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In this paper, long-distance power transmission with ZVS-Ultra lift Luo converter from photovoltaic modules and transmission using an underground cable is studied. However, today's long-distance AC distribution system tends to have losses and causes voltage instability. To avoid such problems, the DC distribution system can be used and to implement DC distribution, underground cables can be used which are more reliable than overhead lines. In this paper voltage lift scheme has been used in the design of power DC-DC converters successfully which have high voltage transfer gain. The ultra-lift Luo converter with Zero Voltage Switching(ZVS) is introduced as a unique approach to the new technology, which produces high output voltage along with less switching losses. Power generation from PV modules, design and analysis of ultra lift Luo converter along with ZVS and comparison between hard switching and soft switching for long-distance power transmission is done using MATLAB/Simulink

The combination of heat generation or absorption and cross-bedding effects of a chemically reacting and radiating Casson fluid flow on a permeable Riga-plate is numerically modelled. Solutions of the physical problem which is governed by the Prandtl boundary layer equations are attained using an implicit finite difference scheme. The objective of this analysis is to signify the impact of EMHD Lorentz force, stratification and heat source/sink on the rheology of the fluid flow. The improved modified Hartmann number and heat generation enhances the flow speed. Also, contour slices of velocity depict the precise perception of the flow. The intensity of shear stress near the surface is high owing to double stratification which is strengthened alongside of the plate surface. Reliability of the results assured by means of comparison study.

Computers are most important in almost all the fields. The specializations differ from one another and most of the Digital Images which are taken and processed, plays an immeasurable role in the biomedical field. Around the globe people come across various types of diseases and various types of infections. Among these people doesn‘t have awareness about a virus named Cytomegalovirus. Once a person gets affected it retains till lifetime. If the pregnant woman gets affected then the fetus also gets affected by this virus. This virus creates more impact on pregnant women and fetus. Diabetic, Thyroid tests has been made compulsory for the pregnant women whereas this cytomegalovirus test is not done until it creates many complications in the womb or for the fetus, mainly impair vision, hearing loss, epilepsy etc. Image Processing is technique used for the images to show the better quality and performance of the images. In this proposed work the input image of the cytomegalovirus is taken for further processing to convert it to segmented image using K-means Clustering and Discrete Wavelet Transform where the image can be processed and Segmentation of image is done with the Region of Interest(ROI).)

With the advent of electric vehicles, the charging infrastructure provides the backup for the EV penetration in the current automotive world. Currently, the EV charging is dependent on taking power from the conventional grid and transforming it to be suitable to charge the EV batteries. Using conventional grid beats the purpose of using electric vehicles. Also, the impact of charging large number of EV’s from the grid is a topic which is still being studied. EV charging in mass is bound to affect the grid parameters such as voltage profile, power fluctuations, harmonic content and can cause unbalance in the AC system, which can severely affect the operation of the AC system. This paper deals with an approach to try and understand these impacts of EV charging on the conventional grid and AC system.

Rapid increase in sensor electronics has expanded the call for sensor networks in IoT-based devices. Smart grid is a part of IoT framework, which can be used to screen and manage traffic congestion, electricity influxes, extreme weather, and so on. This is done through a network of transmission lines, smart sensors, and smart meters. It is required to distribute and accumulate information remotely on timely basis from different stages of the grid. The periodic data from the smart meters are transferred to MDMS through WSN’s. In WSN’s, depletion of energy due to unequal load on the sensors is a serious issue, which is to be addressed as it affects the operations of the entire network. To assist these traffic requirements and to boost the network lifetime, asynchronous work sleep cycle approach can be used to create node connections. In this article, an energy-efficient adaptive fuzzy-based multi-disjoint routing protocol in WSN’s for smart grids abbreviated as (MDRP) is proposed, where the next hop node is decided through fuzzy logic. Once the subsequent node is decided, a spanning tree is constructed with the sink node as its root, which calculates the optimal path cost, to transmit the collected data. Furthermore, the simulation results show that the proposed MDRP performs better in terms of network lifetime, packet delivery ratio, total energy consumption, etc.

Good quality transparent single crystals of L-Norvalinium Picrate (LNPA) have been grown successfully by slow evaporation technique at room temperataure from aqua solution. Single crystal diffractometer was utilized to measure unit cell parameter and to confirm the crystal structure. Vibrational modes of the molecule are elucidated from FTIR spectral analysis. Thermal behavior of the LNPA crystals were carried out by thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) which indicate that the materials is stable upto 152 degree Centigrades. The UV- Vis-NIR and Photoluminescence spectra were recorded to explore its optical transmittance and emission properties respectively. The NLO property is confirmed by the Kurtz-Perry powder technique and the SHG efficiency of the LNPA crystal is 16 times greater than standard KDP material. Mechanical strength of the materials is determined by Vicker’sMicrohardness Test.

With the advent of electric vehicles, the charging infrastructure provides the backup for the EV penetration in the current automotive world. Fast charging is one such concept of providing a means to charge EV’s within a matter of minutes. The development in the concept of DC micro-grids has enhanced the charging operation of electric vehicles and has reduced the charging time. This paper proposes a charging infrastructure that deals with isolating the power requirement from the grid and supplies the power for EV charging through a DC micro-grid via a set of converters to transform the power from one level to another. As an emergency case, the grid is also kept into picture to supply power only in case of emergencies, and the operation is explained in part 1 of this paper. Use of this DC micro-grid for charging infrastructure ensures optimal usage of available power and charging time.

Oral Candida infections are common among the people who are immunocompromised, with poor oral hygiene, diabetics and advanced age. Even though several effective antifungal agents are available for treating oral Candida infections, on prolonged and frequent treatment with these drugs, they may result in development of drug resistant organisms. This leads to looking for an effective, inexpensive and simple alternative. Therapeutic products of plants play an important role in human health since ancient times. The present study was conducted to determine the bioactive components from the ethanol extract of Aloe vera by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) and to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of A. vera extracts on Candida albicans. GC-MS analysis revealed that ethanol extract of A. vera contains 26 bio active compounds. The results of in vitro antimicrobial activity of ethanol, methanol and aqueous extracts of A. vera against Candida albicans showed high inhibitory growth in yeast after treatment with ethanol extract followed by methanol extract with an inhibition zone of 23 and 12 mm, respectively. Aqueous extract did not show any zone of inhibition. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of the extracts were also determined. From this study, it is concluded that, A. vera has potent antifungal activity against C. albicans. Key words: Aloe vera, gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS), antifungal, Candida albicans, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), the minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC).

Bio-corrosion is one of the major problems faced in any engineering/aerospace industry. The present study focuses on understanding the effect of surface treatment on AA2024-T3 on bio-corrosion in aircraft fuel tanks. The microbial attack on aluminum alloy (2024-T3) in aircraft fuel tanks by Pseudomonas aeruginosa was studied. Substrates with (1) chromate-free surface treatment (anodization; 2) Ormosil coatings doped with inhibitors/derivatives known for antimicrobial properties were evaluated for their bio-corrosion protection efficiency as compared to bare coupons. The coupons were immersed in aviation fuel spiked with the test culture. The changes in chemical parameters of test solution like pH were monitored periodically. A probable relationship between number of organisms, changes in pH and the extracellular protein (hypothesized to be produced by organisms) were evaluated. Our studies indicated that pH did not appear to play a crucial role in biofilm formation. Surface morphology of bare and anodized AA2024-T3 coupons before and after electrochemical impedance studies (EIS) was analyzed using FE-SEM. Anodized samples with least icorr value of (0.075 × 10−6 A cm−2) and corrosion rate of (0.12 × 10−2 mm/y) after 60 days showed distinct corrosion protection than bare and the coated samples. Additional evidence in support of corrosion protection efficiency of anodized was obtained by the biofilm barrier efficiency of 98.94%.

The ZnO nanorods were synthesized using hydrothermal method. The morphologies, crystalline nature and optical properties of the synthesized ZnO nanorods were characterized by X-ray diffractometer, High-resolution scanning electron microscopy [HRSEM], and UV–Vis absorption spectroscopic studies. A thin layer of ZnO nanorods were spread on transparent conducting FTO coated glass plate using Doctor Blade method. Natural dyes extracted from Peltophorum pterocarpum and Acalypha amentacea leaves with solvents such as water and ethanol were used as sensitizers to fabricate dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The extracted dyes were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and UV–Visible absorption spectroscopy. The FTIR confirms the presence of anthocyanin, carotene and chlorophyll molecules in the dye extracts. The influence on the different parameters such as open circuit voltage (VOC) short circuit current (JSC), fill factor (FF), and power conversion efficiency (η) of the dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) were analyzed. The ZnO nanorods provide high specific surface area for dye adsorption and the pathway is efficient for electron transportation.

Electric vehicles have been increasingly occupying space over traditional IC engine-based vehicles for addressing the aspects of GHG emission, fossil fuel depletion and climate change. In electric transportation, the charging and recharging of batteries are significant in the sense, they affect the dynamic performance of the vehicle. This paper discusses the characteristics and modes of working of a bidirectional converter with soft switching that can be used in electric vehicle battery charging. Closed loop is simulated with fuzzy logic and PI controllers and the comparative analysis clearly highlights the fact that fuzzy base controllers are more efficient than PI controllers. The circuit under discussion is a bidirectional converter which can be utilized for both EV battery charging and discharging.

Parasporins, a class of non-insecticidal crystal proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are being explored as promising anticancer agents due to their specific toxicity to cancer cells. The present study has identified 25 Bt isolates harbouring parasporin genes from Western Ghats region, the hotspot of biodiversity in India. Among these, the isolate, KAU 41 (Kerala Agricultural University isolate 41) contained non-hemolytic homogenous crystals showing specific cytotoxicity towards cancer cells. SDS-PAGE analysis of this crystal, isolated by aqueous biphasic separation, revealed a 31 kDa sized peptide. The N-terminal sequence deciphered in BLAST analysis showed homology to a hypothetical Bt protein. Upon proteolysis, a 29 kDa active peptide was generated which exhibited heterogenic cytotoxic spectrum on various cancer cells. HeLa cells were highly susceptible to this peptide with IC 50 1 lg/mL and showed characteristics of apoptosis. RT-qPCR analysis revealed the overexpression of APAF1, caspase 3 and 9 by 14.9, 8 and 7.4 fold, respectively which indicates the activation of intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. However, at higher concentrations of peptide (greater than 3 lg/mL), necrotic death was prominent. The results suggest that the 31 kDa protein from Bt isolate, KAU 41 is a parasporin that may have high therapeutic potential.

The natural dyes were extracted from Peltophorum pterocarpum and Acalypha amentacea using water and ethanol by cold maceration technique. They were then used as sensitizers in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), and their characteristics were studied. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles were synthesized by sol–gel technique and were subjected to structural and morphological studies “such as X - ray diffraction analysis and transmission electron microscopy (TEM)”. The optical absorption spectrum of dye extracts were studied by UV–Visible absorption spectroscopy. A thin layer of TiO2 was coated by Doctor Blade method on FTO glass plate. The coated TiO2 films were immersed in dye extracts. The transparent conductive glass (FTO) was used as photoanode. The influence of the different parameters such as “open circuit voltage” (VOC), “short circuit current” (JSC), “fill factor” (FF), and efficiency (η) of the photovoltaic characteristics of dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) were analyzed. The maximum efficiency was found in mixed dye extracted using ethanol.

In Vehicular Ad hoc NETworks (VANETs), reliable data dissemination between vehicular nodes necessitate maximum degree of collaboration as they play a significant role for ensuring the core objective of communication. But the malicious action of vehicular nodes may disrupt the established degree of co-operation as they lead to poor performance in spite of high resource utilization. The malicious activity of vehicular nodes like DDoS attack must be detected and resolved in a potential way by identifying optimal nodes and optimal paths using cellular automata that modifies the search ability in a global way for increasing the speed of convergence. To prevent the search from falling into local optimum point and to enhance the convergence speed, global searching potential, an enhanced version of ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm called Cellular Automata-based Improved Ant Colony-based Optimization Algorithm (CA-IACOA) is propounded. In CA-IACOA, the update rules and dynamic adaptive adjustment technique in pheromones of the traditional ACO is enhanced to a significant level based three threshold level of tolerance. This enhancement in the adopted pheromones mainly for attaining better quality solution through reliable and dynamic increment of pheromone that considers the past history related to the visited paths of the ant agents. Further significant tradeoff that exists between solving quality and solving efficiency is resolved using updated dynamic evaporation factor strategy that aids in rapid convergence. Furthermore, trusted boundary symmetric mutation strategy is incorporated in CA-IACOA for improving mutation and to strengthen mutation efficiency. The simulation experiments of CA-IACOA infers that they are potential in handling DDoS attacks as they obtain quality solutions in identifying optimal nodes and optimal paths for reliable routing.

Sport difficulty in competitions must be investigated with noninvasive approaches, which are indispensable. In this case, creating a noninvasive system for data acquisition that recognizes players' roles in official basketball matches can be helpful by computer vision, image processing and software teaching techniques. The risk factors in predicting basketball sports surveillance data include rebound using the simple game and video review statistics while playing basketball. In this paper, a deep learning-based novel video framework has been proposed to rebound and build a system to predict which will get it with the player's position data. Conventional regression technique is implemented to determine the individual's position and move toward the ball drop position. The simulation analysis is performed based on complexity; viability, performance and efficiency prove the proposed framework's reliability.

Anaerobic microbial communities in the anoxic zones degrade organic matter in estuarine sediments. Thermodynamic energy yield for the oxidation reactions with various electron acceptors decreases in the order of O2> NO3- > Mn4+> Fe3+> SO42- > CO2. The predominant terminal electron accepting (TEA) process has an influence on the biogeochemical cycles of nutrients as well as the production of important greenhouse gases such as nitrous oxide and methane from estuarine sediments. The research questions of this study were (1) what are the environmental factors (pH, salinity, organic carbon, sulphate, redox potential) explaining variability in TEA activities such as nitrate reduction rate (NRR), iron reduction rate (IRR), sulphate reduction rate (SRR) and methane production rate (MPR) and (2) which is the predominant TEA process during degradation of organic matter. To determine the TEA activities, sediment samples collected from 13 sampling stations of Ashtamudi estuary during monsoon 2014 and summer 2015 were incubated with sulphate depleted artificial seawater, under anaerobic conditions for 72 h, in microcosms. Spatial variations dominated temporal variations for environmental variables. Nevertheless, biogeochemical processes showed a distinct seasonal variation. Total TEA activity was higher during summer than monsoon, indicating the higher heterotrophic microbial activity favored by high temperature. Individually, SRR was the maximum during summer, while NRR, IRR and MPR were the maximum during monsoon. Sulphate reduction was observed to be the predominant electron accepting process in all sampling stations with cumulative values of 3125.79 and 4046.07 nmol cm-3 day-1 during monsoon and summer respectively. This was followed by NRR, IRR and MPR. Although thermodynamically more favorable, NRR could not predominate due to scarcity of nitrate in sediments. Nevertheless, two-fold and five-fold increase in methanogenesis and denitrification were observed respectively during monsoon in sampling stations, which cannot be ignored, owing to the importance of methane and nitrous oxide as a potent greenhouse gas.

Semiconductor nano crystals have been widely studied for their fundamental properties. The Eu3+ and Nd3+ doped titanium dioxide nano powder was successfully synthesized by sol-gel method. The morphological and structural properties of as-prepared samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope (HRTEM). The Powder X- ray diffraction is carried out in order to examine the phase formation and substitution of Eu3+ and Nd3+ doped in TiO2 matrix. The UV-Vis spectral analysis was carried out between 200 nm and 1200 nm. The band gap of the Eu3+ and Nd3+ doped Tio2 nanoparticles was calculated. The functional groups of the synthesized compound have been identified by FTIR spectral analysis. The strong PL intensity confirms a blue shift.

Palladium (Pd)-flyash composite particles have been conventionally used for obtaining copper (Cu) or silver (Ag)-coated flyash particles as fillers for manufacturing the conducting polymers. We demonstrate that the involvement of Fenton-like reactions (advanced oxidation processes (AOPs)), makes the same composite particles useful as catalyst for the decoloration of aqueous solutions containing organic synthetic-dyes. The non-magnetic Pd-flyash and magnetic Pd-magnetite (Fe3O4)-flyash composite particles have been processed for this purpose, for the first time, using the combination of electroless and inverse co-precipitation techniques. The dye-removal characteristics of the catalysts have been investigated in the dark-condition via Fenton-like reactions involving the activation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to generate hydroxyl radicals ( OH) in the aqueous solutions containing basic and industrial azo reactive dyes. The initial dye, H2O2, and catalyst concentrations have been varied within the range of 0.003–0.4 g l−1, 3–50 wt%, and 40–100 g l−1 respectively. Within the investigated test-conditions, Pd-flyash composite particles show higher dye-removal rates than those associated with Pd-Fe3O4-flyash composite particles due to higher amounts of surface-deposited Pd and reduced concentration of Fe2+ ions leached into the surrounding acidic medium from the catalyst-surface. Conversely, Pd-Fe3O4-flyash composite particles exhibit effective magnetic separation after the dye-decoloration process which is not possible without the presence of intermediate layer of Fe3O4. For both the catalysts, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) levels of decolorized aqueous solutions are observed to be increased after the catalyst-treatment of initial dye-solutions. Nevertheless, the increased COD levels are easily controlled by the post treatment with high surface-area activated carbon (AC) which strongly adsorbs the intermediate products of dye-decoloration and carbon leached out from the surface of flyash particles. Hence, the Fenton-like reactions backed up with the AC-based adsorption process appear to be effective combination for the fast and efficient removal of organic synthetic-dyes from the aqueous solutions.

Manganese doped and undoped nanocrystalline copper oxide (CuO) powder has been synthesized by co-precipitation method. The aqueous sodium hydroxide solution as precipitating agent and cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) as a surfactant were used. The CuO and doped CuO samples were characterized through XRD, SEM, EDS and FTIR Spectral methods. The XRD studies revealed the crystallite size of the as prepared CuO and Mn doped CuO was in the nano range. The Hull cell experiment was conducted to optimize zinc composite plating solution parameters using electrolyte containing with and without CuO and doped CuO nano particles. Optimized plating solution was used to obtain zinc composite coating on steel material. The corrosion behavior of as generated composites on steel was investigated by Tafel and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The composite coated steel showed good corrosion resistance property than zinc coating.

DC Electric motors convert nearly half of the worldwide electric energy into mechanical energy. In many industrial applications DC motor finds a good place for variable speed and versatile operations due to its easy controllability. This paper deals with the energy conservation for a separately excited DC motor by applying speed control technique. The experimental setup is established for the system and speed control is carried out through variable armature input voltage using firing angle control.

As the world is facing an insufficiency in fossil fuels, every nation is moving towards sustainable, admissible, reliable and efficient green resources of energy. The technology supporting Electric Vehicles (EVs) is rapidly developing towards improvement as the cost of EV components are reducing. Electric Vehicles (EV) are gaining more popularity as the conventional vehicles are affecting the environment drastically. In the proposed work, the State of Charge (SoC) of the EVs battery is displayed constantly and the nearest charging stations are displayed on the screen. From a list of suggested charging stations nearest to the EV driver, the screen in the vehicle will direct the driver to the slot booking website through which all the available slots are displayed. As EVs become more commercial, there will be a need to create an efficient slot booking system as the charging process can be time consuming and the need for more stations will be demanding. The proposed model of the booking system is designed to create a cost effective and efficient system.

Data generated in digital devices need to be secured for its use by the authorized users. Different security algorithms such as symmetric and asymmetric cryptosystems have been developed to secure the data while in transmission as well as at rest. However, data is not secure while processing. This paper explores the concept of Homomorphic Encryption (HE) based solution for secured functional evaluation of data. The proposed FHE-AES/DH cloud security model executes encryption on the data and encrypted data is transmitted to the cloud server. The functional evaluation is carried out on uploaded data by the third party without knowing the contents. These models hide the content of data in order to protect security and privacy. A banking data set has been used for the case study. The FHE-AES model takes less time for functional evaluation compared to FHE-DH model.

Rice is the staple food in the southern parts of India. Its yield directly affects the economy of the state. Rice blast, brown spot, and bacterial blight are the major diseases that can be seen in the leaves of the paddy crop which also greatly affect their productivity. The farmers, with limited knowledge of the disease, add irrelevant pesticides in inappropriate quantities, which not only diminishes the quality of the crop but also leads to the degradation of the soil quality and other environmental degradations. The proposed method uses image processing techniques to detect what disease has affected the leaves and also calculate the severity of the infection by calculating the percentage of the affected area, which can be used in controlling the excessive use of pesticides. The above mentioned diseases are the predominant diseases occurring in paddy crops among other diseases that vastly affect the yield and in turn affect the economic income of the farmers.

The usage of Lithium ion (Li-ion) batteries has been increasing day by day due to environmental concerns. One of the major applications in which Li-ion batteries are used is electric vehicles (EVs). Li-ion batteries are highly sensitive to over-voltage, under-voltage and temperature conditions unlike other batteries. Li-ion batteries need real-time monitoring and a battery management system (BMS) is used for this purpose. This paper talks about active cell balancing schemes using transformer switching. Active cell balancing is done to balance the imbalances created in the battery pack to maintain a constant state of charge (SOC). A comparative study on pack-to- cell configurations of active cell balancing using switched transformer method is done to draw conclusions.

In the evolving era, microgrid wins the heart in all power fields. Among that DC configuration achieved more demand because of its less complex structure, low cost, more reliability and more power quality and last but not the least the control scheme is less complex than AC microgrid. Management of power and energy are the evolving traits adopted by researchers now a days. This paper mainly aims at the comparative analysis of different topologies, structure, and operational mode of DC microgrid. Despite the global energy crisis and the increasingly atmospheric pollution, distributed generation integration with renewable energy is becoming a potential trend in technology. Finally, attention has been paid to the recent challenges to the DC microgrid system.

This manuscript presents Rectangular patch antenna with slots and notches for mm wave. An antenna has dual band with two resonating bands at 24GHz and 39 GHz. First resonating band gives ultra wide band of 27.08% while second resonating band is narrow band. Antenna characteristics have been observed such as radiation pattern, radiation efficiency, impedance and reflection co-efficient. The radiation efficiency of 80% and broadside radiation pattern d has been observed at center frequency. The variation of dielectric constant on the patch has been also observed in achieving dual band. This antenna can be used in various wireless applications such as 5G allocation band of European countries, vehicular communication.

A deduplication process uses similarity function to identify the two entries are duplicate or not by setting the threshold. This threshold setting is an important issue to achieve more accuracy and it relies more on human intervention. Swarm Intelligence algorithm such as PSO and ABC have been used for automatic detection of threshold to find the duplicate records. Though the algorithms performed well there is still an insufficiency regarding the solution search equation, which is used to generate new candidate solutions based on the information of previous solutions. The proposed work addressed two problems: first to find the optimal equation using Genetic Algorithm(GA) and next it adopts an modified Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) to get the optimal threshold to detect the duplicate records more accurately and also it reduces human intervention. CORA dataset is considered to analyze the proposed algorithm.