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Ptak & Smith published ORLICKY’S Material Requirement Planning Third Edition in 2011 to correspond the rapidly changed market demand by improving the original MRP based on Theory of Constraints(TOC) replenishment inventory management. This study is to develop the simulation model to decide the proper target inventory level for TOC replenishment inventory management using system dynamics Vensim software. This study shows that the proper target replenishment level is how much significant to manage the inventory by the random sample data simulation. This simulation model will be extended to compare the results of the TOC replenishment inventory management planning with the results of the old MRP planning by the enterprise actual inventory data. Key words : TOC, Replenishment, Buffer management, Target inventory level, System Dynamics요 약Ptak과 Smith는 2011년 올리키의 MRP 3판을 통하여 TOC 재보충방식을 기반으로 기존 MRP 방식에 의한 재고관리의 문제점을 오늘날 급변하는 수요중심의 시장 상황에 대응할 수 있도록 발전시킨 수요 대응형 MRP 방법론을 제시하였다. TOC 재보충방식은 목표재고수준을 기준으로 재고 가용성을 유지하여 급격한 변화에 따른 혼란을 흡수하면서 수요량에 연동하여 목표재고수준을 조정하는 수요대응형 MRP의 기본이 되는 재고관리 방식이다 . 본 연구에서는 Vensim 시스템 다이내믹스 시뮬레이터를 활용하여 적정 목표재고 수준을 관리하고자 할 때 적정한 목표재고수준 결정을 위한 기준 공식 및 절차를 예 시하고, 임의 수요를 발생시켜 TOC 재보충방식의 목표재고수준 모형별 운영 결과 비교 검증을 통하여 모델의 효용성을 비교 검토하였다. 향후에는 기존의 MRP에 의한 재고관리 방식과 수요 대응형 MRP에 의한 재고관리 방식 운영결과의 차이를 실제 기업의 데이터를 활용하여 시뮬레이션 할 수 있도록 모델을 확대 적용할 예정이다 .주요어

A novel Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic and motile bacterial strain, designated KMM 6351(T), was isolated from the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius and examined using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. A phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that the strain formed a distinct phyletic line in the class Gammaproteobacteria and was most closely related to the genera Aliivibrio, Photobacterium and Vibrio. Strain KMM 6351(T) grows at 4-40 °C and with 0.5-12 % NaCl and decomposes aesculin, agar, gelatin, starch, chitin and DNA. The DNA G+C content of the strain was determined to be 46.1 mol%. The prevalent fatty acids were found to be C(16:0), C(18:1) ω7c, C(12:0) 3-OH and summed feature 3 (comprising C(16:1) ω7c and/or iso-C(15:0) 2-OH fatty acids). The major polar lipids were determined to be diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and an unidentified aminolipid. The predominant ubiquinone was found to be Q-8. The results of the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genotypic analyses clearly indicated that the novel strain should be assigned to a new genus and species within the class γ-Proteobacteria for which the name Echinimonas agarilytica gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KMM 6351(T) (=KCTC 22996(T) = LMG 25420(T)).

A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming, aerobic, rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated DPG-28T, was isolated from seawater on the southern coast of Korea. Strain DPG-28T grew optimally at 30 °C and in the presence of 2 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain DPG-28T formed a coherent cluster with members of the genera Marivita and Gaetbulicola , with which it exhibited sequence similarity values of 97.8–98.5 %. The DNA G+C content of strain DPG-28T was 65.1 mol%. The predominant ubiquinone of strain DPG-28T was ubiquinone-10 (Q-10), consistent with data for the genera Marivita and Gaetbulicola . The cellular fatty acid profiles of strain DPG-28T and the type strains of Marivita cryptomonadis , Marivita litorea and Gaetbulicola byunsanensis were essentially similar in that the common predominant fatty acid was C18 : 1ω7c. Major polar lipids found in strain DPG-28T and the type strains of M. cryptomonadis , M. litorea and G. byunsanensis were phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and an unidentified aminolipid. From these data, it is proposed that Gaetbulicola byunsanensis be reclassified as a member of the genus Marivita , for which the name Marivita byunsanensis comb. nov. is proposed, with the type strain SMK-114T ( = CCUG 57612T = KCTC 22632T), and that strain DPG-28T be classified in the genus Marivita . Differential phenotypic properties and genetic distinctiveness of strain DPG-28T demonstrated that this strain is distinguishable from M. cryptomonadis , M. litorea and G. byunsanensis . On the basis of the data presented, strain DPG-28T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Marivita , for which the name Marivita hallyeonensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is DPG-28T ( = KCTC 23421T = CCUG 60522T). An emended description of the genus Marivita is also provided.

This study compared the cognitive conflict on peer instruction concerning the level of difficulty in question, between middle school science gifted students and non-gifted students. For the study, 35 the 7th grade science-gifted students in the organization affiliated with Science Education Institute for the Gifted in Seoul and Gyeong-gi province, and 14 the 8th grade science-gifted students, and 71 the 8th grade students. They performed peer instruction on propagation of straight light and composition of light and then, discussed three concept problems. After discussing the students took paper pencil test about changing levels of cognitive conflict. Regardless of the level of difficulty in question, the science-gifted students showed meaningful decreased figures on cognitive re-evaluation factors after peer-discussion. They trusted their peers, so during discussion, they explained their concepts. Furthermore discussion process enabled them to do reflective thinking. consequently, discord of students dropped, and total figures of cognitive conflict also declined. Science-gifted students have a tendency to worry lower than general students, though they felt anxiety as difficulty of the problems after peer-discussion. Through peer-discussion, science-gifted students presented statically decreased anxiety factors. By means of analyzed results of changing cognitive conflict of science-gifted students, developing and adapting strategies of cognitive conflict considering learner characteristics of science-gifted students is needed.

This study examined relationships between students’ perceptions of the school social environment and student outcomes, using U.S. data from the Program for International Student Assessment 2000 ( OECD, 2000 ). The sample comprised 3748 fifteen-year-old 9th and 10th graders from 147 schools. The two-dimensional approach of parenting typology was here applied to the school environment. The results partially supported the advantage of authoritative schools with high levels of both demandingness (academic press) and responsiveness (the teacher–student relationship). Supportive teacher–student relationships and academic press were significantly related to behavioral and emotional student engagement whereas only the teacher–student relationship was a significant predictor of reading performance. The effects of the teacher–student relationship on student outcomes were not contingent on academic press of the school.

A pink, aerobic, facultatively methylotrophic, motile, Gram-negative rod, designated Gh-105T, was isolated from the phyllosphere of cotton from Coimbatore (Tamilnadu, India). 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed clearly that the isolate belonged to the Methylobacterium cluster. Strain Gh-105T was most closely related to Methylobacterium adhaesivum AR27T (99 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity) and Methylobacterium iners 5317S-33T (97.5 %). The isolate grew with C1 compounds such as methanol and dichloromethane, but not with formaldehyde, formate, methylamine, trimethylamine or methane, as sole carbon sources and carried mxaF, which encodes methanol dehydrogenase and supports methylotrophic metabolism. The major fatty acid was C18 : 1ω7c and the G+C content of the genomic DNA was 64.2 mol%. Physiological and biochemical data and DNA–DNA relatedness with M. adhaesivum KACC 12195T and M. iners KACC 11765T revealed clear phenotypic and genotypic differences. For this reason, we propose that strain Gh-105T ( = CCM 7572T = NRRL B-51692T) represents the type strain of a novel species, with the name Methylobacterium gossipiicola sp. nov.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, motile, rod-shaped bacterial strain, GSW-M6T, was isolated from seawater of Geoje island, Korea, and was subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. Strain GSW-M6T grew optimally at pH 7.0–8.0, at 30 °C and in the presence of 2 % (w/v) NaCl. In the neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, strain GSW-M6T clustered with Thalassobius aestuarii, Thalassobius gelatinovorus and Thalassobius mediterraneus. Strain GSW-M6T exhibited 96.2–96.9 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to the type strains of these three Thalassobius species. Strain GSW-M6T contained Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and C18 : 1ω7c as the major fatty acid. The polar lipid profiles of strain GSW-M6T and the type strains of the three Thalassobius species were similar, with phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and an unidentified lipid as common major components. The DNA G+C content of strain GSW-M6T was 57 mol%. The mean level of DNA–DNA relatedness between strain GSW-M6T and the type strain of Thalassobius gelatinovorus was 17 %. Differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, enabled strain GSW-M6T to be differentiated from recognized species of the genus Thalassobius. On the basis of the data presented, strain GSW-M6T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Thalassobius, for which the name Thalassobius maritimus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is GSW-M6T ( = KCTC 23347T = CCUG 60021T).

The genus Comamonas belonging to the family Comamonadaceae of the class Beta-Proteobacteria was proposed by De Vos et al. (1985) after a polyphasic study. In the genus Comamonas, 13 species have been described at the time of writing, C. aquatica, C. badia, C. denitrifi cans, C. kerstersii, C. koreensis, C. nitrativorans, C. odontotermitis, C. terrigena (type species), C. testosteroni, C. composti, C. zonglianii, C. thiooxidans, and C. granuli (Chang et al., 2002; Chou et al., 2007; De Vos et al.,1985; Etchebehere et al., 2001; Gumaelius et al., 2001; Kim et al., 2008; Narayan et al., 2010; Tago and Yokota, 2004; Tamaoka et al., 1987; Wauters et al., 2003; Young et al., 2008; Yu et al., 2011). Comamonas strains have been isolated from a phenol-activated-sludge process and soils contaminated with heavy metals (Kanazawa and Mori, 1996; Watanabe et al., 1999). During the course of screening of a high arsenic resistant bacteria from arsenic contaminated soils in Thailand, Comamonas strain A3-3T was isolated and reported (Chitpirom et al., 2009). This paper, we propose Comamonas terrae sp. nov. to strain A3-3T. Strain A3-3T, an arsenite oxidizing bacterium was isolated from the arsenic contaminated soil samples (< 5 mg/kg) in central of Thailand by an enrichment culture method using 0.1 g/L sodium arsenite (Chitpirom et al., 2009). The MICs for arsenite and arsenate of the A3-3T isolate were 40 and 400 mM, respectively (Chitpirom et al., 2009). The capability to oxidize arsenite (+III) to arsenate (+V) of A3-3T was tested in situ by X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) analysis. The strain was phenotypically characterized J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol., 58, 245‒251 (2012)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of handicraft activities on hand promptness and grasp in the elderly. Subjects were comprised of 14 senior citizens between the ages of 70-85, with 7 subjects in the experiment group and 7 in the control group. Subjects in the experiment group practiced various handicrafts twice a day, while those in the control group did not participate in any special activity. The Jebsen Taylor Hand Function Test was used to evaluate the results, while a dynamometer and pinch gauge were used to measure hand promptness and grasp. The 7 senior citizens in the experiment group were able to increase their hand promptness and grasping skills. Conclusively, handicrafts can help improve hand promptness and grasp in the elderly. Furthermore, the development and improvement of such skills can have a positive influence on the daily lives of senior citizens. Such skills are expected to improve the overall neuro-function in the elderly population.

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of gait training using functional electrical stimulation on the improvement of hemiplegic patients` functions for balance and gait velocity. The subjects of the experiment were determined to be 10 each hemiplegic patients who had been diagnosed with stroke or brain damage six months or longer earlier assigned to an experimental group and a control group respectively. The subjects were evaluated before the experiment using Tetrax and 10M gait tests, received gait training five times a week for four weeks using functional electrical stimulation and were evaluated after the experiment in the same method as used in the evaluation before the experiment. In order to examine differences between the experimental group that received gait training using functional electrical stimulation and the control group that was treated by functional electrical stimulation and received gait training thereafter, differences between before and after the experiment were analyzed using paired sample t-tests and differences in changes after the experiment between the experimental group and the control group were analyzed using independent sample t-tests in order to compare the two groups with each other. Experimental results showed significant differences in weight bearing, balance and gait velocity between before and after the experiment in the experimental group(p .05), balance showed significant differences(p

Various factors influence children’s tenure in protective care. The current study examined whether the speed of reunification with parents differs by reasons in care and social environment at intake. The effects of age and sex of the child and referral source were also examined. The study sample consists of 155 children aged 0–12 years from 92 families, who presented at Barnardos temporary care services in two metropolitan areas in Australia. Participants continuously entered the study over the 4 year study period from 1 Jan 2003 to 31 Dec 2008, the study window being 18 months since the intake. Drawing on event history analysis models two analyses were conducted: one focusing on the primary reason in care and another focusing on a risk typology based on the North Carolina Family Assessment Scale-Reunification (NCFAS-R). The risk typology developed through latent profile analysis grouped families with similar profiles of social environmental risks together. Children were reunified with their parents rapidly at the beginning until week 13 and the rate became slower but steady until the end of study period. Compared to children with parental health issues, children with parental substance abuse issues had 86% lower rate, children who experienced abuse/neglect had 83% lower rate of return, children from domestic violence situations or other issues had 73% lower rate of reunification with their parents. Compared to children with low risks in their social environment, children with high risks had 73% lower speed of reunification with their parents. The rate of reunification with parents was higher for older children whereas there was no difference on the speed of reunification by child’s sex or the source of referral. The implications for policy, practice, and research are discussed.

A Gram-negative, rod-shaped and non-spore-forming bacterial strain, JM27T, was isolated from a tidal flat of Dongtan Wetland, Chongming Island, China. The strain formed smooth yellow colonies on R2A plates. Growth occurred at 10–37 °C (optimum, 30–37 °C), at pH 6.0–10.0 (optimum, pH 7.0–9.0) and in the presence of 0–1 % NaCl (optimum, 0 %). Catalase test was positive and oxidase test was negative. Ubiquinone 10 (Q10) was the major respiratory quinone. C18 : 1ω7c and C17 : 1ω6c were the most abundant fatty acids. Diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol were the major polar lipids. The DNA G+C content of strain JM27T was 66.4 mol%. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of the isolate showed highest similarity to that of Altererythrobacter marinus H32T (96.4 %). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the strain belonged to the genus Altererythrobacter of the family Erythrobacteraceae of the class Alphaproteobacteria. On the basis of phylogenetic analysis, whole-cell fatty acids, polar lipid compositions, and biochemical and physiological characteristics, strain JM27T is proposed to represent a novel species of the genus Altererythrobacter for which the name Altererythrobacter dongtanensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is JM27T ( = KCTC 22672T = CCTCC AB 209199T).

This study investigated the effects of persistent poverty on children’s development using the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. The results showed that families in the persistently poor group were more likely to come from socially disadvantaged background that included young and unmarried mothers, less educated parents, Indigenous children, and children who speak other languages at home. Children in the persistently poor group showed significantly lower levels of socio-emotional and learning outcomes than children in the never poor group. The findings suggest that persistently poor families may need support to break the cycle of disadvantage. Actions to relieve poverty in early childhood and to reduce the effect of poverty are required to ensure adequate development of children in poverty in their early childhood.

A Gram-staining-positive, coccus-shaped, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic bacterium, designated AC-1T, was isolated from an acidogenic fermentation bioreactor treating food wastewater. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain AC-1T was shown to belong to the genus Vagococcus. The closest phylogenetic relatives were Vagococcus elongatus PPC9T (97.4 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), Vagococcus penaei CD276T (96.7 %) and Vagococcus carniphilus ATCC BAA-640T (96.6 %). The major fatty acids were C18 : 1ω9c (24.8 %) and C16 : 0 (19.5 %) and the G+C content of genomic DNA was 44.2 mol%, which supported the affiliation of strain AC-1T to the genus Vagococcus. Strain AC-1T and V. elongatus DSM 21480T exhibited 11 % DNA–DNA relatedness. Physiological and biochemical tests differentiated strain AC-1T from the type strains of recognized species of the genus Vagococcus. Therefore, strain AC-1T is considered to represent a novel species, for which the name Vagococcus acidifermentans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is AC-1T ( = KCTC 13418T = LMG 24798T).

Two Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterial strains, designated 3B-2T and 10AOT, were isolated from a sand sample collected from the west coast of the Korean peninsula by using low-nutrient media, and their taxonomic positions were investigated in a polyphasic study. The strains did not grow on marine agar. They grew optimally at 30 °C and pH 6.5–7.5. Strains 3B-2T and 10AOT shared 97.5 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity and mean level of DNA–DNA relatedness of 12 %. In phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, strains 3B-2T and 10AOT, together with several uncultured bacterial clones, formed independent lineages within the evolutionary radiation encompassed by the phylum Bacteroidetes. Strains 3B-2T and 10AOT contained MK-7 as the predominant menaquinone and iso-C15 : 0 and C16 : 1ω5c as the major fatty acids. The DNA G+C contents of strains 3B-2T and 10AOT were 42.8 and 44.6 mol%, respectively. Strains 3B-2T and 10AOT exhibited very low levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (Bacteroidetes. On the basis of the data presented, we suggest that strains 3B-2T and 10AOT represent two distinct novel species of a new genus, for which the names Ohtaekwangia koreensis gen. nov., sp. nov. (the type species; type strain 3B-2T = KCTC 23018T = CCUG 58939T) and Ohtaekwangia kribbensis sp. nov. (type strain 10AOT = KCTC 23019T = CCUG 58938T) are proposed.

A facultatively anaerobic, endospore-forming bacterium, designated strain P11-6T, was isolated from soil of a ginseng field located in Geumsan County, Republic of Korea. Cells of strain P11-6T were Gram-stain-negative, catalase-negative, motile rods and produced semi-translucent, circular, white colonies on tryptic soy agar. The isolate contained MK-7 as the only menaquinone and anteiso-C15 : 0 as the major fatty acid. Diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, an unknown aminophosphoglycolipid, an unknown aminophospholipid, two unknown phospholipids, three unknown glycolipids and three unknown lipids were detected in the polar lipid profile. The DNA G+C content of strain P11-6T was 41.9 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that strain P11-6T was most closely related to Fontibacillus aquaticus GPTSA 19T (97.2 % sequence similarity) and that it formed a separate lineage with F. aquaticus in the family Paenibacillaceae. Combined phenotypic and DNA–DNA hybridization data supported the conclusion that strain P11-6T represents a novel species in the genus Fontibacillus, for which the name Fontibacillus panacisegetis sp. nov. is proposed; the type strain is P11-6T (=KCTC 13564T =CECT 7605T).

In this study, physiological changes in a thermotolerant yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae KNU5377 cell exposed to 48-hour alcohol fermentation at were investigated. After 12 hours of alcohol fermentation at , the unsaturated acid of plasma membrane increased to 1.5 times more than the saturated fatty acid, and to about 2 times more for the unsaturated fatty acid. Fermentation at both and fermentation showed the same pattern as that done at . The pH of the alcohol-fermentation medium was reduced to pH 4.1 from a starting pH of 6.0 through the 12-hr fermentation and then maintained this level during the continuing fermentation. With the process of fermentation, the remaining glucose was reduced, but its amount remaining during the -fermentation was less reduced than those fermented at and . In the study investigating the changing pattern of cellular proteins in the alcohol-fermenting cells, the SDS-PAGE and 2-D data indicated the most expressed dot was phosphoglycerate kinase, which is one enzyme involved in glycolysis. Why this enzyme was most expressed in the cells exposed to unfavorable conditions such as high temperature, increasing concentration of produced alcohol and long time exposure to other stress factors remains unsolved.

A xylan-degrading bacterium, strain X11-1T, was isolated from soil collected in Nan province, Thailand. The strain was characterized based on its phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. Strain X11-1T was a Gram-stain-positive, facultatively anaerobic, spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium. It contained meso-diaminopimelic acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan. The major menaquinone was MK-7, anteiso-C15 : 0 (56.6 %) and C16 : 0 (14.0 %) were the predominant cellular fatty acids and diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol were the major phospholipids. The DNA G+C content was 51.6 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis using 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain X11-1T was affiliated to the genus Paenibacillus and was closely related to Paenibacillus naphthalenovorans KACC 11505T and Paenibacillus validus CCM 3894T, with 96.5 % sequence similarity. Therefore, the strain represents a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus xylanisolvens sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is X11-1T (=KCTC 13042T =PCU 311T =TISTR 1829T).

The functional properties of Korean red ginseng (KRG) are known to be dependent upon the extent of heat processing. We demonstrated that repeated heat processing in the preparation of KRG decreased its arginyl-fructosyl-glucose (AFG) content and metal chelating capacity. On the other hand, the total phenolic compound content, in vitro peroxyl radical scavenging ability, and cellular peroxyl and hydroxyl radical scavenging ability increased with repeated heat processing. The peroxyl radical scavenging ability of KRG may be due to the total phenolic compound content. The hydroxyl radical scavenging ability of KRG seems to result mainly from the chelating ability of Amadori compounds such as arginyl-fructose and AFG. The protective ability of KRG against Cu2+-induced oxidative stress in hepatoma HepG2 cells may be due to permeability into the cell membrane rather than antioxidant activity. These results can be used to predict the physiological functions of KRG in in vivo models.

Strain KIT 00200-70066-1T was isolated from the sputum of a patient with pulmonary disease. Cells of the strain were Gram-variable, facultatively anaerobic, motile, spore-forming rods and formed colourless to white colonies on tryptic soy agar at 30 °C and pH 7. The pathogenicity of the strain is not known. The strain contained meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan, MK-7 as the predominant menaquinone, anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0 and C16 : 0 as the major fatty acids and diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and several unknown lipids in the polar lipid profile. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the isolate belongs to the genus Paenibacillus, sharing the highest levels of sequence similarity with Paenibacillus nanensis MX2-3T, Paenibacillus agaridevorans DSM 1355T and Paenibacillus alkaliterrae KSL-134T (95.4, 95.2 and 94.8 %, respectively), and that it occupied a distinct position within this genus. Combined phylogenetic and phenotypic data supported the conclusion that strain KIT 00200-70066-1T represents a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus sputi sp. nov. is proposed; the type strain is KIT 00200-70066-1T (=KCTC 13252T =DSM 22699T).

Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) preserved in syrup, known as ginseng Jung Kwa (GJK), is a popular traditional snack in Korea. We investigated the effects of heat processing time on total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of GJK. Water extract was prepared from GJK with different heat processing times, 3 hours (GJK-3), 6 hours (GJK-6), or 12 hours (GJK-12), with sonication for 2 hours. The GJK extract contained total phenolic content in the following order: GJK-12 (2.28%) > GJK-6 (1.57%) > GJK-3 (1.29%). Both the peroxy and hydroxyl radical-scavenging activity and cellular antioxidant capacity of GJK extract was significantly enhanced with increasing heat processing time. The hydroxyl radicalscavenging activity of GJK-12 extract was greater than that of the GJK-3 and GJK-6 extracts, consistent with metal chelating capacity and reducing capacity. In a cellular model, the GJK extract effectively reduced 2,2’-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride, Cu 2+ -, and H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress, with GJK-12 and GJK-6 extracts demonstrating greater cellular antioxidant capacity than the GJK-3 extract. These results suggest that heat processing time can contribute to the antioxidant capacity of GJK and that GJK extract may have the potential to be used as an effective dietary antioxidant to prevent oxidative stress-related diseases.

A non-motile, rod-shaped and aerobic marine bacterium, designated strain KYW314T, was isolated from seawater collected from the South Sea, Republic of Korea. Cells were Gram-negative, catalase- and oxidase-positive and had proteolytic activity. The major fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0 (17.2 %), C16 : 0 (11.1 %), iso-C17 : 0 (10.5 %) and C18 : 1 ω7c (10.0 %). The DNA G+C content was 56.4 mol%. A phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain KYW314T formed a lineage within the genus Pseudidiomarina (95.4–97.3 % sequence similarity) and a distinct branch within the clade containing Pseudidiomarina taiwanensis PIT1T and Pseudidiomarina sediminum c121T. Phenotypic characteristics could distinguish strain KYW314T from members of the genus Pseudidiomarina. On the basis of the data presented, strain KYW314T represents a novel species, for which the name Pseudidiomarina aestuarii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KYW314T (=KCTC 22740T =JCM 16344T).

An aerobic, yellow-pigmented, facultatively methylotrophic, Gram-staining-negative, non-spore-forming bacterium, designated strain Gm-149T, was isolated from the rhizosphere of cultivated soybean in India. Cells were motile by gliding. The predominant cellular fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, summed feature 3 (comprising iso-C15 : 0 2-OH and/or C16 : 1 ω7c), C16 : 0 3-OH and anteiso-C15 : 0, and the major isoprenoid quinone was MK-6. The G+C content of the genomic DNA of strain Gm-149T was 35.6 mol%. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain Gm-149T formed a distinct phyletic line within the genus Flavobacterium. Based on levels of pairwise 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, strain Gm-149T was related most closely to the type strain of Flavobacterium daejeonense (97.1 %), but the level of DNA–DNA relatedness between these two strains was about 11.2 %. On the basis of phenotypic and genotypic data, strain Gm-149T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Flavobacterium, for which the name Flavobacterium glycines sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Gm-149T (=ICMP 17618T=NBRC 105008T).

A methylotrophic nitrogen-fixing bacterial strain, Ah-143T, isolated from the rhizosphere soil of field-grown groundnut was analysed by a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis combined with rpoB gene sequence analysis allocated strain Ah-143T to the family Enterobacteriaceae, with Enterobacter radicincitans and Enterobacter cowanii as the closest relatives. The strain is Gram-stain-negative, non-spore-forming, aerobic and motile, having straight rod-shaped cells with a DNA G+C content of approximately 53.2 mol%. The strain utilizes methanol as a carbon source and the mxaF gene was closely related to the mxaF gene of members of the genus Methylobacterium. The fatty acid profile consisted of C16 : 0, C17 : 0 cyclo, C18 : 1 ω7c, summed feature 2 (iso-C16 : 1 I and/or C14 : 0 3-OH) and summed feature 3 (iso-C15 : 0 2-OH and/or C16 : 1 ω7c) as the major components. DNA–DNA relatedness of strain Ah-143T with its close relatives was less than 20 %. On the basis of the phylogenetic analyses, DNA–DNA hybridization data, and unique physiological and biochemical characteristics, it is proposed that the strain represents a novel species of the genus Enterobacter and should be named Enterobacter arachidis sp. nov. The type strain is Ah-143T (=NCIMB 14469T =KCTC 22375T).

Microbial studies of soil samples collected at Ochang, Korea led to the isolation of the actinobacterium Streptomyces sp. KCB16C001. Subsequent LC/MS analysis of the culture extract for dereplication purposes enabled the identification of a new metabolite ochangoside (1), whose chemical structure was determined to be 1-( α -L-rhamnosyl)-lumichrome by scale-up purification and structure elucidation procedures based mainly on NMR and MS spectroscopic data. Determination of the stereochemistry of the sugar moiety was achieved by LC/MS analysis of the sugar derivatized with L-cysteine methyl ester and o -tolyl isothiocyanate. Our results represent a rare example of natural lumichrome glycoside with a sugar unit attached at N −1.

A Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, aerobic bacterium, designated Gsoil 001T, was isolated from the soil of a ginseng field in Pocheon province, South Korea. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain Gsoil 001T was shown to belong to the genus Kribbella. The closest phylogenetic relatives were Kribbella koreensis LM 161T (99.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), Kribbella flavida KACC 20248T (98.8 %) and Kribbella alba (98.8%). Lower similarity (98.4–96.9 %) was found with the other recognized species of the genus Kribbella. The major quinone was MK-9(H4), the major fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0 and the major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylinositol. The cell-wall peptidoglycan contained ll-2,6-diaminopimelic acid. These chemotaxonomic data and the high genomic DNA G+C content (66.3 mol%) supported the affiliation of strain Gsoil 001T to the genus Kribbella. The results of physiological and biochemical tests differentiated strain Gsoil 001T genotypically and phenotypically from the Kribbella species with validly published names. Therefore, this isolate represents a novel species, for which the name Kribbella ginsengisoli sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain Gsoil 001T (=KCTC 19134T =DSM 17941T).

Although susceptibility to seed shattering causes severe yield loss during cereal crop harvest, it is an adaptive trait for seed dispersal in wild plants. We previously identified a recessive shattering locus, sh-h, from the rice shattering mutant line Hsh that carries an enhanced abscission layer. Here, we further mapped sh-h to a 34-kb region on chromosome 7 by analyzing 240 F(2) plants and five F(3) lines from the cross between Hsh and Blue&Gundil. Hsh had a point mutation at the 3' splice site of the seventh intron within LOC_Os07g10690, causing a 15-bp deletion of its mRNA as a result of altered splicing. Two transferred DNA (T-DNA) insertion mutants and one point mutant exhibited the enhanced shattering phenotype, confirming that LOC_Os07g10690 is indeed the sh-h gene. RNA interference (RNAi) transgenic lines with suppressed expression of this gene exhibited greater shattering. This gene, which encodes a protein containing a conserved carboxy-terminal domain (CTD) phosphatase domain, was named Oryza sativa CTD phosphatase-like 1 (OsCPL1). Subcellular localization and biochemical analysis revealed that the OsCPL1 protein is a nuclear phosphatase, a common characteristic of metazoan CTD phosphatases involved in cell differentiation. These results demonstrate that OsCPL1 represses differentiation of the abscission layer during panicle development.

We investigated the effects of group music intervention on aggression and self-esteem in children with highly aggressive behavior. Forty-eight children were allocated to either a music intervention group or an untreated control group. The music intervention group received 50 min of music intervention twice weekly for 15 consecutive weeks. The outcome measures were Child Behavior Checklist Aggression Problems Scale (Parents), Child Aggression Assessment Inventory (Teachers) and Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale. After 15 weeks, the music intervention group showed significant reduction of aggression and improvement of self-esteem compared with the control group. All outcome measures were significantly lower in the music intervention group than prior to treatment, while there was no change in the control group. These findings suggest that music can reduce aggressive behavior and improve self-esteem in children with highly aggressive behavior. Music intervention is an easily accessible therapy for children and as such may be an effective intervention for aggressive behavior. Further more, objective and replicable measures are required from a randomized controlled trial with a larger sample size and active comparable control.

Seed germination is the important stage to ex-press many genes for regulation of energy metabolism, starch degradation and cell division from seed dormancy state. For the functional analysis of seed germination mech-anisms, we were analyzed the rice cDNA clones ( Oryza sativa cultivar Ilpum ) obtained from seed imbibition during 48 hours. Total number of 18,101 Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) were clustered using SeqMan program. Among them, 8,836 clones were identified as unique clones. We identified the chitinase gene specifically expressed in seed germination and amylase gene involved to starch degradation from the full length cDNA analysis, and several genes were registered to NCBI GeneBank. To analyzed the commonly expressed genes between inmature seed and germinated seed, 25,668 inmature ESTs and 18,101 germinated ESTs were clustered using SeqMan program and identified 2,514 clones as com-monly expressed unigene. Among them, alpha-glubulin and alcohol dehydrogenase I were supposed to LEA genes only expressed in the immature and germinated seed stages.For the clustering of orthologous group genes, we further analyzed the 8,836 EST clones from germinating seeds using NCBI clusters of orthologous groups database. Among the clones, 5,076 clones were categorized into information storage and processing, cellular processes and signaling, metabolism and poorly characterized genes, proportioning 783 (14.29%), 1,484 (27%), 1,363 (24.8%) and 1,869 (34%) clones to the previous four categories, respectively.

A Gram-negative, motile and rod-shaped bacterial strain, BIO-TAS2-2(T), of the class Alphaproteobacteria, was isolated from a soil in Korea and studied using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Strain BIO-TAS2-2(T) grew optimally at pH 7.5-8.5 and 30 degrees C and in the presence of 0-1.0 % (w/v) NaCl. A neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain BIO-TAS2-2(T) fell within the clade comprising species of the genus Brevundimonas, forming a coherent cluster with Brevundimonas terrae KSL-145(T) and Brevundimonas diminuta LMG 2089(T). It exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 96.0-98.7 % to members of the genus Brevundimonas and Mycoplana bullata IAM 13153(T). Strain BIO-TAS2-2(T) contained Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and cyclo-C(18 : 1)omega7c and C(16 : 0) as the major fatty acids. The DNA G+C content was 67.0 mol%. Strain BIO-TAS2-2(T) exhibited DNA-DNA relatedness levels of 12-19 % with the type strains of phylogenetically related Brevundimonas species and M. bullata. The novel strain could be differentiated from Brevundimonas species and M. bullata by differences in phenotypic characteristics. On the basis of phenotypic, phylogenetic and genetic data, strain BIO-TAS2-2(T) is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Brevundimonas, for which the name Brevundimonas naejangsanensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is BIO-TAS2-2(T) (=KCTC 22631(T)=CCUG 57609(T)). In this study, it is also proposed that Mycoplana bullata be transferred to the genus Brevundimonas as Brevundimonas bullata comb. nov. (type strain TK0051(T)=ATCC 4278(T)=DSM 7126(T)=JCM 20846(T)=LMG 17157(T)).

A Gram-positive, rod-shaped, strictly aerobic, spore-forming, moderately halophilic bacterium, designated strain SSK2-2T, was isolated from fermented shrimp paste (ka-pi) produced in Thailand. It contained MK-7 as the predominant menaquinone and meso-diaminopimelic acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan. The isolate grew at 8-43 degrees C, pH 6-9 and in 0.5-24% (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 6-14% NaCl). The major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C15:0 and anteiso-C17:0. Phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol were the major polar lipid components. The DNA G+C content was 39.7 mol%. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses showed that strain SSK2-2T was most closely related to Oceanobacillus picturae KCTC 3821T with 98.7% sequence similarity. Based on phenotypic and molecular features combined with DNA-DNA hybridization results (or=24.9% with O. picturae KCTC 3821T), this strain represents a novel species of the genus Oceanobacillus for which the name Oceanobacillus kapialis sp. nov. is proposed; the type strain is SSK2-2T (=KCTC 13177T=PCU 300T=TISTR 1858T).

A phenol-degrading actinomycete, strain NP8-5T, was isolated from a polluted stream in Gumi, Korea. The strain was aerobic, Gram-positive-staining, non-motile and non-spore-forming, displayed a rod–coccus growth cycle, exhibited white opaque colonies on complex media and showed chemotaxonomic markers that were consistent with its classification in the genus Gordonia. Phylogenetic analysis, based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing, also showed that strain NP8-5T belonged to the genus Gordonia, sharing the highest levels of sequence similarity with Gordonia araii IFM 10211T, G. hydrophobica DSM 44015T and G. sinesedis NCIMB 13802T (96.4, 96.0 and 95.9 %, respectively) and forming a separate lineage within this genus. Combined phylogenetic and phenotypic data supported the conclusion that strain NP8-5T represents a novel species of the genus Gordonia, for which the name Gordonia kroppenstedtii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NP8-5T (=KCTC 19360T =DSM 45133T).

Rice (Oryza sativa) is the most important staple crop in Korea. With its small genome size of 389Mb, rice is a model plant for genome research. We analyzed expressed sequence tag (EST) clones from immature seeds of rice (cv. Ilpum) at 20 days after heading. The 25,668 EST clones were clustered by using SeqMan program and 7,509 clones were selected as unique clones. We compared the 7,509 unique genes with KOME database including the 32,127 FL-cDNA in rice. Finally, 4,990 clones were homologous and 2,519 clones non-homologous to FL-cDNA clones. In addition, we mapped the 7,509 cDNA clones by using TIGR rice pseudomolecule version 5. Ultimately, 7,347 clones were matched to be significant clones related to the TIGR rice pseudomolecules, but 162 clones were unmapped. For the clustering of orthologous group genes, we further analyzed the 7,509 EST clones from immature seeds using NCBI clusters of orthologous groups database. Among the clones, 4,968 clones were categorized into information storage and processing, cellular processes and signaling, metabolism and poorly characterized genes, proportioning 799 (14.89%), 1,536 (28.3%), 1,148 (21.2%) and 1,936 (35.7%) clones to the previous four categories, respectively.

Fluorescent indicators of Na+ are valuable tools for nondestructive monitoring of its spatial and temporal distribution in plants. We tested whether CoroNa Green fluorescent dye, a newly developed sodium indicator, is suitable for measuring relative concentrations in planta. To determine the ideal conditions for its use, we incubated NaCl-pretreated Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings with different concentrations of CoroNa Green and visualized fluorescence in each organ with a fluorescein isothiocyanate filter. When 50 μM of dye was applied, fluorescence was distributed more uniformly and intensely in the root tips than in other tissues. Under those conditions, fluorescence gradually increased in the root tips when Na+ was bound to CoroNa Green for concentrations up to 100 mM NaCl. Confocal fluorescence microscopy revealed that when Arabidopsis seedlings were incubated with the same concentration of NaCl, the sos1 mutant had much stronger fluorescence than the wild type. This report is the first to describe the properties of CoroNa Green for measuring Na+ content in intact plants and demonstrates the usefulness of this technique for investigating the mechanism of Na+ homeostasis.

Two novel aerobic, dark-orange-pigmented, Gram-negative bacterial strains, designated KMM 3531(T) and KMM 3953, were isolated from the green alga Ulva fenestrata. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the strains represented a novel lineage within the family Flavobacteriaceae. The most closely related genera with validly published names were Costertonia, Flagellimonas, Kriegella, Maribacter, Muricauda and Zobellia, with 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of 93.3-91.8 %. Cells of strains KMM 3531(T) and KMM 3953 were rod-shaped, motile by gliding and grew at temperatures up to 49 degrees C. They produced acid from carbohydrates and possessed oxidase, catalase, beta-galactosidase and agarase activities. The predominant cellular fatty acids were iso-C(15 : 0,) iso-C(17 : 0) 3-OH, iso-C(15 : 1) G, summed feature 3 (comprising C(16 : 1)omega7c and/or iso-capital ES, Cyrillic(15 : 0) 2-OH), iso-C(17 : 1)omega9c and iso-C(15 : 0) 3-OH. The DNA G+C content was 47-49 mol%. On the basis of phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, strains KMM 3531(T) and KMM 3953 represent a novel genus and species, for which the name Pseudozobellia thermophila gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KMM 3531(T) (=DSM 19858(T)=JCM 11733(T)=KCTC 22016(T)).

Two strains of xylanase-producing bacteria, S3-4A(T) and MX2-3(T), isolated from soils in Thailand, were characterized on the basis of their phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, DNA-DNA relatedness and 16S rRNA gene sequences. The novel strains were Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, spore-forming, rod-shaped bacteria. They contained meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan. The DNA G+C contents of strains S3-4A(T) and MX2-3(T) were 52.7 and 52.9 mol%, respectively. The major isoprenoid quinone was MK-7. The dominant cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C(15 : 0) and iso-C(16 : 0). Phylogenetic analyses using 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that both novel strains were affiliated to the genus Paenibacillus. Strains S3-4A(T) and MX2-3(T) were closely related to Paenibacillus agaridevorans DSM 1355(T) with 97 % and 97.3 % gene sequence similarities, respectively. The DNA-DNA relatedness between strains S3-4A(T), MX2-3(T) and P. agaridevorans DSM 1355(T) was low (6.0-30.3 %). The novel strains could be clearly distinguished from P. agaridevorans DSM 1355(T) by physiological and biochemical characteristics. Therefore, these two strains represent novel species of the genus Paenibacillus, for which the names Paenibacillus thailandensis sp. nov. (type strain S3-4A(T)=KCTC 13043(T)=PCU 275(T)=TISTR 1827(T)) and Paenibacillus nanensis sp. nov. (type strain MX2-3(T)=KCTC 13044(T)=PCU 276(T)=TISTR 1828(T)) are proposed.

Three strains of xylanase-producing bacteria, S5-3(T), X13-1(T) and MXC2-2(T), isolated from soils in Thailand, were characterized taxonomically based on their phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics and 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons. They were Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, spore-forming, rod-shaped bacteria. They contained meso-diaminopimelic acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan. The DNA G+C contents were respectively 45.8, 47.3 and 48.8 mol%. The predominant isoprenoid quinone was MK-7, and anteiso-C(15 : 0) and C(16 : 0) were the dominant cellular fatty acids. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison showed that they were affiliated to the genus Paenibacillus. Strains S5-3(T), X13-1(T) and MXC2-2(T) were closely related to Paenibacillus granivorans A30(T) and Paenibacillus agaridevorans DSM 1355(T) (94.7-98.6 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity). The similarity between the three novel strains ranged from 96.3 to 98.4 %. DNA-DNA relatedness, DNA G+C contents and some phenotypic characteristics could clearly distinguish the strains from each other and from related Paenibacillus species. Therefore, strains S5-3(T), X13-1(T) and MXC2-2(T) represent novel species of the genus Paenibacillus, for which the names Paenibacillus siamensis sp. nov. (type strain S5-3(T) =KCTC 13038(T) =PCU 279(T) =TISTR 1831(T)), Paenibacillus septentrionalis sp. nov. (type strain X13-1(T) =KCTC 13039(T) =PCU 280(T) =TISTR 1830(T)) and Paenibacillus montaniterrae sp. nov. (type strain MXC2-2(T) =KCTC 13036(T) =PCU 281(T) =TISTR 1836(T)) are proposed.

The taxonomic position of a Gram-positive coccus, designated strain CAU 28T, isolated from activated sludge foam was determined by using a polyphasic approach. Based on its cellular morphology and the results of biochemical tests, strain CAU 28T was identified tentatively as a member of the genus Lactococcus. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that levels of similarity between strain CAU 28T and the type strains of recognized Lactococcus species ranged from 90.4 to 97.2 %. DNA-DNA hybridization studies showed that strain CAU 28T displayed less than 26.1 % relatedness to the type strains of recognized Lactococcus species. The rep-PCR fingerprints revealed that strain CAU 28T was well separated from reference Lactococcus species. The combined genotypic and phenotypic data indicate that strain CAU 28T represents a novel species of the genus Lactococcus, for which the name Lactococcus chungangensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CAU 28T (=KCTC 13185T =CCUG 55099T).

A Gram-positive and catalase-negative coccus that formed chains, designated strain FP48-3(T), isolated from fermented sausage ('mum'), was studied systematically. Strain FP48-3(T) was facultatively anaerobic and produced l-lactic acid from glucose. Straight-chain fatty acids C(18 : 1) and C(16 : 0) were the dominant components. The DNA G+C content of strain FP48-3(T) was 37.9 mol%. On the basis of 16S rRNA and RNA polymerase alpha-subunit (rpoA) gene sequence analysis, strain FP48-3(T) was closely related to Enterococcus hirae LMG 6399(T), Enterococcus durans LMG 10746(T) and Enterococcus faecium LMG 11423(T), with 99.3-99.6 and 95.1-96.9 % sequence similarities, respectively. Strain FP48-3(T) could be clearly distinguished from E. hirae LMG 6399(T), E. durans LMG 10746(T) and E. faecium LMG 11423(T) by low DNA-DNA relatedness (< or =14 %) and phenotypic characteristics. Therefore, this strain represents a novel species of the genus Enterococcus, for which the name Enterococcus thailandicus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is FP48-3(T) (=KCTC 13134(T)=NBRC 101867(T)=NRIC 0107(T)=TISTR 933(T)=PCU 282(T)).

Strains 10-46(T) and 10-106 were isolated from a water reservoir in Korea. They were Gram-negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming rods, produced yellow-pigmented colonies on nutrient agar, contained MK-6 as the predominant menaquinone and 15 : 0 iso and 17 : 0 iso 3-OH as the major fatty acids and had polar lipid profiles consisting of phosphatidylethanolamine and several unknown aminolipids. Phylogenetic analysis, based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing, showed that the strains were closely related to Chryseobacterium indoltheticum ATCC 27950(T), Chryseobacterium scophthalmum LMG 13028(T) and Chryseobacterium soldanellicola KCTC 12382(T) (96.9, 96.8 and 96.7 % sequence similarity, respectively) and formed a separate lineage within the genus Chryseobacterium. The combined genotypic and phenotypic data supported the conclusion that the strains represent a novel species of the genus Chryseobacterium, for which the name Chryseobacterium aquaticum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 10-46(T) (=KCTC 12483(T) =CECT 7302(T)).

A Gram-negative, motile, rod-shaped bacterial strain, KSL-125(T), was isolated from an alkaline soil from Kwangchun, Korea, and its taxonomic position was investigated in a polyphasic study. Strain KSL-125(T) grew optimally at 30 degrees C, at pH 7.5-8.0 and in the presence of 0.5% (w/v) NaCl. A neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain KSL-125(T) joins the cluster comprising the two Sphingosinicella species at a bootstrap resampling value of 100%. The values for similarity between the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain KSL-125(T) and those of the type strains of the two Sphingosinicella species were 98.9-99.0%. Strain KSL-125(T) contained Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and C(17:1)omega6c, C(16:1)omega7c and/or iso-C(15:0) 2-OH and C(18:1)omega7c as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids were sphingoglycolipid, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine and an unidentified phospholipid. The DNA G+C content was 65.1 mol%. Strain KSL-125(T) was distinguishable from the two recognized Sphingosinicella species on the basis of differential phenotypic properties, DNA-DNA relatedness data and repetitive-sequence-based PCR genomic fingerprinting patterns. The phenotypic, phylogenetic and genetic data showed that strain KSL-125(T) represents a novel species of the genus Sphingosinicella, for which the name Sphingosinicella soli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KSL-125(T) (=KCTC 12482(T) =DSM 17328(T)).

For low-income families, homeownership represents an important strategy for promoting long-term social and economic development. Individual Development Account (IDA) programs facilitate saving toward assets such as a home through matching, financial education, and case management. Using longitudinal experimental data from the American Dream Demonstration, this study examines the impact of IDA participation on homeownership rates and on clearing old debts. Low-income participants were interviewed after 18 months (Wave 2) and after program completion at 48 months (Wave 3). Logistic regression results indicate that among those who were renters at baseline, IDA participation significantly increases the clearing of old debts at Wave 2 and homeownership rates at Wave 3. IDA participants with cleared debt activity had the highest probability of becoming homeowners at Wave 3 (32 percent), while those who were not IDA participants and did not have such activity had only a 9.6 percent probability.

A Gram-negative, rod-shaped, Brevundimonas-like bacterial strain, DS-18T, was isolated from soil in Dokdo, Korea, and its exact taxonomic position was investigated by using a polyphasic approach. Strain DS-18T grew optimally at pH 6.5–7.0 and 25 °C without NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain DS-18T belonged to the genus Brevundimonas. Strain DS-18T contained Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and C18 : 1 ω7c and C16 : 0 as the major fatty acids. The DNA G+C content was 68.7 mol%. Strain DS-18T exhibited levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 96.3–98.7 % to the type strains of Brevundimonas species and Mycoplana bullata. Mean DNA–DNA relatedness values between strain DS-18T and the type strains of phylogenetically related Brevundimonas species and M. bullata were in the range 15–32 %. Strain DS-18T differed from Brevundimonas species and M. bullata in several phenotypic characteristics. On the basis of phenotypic, phylogenetic and genetic data, strain DS-18T represents a novel species of the genus Brevundimonas, for which the name Brevundimonas lenta sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is DS-18T (=KCTC 12871T =JCM 14602T).

A Gram-positive and catalase-negative coccus that formed chains, strain FP15-1T, isolated from fermented tea leaves (‘miang’), was studied systematically. The strain was facultatively anaerobic and producedl-lactic acid from glucose. Demethylmenaquinone (DMK-7) was the major menaquinone. Straight-chain unsaturated fatty acids C16 : 1and C18 : 1were the dominant components. The DNA G+C content was 37.8 mol%. On the basis of 16S rRNA and RNA polymeraseαsubunit (rpoA) gene sequence analysis, strain FP15-1Twas closely related toEnterococcus italicusKCTC 5373T, with 99.2 and 93.8 % similarity, respectively. The strain could be clearly distinguished fromE. italicusATCC 5373Tby low DNA–DNA relatedness (≤33.8 %) and phenotypic characteristics. Therefore, this strain represent a novel species of the genusEnterococcus, for which the nameEnterococcus camelliaesp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is FP15-1T(=KCTC 13133T=NBRC 101868T=NRIC 0105T=TISTR 932T=PCU 277T).

A Gram-negative, rod-shaped, Flavobacterium-like bacterial strain, DS-20T, was isolated from soil from the island of Dokdo, Korea, and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. Strain DS-20T grew optimally at pH 6.5–7.0 and 25 °C. It contained MK-6 as the predominant menaquinone and iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and iso-C17 : 1 ω9c as the major fatty acids. The DNA G+C content was 38.2 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain DS-20T belonged to the genus Flavobacterium. Levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between strain DS-20T and the type strains of recognized Flavobacterium species were below 94.9 %. Strain DS-20T differed from phylogenetically related Flavobacterium species in several phenotypic characteristics. On the basis of its phenotypic and phylogenetic distinctiveness, strain DS-20T was classified in the genus Flavobacterium as representing a novel species, for which the name Flavobacterium terrigena sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is DS-20T (=KCTC 12761T=DSM 17934T).

Five hundred four fecal specimens, collected between 2004 and 2006 from young children with acute diarrhea, were screened for rotavirus by ELISA with VP6-specific antibody. Of these samples, 394 (78.2%) were confirmed as group A rotavirus and they underwent G- and P typing using a combination of ELISA, RT-PCR, and sequence analysis methods. The dominant circulating G serotype was G1 (35.6%) followed by G3 (26.4%), G4 (14.7%), and G2 (11.9%). There was a low prevalence of G9 (1.0%) and of unusual G type rotavirus, in particular, G12 (0.5%) and G8 (0.3%). Of the P genotype rotavirus in circulation, P[8] (53.0%) was most common followed by P[6] (15.5%), P[4] (15.2%), and P[9] (2.3%). Determination of G- and P type combinations revealed that G1P[8] strains were most prevalent (25.4%), amid G3P[8] (16.8%), G2P[4] (6.3%), and G4P[6] (6.1%) strains. Unusual or rare combinations such as G2P[6], G2P[8], G3P[4], G2P[9], G1P[9], G3P[9], G12P[6], G1P[4], G3P[6], and G8P[8] were also found. Owing to the recent emergence of G8 and G12 rotavirus, the findings from this study are important since they provide new information concerning the local and global spread of rotavirus genotypes.