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Purpose.This research was a survey model that aimed at investigating fear of negative evaluation of young national kick-boxers in terms of some variables. Methods.The study was conducted with 41 kick-boxers (23 female kick-boxers and 18 male kick-boxers) who were selected out of 48 kick-boxers of Turkish National Young Kick-boxing Team using random sampling method and who were preparing at Niğde Demirkazık Sportive Camping Center between the 27th of August and the 8th of September, 2012 for the World Young Kick-boxing Championship to be held in Slovakia-Bratislava between the 8th and the 15th of September. Participation was voluntary. The mean age was 17.2 ±.04 and mean sports-age was 5.40 ± 2.70. In the study; Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale which was developed by Leary (1983) and Turkish adaptation of which was performed by Çetin et al. (2010) was used. It is a five-point Likert type scale with 11 items. Internal consistency coefficient was .84. Reliability coefficient obtained by split-half was .83. The scale was administered to 76 subjects after a two-week interval using test-retest method in order to determine the reliability of the scale. After the administration of the scale, test-retest reliability coefficient of the scale was found to be .82. For the statistical analysis of the data, such descriptive methods as frequency (n) and percentages (%) were used for the personal descriptive data. In order to detect the differences; non-parametric test -Mann-Whitney U test- was employed because the data did not follow a normal distribution in the variables and homogeneity conditions were not obtained. Level of significance was set at 0.05. As the result of the study; it was seen that level of fear of negative evaluation of young national kick-boxers was not statistically different in terms of gender variable. Conclusions. On the other hand; full contact kick-boxing and having a close/emotional friend from opposite sex affected their level of fear of negative evaluation negatively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the research is to discover parameter values that indicate the actual situational positioning of competitors who attained the grand-prix tournament in Tokyo in the period from 1993-2004, and then to identify the development through that period. The study was conducted on 12 final K-1 GP Final tournaments in which 8 fighters took part, which made up the sample of the 96 fighters who were eventually described with 96 parameters on a universal scale. The article affirms specific methodology characterized by two innovations. The first is the situational aspect of the initial collection of data through DVD footage of all fights that took place in Japan Grand Prix K-1 tournaments from 1993 to 2004. All fighters were initially described with a total of 102 variables, which brought very interesting information about the situational aspects of K-1 events. The second innovation consists in determining the development of K-1 sport on a universal scale of data that accurately determines the position of any entity in the study, and hence all the contestants together that took part in a specific year. A relational model has been used in this research that describes the actions, offering multivariate criterion values and locating objects within the investigated sectors within hyper ellipsoids described by selected variables. Under the clear assumption that all objects are in the same universe, it is not difficult to conclude that they must have some sort of mutual relations. These relations can be described in binary-bifurcated way, but also in any other way. If a set of variables describing these objects are representative, as is the case in this research, then relations between the objects will surely lead to a structured set of relations, which in this model is simply called: actions. The study results showed that in 12 years (from 1993 to 2004) K-1 evolved toward higher and higher levels and range, which is an outstanding indicator of the global dynamics of this extremely demanding martial sport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the pilot study of 15 people with Multiple Sclerosis(MS) with moderate disablity. These individuals were given a kickboxing program for improving balance, mobility, and quality of life. There was significant improvements in gait speed, some clinical measures of balance but no changes were observed in health-related quality of life. Hence it is a feasuible exercise activity for individuals with MS, to improve measures of balance and mobility.

Introduction. In kickboxing the competitors are divided into weight categories. Many of them reduce their body weight prior to competition. The goal of the study was to establish the relationships between sport massage procedures and mental disposition of the athletes being prepared for the competition. Material and methods. The sample included 16 females and 32 males - kickboxers and judokas. The study used Spielberger State Trait Anxiety questionnaire and a tailored questionnaire. The differences between variables were studied using Wilcoxon signed rank test. The minimal significance level was set at p<0.05. Results. Among the competitors qualified for the study, 48% reduced their body mass (Body Mass Reduction - BMR) before each start. They most often started reducing their body mass 10 days before the start by a doing a more intense physical exercise (on average 9.55 days and 9.5 days prior to the start for the female and male subjects respectively) and exercised wearing special clothes triggering sweat glands to release perspiration (8.14 days and 6.56 days for the female and male subjects respectively). Most of competitors (94% of the females and 72%of the males ) experienced negative consequences of BMR. The most frequently mentioned side effect was worsening of general feeling (70% of females and 86% of males). Besides, over a half (56%) of the female competitors complained of a decrease in endurance. The obtained results indicate that among the body mass reducing competitors the level of anxiety significantly increases before the start in competition. The differences, however, were only significant in the control group (p=0.021 in the females and p=0.002 in the males). This indicates a favourable effect of massage on the mental state in the competitors being prepared for the competition. Conclusions. A large group of athletes reducing their body mass obtain results below their expectations. Therefore, they should be subjected to physician's, physiotherapist's or sport psychologist's care. The massage resulted in low levels of anxiety in the athletes before competitions. Physical disposition is of key importance in start preparation of combat athletes, thus the studies on the application of physiotherapeutic approaches among these athletes should be continued [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kickboxing is a relatively new martial art, especially if compared to judo or karate both of which have a long history and tradition. Does kickboxing mean practicing a kind of philosophy or orienting oneself to achieve a particular purpose? In other words, are kickboxers "monks" focused on a philosophy of life or are they target-oriented "fierce warriors"? This paper is an analysis of kickboxers' general anxiety and emotional intelligence; the latter understood here as the ability to recognize emotions in other people on the basis of facial expressions. Research shows that anxiety may help an individual get mobilized and be successful but it may, as well, paralyze an individual and lead to failure. As to the ability to interpret accurately the opponent's facial expressions, it may be a real asset in what is called the psychological fight. The study involved 25 male members of the Poland national kickboxing team. The level of general aggressiveness was assessed using the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale (developed methodologically by L. Stawowska). The Scale of Emotional Intelligence -- Faces by Matczak, Piekarska, and Studniarek was used to measure the degree of emotional intelligence. In this scale the emphasis is on the ability to understand other people's emotions on the basis of facial expressions, which -- according to Salovey and Mayer -- is the fundamental ability to accurate recognition of emotions in others. It was found out that the members of Poland national kickboxing team had the level of general anxiety that was significantly lower than the average in the population (p: 0.00), whereas their emotional intelligence did not differ significantly from the average in the population (p: 0.28). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background and purpose: Balance and mobility impairments are common in persons with multiple sclerosis (MS). The primary purpose of this pilot program was to evaluate the feasibility and the effects of group kickboxing on balance and mobility in individuals with MS. Methods: Four individuals with relapsing–remitting or secondary progressive MS participated in a group kickboxing program two times per week for 8 weeks. Outcome measures included the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Dynamic Gait Index (DGI), Timed Up and Go (TUG), walking speed and the Activities Specific Balance Confidence Scale (ABC). Results: Following training, 3 of 4 participants had improvements in BBS performance. All participants demonstrated improvements in the DGI. Changes in the TUG, ABC, and walking speed were more variable. Conclusion: Group kickboxing appears to be a feasible exercise activity for individuals with MS and may lead to improvement in select measures of balance. Further investigation may be warranted. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: Despite the increasing popularity of kickboxing, few studies have been conducted with regard to the physiology or the biomechanics of this sport. The aim of the present study is to examine the ratios of mechanical characteristics between upper and lower limbs of male kickboxers. Materials and methods: Fourteen male Caucasians, all members of recreational sport clubs, aged 21.77 (5.19) yr [mean (standard deviation)], body height 1.78 (0.067) m, body mass 75.4 (8.9) kg, body fat 14 (5) % and somatotype 3.5-4.9-2.3, performed the Force-velocity (F-v) test for both upper and lower extremities. The F-v test included five supramaximal pedal sprints, each lasting 7 sec, against incremental braking force (20-60 N for upper limbs and 30-70 N for lower limbs), on modified arm-cranking and on a cycle ergometer (Ergomedics 874, Monark, Sweden). Results: Maximal anaerobic power, Pmax, of upper limbs was associated with Pmax of lower limbs (r = 0.81, P < 0.001) and their ratio was 0.464 (0.079). The respective values of correlation coefficients of the theoretical maximal force, F0, were r = 0.63 (P < 0.05) and 0.57 (0.133), and of velocity, v0, r = 0.44 (P = 0.12) and 0.829 (0.095). Conclusions: In spite of moderate correlations between upper and lower limbs' F0 and v0, a stronger relationship was found with regard to Pmax. Separate upper and lower extremities' power output measures would be useful in evaluating training programs and in understanding the importance of power output for kickboxing performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Croatian Sports Medicine Journal / Hrvatski sportskomediciniski vjesnik is the property of Croatian Sports Medicine Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Homo Sporticus is the property of University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Sport & Physical Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: The aim of the study, investigated the injuries of athletes who compete at elite level in Muay Thai in Turkey and seventy Muay Thai athletes participated volunteer. Method: In the study ?Athlete's Profile Questionnare? was applied to determine Muay Thai athlete's level of injuries that was modeled by M. Kazemi et al. (2005). The frequency and the percentage of research results were determined by us. Chi-Square test was used for differences between some variables. Results: To the study, 24 female athlete (ages 17,75±2,93 years, sports ages 7,00±2,88 years, heights 8,24±32,32 m, weights 56,56±7,75 kg); 46 male athlete (ages 18,33±2,76 years, sports ages 7,28±3,07 years, heights 1,77±0,17m, weights 64,48±11,08 kg) participated. Frequency and the percentage according to the injuries types: Females; Sprain 3 (% 12,5), muscle cramp 1 (% 4,2), bruise 4 (% 16,7); Males; Sprain 8 (% 17,3), muscle cramp 2 (% 4,3), bruise 14 (% 30,4). Female athletes were injured of neck %4,2, lower extremities %29,3; male athletes were injured of body %2,2, upper extremities % 109 and lower extremities % 71,7. Female athletes were injured in training of 5 (% 20,8), in competition 3 (% 12,5); male athletes were injured in training of 13 (% 28,3), in competition 11 (% 23,9). Conclusion: It was seen that the athletes did not live very critical of injuries. Athletes used in terms of health protective equipment more in competition. It was considered that the protective equipment pay did not attention in training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzes the performance of knee extension and flexion of Taekwondo and Kickboxing athletes. The power values were extracted through electromyography obtained by an isokinetic dynamometer at 60° per second. These values are resulted from the square of the electromyography signal. The analysis of kick power was made using a modified wavelet algorithm considering values with 95% significance. Both groups presented equivalent power and torque capacity with different training times and experience, on the other hand, the wavelet analysis showed better results in muscular recruitment performance in athletes with more experience, in other words, power is not only performance but also power plus recruitment produces better results. This study uniquely showed that muscular enhancement capacity is not only related to the power capacity of contraction but also to motor coordination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The aim of this study was to compare isokinetic variables of the knee such as peak torque and relative balance of agonist/antagonist of knee flexors and extensors between athletes of kickboxing (KB) and taekwondo (TKD). Materials and Methods: Ten male athletes from martial arts were included in this study (18±3 years old, 1.75±9cm and 65±10kg): five TKD athletes and five KB athletes. The assessment of peak torque and relative muscle balance was performed using the Biodex Multi-joint System 3 dynamometer. Data analysis was performed by means of non-parametric statistics (Mann-Whitney test) with statistical significance at p<0.05. Results: This study showed no differences in peak torque and relative balance of agonist/antagonist of the sports examined. Furthermore, it was found in all assessed athletes a difference of less than 10% when compared the peak torque between the right and the left lowers limbs and a difference of less than 50 to 80% in the ipsilateral quadriceps, harmstrings ratio. Discussion: This information suggests that athletes of TKD and KB have similar conditions of strength and low risk of musculoskeletal injury associated with the knee joint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the peculiarities and recent developments of popular culture in general and sports competitions, dance and music, particularly in Buryatia and other regions of significant Buryat population. Based mainly on the author's own observations it is shown how the ongoing societal changes are reflected in the activities of sportspeople, dancers and musicians. All of them are characterised by both traditional and re-traditionalised elements as well as by processes of modernisation. It is shown that these at first sight contradictory features are in fact most often converging. Thus, in Buryatia today, mixing styles can be identified as one of the main and most typical characteristics of sports, dance, and music. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The aim of our study was to analyze the changes in ABB after a three-round kickboxing fight and the level of technical and tactical skills presented during the fight. Fighting in kickboxing under K1 rules takes place with a high presence of anaerobic metabolism. Kickboxing athletes must have a good tolerance for metabolic acidosis and the ability to conduct an effective duel despite ABB disorders. Properly developed post-workout regeneration also plays an extremely important role. Background: Acid–base balance (ABB) is a major component of homeostasis, which is determined by the efficient functioning of many organs, including the lungs, kidneys, and liver, and the proper water and electrolyte exchange between these components. The efforts made during competitions by combat sports athletes such as kickboxers require a very good anaerobic capacity, which, as research has shown, can be improved by administering sodium bicarbonate. Combat sports are also characterized by an open task structure, which means that cognitive and executive functions must be maintained at an appropriate level during a fight. The aim of our study was to analyze the changes in ABB in capillary blood, measuring levels of H+, pCO2, pO2, HCO3−, BE and total molar CO2 concentration (TCO2), which were recorded 3 and 20 min after a three-round kickboxing bout, and the level of technical and tactical skills presented during the fight. Methods: The study involved 14 kickboxers with the highest skill level (champion level). Statistical comparison of mentioned variables recorded prior to and after a bout was done with the use of Friedman's ANOVA. Results: 3 min after a bout, H+ and pO2 were higher by 41% and 11.9%, respectively, while pCO2, HCO3−, BE and TO2 were lower by 14.5%, 39.4%, 45.4% and 34.4%, respectively. Furthermore, 20 min after the bout all variables tended to normalization and they did not differ significantly compared to the baseline values. Scores in activeness of the attack significantly correlated (r = 0.64) with pre–post changes in TCO2. Conclusions: The disturbances in ABB and changes in blood oxygen and carbon dioxide saturation observed immediately after a bout indicate that anaerobic metabolism plays a large part in kickboxing fights. Anaerobic training should be included in strength and conditioning programs for kickboxers to prepare the athletes for the physiological requirements of sports combat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both savate and chausson are French self-defence practices which originated at the beginning of the nineteenth century and combined during the 1960s. Over the last two centuries, these combat disciplines were transformed into several practices: 'fitness' gymnastics, a discipline for training soldiers, an academic sport for health, a combat discipline and finally a competitive sport. Each step of the transformation follows the general evolution of sport and gymnastics in France. As a result, modernisation at the end of the eighteenth century and the specific progression of French history can explain the origins and the transformations of these popular combat arts into a fighting sport in the seventies, called 'French boxing'. Beyond its technical complexities, the history of the discipline was troubled by cultural, political, economic and social contradictions that prevented its evolution into a worldwide combat sport. By focusing on this specific and not so well-known discipline, a large part of French sport history can be interpreted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Traumatic brain injury, which is a frequent and a worldwide important public health problem, may result in pituitary dysfunction. Concussion, a common type of lesion after traumatic brain injury, is an injury associated with sports including boxing and kickboxing. Kickboxing is one of the most popular martial arts and approximately 1-million people around the world participate in kickboxing sport. Head is the most common site of injury in amateur and professional kickboxers. Pituitary consequences of chronic repetitive head trauma in kickboxing have not been investigated until now. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the pituitary function in both retired and active amateur kickboxers. Patients and Design Twenty-two amateur kickboxers who have boxed in national and international championships (16 men, 6 women) with a mean age of 27·3 ± 7·1 years, and 22 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were included in the study. Basal hormone levels were obtained from the participants. To assess GH-IGF-I axis, GHRH + GHRP-6 test and glucagon stimulation tests were used. Hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis was assessed by glucagon stimulation test. Results When mean basal hormone levels were compared between kickboxers and the controls, IGF-I level was significantly lower in kickboxers ( P < 0·05). Five (22·7%) and two (9·1%) of the 22 kickboxers had GH deficiency had ACTH deficiency, respectively. There were significant negative correlations between IGF-I levels and age, duration of sports and number of bouts ( P < 0·05). Conclusions Present data clearly demonstrate for the first time that amateur kickboxing is a novel cause of hypopituitarism and kickboxers are at a risk for hypopituitarism especially isolated GH deficiency. Therefore, participants of the combative sports who were exposed to chronic repetitive head trauma need to be screened. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to identify match-ending injuries in amateur kickboxing (KB) among military and civilian competitors. A total of 148 competitors, of whom 5 were on active duty in the U.S. Air Force or Marine Corps, participated in amateur KB matches (N = 74) from 1999 to 2001. Match-ending injuries were observed and managed from ringside by one author (G.J.B.). Of all matches, 23 (31.1%) were stopped because of injury. Of the 23 matches, 15 (65.2%) ended because of traumatic brain injury, 4 (17.4%) because of orthopedic trauma, 3 (13.0%) because of thoraco-abdominal trauma, and 1 (4.4%) because of ocular trauma. The incidence of traumatic brain injury was greater than that of all other match-ending injuries combined (p < 0.01). Because of the incidence and potentially serious sequelae of injuries associated with competitive KB, military commanders should exercise operational risk management in an attempt to safeguard personnel from unnecessary hazard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVES: To determine the rate and type of injuries occurring to registered professional kickboxers in Victoria, Australia over a 16 year period. METHODS: Data describing all fight outcomes and injuries sustained during competition for the period August 1985 to August 2001 were obtained from the Victorian Professional Boxing and Combat Sports Board. RESULTS: A total of 382 injuries were recorded from 3481 fight participations, at an injury rate of 109.7 injuries per 1000 fight participations. The most common body region injured was the head/neck/face (52.5%), followed by the lower extremities (39.8%). Specifically, injuries to the lower leg (23.3%), the face (19.4%), and intracranial injury (17.2%) were the most common. Over 64% of the injuries were superficial bruising or lacerations. CONCLUSION: The nature of kickboxing, whereby kicking the opponent is the prime movement and the head a prime target, is reflected in the distributions of body regions most commonly injured by participants. Further research into injury patterns in different styles of kickboxing and the mechanism of injury occurrence is required. Exposure adjusted prospective studies are needed to monitor injury rates over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective-To determine the type and number of injuries that occur during the training and practice of Muay Thai kick boxing and to compare the data obtained 1 with those from previous studies of karate and taekwondo. Methods-One to one interviews using a standard questionnaire on injuries incurred during training and practice of Muay Thai kick boxing were conducted at various gyms and competitions in the United Kingdom and a Muay Thai gala in Holland. Results-A total of 152 people were questioned, 132 men and 20 women. There were 19 beginners, 82 amateurs, and 51 professionals. Injuries to the lower extremities were the most common in all groups. Head injuries were the second most common in professionals and amateurs. Trunk injuries were the next most common in beginners. The difference in injury distribution among the three groups was significant (p &les; 0.01). Soft tissue trauma was the most common type of injury in the three groups. Fractures were the second most common in professionals, and in amateurs and beginners it was sprains and strains (p &les; 0.05). Annual injury rates were: beginners, 13.5/1000 participants; amateurs, 2.43/1000 participants; professionals, 2.79/1000 participants. For beginners, 7% of injuries resulted in seven or more days off training; for amateurs and professionals, these values were 4% and 5.8% respectively. Conclusions-The results are similar to those found for karate and taekwondo with regard to injury distribution, type, and rate. The percentage of injuries resulting in time off training is less. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a case report of a kickboxer who won the world championship again after suffering a compartment syndrome caused by multiple blows to his left thigh. Details on the case report; Performance of a fasciotomy of the entire anterior compartment of the thigh; Importance of the early diagnosis of a compartment syndrome.

Background: Kickboxing is a combat sport that is complex in technique, tactics, and movement structure, and requires an adequate level of motor skills as a foundation for activities during competitions. General physical fitness, defined as the effect of the externalization of motor skills, is the basis for athletic training regardless of the sport. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of modified training based on the principles of CrossFit on the development of general physical fitness in a group of kickboxers compared to a control group. Methods: The study was experimental in nature and was conducted in a group of 60 kickboxers, divided into experimental and control groups. Participants were selected by purposive sampling, and the criteria were training experience, sports skill level (minimum class 1 athletes), and consent to participate in the experiment. The intervention in the study group involved the introduction of CrossFit-based training into a conventional kickboxing training program. General and special physical fitness of the athletes were diagnosed. Results: Statistically significant differences were found in general fitness in terms of abdominal strength (p < 0.001), pull-ups (p < 0.001), dynamometric measurement of handgrip force (p < 0.001) (kg), clap push-ups (p < 0.001), standing long jump (p < 0.001), shuttle run (p < 0.001), sit-and-reach (p < 0.001), and tapping (p < 0.001). Furthermore, changes in special fitness were also demonstrated for the special kickboxing fitness test (SKFT) (p < 0.02), the total number of punches (p < 0.001), punching speed (p < 0.001), and hip turning speed (p < 0.001). There was also a correlation between characteristics of general fitness and special fitness (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The experimental training program based on the principles of CrossFit training had a positive effect on the general and special kickboxing physical fitness.

The article presents a study which examines lower limb functional performance deficits between the preferred kicking leg and preferred stance leg in amateur male kickboxers. It explains that the competition success of the sport depends on the capacity to deliver effective strikes using the front kick and roundhouse kick techniques. It implies that the right leg has been identified as the preferred kicking leg for both the front kick and roundhouse kick techniques.