Search

The vast increase in our ability to obtain and store trajectory data necessitates trajectory analytics techniques to extract useful information from this data. In fact, trajectory analysis is an essential function in intelligent transportation systems (ITS) and by applying it for the spatial trajectory data, a wide range of transportation problems can be solved. Pair-wise distance functions are a foundation building block for common operations on trajectory datasets including constrained SELECT queries, k-nearest neighbors, and similarity and diversity algorithms. The accuracy and performance of these operations depend heavily on the speed and accuracy of the underlying trajectory distance function, which is in turn affected by trajectory calibration. Current methods either require calibrated data or perform calibration of the entire relevant dataset first, which is expensive and time consuming for large datasets. We present TRAJEDI, a calibration aware pair-wise distance calculation scheme that outperforms naive approaches while preserving accuracy. We also provide analyses of parameter tuning to trade off between speed and accuracy. Our scheme is usable with any diversity, similarity or k-nearest neighbor algorithm.

A Bracing is a system that is provided to minimize the lateral deflection of structure. The members of a braced frame are subjected to tension and compression, so that they are provided to take these forces similar to a truss. The present study assesses the seismic response of steel structure with different angle of bracing system. A 15 storey steel moment resisting frame was analyzed for zone II of soil type-II (medium). The analyses were carried out to assess the structural performance under earthquake ground motions. These models are compared in different aspects such as storey drift, storey displacement and storey shear

The effect of 24-epibrassinolide on growth of pigeon pea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] under aluminium toxicity was studied. 24-EBL reduced the impact of Al stress on plant growth. Particularly 24-EBL reduced the inhibitory impact of aluminium toxicity on root growth which was further manifested in overall improvement of vegetative growth. Application of 24-epibrassinolide removed the inhibitory influence of Al nodulation. The growth stimulation in Cajanus plants by 24-EBL under Al stress was associated with elevated levels of chlorophylls, nucleic acids and soluble proteins. 24-Epibrassinolide application enhanced proline content in Al3+ stressed Cajanus plants. Further, the supplementation of 24-epibrassinolide to Al stress treatments increased the activities of antioxidative enzymes viz., catalase [EC 1.11.1.6]; peroxidase [EC 1.11.1.7]; superoxide dismutase [EC 1.15.1.1] and ascorbate peroxidase [EC 1.11.1.11]. Lipid peroxidation induced by Al was found reduced with the supplementation of 24-epibrassinolide. The present studies demonstrated the ameliorating capability of 24-epibrassinolide on the Al induced inhibition of plant growth of C. cajan.

Diagrids structural systems have emerged as most innovative way of approach to tall buildings in this era. Variations of the diagrid system have evolved to the point of making its use to construction of tall building. Investigation in depth on design methodology of Diagrids structures, gave the powerful structural strength and symbolic architectural view. The diagrid structure of each storey height is designed with diagonals placed at various uniform angles as well as gradually changing angles along the building height in order to determine the optimal uniform angle for each structure with a different height and to investigate the structural potential of diagrids with changing angles The comparison of 24-storey diagrid structural system with different uniform angles is presented here.. The 24 storey diagrid structural system with different angles are modelled and analyzed by using Etabs Software. Now a day the Non linear analysis is essential for a tall building, in this present study the non linear analysis is carried out for the considered diagrid structural system. The comparison of analyzed results in terms of top storey displacement, time period, storey shears and mode shapes is presented here.

Synthesis of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles and TiO2 loaded cashew nut shell activated carbon (TiO2/CNSAC) had been undertaken using sol–gel method and their application in BG and MB dyes removal under sunlight radiation has been investigated. The synthesized photocatalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Fourier infra-red spectroscopy (FT-IR), UV–Vis-diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). The various experimental parameters like amount of catalyst, contact time for efficient dyes degradation of BG and MB were concerned in this study. Activity measurements performed under solar irradiation has shown good results for the photodegradation of BG and MB in aqueous solution. It was concluded that the higher photocatalytic activity in TiO2/CNSAC was due to parameters like band-gap, number of hydroxyl groups, surface area and porosity of the catalyst. The kinetic data were also described by the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models.

A green synthesis of Au–Ag bimetallic nanocomposites from aqueous solutions using milk thistle (Silybum marianum) seed extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent has been reported. The formation of the nanocomposites was monitored using UV-vis spectroscopy, and the size distribution and stabilization of the nanocomposites were measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential. The morphology of the synthesized bimetallic nanocomposite was investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with selected area electron diffraction (SAED) analysis. The elemental composition and the surface chemical state of the bimetallic nanocomposite were confirmed by energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy was employed to identify the possible biomolecules responsible for the reduction and stabilization of the nanocomposite. The bimetallic nanocomposite functions as an efficient homogeneous catalyst in the degradation of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol, in the presence of the reducing agent sodium borohydride. The catalytic reaction kinetics were monitored using UV-vis spectroscopy. The methanol oxidation reaction was performed to study the electro-chemical catalytic activity of the bio-synthesized Au–Ag bimetallic nanocomposite.

Background: Aorto-left ventricular tunnel (ALVT) is a rare congenital extracardiac channel with progressive left ventricular dilatation needs early correction. Materials and Methods: This is a report of diagnosis and management of aorto-left ventricular tunnel (ALVT) over a period of 11 years from a single institution. Seven patients (age range: 7 days-45 years) presented with heart failure. The diagnosis of ALVT was made by transthoracic echocardiogram in all cases. Results: Treatment was refused by two patients who died during follow-up. Surgical closure of the tunnel was done in four cases, of which one needed Bentall procedure. Two patients had residual leak after the surgery. Transcatheter closure using Amplatzer muscular device was performed in two cases (for postoperative residual leak in one and primary procedure in the other). Significant hemolysis developed in one of them, necessitating the removal of the device and closed surgically. This child underwent aortic valve replacement two years later. All the remaining patients were doing well during the median follow-up of 30 months (range: 1.5-9 years). Conclusion: ALVT is a rare and potentially fatal anomaly that is ideally managed surgically. Catheter closure has a limited role.

This paper presents the details of crack growth study and remaining life assessment of concrete specimens made up of ultra-high-strength concrete (UHSC) . Flexural fatigue tests have been conducted on UHSC beams under constant amplitude loading with a stress ratio of 0.2. A “Net K” model has been proposed by using nonlinear fracture mechanics principles for crack growth analysis and remaining life prediction. SIF (K) has been computed by using the principle of superposition. Bilinear tension softening obtained through inverse analysis corresponding to size-independent fracture energy . Remaining life values have been predicted and compared with the corresponding experimental values and observed that they are in good agreement with each other.

Statins are potent cholesterol reducing drugs that have been shown to reduce tumor cell proliferationin vitroand tumor growth in animal models. Moreover, retrospective human cohort studies demon-strated decreased cancer-specific mortality in patients taking statins. We previously implicated membrane E-cadherin expression as both a marker and mechanism for resistance to atorvastatin-mediated growth suppression of cancer cells; however, a transcriptome-profile-based biomarker signature for statin sensitivity has not yet been reported. Here, we utilized transcriptome data from fourteen NCI-60 cancer cell lines and their statin dose-response data to produce gene expression signatures that identify statin sensitive and resistant cell lines. We experimentally confirmed the validity of the identified biomarker signature in an independent set of cell lines and extended this signature to generate a proposed statin-sensitive subset of tumors listed in the TCGA database. Finally, we predicted drugs that would synergize with statins and found several predicted combination therapies to be experimentally confirmed. The combined bioinformatics-experimental approach described here can be used to generate an initial biomarker sensitivity for statin therapy.

Modern technologies allow large, complex biomedical datasets to be collected from patient cohorts. These datasets are comprised of both continuous and categorical data (“Mixed Data”), and essential variables may be unobserved in this data due to the complex nature of biomedical phenomena. Causal inference algorithms can identify important relationships from biomedical data; however, handling the challenges of causal inference over mixed data with unmeasured confounders in a scalable way is still an open problem. Despite recent advances into causal discovery strategies that could potentially handle these challenges; individually, no study currently exists that comprehensively compares these approaches in this setting. In this paper, we present a comparative study that addresses this problem by comparing the accuracy and efficiency of different strategies in large, mixed datasets with latent confounders. We experiment with two extensions of the Fast Causal Inference algorithm: a maximum probability search procedure we recently developed to identify causal orientations more accurately, and a strategy which quickly eliminates unlikely adjacencies in order to achieve scalability to high-dimensional data. We demonstrate that these methods significantly outperform the state of the art in the field by achieving both accurate edge orientations and tractable running time in simulation experiments on datasets with up to 500 variables. Finally, we demonstrate the usability of the best performing approach on real data by applying it to a biomedical dataset of HIV-infected individuals. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s41060-018-0104-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The exponential growth of high dimensional biological data has led to a rapid increase in demand for automated approaches for knowledge production. Existing methods rely on two general approaches to address this challenge: 1) the Theory-driven approach, which utilizes prior accumulated knowledge, and 2) the Data-driven approach, which solely utilizes the data to deduce scientific knowledge. Both of these approaches alone suffer from bias toward past/present knowledge, as they fail to incorporate all of the current knowledge that is available to make new discoveries. In this paper, we show how an integrated method can effectively address the high dimensionality of big biological data, which is a major problem for pure data-driven analysis approaches. We realize our approach in a novel two-step analytical workflow that incorporates a new feature selection paradigm as the first step to handling high-throughput gene expression data analysis and that utilizes graphical causal modeling as the second step to handle the automatic extraction of causal relationships. Our results, on real-world clinical datasets from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), demonstrate that our method is capable of intelligently selecting genes for learning effective causal networks.

This paper proposes the effective solution for the power transmission lines under faulted conditions. In this analysis generally three transmission system technologies are existed for the industrial applications. New six phase transmission system technology implemented with two-double line model and special transformer based six phase transmission methodologies are provided. Six stage transmission lines are very encouraging for development in force conveying limit of existing frameworks keeping the same right-of- way. The execution of 6-stage transmission line goes basic as its insurance against different shortcomings is entirely complicated assignment. The simulation results are presented to verify the proposed concept using MATLAB/SIMULINK.

Purpose: The history of dentistry is not short; it started from ancient Egypt to ancient Romans and ancient Greeks. When it comes to extraction, all of them have made their own discoveries and progress. The progress they made also helped dentistry to move ahead in evolution of new extraction technique – the Physics Forceps. We have assessed the viability in using the Physics Forceps for routine dental extraction in our study for a period of 1 year. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 241 patients indicated for extraction based on our inclusion criteria using Physics Forceps after obtaining informed consent and University Ethics Committee approval. Tooth fracture, buccal alveolar bone fracture, and soft tissue injury around the tooth to be extracted were studied. Results: In our present study of 241 patients, 57.67% were females and 42.32% were males, out of which 93.77% had no tooth fracture, 3.32% had crown fracture, 1.65% had root fracture, and 1.24% had apex fracture. Further, 85.47% had no buccal alveolar bone fracture and 14.53% had buccal alveolar bone fracture. Using proper technique, 96.26% of patients had no soft tissue damage, and minimal damage was seen in 3.73% of patients. Discussion: Extraction by Physics Forceps is a very good technique of extraction. No or very minimal tooth fracture and soft tissue injury were noted. Though the forceps is costly, it represents a valuable addition to regular armamentarium for a general dentist for routine extraction. Physics Forceps is a dental extractor rather than a forceps.

In the paper, the well known Adomian Decomposition Method (ADM) is modified to solve the parabolic equations. The present method is quite different than the numerical method. The results are compared with the existing exact or analytical method. The already known existing Adomian Decomposition Method is modified to improve the accuracy and convergence. Thus, the modified method is named as Modified Adomian Decomposition Method (MADM). The Modified Adomian Decomposition Method results are found to converge very quickly and are more accurate compared to ADM and numerical methods. MADM is quite efficient and is practically well suited for use in these problems. Several examples are given to check the reliability of the present method. Modified Adomian Decomposition Method is a non-numerical method which can be adapted for solving parabolic equations. In the current paper, the principle of the decomposition method is described, and its advantages are shown in the form of parabolic equations. (C) 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).

Thrombocytopenia in critically ill patients probably reflects the severity of the underlying illness and these patients have a higher mortality due to the severity of overall clinical status. In present article we report a case of acute subdural hematoma who developed progressive thrombocytopenia resulting in fatal outcome. A 75 year gentleman presented with history of sudden onset headache and lapsed into altered sensorium. There was history of trivial fall before he developed headache. The patient was deeply comatose with pupils bilateral 2 mm and reacting to light. Computerized tomography (CT) scan brain showed large right fronto-temporo-parietal acute subdural hematoma with mass effect and midline shift. Post-operatively he was kept on elective ventilation. On following days the patient continues to develop thrombocytopenia (Day- 3 Platelet count 75,000, day-4 60,000, day-5 25,000). Thrombocytopenia is a common but a potentially life-threatening condition problem and has been considered to play a role in worsening the prognosis of critically ill patients in intensive care unit. Few studies statistically examine the strength of the association between risk factors and outcomes related to thrombocytopenia, additional research is recommended to identify putative molecular determinants.

Due to fast growth in urbanisation, a highly developed infrastructure is essential for economic growth and prosperity. One of the major problems is to preserve, maintain, and retrofit these structures. To meet the requirements of construction industry, the basic information on all the mechanical properties of various concretes is essential. This paper presents the details of development of various concretes, namely, normal strength concrete (around 50 MPa), high strength concrete (around 85 MPa) and ultra high strength concrete (UHSC) (around 120 MPa) including their mechanical properties. The various mechanical properties such as compressive strength, split tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, fracture energy and tensile stress vs crack width have been obtained from the respective test results. It is observed from the studies that a higher value of compressive strength, split tensile strength and fracture energy is achieved in the case of UHSC, which can be attributed to the contribution at different scales viz., at the meso scale due to the fibers and at the micro scale due to the close packing of grains which is on account of good grading of the particles. Micro structure of UHSC mix has been examined for various magnifications to identify the pores if any present in the mix. Brief note on characteristic length and brittleness number has been given.

The RILEM work-of-fracture method for measuring the specific fracture energy of concrete from notched three-point bend specimens is still the most common method used throughout the world, despite the fact that the specific fracture energy so measured is known to vary with the size and shape of the test specimen. The reasons for this variation have also been known for nearly two decades, and two methods have been proposed in the literature to correct the measured size-dependent specific fracture energy (G(f)) in order to obtain a size-independent value (G(F)). It has also been proved recently, on the basis of a limited set of results on a single concrete mix with a compressive strength of 37 MPa, that when the size-dependent G(f) measured by the RILEM method is corrected following either of these two methods, the resulting specific fracture energy G(F) is very nearly the same and independent of the size of the specimen. In this paper, we will provide further evidence in support of this important conclusion using extensive independent test results of three different concrete mixes ranging in compressive strength from 57 to 122 MPa. (c) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Internet of things is one of the rapidly growing fields for delivering social and economic benefits for emerging and developing economy. The field of IOT is expanding its wings in all the domains like medical, industrial, transportation, education, mining etc. Now-a-days with the advancement in integrated on chip computers like Arduino, Raspberry pi the technology is reaching the ground level with its application in agriculture and aquaculture. Water quality is a critical factor while culturing aquatic organisms. It mainly depends on several parameters like dissolved oxygen, ammonia, pH, temperature, salt, nitrates, carbonates etc. The quality of water is monitored continuously with the help of sensors to ensure growth and survival of aquatic life. The sensed data is transferred to the aqua farmer mobile through cloud. As a result preventive measures can be taken in time to minimize the losses and increase the productivity.

This article presents an experimental study on variation in acoustic emission (AE) parameters during cracking in reinforced concrete (RC) beams subjected to incremental cyclic loading in laboratory conditions. Nine RC beams with three different span-to-depth ratios ranging from 2.0 to 6.0 with a reinforcement ratio roughly kept the same (1.4–1.5 %) were tested under bending till failure and simultaneously the released AE was recorded. The criteria used to characterize the cracking in RC beams are based on the AE parameters. The AE parameters such as frequency, duration, amplitude, count, rise time, parameters depending on AE signatures such as b-value, and damage parameter D follow the fracture process during the entire loading. The results are useful to distinguish different cracks in RC beams and extend them for field applications.

In this postulation the Non linear push over investigation is done for skyscraper steel outline working with various examples of propping frameworks. There are "n" quantities of conceivable outcomes to mastermind steel bracings, for example, Diagonal, Cross, Knee, V, Inverted V or chevron and worldwide sort concentric bracings. An average G+15 - story standard steel outline building is investigated for different sorts of concentric bracings like Diagonal, V, cross, and Exterior X and Performance of every edge is helped out through nonlinear static examination. Mode shapes, Story drift, Base shear, Pushover curve and Performance purpose of every model are done with various examples of supporting frameworks. Three sorts of segment i.e. ISMB, ISMC and ISA area are utilized to thought about for same example of bracings. The Aim of study was to think about the aftereffects of seismic examination of skyscraper steel outline working with various examples of bracings and without propping frameworks

Shear wall system are most commonly used for resisting lateral load in the high rise buildings. In seismic design of the building reinforced concrete shear walls or structural walls act as a major role as earthquake resisting member. This necessitates need for design based on seismic response by suitable method to make sure strength and stability of the structures. In the present work to study the seismic response of the fifteen storey residential tower with and without shear wall and the behavior of the building with shear walls at different locations was carried out. Shear wall effectiveness has been studied with the help of ten different models. Model one to five is regular shape structural system and model six to ten is irregular shape structural system. Model one and model six is bare frame and remaining eight models models have shear wall with different location. Earthquake load is applied to a residential tower of fifteen storey located in zone V. The comparison of these models for different parameters like displacement, storey drift and base shear has been obtainable by reinforced concrete shear wall building with and without shear wall. The software used is ETABS v15.2.

Background/Objectives: Now-a-day's petrol consumption has increased too much. The idea of limiting the resources by using them effectively is our main objective. Methods/Statistical Analysis: Trending identification techniques like RFD Technology is used here for implementing the proposed approach. Each person having a vehicle is provided with these cards containing unique ids. The unique id is recognized by the RFID Reader. As per the vehicle requirement the usage value is predefined. When the person uses his petrol, the value will be decremented automatically in the database. LCD is used to display at present usage value of the customer and also the remaining usage value. Findings: Consumers may face difficulties after the usage limit is exceeded so he/she should take care of their usage of the petrol. Quicker responses are needed from the database. Application/Improvements: This type of technique can be applied on several non-renewable energy sources. By using high end servers like we can improve its speed and processing efficiently.

Reinforced concrete beam specimens were tested under incremental cyclic loading and the acoustic emission released during the fracture process of concrete was used to compute the acoustic emission-based b-values. The b-value based on Gutenberg–Richter formula was calculated from the frequency–amplitude plots of acoustic emission released. The strains in steel and concrete were compared with the corresponding b-value at various stages of loading to assess damage occurred in reinforced concrete beam specimens. The code of practice IS 456:2000 has defined limits for serviceability and collapse. A brief review of the application of acoustic emission testing to concrete structures is given. It is observed that the b-value reaches its minimum near the peak load and reaches maximum during micro cracking while it tends to decrease when micro cracks coalesce and start forming major and visible cracks.

is a process of hiding secret information"s like image, video, audio, and text message in a carrier"s like image, video, and audio. Proposed method uses the secret information as a text message which is embedded in a color image. The existing methods hide the information using constant bit length in integer wavelet coefficients. This paper uses variable bit length based on integer wavelet coefficients to hide the data in a particular positions using secret key by LSB substitution method. Hence this algorithm increases the embedding capacity of the text message and obtained stego image is imperceptible for human vision. This technique embeds binary bit stream of secret text message into the 8 bit color image. The embedded confidential information can be extracted from stego image without the knowledge of original image by considering the same secret key. On average of 2.50 bits can be embedded in each wavelet coefficient of the input color image. Hence this method gives better results in both embedding capacity and PSNR than the existing methods.

This article presents a review of recent developments in parametric based acoustic emission (AE) techniques applied to concrete structures. It recapitulates the significant milestones achieved by previous researchers including various methods and models developed in AE testing of concrete structures. The aim is to provide an overview of the specific features of parametric based AE techniques of concrete structures carried out over the years. Emphasis is given to traditional parameter-based AE techniques applied to concrete structures. A significant amount of research on AE techniques applied to concrete structures has already been published and considerable attention has been given to those publications. Some recent studies such as AE energy analysis and b-value analysis used to assess damage of concrete bridge beams have also been discussed. The formation of fracture process zone and the AE energy released during the fracture process in concrete beam specimens have been summarised. A large body of experimental data on AE characteristics of concrete has accumulated over the last three decades. This review of parametric based AE techniques applied to concrete structures may be helpful to the concerned researchers and engineers to better understand the failure mechanism of concrete and evolve more useful methods and approaches for diagnostic inspection of structural elements and failure prediction/prevention of concrete structures.

In this paper, the well-known Adomian Decomposition Method (ADM) is modified to solve the fracture laminated multi-directional problems. The results are compared with the existing analytical/exact or experimental method. The already known existing ADM is modified to improve the accuracy and convergence. Thus, the modified method is named as Modified Adomian Decomposition Method (MADM). The results fromMADM are found to converge very quickly, simple to apply for fracture(singularity) problems and are more accurate compared to experimental and analytical methods. MADM is quite efficient and is practically well-suited for use in these problems. Several examples are given to check the reliability of the present method. In the present paper, the principle of the decomposition method is described, and its advantages form the analyses of fracture of laminated uni-directional composites.

A randomised, open-label, single dose, four-period crossover study was performed in healthy male human subjects to compare the pharmacokinetics of formoterol fumarate (CAS 43229-80-7) after inhalation from two different hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) pressurised metered dose inhaler (pMDI) formulations at two dose levels, 12 and 24 microg. This is the first study which has evaluated two HFA formulations of formoterol. Fourteen subjects were randomised, of which 13 completed the study. Each subject received in separate periods a single dose of 12 microg or 24 microg of each formulation. Blood samples for determination of formoterol plasma concentrations were taken pre-administration of study treatments and subsequently at 2, 5, 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90 min and 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24 and 36 h post-administration of the study treatments. The pharmacokinetic profiles of both the formulations were similar in shape and a dose-related increase in formoterol plasma concentration was seen at all time points for both the test and reference formoterol HFA formulations between the dose levels 12 microg and 24 microg. Overall, the findings indicate that treatment with the test formoterol HFA preparation has a lung absorption pattern and systemic exposure comparable to the already licensed reference formoterol HFA preparation.

The study was conducted to find out the influence of risperidone on the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of gliclazide, which is widely used drug for type II diabetes. Studies were conducted in normal rats; alloxan induced diabetic rats and normal rabbits with oral administration of selected doses of gliclazide, risperidone and their combination with adequate wash out periods in between treatments. Blood samples were collected from rats/rabbits by retro orbital/marginal ear vein puncture respectively at regular intervals of time. All the blood samples were analyzed for glucose by GOD/POD method and for gliclazide by HPLC. Gliclazide produced significant hypoglycemia and antihyperglycemia response in normal/diabetic rats and in rabbits. Therapeutic dose of risperidone alone did not alter the normal blood glucose level and the hypoglycemic response produced by gliclazide in combination in normal rats. Similar phenomenon was observed both in diabetic and normal rabbits. There was a significant change in the pharmacokinetic parameters of gliclazide like, AUMC, t 1/2 , K e, V dss clearance and MRT when given in combination with risperidone in normal rabbits, indicating the change in elimination pattern of gliclazide in the presence of risperidone . This might be due to the increase in the pH of urine by risperidone which might be facilitated the elimination of gliclazide, a weakly acidic drug in later hours. The single dose treatment did not produce the change in the hypoglycemic activity, but multiple dose treatment may reduce the gliclazide activity. Hence the therapy with the combination needs adjustment of dosing intervals between the treatments.

The boundary effect or the size effect on the fracture properties of concrete has been studied assuming a bi-linear model for the distribution of local fracture energy concept. Boundary effect is observed not only near the back boundary but also near the notch tip, where a fictitious boundary seems to exist, separating the linear and non-linear fracture zones. In this paper a tri-linear function is assumed for the local fracture energy distribution along the ligament and expressions relating RILEM fracture energy and the size-independent fracture energy are developed. Transition ligament length measurements based on the acoustic emission (AE) histogram of events are used to obtain size-independent fracture energy. Length of the fracture process zone is identified in the AE histogram and compared with the value obtained from softening beam model. There seems to be a good agreement between the results.

Notched three point bend specimens (TPB) were tested under crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD) control at a rate of 0.0004 mm/s and during the fracture process acoustic emissions (AE) were simultaneously monitored. It was observed that AE energy could be related to fracture energy. An experimental study was done to understand the behavior of AE energy with parameters of concrete like its strength and size. In this study, AE energy was used as a quantitative measure of size independent specific fracture energy of concrete beams and the concepts of boundary effect and local fracture energy were used to obtain size independent AE energy from which size independent fracture energy was obtained. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

On aiming to increase the safety because by using this robot we can know their activities by keeping some safe distance from the enemy, the flexibility of attacking will be increased because we can know their activities and there will be a laser that will lock the position of the enemy and guides the missal, this is also contain the metal detector that will helpful in detecting the land mains which will lead to death, and control of this robot will be very easily done because it is controlled wirelessly and by connecting to Bluetooth of any android mobile. We have done this project for our army to detect the land mains safely and for the safety of our soldiers and to attack them without keeping our army soldiers life on the line.

Acoustic emission (AE) energy, instead of amplitude, associated with each of the event is used to estimate the fracture process zone (FPZ) size. A steep increase in the cumulative AE energy of the events with respect to time is correlated with the formation of FPZ. Based on the AE energy released during these events and the locations of the events, FPZ size is obtained. The size-independent fracture energy is computed using the expressions given in the boundary effect model by least squares method since over-determined system of equations are obtained when data from several specimens are used. Instead of least squares method a different method is suggested in which the transition ligament length, measured from the plot of histograms of AE events plotted over the un-cracked ligament, is used directly to obtain size-independent fracture energy. The fracture energy thus calculated seems to be size-independent.

The effect of tensile loading on the thermodynamics of Glass fiber reinforced polymeric composites laminates using an Infrared Camera by monitoring the surface temperature changes is reported here. Thermal response of specimens with various lay-up sequences was studied.Experimental results show distinct thermal characteristics for each type of specimen layup. Temperature was found to be decreasing linearly with increased tensile stress in the elastic region. However, in the plastic region, depending upon the amount of plastic deformation, the composite specimens were observed to be following unique behavior that is characteristic of ply-orientations of the composite.

The development of a new composite product through resin transfer molding (RTM) process requires the identification of an effective injection strategy and optimization of the process variables and raw material parameters of the manufacturing process. This article presents an effective manufacturing technology for a cab front model using RTM isothermal mold-filling simulation technique. The simulations performed were based on the finite element method for which a commercial RTM simulation package was utilized. A number of isothermal mold-filling simulations using different injection strategies and process variables were carried out. Injection strategy using constant flow or pressure was executed to find optimum locations for injection ports and air vents requiring minimum mold -fill time. The effect of process variables, such as injection pressure, and raw material parameters, such as resin viscosity and mat permeability, on the mold-filling time was also studied. The simulation results show that the injection strategy of four injection points on the front face and four vents at the corners of the cab front with constant pressure of 5 atm delivers an optimum mold-fill time of 32 min without dry spots.

Notched three-point bend specimens (TPB) were tested under crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD) control at a rate of 0.0004 mm/s and the entire fracture process was simulated using a regular triangular two-dimensional lattice network only over the expected fracture process zone width. The rest of the beam specimen was discretised by a coarse triangular finite element mesh. The discrete grain structure of the concrete was generated assuming the grains to be spherical. The load versus CMOD plots thus simulated agreed reasonably well with the experimental results. Moreover, acoustic emission (AE) hits were recorded during the test and compared with the number of fractured lattice elements. It was found that the cumulative AE hits correlated well with the cumulative fractured lattice elements at all load levels thus providing a useful means for predicting when the micro-cracks form during the fracturing process, both in the pre-peak and in the post-peak regimes.