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Background: While the central location is a known adverse prognostic factor in lung cancer, a precise definition of central lung cancer has not yet emerged., Purpose: To determine the prognostic significance of central lung cancer (defined by location index) in resected T1-sized early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)., Material and Methods: Patients with resected T1-sized early-stage NSCLC between 2010 and 2015 at a single tertiary cancer center were retrospectively reviewed. Central lung cancer was defined by a location index of the second tertile or less. Kaplan-Meier analysis with log-rank test and multivariable Cox regression analysis were performed to analyze the relationship between central lung cancer and the prognosis of relapse-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS). Inter-observer agreement was assessed using Cohen's kappa value and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC)., Results: Overall, 289 patients (169 men; median age 65 years; interquartile range 58-70 years) were evaluated. Central lung cancer (defined by location index) was adversely associated with RFS ( P  = 0.005) and OS ( P  = 0.01). Multivariable Cox regression analysis showed that central lung cancer was independently associated with poor RFS (adjusted hazard ratio 1.91; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.12-3.24; P  = 0.017) and OS (adjusted hazard ratio 1.69; 95% CI 1.04-2.74; P  = 0.033). Location index demonstrated excellent inter-observer agreement (Cohen's kappa value 0.88; 95% CI 0.82-0.93) with a high ICC (0.98; 95% CI 0.97-0.98)., Conclusion: Central lung cancer defined by a location index of the second tertile or lower is an independent adverse prognostic factor in resected T1-sized early-stage NSCLC.

The apocrine morphology of the breast is observed in a broad pathological spectrum, ranging from benign cysts to invasive carcinomas. However, the number of clinical research investigating malignant apocrine lesions is limited. This study retrospectively reviewed the data of patients with malignant apocrine lesions admitted in a tertiary center between January 2004 and December 2021, based on the radiology-pathology correlation and the recent advances in their status to enhance the therapeutic implications of androgen receptor (AR). Among the 37 patients with lesions, 27 (73.0%) had triple-negative subtypes with predominant AR expression. The radiological features of malignant apocrine lesions did not differ from those of typical invasive ductal carcinoma or ductal carcinoma in situ. This study demonstrated that knowledge on the imaging features of malignant apocrine lesions and their histological basis could enhance the adoption of new targeted therapies in patients with this particular type of breast cancer., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (© 2022 Korean Breast Cancer Society.)

Purpose: This study used quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) to investigate the characteristics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) subtypes in children., Patients and Methods: There were 69 subjects (42 with ADHD and 27 neurotypical (NT)) in this study. A semi-structured interview was conducted with each participant for psychiatric diagnostic evaluation. We measured the absolute and relative power in 19 channels and analyzed QEEG using the following frequency ranges: delta (1-4 Hz), theta (4-8 Hz), alpha 1 (8-10 Hz), alpha 2 (10-12 Hz), beta 1 (12-15 Hz), beta 2 (15-20 Hz), beta 3 (20-30 Hz), and gamma (30-45 Hz). Group analyses and EEG noise preprocessing were conducted using iSyncBrain, a cloud-based, artificial intelligence EEG analysis platform. Analysis of covariance adjusted for IQ, age, and sex was used., Results: QEEG analysis revealed three ADHD subtypes, characterized by (A) elevated relative fast alpha and beta power, (B) elevated absolute slow frequency (delta and theta power), or (C) elevated absolute and relative beta power. A significant difference was found in the Korean ADHD Rating Scale (K-ARS) among the four groups (df=3, F=8.004, p<0.001); group C had the highest score (25.31±11.16), followed by group A (21.67±13.18). The score of group B (12.64±7.84) was similar to that of the NT group (11.07±6.12) and did not reach the cut-off point of the K-ARS. In the Wender-Utah Rating Scale (WURS), group B score (55.82±23.17) was significantly higher than the NT group score (42.81±13.26)., Conclusion: These results indicate that children with ADHD do not constitute a neurophysiologically homogenous group. Children with QEEG subtype B (elevated slow frequency) may be difficult to distinguish from normal children using the K-ARS, which is the most common screening tool for ADHD. Moreover, parents of children with this subtype may be less sensitive to observing ADHD symptoms., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work., (© 2022 Ji et al.)

We evaluated the patterns of quantitative electroencephalography (EEG) in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), Lewy body disease (LBD), and mixed disease. Sixteen patients with AD, 38 with LBD, 20 with mixed disease, and 17 control participants were recruited and underwent EEG. The theta/alpha ratio and theta/beta ratio were measured. The relationship of the log-transformed theta/alpha ratio (TAR) and theta/beta ratio (TBR) with the disease group, the presence of AD and LBD, and clinical symptoms were evaluated. Participants in the LBD and mixed disease groups had higher TBR in all lobes except for occipital lobe than those in the control group. The presence of LBD was independently associated with higher TBR in all lobes and higher central and parietal TAR, while the presence of AD was not. Among cognitively impaired patients, higher TAR was associated with the language, memory, and visuospatial dysfunction, while higher TBR was associated with the memory and frontal/executive dysfunction. Increased TBR in all lobar regions and temporal TAR were associated with the hallucinations, while cognitive fluctuations and the severity of Parkinsonism were not. Increased TBR could be a biomarker for LBD, independent of AD, while the presence of mixed disease could be reflected as increased TAR., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) analysis is commonly adopted for the investigation of various neurological disorders, revealing electroencephalogram (EEG) features associated with specific dysfunctions. Conventionally, topographies are widely utilized for spatial representation of EEG characteristics at specific frequencies or frequency bands. However, multiple topographies at various frequency bands are required for a complete description of brain activity. In consequence, use of topographies for the training of deep learning algorithms is often challenging. The present study describes the development and application of a novel QEEG feature image that integrates all required spatial and spectral information within a single image, overcoming conventional obstacles. EEG powers recorded at 19 channels defined by the international 10-20 system were pre-processed using the EEG auto-analysis system iSyncBrain ® , removing the artifact components selected through independent component analysis (ICA) and rejecting bad epochs. Hereafter, spectral powers computed through fast Fourier transform (FFT) were standardized into Z-scores through iMediSync, Inc.'s age- and sex-specific normative database. The standardized spectral powers for each channel were subsequently rearranged and concatenated into a rectangular feature matrix, in accordance with their spatial location on the scalp surface. Application of various feature engineering techniques on the established feature matrix yielded multiple types of feature images. Such feature images were utilized in the deep learning classification of Alzheimer's disease dementia (ADD) and non-Alzheimer's disease dementia (NADD) data, in order to validate the use of our novel feature images. The resulting classification accuracy was 97.4%. The Classification criteria were further inferred through an explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) algorithm, which complied with the conventionally known EEG characteristics of AD. Such outstanding classification performance bolsters the potential of our novel QEEG feature images in broadening QEEG utility., Competing Interests: The authors were employed by the company iMediSync, Inc., (Copyright © 2022 Jeong, Park and Kang.)

Quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) has proven useful in predicting the response to various treatments, but, until now, no study has investigated changes in functional connectivity using QEEG following a lifestyle intervention program. We aimed to investigate neurophysiological changes in QEEG after a 24-week multidomain lifestyle intervention program in the SoUth Korean study to PrEvent cognitive impaiRment and protect BRAIN health through lifestyle intervention in at-risk elderly people (SUPERBRAIN). Participants without dementia and with at least one modifiable dementia risk factor, aged 60-79 years, were randomly assigned to the facility-based multidomain intervention (FMI) ( n = 51), the home-based multidomain intervention (HMI) ( n = 51), and the control group ( n = 50). The analysis of this study included data from 44, 49, and 34 participants who underwent EEG at baseline and at the end of the study in the FMI, HMI, and control groups, respectively. The spectrum power and power ratio of EEG were calculated. Source cortical current density and functional connectivity were estimated by standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography. Participants who received the intervention showed increases in the power of the beta1 and beta3 bands and in the imaginary part of coherence of the alpha1 band compared to the control group. Decreases in the characteristic path lengths of the alpha1 band in the right supramarginal gyrus and right rostral middle frontal cortex were observed in those who received the intervention. This study showed positive biological changes, including increased functional connectivity and higher global efficiency in QEEG after a multidomain lifestyle intervention., Clinical Trial Registration: [https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03980392] identifier [NCT03980392]., Competing Interests: Author SYM receives a research grant from Hyundai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. Author CHH receives research support from Eisai Korea Inc. Author JHJ receives research grants from Chong Kun Dang Pharmaceutical Corp., Jeil Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., and Kuhnil Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., and consults for PeopleBio Co. Ltd. Authors SYM, CHH, JHJ, YKP, HRN, and SHChoi are shareholders of Rowan Inc. Author HRN consults for Hyundai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. Author SHChoi consults for Hyundai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., and PeopleBio Co. Ltd. Authors SK, UP, and SWK received a salary from iMediSync Inc. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Park, Choi, Kim, Park, Kang, Jeong, Moon, Hong, Song, Chun, Lee, Choi, Park, Kim, Cho, Na and Park.)

Modern organizational environments encounter serious competition and paradoxical situations. This study discusses the effect of paradoxical leadership on overcoming competitive and paradoxical situations happening in the Korean workplace. More specifically, it investigates the dynamic relationship between paradoxical leadership and involvement in creative tasks in a Korean context and examines whether creative self-efficacy positively mediates this relationship. Our research design addresses the moderating role and moderated mediating role of task complexity in the relationship between paradoxical leadership and the involvement in creative tasks via creative self-efficacy. The main hypotheses were tested by using a cross-sectional design and administering questionnaires to 268 employees working in Korean firms. Empirical analysis revealed that paradoxical leadership is positively related to involvement in creative tasks and creative self-efficacy and that creative self-efficacy positively mediated the relationship between paradoxical leadership and involvement in creative tasks. Importantly, as the relationship between paradoxical leadership and creative self-efficacy depends on task complexity, the mediated relationship was effective under high task complexity. Uncovering the relationship between paradoxical leadership and involvement in creative tasks with the mediating role of creative self-efficacy and the moderated mediating role of task complexity can provide useful theoretical and managerial implications.

Background and Purpose: Early detection of subjective cognitive decline (SCD) due to Alzheimer's disease (AD) is important for clinical research and effective prevention and management. This study examined if quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) could be used for early detection of AD in SCD., Methods: Participants with SCD from 6 dementia clinics in Korea were enrolled. 18 F-florbetaben brain amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) was conducted for all the participants. qEEG was performed to measure power spectrum and source cortical activity., Results: The present study included 95 participants aged over 65 years, including 26 amyloid PET (+) and 69 amyloid PET (-). In participants with amyloid PET (+), relative power at delta band was higher in frontal ( p =0.025), parietal ( p =0.005), and occipital ( p =0.022) areas even after adjusting for age, sex, and education. Source activities of alpha 1 band were significantly decreased in the bilateral fusiform and inferior temporal areas, whereas those of delta band were increased in the bilateral cuneus, pericalcarine, lingual, lateral occipital, precuneus, posterior cingulate, and isthmus areas. There were increased connections between bilateral precuneus areas but decreased connections between left rostral middle frontal area and bilateral frontal poles at delta band in participants with amyloid PET (+) showed. At alpha 1 band, there were decreased connections between bilateral entorhinal areas after adjusting for covariates., Conclusions: SCD participants with amyloid PET (+) showed increased delta and decreased alpha 1 activity. qEEG is a potential means for predicting amyloid pathology in SCD. Further longitudinal studies are needed to confirm these findings., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest: The authors have no financial conflicts of interest., (© 2022 Korean Dementia Association.)

This paper aims to clarify the impact of destructive leadership on team innovation performance. It also explores the relevant conditions that maximize the above relationship. Specifically we examine how intra-team conflict organizational diversity moderate the relationship between destructive leadership team innovation performance. Finally the three-way interaction between destructive leadership intra-team conflict organizational diversity is analyzed for the worst conditions to maximize the negative effect of destructive leadership on team innovation performance. This paper used a cross-sectional design with questionnaires administered to 87 teams with 479 team members working in Korean manufacturing service firms. It applied a hierarchical regression analysis to test the hypothesized relationships including three-way interaction effect among destructive leadership intra-team conflict organizational diversity on team innovation performance. This paper provided empirical insights about how destructive behaviors of team leader hindered team innovation performance. The three-way interaction effects also revealed that the higher the levels of both intra-team conflict organizational diversity the greater the negative effect of destructive leadership on team innovation performance. This paper demonstrates how team leaders' behavior team organizational conditions result in discouraging overall innovation outcomes. This paper contributes to the innovation leadership literatures by identifying possible leadership type hindering innovation performance at team level the specific conditions their dynamic interaction strengthening the negative effect of destructive leadership on team innovation performance., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Choi, Jung and Kang.)

Depression is a prevalent mental disorder in modern society, causing many people to suffer or even commit suicide. Psychiatrists and psychologists typically diagnose depression using representative tests, such as the Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), in conjunction with patient consultations. Traditional tests, however, are time-consuming, can be trained on patients, and entailed a lot of clinician subjectivity. In the present study, we trained the machine learning models using sex and age-reflected z-score values of quantitative EEG (QEEG) indicators based on data from the National Standard Reference Data Center for Korean EEG, with 116 potential depression subjects and 80 healthy controls. The classification model has distinguished potential depression groups and normal groups, with a test accuracy of up to 92.31% and a 10-cross-validation loss of 0.13. This performance proposes a model with z -score QEEG metrics, considering sex and age as objective and reliable biomarkers for early screening for the potential depression., Competing Interests: TK, UP, and SK were employed by iMediSync Inc., (Copyright © 2022 Kim, Park and Kang.)

Transient global amnesia (TGA) is recognized as a benign memory disorder, with characteristic clinical and imaging features. However, the pathophysiology of TGA remains elusive. This study aims to elucidate the pathophysiological changes underlying TGA by exploring the brain activities. In total, 215 patients with TGA (age: 61.8 ± 7.8 years; women: 146) with MRI (within 7 days) and EEG studies (within 90 days) were recruited. Quantitative EEG (QEEG) power spectra and network analysis were performed by the artificial intelligence EEG analysis platform (iSyncBrain®). Subgroup analyses were conducted for different clinical groups, based on symptom duration, EEG timing after onset, and cytotoxic lesions on the MRI. Compared with 252 age- and sex-matched subjects (age: 64.5 ± 8.3 years, women: 182), TGA patients showed a global decrease in absolute power in all band waves, a relative decrease in alpha waves, a relative increase in theta waves, and atypical compensation activity. These QEEG changes were observed regardless of having cytotoxic lesions in MRI and they were significant up to 1 week after symptom onset. Network analysis showed that TGA was more activated than normal controls in alpha1 band-waves, exhibiting a compensatory process. TGA results in prolonged and widespread alterations of brain activity and connectivity. QEEG provide insight into pathophysiology of TGA., (Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background and Purpose: The effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) interventions on functional brain changes in older adults remain unclear. This preliminary study aimed to explore the effect of physical exercise intervention (PEI), including HIIT, on cognitive function, physical performance, and electroencephalogram patterns in Korean elderly people., Methods: We enrolled six non-dementia participants aged >65 years from a community health center. PEI was conducted at the community health center for 4 weeks, three times/week, and 50 min/day. PEI, including HIIT, involved aerobic exercise, resistance training (muscle strength), flexibility, and balance. Wilcoxon signed rank test was used for data analysis., Results: After the PEI, there was improvement in the 30-second sit-to-stand test result (16.2±7.0 times vs. 24.8±5.5 times, p =0.027), 2-minute stationary march result (98.3±27.2 times vs. 143.7±36.9 times, p =0.027), T-wall response time (104.2±55.8 seconds vs.71.0±19.4 seconds, p =0.028), memory score (89.6±21.6 vs. 111.0±19.1, p =0.028), executive function score (33.3±5.3 vs. 37.0±5.1, p =0.046), and total Literacy Independent Cognitive Assessment score (214.6±30.6 vs. 241.6±22.8, p =0.028). Electroencephalography demonstrated that the beta power in the frontal region was increased, while the theta power in the temporal region was decreased (all p <0.05)., Conclusions: Our HIIT PEI program effectively improved cognitive function, physical fitness, and electroencephalographic markers in elderly individuals; thus, it could be beneficial for improving functional brain activity in this population., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest: The authors have no financial conflicts of interest., (© 2022 Korean Dementia Association.)

The purpose of the present study is to examine the effects of team level Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) promotion climate on work happiness of team members. Furthermore, we investigate the mediating role of organizational identification at individual level and the moderating role of leader-follower value congruence at the team level in the relationship between CSR promotion climate and work happiness, thus overcoming the limitations of previous studies which mainly focused on a unitary level of analysis. To this end, a multilevel analysis was used, dealing with team- and individual-level relationships; the sample comprises 70 teams and 336 employees from 23 Korean firms. Our empirical analysis revealed that a team CSR promotion climate positively influenced team members' happiness at work and organization identification. Furthermore, organization identification partially mediated the relationship between team CSR promotion climate and happiness at the workplace. By interacting with team CSR promotion climate, leader-followers value congruence positively regulated the influence of team CSR promotion climate on happiness at work. In this process, for a group with high leader-follower value congruence, the team CSR promotion climate strengthens team members' happiness at the workplace. The study utilizes a multilevel analysis method to simultaneously verify team- and individual-level elements positively affecting team members' happiness at work. Through this method, it confirmed that CSR promotion climate and team organization identification positively influence happiness at work. The theoretical and practical implications are presented, and directions for future research with limitations of the study are discussed.

Many previous studies on creativity have focused on discovering positive factors to improve creativity and innovation performance from leader, individual, and organizational perspectives. However, research on factors that hinder creative performance was relatively insufficient. This study examines leaders' behavior that hinders employees' creative performance by focusing on abusive supervision. Based on the Korean employee context, our research model draws upon constructs of abusive supervision, relational conflict, employee silence, and creative performance to hypothesize serial mediation mechanisms connecting abusive supervision to creative performance. Using survey data of 555 Korean employees, we find that abusive supervision is negatively related to creative performance. We also find that both relational conflict and employee silence mediate the relationship between abusive supervision and employee creative performance. More importantly, our empirical analysis indicates that a serial mediation effect testing a dual coordination effect was identified in the process of the leader's abusive supervision leading to employee's creative performance. Although many previous studies were focused on a single medium effect in the relationship between leadership types and employee creativity, this study applied the serial mediation effects in the relationship to test a dual medium effect. We further addressed a more complex process to explain the path of reducing creative performance by supervisor abusive supervision. We conclude by discussing both theoretical and practical implications.

Previous research, that showed that corporate social responsibility (CSR) had positive effects on the corporate image and performance, has attracted much attention and resulted in an increasing number of follow-up studies. However, CSR-related activities are focused on their effect on external stakeholders, although they are social service activities geared towards internal and external stakeholders, thus showing a research gap regarding the effects of internal stakeholders on organizational effectiveness. Therefore, this study investigated the mediating effects of the value congruence climate and prosocial behavior among the team members in the relationship between leader's CSR perception and team members' psychological well-being, using a multilevel analysis of the relationship between the team and individual level factors. For the empirical analysis, 69 teams (334 employees) were sampled from 23 Korean small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Analyses revealed a positive effect of a leader's CSR perception on the team members' psychological well-being. Furthermore, a leader's CSR perception had a positive effect on his/her team's value congruence environment and team members' prosocial behavior. The team's value congruence environment and team members' prosocial behavior were found to mediate the relationship between the leader's CSR perception and team members' psychological well-being. The relationships among these variables were investigated using a multilevel analysis model capable of simultaneous validation of team- and individual-level factors associated with team members' psychological well-being. Future research directions were then discussed based on the theoretical and practical implications and limitations of the study results.

Drawing on the moral exclusion theory and resource allocation perspective, we examine the association between supervisor perception of subordinate performance and abusive supervision (AS), and the interaction effects of a supervisor's need for achievement and second-level superiors' close monitoring of first-line supervisors, as key boundary conditions for the performance-AS relationship. We conducted a time-lagged survey with 142 matched reports from supervisors and subordinates who had direct reporting relationships with the supervisors in the South Korea military. The results of this study indicate that subordinate performance, as rated by the supervisor, was negatively associated with AS. Furthermore, a supervisor's need for achievement moderated the relationship between subordinate performance and AS, such that the relationship was more negative under a supervisor who had a higher need for achievement. In addition, second-level superiors' close monitoring of first-line supervisors moderated the effect of the interaction of subordinate performance and a supervisor's need for achievement on AS, such that the existing moderation effect of a supervisor's need for achievement is more pronounced when supervisors are under high close monitoring by their superiors. Our investigation of antecedents of supervisor's abusive behavior could help expand our previous knowledge regarding the mechanism of the performance-AS relationship., Competing Interests: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s)., (© 2022 Society for Military Psychology, Division 19 of the American Psychological Association.)

With today's increasingly dynamic and competitive business environment, creativity is critical for enterprises to enhance their competitiveness. Companies today invest and seek new ways to enhance creativity of employees within the organization. Our study describes the effects of servant leadership, psychological safety, and employee well-being on creativity under the conservation of resources theory. We used a sample of 252 full-time employees in the United Kingdom who had been recruited online and collected their data for analysis. We conducted confirmatory factor analyses to test the validity of the measurement model and regression to evaluate the direct effects. Subsequently, we used bootstrapping to confirm mediation and serial mediation effects. The results showed that servant leadership was positively related to creativity and that psychological safety and employee well-being were serial mediators between them., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Wang, Kang and Choi.)

Innovation is now a feature of daily life. In a rapidly changing market environment and amid fierce competition, organizations pursue survival and growth through innovation, and the key driver of innovation is the creativity of employees. Because the value of creativity has been emphasized, many organizations are looking for effective ways to encourage employees to be creative at work. From a resource perspective, creativity at work can be viewed as a high-intensity job demand, and organizations should encourage it by providing and managing employee resources. This study is an attempt to empirically investigate how competence and abusive supervision affect the relationship between procedural justice and creativity from the conservation of resources perspective. Findings from two-wave time-lagged survey data from 377 South Korean employees indicate that procedural justice increases creativity through the mediation of competence. Furthermore, abusive supervision has a negative moderating effect on the relationship between procedural justice and competence. The findings show that competence moderates the relationship between procedural justice and creativity and that the lower the level of abusive supervision, the greater the effect of procedural justice on competence and creativity.

We describe the utility of a standardized index (Z-score) in quantitative EEG (QEEG) capable of when referenced to a resting-state, sex- and age-differentiated QEEG normative database (ISB-NormDB). Our ISB-NormDB comprises data for 1,289 subjects (553 males, 736 females) ages 4.5 to 81 years that met strict normative data criteria. A de-noising process allowed stratification based on QEEG variability between normal healthy men and women at various age ranges. The ISB-NormDB data set that is stratified by sex provides a unique, highly accurate ISB-NormDB model (ISB-NormDB: ISB-NormDB-Male, ISB-NormDB-Female). To evaluate the trends and accuracy of the ISB-NormDB, we used actual data to compare Z-scores obtained through the ISB-NormDB with those obtained through a traditional QEEG normative database to confirm that basic trends are maintained in most bands and are sensitive to abnormal test data. Finally, we demonstrate the value of our standardized index of QEEG, and highlight it's capacity to minimize the confounding variables of sex and age in any analysis., Competing Interests: JK, UP, and DK are employed by iMediSync Inc. SK founded iMediSync Inc and now is affiliated in the company., (Copyright © 2021 Ko, Park, Kim and Kang.)

Recently, most organizations, from for-profit organizations to nonprofit organizations, are facing a rapidly changing environment and increased uncertainty. Organizational performance now depends on quickly responding and overcoming change through employees' innovative behavior. As the importance of innovative behavior has been highlighted, many organizations are looking for effective ways to encourage employees to adopt innovative behavior. From the resource perspective, innovative behavior can be regarded as high-intensity job demand, and organizations should support innovative behavior by providing and managing employees' resources. Based on the conservation of resource perspective, this study attempted to empirically explore how self-efficacy and perceived organizational support affect the relationship between leader-member exchange (LMX) and innovative behavior. Using two-wave, time-lagged survey data from 337 employees in South Korea, we found that leader-member exchange enhances innovative behavior via the mediation of self-efficacy. Additionally, perceived organizational support positively moderates the relationship between leader-member exchange and self-efficacy. Our findings demonstrate that self-efficacy is a mediating mechanism in the relationship between leader-member exchange and innovative behavior. Furthermore, this study suggests that the higher the level of perceived organizational support, the greater the effect of leader-member exchange on innovative behavior affected by self-efficacy.

The use of positron emission tomography (PET) as the initial or sole biomarker of β-amyloid (Aβ) brain pathology may inhibit Alzheimer's disease (AD) drug development and clinical use due to cost, access, and tolerability. We developed a qEEG-ML algorithm to predict Aβ pathology among subjective cognitive decline (SCD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients, and validated it using Aβ PET. We compared QEEG data between patients with MCI and those with SCD with and without PET-confirmed beta-amyloid plaque. We compared resting-state eyes-closed electroencephalograms (EEG) patterns between the amyloid positive and negative groups using relative power measures from 19 channels (Fp1, Fp2, F7, F3, Fz, F4, F8, T3, C3, Cz, C4, T4, T5, P3, Pz, P4, T6, O1, O2), divided into eight frequency bands, delta (1-4 Hz), theta (4-8 Hz), alpha 1 (8-10 Hz), alpha 2 (10-12 Hz), beta 1 (12-15 Hz), beta 2 (15-20 Hz), beta 3 (20-30 Hz), and gamma (30-45 Hz) calculated by FFT and denoised by iSyncBrain ® . The resulting 152 features were analyzed using a genetic algorithm strategy to identify optimal feature combinations and maximize classification accuracy. Guided by gene modeling methods, we treated each channel and frequency band of EEG power as a gene and modeled it with every possible combination within a given dimension. We then collected the models that showed the best performance and identified the genes that appeared most frequently in the superior models. By repeating this process, we converged on a model that approximates the optimum. We found that the average performance increased as this iterative development of the genetic algorithm progressed. We ultimately achieved 85.7% sensitivity, 89.3% specificity, and 88.6% accuracy in SCD amyloid positive/negative classification, and 83.3% sensitivity, 85.7% specificity, and 84.6% accuracy in MCI amyloid positive/negative classification., Competing Interests: NK and SK report personal fees from iMediSync Inc. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Kim, Yang, Choi and Kang.)

This study is an investigation of the relationships among job meaningfulness, work engagement, and performance, including testing for a possible mediation effect of work engagement on the relationship between job meaningfulness and performance. We examine task interdependence as a boundary condition that facilitates employee engagement using two-stage multiple-source respondent data drawn from a sample of 183 Uzbek employees from public organizations and their 47 supervisors to test the hypotheses. The research findings confirm a positive association between job meaningfulness and engagement and the relationship between work engagement and performance. Mediation analysis using bootstrapping indicated that work engagement explained the influence of meaningfulness on performance. Furthermore, task interdependence negatively moderated the relationship between meaningfulness and engagement. This study responds to calls for researchers to identify the key and situational drivers of work engagement as well as examine the importance of meaningfulness in the public sector. It also increases the external validity of the findings by examining the relationship between engagement and performance in a non-Western context, namely, Islamic Uzbekistan. Despite the limitations of this research, the empirical findings contribute to the growing body of research on work engagement and meaningfulness in public organizations., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Khusanova, Kang and Choi.)

Knowledge acquisition practices are important to enterprises, particularly since market competition is intensifying. In recent years, organizations have begun to pay more attention to knowledge sharing practices. Many organizations are looking for methods to motivate their employees to actively share knowledge with other employees. This study uses the conservation of resources theory to examine coaching leadership as an antecedent-and employee well-being as a mediator-in facilitating knowledge sharing intention; it finds that self-efficacy is the boundary condition in these relations. We collected data in two waves and recruited participants online-full-time employees in the UK and US. Using a sample of 322 employees, we conducted a confirmatory factor analysis to test the validity of the results and used hierarchical multiple regression to examine the direct and interaction effects. Then, we used the bootstrapping method to test the indirect and moderated mediation effects. Our results show that coaching leadership is positively related to knowledge sharing intention, and employee well-being mediates the relationship. Moreover, self-efficacy positively moderates the direct and indirect effects. Our findings demonstrate that employee well-being is a mediating mechanism in the relationship between coaching leadership and knowledge sharing intention, with self-efficacy acting as a boundary condition.

This study investigated the effects of supervisors' incivility regarding employees' deviant behavior, the mediating effect of anger, and the moderating role of moral identity in the relationship between incivility and deviant behavior. To test our hypotheses, we collected data from supervisor-employee dyads in South Korean military units, applying a time-lagged design, hierarchical regression, and SPSS macro. The results elicited three relevant findings. First, supervisors' incivility was found to positively influence employees' deviant behavior. Second, employees' anger was confirmed to have a mediating effect between supervisors' incivility and employees' deviant behavior. Third, the analysis demonstrated that moral identity moderates the relationship between anger and deviant behavior, and incivility through anger has an indirect effect on deviant behavior. These findings imply that supervisors' incivility, which is readily observed within the organization, is a harmful behavior that increases anger and deviant behavior. These findings suggest that negative leadership should be minimized and employees with high moral identity should be selected to reduce deviant behavior that harms the organization.

Estimation of health-related physical fitness (HRPF) levels of individuals is indispensable for providing personalized training programs in smart fitness services. In this study, we propose an artificial neural network (ANN)-based estimation model to predict HRPF levels of the general public using simple affordable physical information. The model is designed to use seven inputs of personal physical information, including age, gender, height, weight, percent body fat, waist circumference, and body mass index (BMI), to estimate levels of muscle strength, flexibility, maximum rate of oxygen consumption (VO 2max ), and muscular endurance. HRPF data (197,719 sets) gathered from the National Fitness Award dataset are used for training (70%) and validation (30%) of the model. In-depth analysis of the model's estimation accuracy is conducted to derive optimal estimation accuracy. This included input/output correlation, hidden layer structures, data standardization, and outlier removals. The performance of the model is evaluated by comparing the estimation accuracy with that of a multiple linear regression (MLR) model. The results demonstrate that the proposed model achieved up to 10.06% and 30.53% improvement in terms of R 2 and SEE, respectively, compared to the MLR model and provides reliable estimation of HRPF levels acceptable to smart fitness applications.

Do subordinates unequivocally prefer honest superv =isors? This study investigates whether congruence in supervisor-subordinate honesty has a positive effect on lowering the emotional exhaustion experienced by subordinates. For the research data, a two-part survey with a one-month time interval was conducted among office workers, and 409 responses were collected. These were empirically analyzed using polynomial regression analysis and response surface analysis, instead of the common methodology based on difference values used in past studies on the fit between a person and their environment. The analysis results confirmed that supervisor-subordinate congruence in honesty has a negative relationship with subordinates' emotional exhaustion and supervisor-subordinate congruence at higher levels of honesty will have stronger negative relationships with emotional exhaustion. This study expands the intrapersonal context of the existing research on supervisors' honesty to the interpersonal context and empirically demonstrates the effect of honesty congruence. It also discusses its theoretical and practical implications as well as limitations, and it provides suggestions for future studies.

This study examines the relationship between emotional exhaustion and job satisfaction. We further propose a safety climate and compensation as contextual variables that weaken the effect of emotional exhaustion. Survey data collected from 694 employees of a public hospital provided support for the hypothesized research model. The hierarchical multiple regression results reveal that high emotional exhaustion is negatively related to job satisfaction. In addition, the results suggest that compensation and a safety climate are moderating variables that mitigate the negative effects of emotional exhaustion. The theoretical implications and future directions are discussed.

The purpose of the study is to explore the lived experiences of nurses with regard to their personal safety and to identify the fundamental structures underlying nurse safety. A qualitative descriptive phenomenological design, using the data analysis method proposed by Colaizzi, was used. Eleven nurses participated in the study between March and July 2019. The research findings indicated the fundamental structure of nurse safety encompasses 3 categories: "nurses' personal protection systems," "safety support systems," and "risk factors." The fundamental structure identified in this study can contribute to better understanding and insight regarding the safety of nurses., (Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

We investigated the efficacy of donepezil for mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease (PD-MCI). This was a prospective, non-randomized, open-label, two-arm study. Eighty PD-MCI patients were assigned to either a treatment or control group. The treatment group received donepezil for 48 weeks. The primary outcome measures were the Korean version of Mini-Mental State Exam and Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores. Secondary outcome measures were the Clinical Dementia Rating, Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale part III, Clinical Global Impression scores. Progression of dementia was assessed at 48-week. Comprehensive neuropsychological tests and electroencephalography (EEG) were performed at baseline and after 48 weeks. The spectral power ratio of the theta to beta2 band (TB2R) in the electroencephalogram was analyzed. There was no significant difference in the primary and secondary outcome measures between the two groups. However, the treatment group showed a significant decrease in TB2R at bilateral frontotemporoparietal channels compared to the control group. Although we could not demonstrate improvements in the cognitive functions, donepezil treatment had a modulatory effect on the EEG in PD-MCI patients. EEG might be a sensitive biomarker for detecting changes in PD-MCI after donepezil treatment.

Background: The memory impairments in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) can be classified into encoding (EF) and retrieval (RF) failure, which can be affected by underlying pathomechanism. We explored the differences structurally and functionally., Methods: We compared quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) power spectra and connectivity between 87 MCI patients with EF and 78 MCI with RF using iSyncBrain® (iMediSync Inc., Republic of Korea) ( https://isyncbrain.com/ ). Voxel-based morphometric analysis of the gray matter (GM) in the MCI groups and 71 cognitive normal controls was also done using the Computational Anatomy Toolbox 12 ( http://www.neuro.uni-jena.de/cat/ )., Results: qEEG showed higher frontal theta and lower beta2 band power, and higher theta connectivity in the EF. There was no statistically significant difference in GM volume between the EF and RF. However, when compared to normal control, GM volume reductions due to EF in the left thalamus and bilateral hippocampi and reductions due to RF in the left thalamus, right superior frontal lobe, right superior temporal lobe, and right middle cingulum were observed (p < 0.05, family-wise error correction)., Conclusions: MCI differs functionally and structurally according to their specific memory impairments. The EF findings are structurally and functionally more consistent with the prodromal Alzheimer's disease stage than the RF findings. Since this study is a cross-sectional study, prospective follow-up studies are needed to investigate whether different types of memory impairments can predict the underlying pathology of amnestic MCI. Additionally, insufficient sample size may lead to ambiguous statistical findings in direct comparisons, and a larger patient cohort could more robustly identify differences in GM volume reductions between the EF and the RF group.

Purpose: There are ongoing investigations to find promising biomarkers for predicting a complete response (CR) after concurrent chemoradiation (CCRT) in rectal cancer. We aimed to find the predictive value in the gut microbiome in terms of response after preoperative CCRT., Methods and Materials: We collected a total of 45 fecal samples from patients with rectal cancer before CCRT. Tumor response after CCRT was assessed according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer tumor regression grading system. Analysis of linear discriminant analysis effect size and MetaCyc pathway abundance predictions were performed to compare composition and metabolic function of microbiome between patients with and without CR. We also established a Bayesian network model to identify microbial networks and species to be related with CCRT response., Results: Seven patients (15.6%) demonstrated pathologically CR, and 38 patients (84.4%) showed non-CR after preoperative CCRT. Between CR and non-CR patients, there was a significant difference in terms of β-diversity (P = .028), but no difference in α-diversity was found. Bacteroidales (Bacteroidaceae, Rikenellaceae, Bacteroides) were relatively more abundant in patients with non-CR than those with CR. Pathways related to anabolic function predominated in CR patients. According to Bayesian network analysis, Duodenibacillus massiliensis was linked with the improved CR rate., Conclusions: From the fecal microbiome using samples obtained before preoperative CCRT, differences in microbial community composition and functions were observed between patients with and without CR in rectal cancer. However, the finding that a specific taxon may be linked with the improved therapeutic response should be verified in a prospective setting., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: The prevalence of overactive bladder syndrome (OAB) increases with age. Sleep disturbances in elderly individuals with OAB is a common problem. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a biofeedback-based sleep improvement (BBSI) program on urinary symptoms and sleep patterns in elderly Korean women with OAB., Methods: A non-equivalent control group pre-/post-test design was used. Elderly women with OAB were assigned to an intervention group (n = 20) or a control group (n = 18). The BBSI program was implemented in the intervention group for 12 weeks, while two educational sessions of general sleep hygiene and lifestyle modification were provided to the control group. Using SPSS 23.0, the data were analyzed by descriptive analysis using the chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, Mann-Whitney test, and Wilcoxon test., Results: After the 12-week BBSI program, significant improvements were found in the intervention group's the square root of the mean squared differences of successive R-R intervals (p = 0.025), low frequency/high frequency ratio (p = 0.006), and epinephrine (p = 0.039). We also observed a significant difference in urinary symptoms, sleep efficiency, wake after sleep onset, number of awakenings, and number of awakenings within 3 h after sleep onset (p < 0.001, p = 0.004, p = 0.001, p = 0.001, and p = 0.048, respectively). However, no significant changes were found in these variables in the control group., Conclusions: The BBSI program effectively improved urinary symptoms and sleep patterns of elderly Korean women with OAB. Further longitudinal research is required to investigate the sustainability and effects of the BBSI program., Trial Registration: KCT0003882. Date of registration: 02/05/2019. Retrospectively registered.

Online mind-body training (MBT) programs can improve the psychological capabilities of practitioners. Although there has been a lot of effort to understand the neural mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of meditation, little is known about changes in electroencephalographic (EEG) functional connectivity that accompany mind-body training. The present study aimed to investigate how an online MBT program alters EEG functional connectivity in the default mode network (DMN). We assessed a group of healthcare providers, including 14 females who participated in the 4-week MBT program and 15 females who underwent a 4-week of waiting period. EEG data and information about psychological states were obtained at baseline and 4 weeks. The result was that the intervention group showed significant reductions in anxiety and trait anger that were accompanied by increased global DMN network strengths in the theta and alpha (but not beta and delta) frequency bands; these changes were not observed in the control group. Other variables including state anger, positive and negative affect, and self-esteem have not been changed over time in both groups. These findings suggest that practicing the mind-body training could have a relevance to the functional differences in network related to stress and anxiety reaction.

Objective: Due to its high temporal resolution, electroencephalography (EEG) has become a broadly-used technology for real-time brain monitoring applications such as neurofeedback (NFB) and brain-computer interfaces (BCI). However, since EEG signals are prone to artifacts, denoising is a crucial step that enables adequate subsequent data processing and interpretation. The aim of this study is to compare manual denoising to unsupervised online denoising, which is essential to real-time applications., Methods: Denoising EEG for real-time applications requires the implementation of unsupervised and online methods. In order to permit genericity, these methods should not rely on electrooculography (EOG) traces nor on temporal/spatial templates of the artifacts. Two blind source separation (BSS) methods are analyzed in this paper with the aim of automatically correcting online eye-blink artifacts: the algorithm for multiple unknown signals extraction (AMUSE) and the approximate joint diagonalization of Fourier cospectra (AJDC). The chosen gold standard is a manual review of the EEG database carried out retrospectively by a human operator. Comparison is carried out using the spectral properties of the continuous EEG and event-related potentials (ERP)., Results and Conclusion: The AJDC algorithm addresses limitations observed in AMUSE and outperforms it. No statistical difference is found between the manual and automatic approaches on a database composed of 15 healthy individuals, paving the way for an automated, operator-independent, and real-time eye-blink correction technique., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Objective: This study tested a multilevel model examining the effect of nursing leader's behavioral integrity and intragroup relationship conflict on staff nurses' intent to remain., Background: In the challenging situation of nursing shortage, nurse executives are required to focus on the retention of nurses. No previous studies have examined the impact of nursing leader's behavioral integrity and intragroup relationship conflict on nurses' intention to remain., Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 480 RNs in 34 nursing units of a large public hospital in South Korea was conducted to test the hypothesized multilevel model., Results: Nursing leader's behavioral integrity was positively related to nurses' intention to remain (b = 0.34, P < .001). This relationship was enhanced when the level of intragroup relationship conflict was high (b = 0.21, P < .05)., Conclusions: Nursing leaders assigned to units with a high level of intragroup relationship conflict should endeavor to maintain their behavioral integrity to promote nurses' intention to remain.

IL-7 signaling via IL-7R α and common γ -chain ( γ c) is necessary for the development and homeostasis of T cells. Although the delicate mechanism in which IL-7R α downregulation allows the homeostasis of T cell with limited IL-7 has been well known, the exact mechanism behind the interaction between IL-7R α and γ c in the absence or presence of IL-7 remains unclear. Additionally, we are still uncertain as to how only IL-7R α is separately downregulated by the binding of IL-7 from the IL-7R α / γ c complex. We demonstrate here that 4G3, TUGm2, and 3E12 epitope masking of γ c protein are induced in the presence of IL-7, indicating that the epitope alteration is induced by IL-7 binding to the preassembled receptor core. Moreover, the epitope masking of γ c protein is inversely correlated with the expression of IL-7R α upon IL-7 binding, implying that the structural alteration of γ c might be involved in the regulation of IL-7R α expression. The conformational change in γ c upon IL-7 binding may contribute not only to forming the functional IL-7 signaling complex but also to optimally regulating the expression of IL-7R α ., Competing Interests: The authors declare no financial or commercial conflict of interests.

This paper presents empirical research into the relationship between leader-follower value congruence in social responsibility and the level of ethical satisfaction for employees in the workplace. 163 dyads were analyzed, each consisting of a team leader and an employee working at a large manufacturing company in South Korea. Following current methodological recommendations for congruence research, polynomial regression and response surface modeling methodologies were used to determine the effects of value congruence. Results indicate that leader-follower value congruence in social responsibility was positively related to the ethical satisfaction of employees. Furthermore, employees' ethical satisfaction was stronger when aligned with a leader with high social responsibility. The theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

The traditional rice-based Korean diet has been changing toward a Western-style diet. This change has been especially rapid among adolescents. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between dietary patterns and bone health among Korean adolescents. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 196 adolescents aged 12 to 15 years. Information on the general characteristics of the subjects was obtained through a questionnaire, and dietary intake was assessed with 6-day food records. Bone mineral densities (BMDs) of the lumbar spine and femur were measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Dietary patterns were derived from 24 food groups using factor analysis. Four distinct dietary patterns-traditional Korean, fast food, milk and cereal, and snacks-were identified and accounted for 28.4% of the total variance. After adjusting for sex, age, body mass index percentiles, weight loss attempts, pubertal status, and regular exercise, the adolescents in the highest tertile of the "milk and cereal" dietary pattern score had significantly a reduced likelihood of having low BMD compared with those in the lowest tertile of this diet at the lumbar spine (odds ratio, 0.36; 95% confidence interval, 0.14-0.93; P = .0461). The other dietary patterns were not associated with the BMD of Korean adolescents. These results indicate that the intake of milk and cereal is important for the bone health of Korean adolescents, whose diets are composed mainly of grains and vegetables., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The srsf1 gene encodes serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 1 (SRSF1) that participates in both constitutive and alternative splicing reactions. This gene possesses two ultraconserved elements in the 3' untranslated region (UTR). Skipping of an alternative intron between the two elements has no effect on the protein-coding sequence, but it generates a premature stop codon (PTC)-containing mRNA isoform, whose degradation is considered to depend on nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD). However, several cell lines (HCT116, RKO, HeLa, and WI38 cells) constitutively expressed significant amounts of the srsf1 PTC variant. HCT116 cells expressed the PTC variant nearly equivalent to the major isoform that includes the alternative intron in the 3' UTR. Inhibition of NMD by silencing a key effecter UPF1 or by treatment with cycloheximide failed to increase amounts of the PTC variant in HCT116 cells, and the PTC variant was rather more stable than the major isoform in the presence of actinomycin D. Our results suggest that the original stop codon may escape from the NMD surveillance even in skipping of the alternative intron. The srsf1 gene may produce an alternative splice variant having truncated 3' UTR to relief the microRNA- and/or RNA-binding protein-mediated control of translation or degradation.

Objective: This systematic review aimed to critically appraise published clinical trials designed to assess the effect of Tai Chi on psychosocial well-being., Data Sources: Databases searched included MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, HEALT, PsycINFO, CISCOM, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials of the Cochrane Library, and dissertations and conference proceedings from inception to August 2008., Review Methods: Methodological quality was assessed using a modified Jadad scale. A total of 15 studies met the inclusion criteria (i.e. English publications of randomized controlled trials with Tai Chi as an intervention and psychological well-being as an outcome measure), of which eight were high quality trials. The psychosocial outcomes measured included anxiety (eight studies), depression (eight studies), mood (four studies), stress (two studies), general mental health three studies), anger, positive and negative effect, self-esteem, life satisfaction, social interaction and self-rated health (one study each)., Results: Tai Chi intervention was found to have a significant effect in 13 studies, especially in the management of depression and anxiety. Although the results seemed to suggest Tai Chi is effective, they should be interpreted cautiously as the quality of the trials varied substantially. Furthermore, significant findings were shown in only six high quality studies. Moreover, significant between group differences after Tai Chi intervention was demonstrated in only one high quality study (the other three significant results were observed in non-high quality studies). Two high quality studies in fact found no significant Tai Chi effects., Conclusion: It is still premature to make any conclusive remarks on the effect of Tai Chi on psychosocial well-being.