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Introduction: Visual attention is a crucial mechanism in health messaging and campaign persuasiveness. Little is known about how visual attention may translate into cessation-related outcomes in tobacco public education campaigns.Methods: Using the eye-tracking technology, this study investigated the relationships among visual attention, cognitive and affective message responses, and cessation-related outcomes (readiness to quit, intentions to quit, and intentions to seek cessation information). Four different posters from the Every Try Counts (ETC) campaign were used as message stimuli. A total of 80 adult current smokers participated. The associations between their behavioral eye gaze patterns and self-reported message responses and cessation-related outcomes were examined.Results: Half of the sample (49.4%) were male, and 46.8% were White-with ages ranging from 18 to 36 years old (M = 21.22, SD = 2.86). Roughly 41% were daily smokers, and 78% had attempted quitting in the previous year. When exposed to campaign ads, only fixation on the FDA logo showed consistent positive relationships with cognitive and affective message responses. Mediation analyses revealed significant indirect effects of fixation on the FDA logo on quitting and information-seeking intentions mainly through positive affective message responses.Conclusions: Visual attention to the FDA logo played an important role in the effects of ETC campaign messages.Implications: This study contributes new evidence on the relationship of visual attention, message responses, and ETC campaign outcomes. The current findings suggest that highlighting FDA as a campaign sponsor in the visual display may enhance the effectiveness of FDA tobacco education messages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study employed a longitudinal survey experiment with American adults to investigate whether cognitive and emotional appraisals of messages about climate change related health risks would mediate the relationships between participants' individual differences (in political ideology and health) and their perceived harm to self and support for climate change policies. The study found that liberals and people with poorer health evaluated the messages as more useful and interesting and generated more negative emotions toward the negative health consequences of climate change. In turn, they reported higher perceived harm to self from climate change and stronger support for climate policies, compared to conservatives and people with better health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this study is to introduce a new design approach of the EPC global network considering activities of actors in a supply chain via agent-based simulation (ABS). The EPC global network provides track and trace services of shipments for internal and external subscribers, based on electronic product code (EPC) data generated from radio frequency identification (RFID) tags. To maintain dependable mean response time and service failure of the network, the proposed approach consists of two modules: (1) ABS module with AnyLogic® simulation software involving transactions between actors (manufacturers, distributors, and retailers) and (2) Network partitioning module to find appropriate structure of the network based on responses given by the ABS module. Demonstration of the proposed approach will be conducted with data of an automotive supply chain in Republic of Korea. This preventive maintenance approach will help engineers avoid over-investment on implementation of the network for their efficient supply chain management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study uses an unobtrusive eye tracking approach to examine understudied psychological mechanisms – message attention and credibility – when people are exposed to misinformation and correction on social media. We contrast humor versus non-humor correction strategies that point out rhetorical flaws in misinformation regarding the HPV vaccine, which was selected for its relevance and impact on public health. We randomly assigned participants to one of two experimental conditions: humor correction versus non-humor correction. Our analyses revealed that the humor correction increased attention to the image portion of the correction tweet, and this attention indirectly lowered HPV misperceptions by reducing the credibility of the misinformation tweet. The study also found that the non-humor correction outperformed the humor correction in reducing misperceptions via its higher credibility ratings. Practical implications for correcting misinformation on social media are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine psychological mediating mechanisms to promote ocean health among the U.S. public. Ocean acidification (OA) was chosen as the focus, as experts consider it as important as climate change with the same cause of humanity's excessive carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, but it is lesser known. Empathy is a multi-dimensional concept that includes cognitive and emotional aspects. Previous literature argues that environmental empathy can facilitate positive behaviors. We tested the hypothesis that empathy affects beliefs and behavioral intentions regarding ocean health using the Health Belief Model. We found that higher empathy toward ocean health led to higher perceived susceptibility and severity from OA, greater perceived benefits of CO2 emissions reduction, greater perceived barriers, and keener attention to the media. Beliefs and media attention positively influenced behavioral intentions (e.g., willingness to buy a fuel efficient car). Theoretical and practical implications regarding audience targeting and intervention design are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Onion (Allium cepa) is a major field vegetable in South Korea and has been produced for a long time along with cabbage, radish, garlic, and dried peppers. However, as field vegetables, including onions, have recently been imported at low prices, the profitability of onion production in South Korea is beginning to be at risk. In order to maximize farmers' profits through onion production, this study develops onion yield prediction models via an ensemble learning-based framework involving linear regression, polynomial regression, support vector regression, decision tree, ridge regression, and lasso regression. The use of nitrogen fertilizers is considered an independent variable in the development of the yield prediction model. This is because the use of nitrogen fertilizers accounts for the highest production cost (13.47%) after labor cost (41.21%) and seed cost (17.42%), and it also directly affects onions yields. For the model development, five research datasets on changes in onion yield according to changes in the use of existing nitrogen fertilizers were used. In addition, a non-linear optimization model was devised using onion yield prediction models for the profit maximization of onion production. As a result, the developed non-linear optimization model using polynomial regression enables an increase in profits from onion production by 67.28%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key message: OsPUB41 plays a negative role in drought stress response through the mediation of OsUBC25 and interacts with OsCLC6, suggesting a putative substrate. The notable expansion of Plant U-Box E3 ligases (PUB), compared with those in mammals, implies that PUB proteins have evolved to perform plant-specific functions. OsPUB41, a potential ortholog of CMPG1, was recently reported to regulate the cell wall degrading enzyme (CWDE)-induced innate immune response in rice. Here, we characterized the OsPUB41 gene, which encodes a dual-localized cytosolic and nuclear U-box E3 ligase in rice. OsPUB41 expression was specifically induced by dehydration among various abiotic stresses and abscisic acid (ABA) treatments. Furthermore, we revealed that the core U-box motif of OsPUB41 possesses the E3 ligase activity that can be activated by OsUBC25 in rice. The Ubi:RNAi-OsPUB41 knock-down and ospub41 suppression mutant plants exhibited enhanced tolerance to drought stress compared with the wild-type rice plants in terms of transpirational water loss, long-term dehydration response, and chlorophyll content. Moreover, the knock-down or suppression of the OsPUB41 gene did not cause adverse effect on rice yield-related traits. Yeast two-hybrid and an in vitro pull-down analyses revealed that OsCLC6, a chloride channel, is a putative substrate of OsPUB41. Overall, these results suggest that OsPUB41 acts as a negative regulator of dehydration conditions and interacts with OsCLC6, implying that it is a substrate of OsPUB41. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of the initial pulse of tert-butyl iodide as a surfactant in atomic layer deposition of HfO2 using cyclopentadienyl tris(dimethylamino) hafnium, CpHf(NMe2)3, and ozone, O3, are investigated at 320, 300, and 250 °C. The formation of 2-methylpropene and hydrogen iodide from tert-butyl iodide via elimination reactions is the key idea of our effective approach for improving film conformality, film quality, and leakage current simultaneously. Our predicted growth mechanisms, supported by experimental results, suggest that different blocking probabilities by 2-methylpropene and hydrogen iodide on the top and bottom sides of the trench feature with an aspect ratio of 22.6:1 lead to 10% improvement in film conformality. In addition, ligand exchanges between the Hf precursor and hydrogen iodide lead to effective removal of large portions of carbon-containing ligands, resulting in a significant reduction in carbon residues, 76% at 320 °C and 40% at 250 °C, as evidenced by secondary ion mass spectrometry results. An increase in film density is also observed partly due to better completion of surface reactions between –I of Hf–I and O3. In terms of electrical properties, a significant improvement of 95% in leakage current is achieved due to the improvement in the film quality when tert-butyl iodide is employed. The deposited HfO2 film has superior leakage properties of 5.18 × 10−8 A/cm2 at 3 MV/cm, which is below the dynamic random access memory leakage current limit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climatic changes are already influencing the frequency, magnitude, and duration of extreme weathers (e.g. drought) in California. California is a leading state for vegetable production in United States (U.S.). Since vegetables are very sensitive to extreme weathers, it is critical to evaluate the effects of climate change on yield and to find the potential adaptive management strategies for the sustainable vegetable production. The objectives of this study were to develop a plant-oriented cropping model to evaluate the impacts of different cropping managements on yields under various climate condition and atmospheric CO2 levels. To improve modeling performance, numerous previous studies that reported broccoli yields in different managements were used. After model calibration and validation, 560 scenarios under the conditions of combinations of climate changes, four broccoli cultivars, five nitrogen fertilizer application rates, and four plant densities were simulated in two study locations in Monterey County, CA where produces almost 40% of total California broccoli production. Based on results from 33,600 simulations, broccoli yields were highly related to nitrogen fertilizer application. However, at high nitrogen rates (above 75 kg N ha−1), yields were barely changed. In general, under stressful conditions, all cultivars produced their maximum yields at low plant density, and their yields did not respond to addition of nutrient in soil. However, CO2 enrichment and warmer temperature under RCP8.5 pathways, yield responded positively with fertilizer application rate and plant density. It seems likely that the effects of cropping managements will depend upon CO2 level and temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the nutritional contents of ready-to-cook (RTC) meals distributed in Korea were compared to those of conventional home-cooked meals to evaluate the nutritional quality of RTC meals. A total of 42 samples of RTC meals were collected in 2021 and prepared according to the recipes provided in the meal packages. They were categorized into five groups and 23 types, which included four types of soup, six types of stew, four types of hot pot, four types of noodles, and five types of braised dishes. A total of 23 samples of home-cooked meals corresponding to individual types of RTC meals were prepared using recipes from the Korean food composition database. Both RTC and home-cooked meals shared similarities in the types and quantities of individual ingredients (grains, vegetables, meats/fishes, and sauces). No distinct differences were observed in the contents of energy, proximate components, total saturated fatty acids, total trans fatty acids, and Na between both meals. RTC meals exhibited a significantly higher total sugar content within the groups of stew and noodles and tended to show increased total sugar content within the groups of soup and hot pot when compared to that of home-cooked meals. When compared to the recommended World Health Organization daily intake, the Na content per serving in both home-cooked and RTC meals tended to be greater (17.1–167.3% of the daily intake value) than those of total saturated fatty acids, total trans fatty acids, and total sugars (0.8–49.7%, 0–20.0%, and 0–54.7%, respectively). • Fat, sugar, and Na contents in RTC meals in Korea were detailed for the first time. • The total sugar content tended to be higher in RTC meals than in home-cooked meals. • Both meals have a similarity in the type and quantity of individual ingredients. • Higher sugars in sauces might cause the greater total sugar content in RTC meals. • No distinct difference existed in other nutritional contents between both meals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]