral areas of all abdominal segments and extending onto meso- and metathoracic region; also with small subgroups of pores present next to each abdominal pore band. Spiracular disc-pores each 4–6 µm wide with 4–7 loculi, present around spiracles and reaching body margin, with a line of pores connecting from each spiracle to each prothoracic and mesothoracic leg respectively. Antennae very small, 2–4 segmented, total length 26–53 µm; with fleshy setae often bifurcated. Interantennal setae about 4 pairs. Legs greatly reduced, each with about 4 segments; each segment mostly quadrate, rarely rounded; total length 30–104 µm. Claw present, without a denticle. Spiracles much larger than legs, located near margin; anterior spiracular peritremes each 124–168 µm wide, posterior peritremes each 124–177 µm wide. Diagnosis. The adult female of C. mexicanum can be diagnosed by the following features: (i) dorsum without sclerotic pores, (ii) dorsal setae present, slender, scattered throughout dorsum, (iii) dorsum with 10– 30 preopercular pores, (iv) multilocular disc-pores present around pro- and mesothoracic legs, (v) leg segments usually characteristically square or rectangular in shape (vi) presence of about 10 setae on surface of each anal plate, and (vii) ventral tubular ducts absent. Remarks. First-instar nymphs were not available during present study. Cryptostigma mexicanum has been collected only from twigs of wooden crates originating from Mexico at USA quarantine facilities at New York and Texas. Host plants. Caprifoliaceae: Sambucus sp. Associated Hymenoptera. None reported. Males. One second-instar male was present among the material studied. Etymology. The species is named after its country of origin: Mexico. Distribution. Neotropical Region: Mexico., Published as part of Kondo, Takumasa, 2010, Taxonomic revision of the myrmecophilous, meliponiphilous and rhizophilous soft scale genus Cryptostigma Ferris (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) 2709, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 2709 on pages 41-43

Cryptostigma reticulolaminae Morrison (Figs 1D, 18 & 19) Cryptostigma reticulolaminae Morrison; Morrison 1929: 51. Material examined. Holotype. Adult ♀. PANAMA (AS CANAL ZONE): Frijoles, 28.iii.1923, coll. W.M. Wheeler (#232), ex Cordia alliodora, 1 (1) (USNM). Paratypes. Same data as holotype, but #186, 3 (3) (USNM). Other material examined. COSTA RICA: Guanacaste Prov., Palo Verde, 15.vii.1979, coll. R.F.D. (II-2- 80), ex stem of Triplaris Americana, tended by Pseudomyrmex triplaridis, 6 (7) (USNM); MEXICO: Chamela, -. ix.2005, coll. D. Gordon and R. Dirzo, ex Cordia alliodora, inside hollow stem and tended by ants, 3 (3: 2 adult females + 1 third-instar nymph) (BME); PANAMA (AS CANAL ZONE): Barro Colorado Island, 2.viii.1924, coll. W.M. Wheeler (#832), 2 (2) (USNM); Ancon, 18.iii.1923, coll. W.M. Wheeler (#186), ex Cordia alliodora, 2 (20: 6 first-instar nymphs + 14 embrionic larvae) (USNM). Adult female (Figs 1D & 18) Unmounted material. “Specimens varying in size and shape, average length 5 mm., width 4.5 mm., height 2.5 mm., deeply invaginated beneath in the abdominal region; color of alcoholic specimens dark reddish brown with blackish infusion along margin and anterior to anal plates; body surface smooth, rather shining, bearing numerous tiny pits corresponding in position to sclerotic plates of derm” (Morrison, 1929). Mounted material. Body outline oval to elongate oval, 2.8–6.0 mm long, 2.2–5.0 mm wide (n=9). Dorsum. Derm membranous, with numerous subcircular sclerotic pores arranged in a reticulate pattern, each pore 30–107 µm wide. Dorsal setae sharply to bluntly spinose, with a swollen or spatulate apex, each 11– 22 µm long, scattered evenly on dorsum between sclerotic pores. Simple pores not detected. Dorsal microducts heavily sclerotized, each 4–5 µm wide, outer ductule deep, broadened near duct opening; outer ductule appearing longer than inner ductule; numerous, evenly distributed on dorsum. Preopercular pores absent. Narrow sclerotic crescent present around anal plates. Anal plates together quadrate, with rounded angles, each plate 149–181 µm long, 64–90 µm wide, anterolateral margin 75–113 µm long, posterolateral margin 117–134 µm long; with about 4 setae on dorsal surface, plus about 3 ventral subapical setae on each plate; plates located about 1/4 of body length from posterior margin. Anal ring with 10 setae. Eyes absent. Margin. Margins becoming heavily sclerotized at maturity, with sclerotic pores around body margin. Marginal setae not differentiated from dorsal setae. Stigmatic clefts very deep; stigmatic sclerotization highly sclerotized, forming a subcircular crescent, each with 3 stigmatic setae, each seta 6–18 µm long and bluntly spinose or conical, subequal in length, often broken off. Venter. Derm membranous. Ventral setae slender, straight or slightly bent, each 10–19 µm long, those on abdominal segments usually longer, shortest around body margin. Ventral microducts with a long inner ductule, duct rim about 2 µm wide, scattered evenly on venter. Tubular ducts absent. Clypeolabral shield 216– 243 µm wide. Multilocular disc-pores each 6–8 µm wide with 5–7 loculi; scarce, restricted to a small group on each side of vulva. Spiracular disc-pores each 4–5 µm wide, with 5 loculi, present around spiracles and extending to near opening of stigmatic cleft. Antennae 1 segmented, reduced to a small round sclerotized plate; total width of plate 27–50 µm. Legs represented by a remnant claw, 1 pair of digitules, several pores and numerous small setae. Spiracles located near margin; anterior peritremes each 96–119 µm wide, posterior peritremes each 121–141 µm wide. Diagnosis. The adult female of C. reticulolaminae can be diagnosed by the following features: (i) presence of numerous subcircular sclerotic pores arranged in a reticulate pattern, (ii) dorsal setae sharply to bluntly spinose, with a swollen or spatulate apex, (iii) dorsal microducts heavily sclerotized, with a deep outer ductule broadened near duct opening, (iv) preopercular pores absent, (v) presence of about 4 setae on surface of each anal plate, (vi) marginal setae not differentiated from dorsal setae, (vii) stigmatic sclerotization each with 3 stigmatic setae, (viii) antennae 1 segmented, reduced to a small round sclerotized plate (ix) ventral microducts with a swollen inner ductule, (x) multilocular disc-pores restricted to a small group on each side of vulva, (xi) legs vestigial, setose, and (xii) ventral tubular ducts absent. Remarks. C. reticulolaminae was originally collected in Panama, but it also occurs in Costa Rica and Mexico, suggesting a much wider distribution. First-instar nymph (Fig. 19) Unmounted material. Not available for study. Mounted material. Elongate oval, 631–712 µm long, 415–852 µm wide (n=24). Dorsum. Dorsal derm membranous. Dorsal setae each 18–22 µm long; about 5 pairs present in 2 middorsal longitudinal rows extending from head region towards area dorsad to between meso- and metathorax. Trilocular pore present on each side of head near margin close to eye. Dorsal microducts each about 2 µm wide, appearing unilocular, present in about 10 longitudinal rows. Simple pores each 3–4 µm wide, present submedially and submarginally in irregular rows. Anal plates together quadrate, dorsal surface of a shingled texture, each plate 100–113 µm long, 47–64 µm wide; dorsal surface with 1 seta present on mid-area of plate near margin, plus 4 apical setae; ventral surface with 1 fringe seta. Anal ring as in generic diagnosis. Eyespots present just above level of antennal scape. Margin. Outline smooth. Marginal setae each sharply spinose and 20–27 µm long, totalling 70–72, with 10 anteriorly between eyes and, on each side, 8 between each eye and anterior stigmatic setae, 9 or 10 between anterior and posterior stigmatic setae, and 12–14 between posterior stigmatic setae and body apex. Stigmatic setae each bluntly spinose and 9–15 µm long; with 3 in each anterior stigmatic cleft and 4 or 5 in each posterior cleft. Venter. Ventral derm membranous. Antennae 5 segmented, total length 216–270 µm. Pairs of submedian abdominal setae present on last 3 abdominal segments. Interantennal setae 1 pair. Submarginal setae slender, with 7 pairs on abdomen, 1 pair between each anterior and posterior stigmatic areas, and 1 pair on head region. Ventral microducts each about 2 µm wide, with 2 on each side between each antennal scape and margin, 1 on each side anterior to anterior stigmatic areas; 5 between each anterior and posterior stigmatic setae, and 7 between each posterior stigmatic setae and body apex. Spiracular disc-pores each 3–4 µm wide with 3–6 (mostly 5) loculi; with 4 or 5 pores in each anterior stigmatic furrow and 5–7 in each posterior furrow. Spiracular peritremes each 11–13 µm wide. Clypeolabral shield 117–149 µm wide. Legs well developed; trochanter with a very long seta, trochanter + femur 119–134 µm long, tibia + tarsus 128–134 µm long; microctenidia present on apex of tibia. Tarsal digitules similar, slender. Claw without a denticle; claw digitules slender, knobbed. Diagnosis. The first-instar nymph of C. reticulolaminae can be diagnosed by the following combination of features: (i) dorsal setae present in 2 longitudinal rows of 5 pairs, (ii) each anterior stigmatic cleft with 3 stigmatic setae; each posterior cleft with 4 or 5, (iii) with 9 or 10 marginal setae between anterior and posterior stigmatic setae, (iv) antennae 5 segmented, (v) with pairs of submedian abdominal setae on last 3 abdominal segments, (vi) anterior stigmatic furrows each with 4 or 5 pores, posterior furrows each with 5–7 pores, (vii) ventral microducts with a long inner ductule, and (viii) dorsal surface of anal plates of a shingled texture. C. reticulolaminae is the only species in the genus with first-instar nymphs that have ventral microducts with a very long inner ductule. Remarks. Despite the resemblances of adult female C. reticulolaminae to those of Myzolecanium, the first-instar nymphs of C. reticulolaminae are typical of Cryptostigma, with 5-segmented antennae (5- or 6- segmented antennae in Cryptostigma, and always 6-segmented antennae in Myzolecanium); absence of setae near each coxa (a seta always present next to each coxa in Myzolecanium); presence of 1 or 2 membranous folds just anterior to anal plates and with folds showing some sign of sclerotization (no membranous folds just anterior to anal plates in Myzolecanium); and with 3 pairs of ventral submedian setae posteriorly on abdomen (usually 3 pairs in Cryptostigma but always 6 pairs in Myzolecanium). Host plants. Boraginaceae: Cordia alliodora; Polygonaceae: Triplaris americana. Associated Hymenoptera. Formicidae: Pseudomyrmecinae: Pseudomyrmex triplaris. Males. Unknown. Distribution. Neotropical Region: Costa Rica, Mexico, Panama., Published as part of Kondo, Takumasa, 2010, Taxonomic revision of the myrmecophilous, meliponiphilous and rhizophilous soft scale genus Cryptostigma Ferris (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) 2709, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 2709 on pages 45-49, {"references":["Morrison, H. (1929) Some neotropical scale insects associated with ants (Hemiptera - Coccidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 22, 33 - 60."]}

Cryptostigma saundersi Laing (Fig. 22) Cryptostigma saundersi Laing: Laing 1925: 59; Ben-Dov 1993: 99; Qin & Gullan 1989: 225. Material examined. Lectotype, here designated. Cryptostigma saundersi Laing, adult ♀. BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro, ex trunk of a tree protected by ants, 9.viii.1923, coll. L.G. Saunders (# 4), 1 (1) (BMNH). Paralectotype. Same data as lectotype, except that no date given, 1 slide with 1 specimen with dorsum and venter under separate cover slips (BMNH). Adult female (Fig. 22) Unmounted material. Alcohol preserved specimens with a pale yellowish brown longitudinal stripe and several intertwining stripes on dorsum; also with semicircular stripes on declivity anterior to anal lobes; remainder of dorsum of a darker brown; a small darker brown to almost black area around anal plates. Ventral surface dark brown with a paler marginal area. Length (unmounted) approximately 7 mm, breadth from 5–6 mm (Laing, 1925). Mounted material. Body outline oval, constricted at stigmatic areas, 6.0–7.0 mm long, 6.5–7.0 mm wide (n=2). Dorsum. Derm membranous, with numerous (68–92) subcircular compound orbicular pores, scattered on dorsum, size variable, those closest to body margin smallest, abundant on body margin and submargin but absent from mid-dorsum; each orbicular pore associated with 4–15 bilocular microducts, and about 6–24 slender setae around pore margins; each seta 13–19 µm long. Dorsal setae absent, except for those on margins of orbicular pores. Simple pores of 2 sizes: larger pores each about 8 µm wide; smaller pores each about 4.5 µm wide, scattered throughout dorsum. Dorsal microducts of 2 types: small microducts each about 2 µm wide and unilocular; larger microducts each about 6.0 µm wide and appearing bilocular, both types scattered on dorsum. Preopercular pores absent. Narrow sclerotic crescent present around anal plates. Anal plates together quadrate, with rounded angles, each plate 243–265 µm long, 108–140 µm wide, anterolateral margin 135–150 µm long, posterolateral margin 173–185 µm long; with 10–21 setae on dorsal surface; plates located about 1/5 of body length from posterior margin. Anal ring with 10 setae. Eyespots absent. Margin. Margin smooth. Marginal setae each 13–17 µm long and conical, with well-developed bases; in 2 or 3 rows; numerous, with 100 or more setae between anterior and posterior stigmatic areas. Stigmatic clefts deep; stigmatic sclerotization enclosing spiracles; with 3–5 stigmatic setae in each cleft, usually broken off. Venter. Derm membranous. Ventral setae slender, each 23–41 µm long, those on abdominal segments usually longest, shortest around body margin. Ventral microducts each about 4.5 µm wide, present in transverse intersegmental groups, and around margin; each microduct surrounded by a slightly sclerotized area. Tubular ducts present around vulva and in a small area on last 3 or 4 abdominal segments. Clypeolabral shield 447–530 µm wide. Multilocular disc-pores each 8–10 µm wide with 5–11 (mostly 8) loculi, present in perivulvar region and medially on all abdominal segments, and also transversely on meso- and metathorax; also with pores extending from mid areas between meso- and metathoracic legs in a narrow line that connects to mesothoracic legs and posterior spiracles; with 1 pore near each antenna. Spiracular disc-pores each 6–7 µm wide with 6–9 (mostly 5) loculi, present in a small group around each spiracle. Antennae reduced, with about 3 segments, total length 102–155 µm. Legs reduced, segments mostly fused, total length 119–237 µm long; tarsal and claw digitules slender, knobbed; claw denticle absent. Spiracles located near margin; anterior peritremes each 205–245 µm wide, posterior peritremes each 248–310 µm wide. Diagnosis. The adult female of C. saundersi can be diagnosed by the following features: (i) sclerotic pores absent, (ii) complex orbicular pores present, totalling 34, (iii) dorsal setae absent, except for those present on orbicular pores, (iv) preopercular pores absent, (v) each anal plate with about 21 setae on dorsal surface, (vi) with about 100 or more marginal setae between anterior and posterior stigmatic areas, (vii) 1 multilocular disc-pore present near each antenna, (viii) ventral microducts present in transverse linear intersegmental rows and around margin, and (ix) ventral tubular ducts present. C. saundersi appears closest to C. chacoensis, but the following features separate C. saundersi from C. chacoensis (character states on C. chacoensis in brackets): (i) 60 or more complex orbicular pores (22–33); a multilocular disc-pore present next to each antenna (absent); and ventral microducts present in rows (scattered). Remarks. The above description is based on a single slide labelled as paratype and agrees well with the original description. According to its collector, L.G. Sanders, the insects were found in the trunk of an undetermined tree, and tended by ants of an undescribed species of the genus Azteca (Laing, 1925). First-instar nymphs were not available during present study. Host plants. Host not determined. Associated Hymenoptera. Dolichoderinae: Azteca sp. (Laing, 1925). Distribution. Neotropical Region: Brazil., Published as part of Kondo, Takumasa, 2010, Taxonomic revision of the myrmecophilous, meliponiphilous and rhizophilous soft scale genus Cryptostigma Ferris (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) 2709, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 2709 on pages 54-56, {"references":["Laing, F. (1925) Descriptions of some new genera and species of Coccidae. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 16, 51 - 66.","Ben-Dov, Y. (1993) A Systematic Catalogue of the Soft Scale Insects of the World (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) with data on geographical distribution, host plants, biology and economic importance. Flora & Fauna Handbook, No. 9. Sandhill Crane Press, Gainesville, FL. 536 pp.","Qin, T. K. & Gullan, P. J. (1989) Cryptostigma Ferris: a coccoid genus with a strikingly disjunct distribution (Homoptera: Coccidae). Systematic Entomology, 14, 221 - 232."]}

Cryptostigma guadua Kondo & Gullan (Figs 1F, 6 & 7) Cryptostigma guadua Kondo & Gullan, 2004: 717. Type material examined. Holotype. Adult ♀. PERU: Madre de Dios, Parque Nacional Manu, Estación Biológica de Cocha Cashu, 11°54’S, 71°22’W, c. 350 m. a.s.l., -. vi.2003, coll. D.W. Davidson, ex bamboo (Guadua sp.), inside nest of Camponotus mirabilis, 1 (1) (MUSM). Paratypes. Same data as holotype 13 (13: 3 adult ♀ + 5 second-instar nymphs + 5 first-instar nymphs) (BME, UNAD, USNM); same data as holotype but c. 400 m. a.s.l., 8.x.2001, No. cc-01-120, 3 (3: 3 first-instar nymphs) (UNAD, USNM); same data as holotype but 31.v.2003, No. 03-043, tended by Pseudocolobopsis sp. 3 (3: 2 adult ♀ + 1 third-instar nymph) (BME, UNAD); same data as holotype but 11°54’S, 71°22’W, c. 400 m. a.s.l., 13.xi.2001, No. cc-01-140 & cc-01-157, inside nest of Camponotus longipilis, 4 (4) (UNAD); Tambopata Research Center on Rio Tambopata, -. ii.2002, coll. D.W. Davidson, No. 01-TRC-01, ex bamboo, 2 (2: 1 adult female + 1 pharate adult ♀) (UNAD). Adult female (Figs 1F & 6) Unmounted material. Color variable, live specimens often reddish with a yellow tinge. Dorsum of specimens preserved in alcohol pale orange to yellowish-brown, ventral surface pinkish. Dorsal surface covered by a thin clear waxy layer, easily detached in alcohol, wax of a flaky texture. Stigmatic cleft and anal cleft very deep; stigmatic sclerotizations and anal plates clearly marked and light brown to dark brown in color. Mounted material. Body outline broadly oval, margins smooth or irregular, 3.8–10.1 mm long, 4.0–9.0 mm wide (n=12). Dorsum. Derm membranous, with numerous circular or constricted sclerotic pores; abundant towards body margin; each pore 13–100 µm wide, sclerotic pores near body margin generally larger and often with constricted margins; density of sclerotic pores highly variable between specimens, ranging from very scarce to dense, but always fewer on mid dorsum. Dorsal setae each 7–18 µm long, sharply or bluntly spinose, each seta on a small dorsal sclerotic plate, each 5–18 µm wide; present evenly on dorsum. Preopercular pores each about 10–15 µm wide, tubercle-like, present on mid-dorsum anterior and laterad to anal plates. Dorsal microducts each about 3 µm wide, numerous, scattered on dorsum, with a very long and usually slightly sclerotized outer ductule; those near margin often longer; inner ductule about as long as or longer than outer ductule. Sclerotic crescent present around anal plates. Anal plates together pyriform, occasionally quadrate, with rounded angles; each plate 133–183 µm long, 55–80 µm wide, anterolateral margin 103–145 µm long, posterolateral margin 75–103 µm long; with 10–16 setae on dorsal surface of each plate; plates located about 1/3–1/4 of body length from posterior margin. Anal ring with 10 setae. Eyes absent. Margin. Marginal setae not differentiated. Stigmatic clefts very deep, forming a conical stigmatic sclerotization; each cleft 480–680 µm long, opening 270–460 µm wide. Stigmatic setae usually hard to detect, although 3 short conical swellings often present on outer margin of stigmatic sclerotization suggesting the presence of stigmatic setae. Venter. Derm membranous. Ventral setae slender, straight or slightly bent, those on abdominal segments usually longer, each 20–43 µm; those near margins shorter, each 7–15 µm long. Interantennal setae about 3 pairs. Ventral microducts each about 3 µm wide, scattered evenly on venter. Tubular ducts absent. Clypeolabral shield 305–335 µm wide. Multilocular disc-pores each 7–10 µm wide with 3–8 (mostly 6 or 7) loculi, abundant around vulva and present on all abdominal segments; pores also present around metathoracic legs in a line to posterior spiracle. Spiracular disc-pores each 6–8 µm wide with 3–8 (mostly 5) loculi, some extending anteriorly towards mesothoracic legs. Antennae very small, 45–65 µm long, apparently 1 segmented, represented by a flattened segment bearing about 14–15 setae. Legs greatly reduced, represented by a rudimentary claw, several setae, and associated pores, total length 45–65 µm. Spiracles much larger than legs, located far from body margin; each anterior spiracular peritreme 113–143 µm wide, each posterior peritreme 125–160 µm wide. Diagnosis. The adult female of C. guadua can be diagnosed by the following features: (i) dorsum with numerous small sclerotic pores, (ii) presence of a deep, cone-shaped stigmatic sclerotization, (iii) presence of tubercle-like preopercular pores, (iv) with 10–16 setae on dorsal surface of each anal plate, (v) multilocular disc-pores present on all abdominal segments, surrounding the spiracles and including a group which forms a line from each mesothoracic leg to the posterior spiracle, and (vi) absence of ventral tubular ducts. First-instar nymph (Fig. 7). Unmounted material. Not available for study. Mounted material. Elongate oval; recently eclosed or early settled nymphs 1.2–1.6 mm long, 0.9–1.4 mm wide (n=4), fully-grown nymphs 1.8–2.2 mm long, 1.6–1.9 mm wide (n=4). Dorsum. Dorsal derm membranous, tesselated on some specimens, with segmentation delineated by membranous folds. Dorsal setae present in 2 submedian parallel rows, each seta about 15 µm long, setae on head region usually present, other dorsal setae often broken off or undetectable. Trilocular pore present on each side of head near margin close to eye. Dorsal microducts each about 2 µm wide, numerous over dorsum. Simple pores about 3–5 µm wide, those closer to body margin slightly smaller. Anal plates together pyriform, each plate 165–180 µm long, 70–80 µm wide, anterolateral margin 138–163 µm long, posterolateral margin 48–85 µm long; dorsal surface of shingled texture, with 1 seta on anterior part of plate plus 4 apical setae; ventral surface with 1 fringe seta. Anal ring as in generic diagnosis. Margin. Outline smooth. Marginal setae of 2 types; dorsal marginal setae sharply spinose, total number 133–160, with 15–20 anteriorly between eyes, and on each side, 10–15 between each eye and anterior stigmatic setae, 16–23 between each group of anterior and posterior stigmatic setae, and 29–49 between posterior stigmatic setae and anal cleft; ventral marginal setae flagellate, more numerous than dorsal marginal setae, each 63–90 µm long. Venter. Ventral derm membranous, with microtrichia present on abdominal segments. Mid-ventral setae flagellate, each 75–100 µm long, present on all segments posterior to mouthparts, with 4–8 setae per segment. Submarginal ventral setae similar to ventral marginal setae, in 6 pairs on each side of abdomen, about 7 setae between each anterior and posterior spiracle, and 1 seta between each antennal scape and anterior spiracular furrow. Stigmatic setae each sharply spinose, short, each seta 15–20 µm long, subequal in length; anterior stigmatic setae in a group of 3 or 4 setae, posterior stigmatic setae in a group of 4 or 5 setae. Interantennal setae in 3 or 4 pairs. Ventral microducts each 2–3 µm wide, with a very long inner ductule; numerous around body margin and in a transverse row posterior to mouthparts and hind coxae. Spiracular disc-pores each about 5 µm wide with 5–7 (mostly 5)-loculi, with 12–18 pores per spiracular furrow. Clypeolabral shield 180–214 µm wide. Legs well developed, with numerous setae; trochanter + femur 215–245 µm long, tibia + tarsus 235–265 µm long, microctenidia not visible on tibial apex. Tarsal digitules similar, spiniform. Claw slender, without a denticle; claw digitules slender, with knobbed apices. Antennae 5 segmented, total length 390–440 µm. Diagnosis. The first-instar nymph of C. guadua can be diagnosed by the combination of the following features: (i) dorsal setae arranged in 2 parallel longitudinal lines, (ii) numerous mid-ventral setae present on all abdominal and thoracic segments, (iii) antennae 5 segmented, (iv) 2 types of marginal setae present, those on dorsal surface sharply spinose, those on ventral surface flagellate, and (v) presence of numerous ventral microducts arranged in a transverse row just posterior to the mouthparts and anterior coxae. Remarks. The preceding description is adapted from Kondo and Gullan (2004), with copyright permission from Neotropical Entomology. Host plants. Poaceae: bamboo (Guadua sp.) Associated Hymenoptera. Formicinae: Camponotus (Myrmostenus) longipilis, C. (M.) mirabilis and C. (Pseudocolobopsis) sp. Males. Unknown. Distribution. Neotropical Region: Peru., Published as part of Kondo, Takumasa, 2010, Taxonomic revision of the myrmecophilous, meliponiphilous and rhizophilous soft scale genus Cryptostigma Ferris (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) 2709, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 2709 on pages 19-23, {"references":["Kondo, T. & Gullan, P. J. (2004) A new species of ant-tended soft scale of the genus Cryptostigma Ferris (Hemiptera: Coccidae) associated with bamboo from Peru. Neotropical Entomology, 33 (6), 717 - 723."]}

Cryptostigma serratum Kondo, sp. nov. (Figs 1I & 23) Material examined. Holotype. Adult ♀. ECUADOR: Santo Domingo, 5.vi.1953, coll. H.R. Yutscolv, 53.1672 (No.155), ex cedrus tree, 1 (2 adult ♀: holotype clearly indicated on slide) (USNM). Paratypes. COSTA RICA: Puntarenas, Parque Nacional Manuel Antonio (9°23’S, 84°09’W), Adult female (Figs 1I & 23) Unmounted material. Not available during present study. Mounted material. Body outline oval to elongate oval, 3.5–7.2 mm long, 3.0–6.0 mm wide (n=5). Dorsum. Derm membranous. Dorsal body setae each 6–25 µm long and sharply or bluntly spinose, with a straight or bent apex; present evenly on dorsum. Simple pores circular to subcircular, each 4–5 µm wide, scarce, scattered on dorsum. Dorsal microducts each 4–5 µm wide, abundant, evenly scattered over dorsum. Preopercular pores each 8–13 µm wide, tubercle-like, present on mid-areas of thorax and abdomen, with a few present submarginally; very few on head region and absent from margin of body. Thick sclerotized crescent present around anal plates. Anal plates together quadrate, with rounded angles, each plate 194–205 µm long, 81–92 µm wide; with 4–8 setae on dorsal surface, plus about 3 ventral subapical setae on each plate; plates located about 1/5 of body length from posterior margin. Anal ring with 14–20 setae. Eyes absent. Margin. Margin smooth. Marginal setae present, sharply spinose, each 9–16 µm long, arranged in 1 row, numerous, with about 30–60 between each anterior and posterior stigmatic areas. Stigmatic clefts very deep; each stigmatic sclerotization well developed, with margins dentate, characteristically chainsaw-like in appearance, with a compound orbicular pore consisting of a thin membranous circular area bearing numerous setae. Stigmatic setae not detected. Venter. Derm membranous. Ventral setae each mostly 21–50 µm long and slender, straight or slightly bent, those around body margin shortest, 6–30 µm long. Ventral microducts each 3–4 µm wide, scattered evenly on venter. Tubular ducts absent. Clypeolabral shield 431–593 µm wide. Multilocular disc-pores each 6–8 µm wide, larger than spiracular disc-pores, with 4–8 (mostly 7) loculi, present on perivulvar area. Spiracular discpores each 4–6 µm wide, with 5–8 (mostly 8) loculi, present on small area around spiracles. Antennae reduced, 1–4 segmented, total length 36–75 µm long, with some fleshy setae often bifurcated. Interantennal setae 2 pairs. Legs greatly reduced, all segments fused, composed mostly of a claw, total length 15–81 µm. Spiracles much larger than legs, located near margin just below stigmatic sclerotizations; each anterior peritreme 143–170 µm wide, each posterior peritreme 156–195 µm wide. Diagnosis. The adult female of C. serratum can be diagnosed by the following features: (i) sclerotic pores absent, (ii) dorsal setae sharply or bluntly spinose, (iii) preopercular pores present, tubercle-like, (iv) each anal plate with 4–8 setae on dorsal surface, (v) marginal setae numerous, with 30–60 between each anterior and posterior stigmatic areas, (vi) stigmatic sclerotization with a dentate margin, (vii) legs vestigial but with a well-developed claw, (viii) anal ring with 14 or 20 setae, and (xii) ventral tubular ducts absent. C. serratum is the only known species in the genus with an anal ring with 14 to 20 setae; dentate stigmatic sclerotizations, and it is also the only species with orbicular pores incorporated into the stigmatic sclerotizations. Remarks. Adult female Cryptostigma serratum is unique in having an anal ring with 14 to 20 setae. Other species in the Myzolecaniinae that have numerous setae in the anal ring (i.e., 14 or more) include Aztecalecanium colimae (Cockerell) (14), Alecanopsis spp. (16–32), Cribrolecanium formicarum Green (16), Cribrolecanium radicicola Green (18), Halococcus formicarii Takahashi (22–32), Myzolecanium casuarinae (Maskell) (formerly included in Alecanopsis) (14), M. robertsi (Williams & Watson) (16) and Toumeyella erythrinae Kondo & Williams (12–14) (Kondo 2003, Kondo & Williams 2003, 2004). First-instar nymphs were not available during present study. Host plants. A plant referred to as “cedrus tree”. In the literal sense, Cedrus refers to a genus in the plant family Pinaceae, however, the name probably refers to a different group of tropical tree. Associated Hymenoptera. Myrmicinae: Crematogaster stolli. Etymology. The specific epithet “ serratum ” refers to the serrated outer margins of the spiracular sclerotization. Males. Unknown. Distribution. Neotropical Region: Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama., Published as part of Kondo, Takumasa, 2010, Taxonomic revision of the myrmecophilous, meliponiphilous and rhizophilous soft scale genus Cryptostigma Ferris (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) 2709, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 2709 on pages 56-58, {"references":["Kondo, T. & Williams, M. L. (2003) A new species of Toumeyella (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) on Erythrina in Mexico. TIP Revista Especializada en Ciencias Quimico-Biologicas, 6 (1), 11 - 15."]}