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Developing multifunctional electronic fabrics with sensing capabilities, electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, and Joule heating performance holds great significance for health monitoring and medical protection. However, most fabrics struggle to combine multiple functions and optimize them simultaneously. For example, achieving both high sensitivity and a wide detection range in sensing devices remains a challenge. In this paper, we present a multidimensional composite structure comprising MXene Ti3C2Tx nano lamellar, self-assembled lotus leaf-like MXene/EGaIn and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) assembled on the surface of thermoplastic polyurethane to create a multifunctional MXene EGaIn/MXene CNT fabric (MEMC fabric). The multidimensional materials form a stable conductive network under tension. As a strain sensor, the MEMC fabric exhibits a large sensing range (0–360%) and ultra-high sensitivity (GF ∼ 114,700), making it suitable for artificial eardrum research. Additionally, MEMC demonstrates excellent EMI shielding effect (∼73 dB) and maintains good EMI shielding performance under tensile conditions. The fabric also showcases outstanding Joule heating performance (low voltage drive ∼2 V, fast heating time ∼13 s, and high heating stability ∼4000 s). This paper also demonstrates the multifunctional combination of MEMC fabrics, achieving simultaneous sensing, EMI shielding, and Joule heating functions under stretching. This work offers a forward-looking approach for constructing multifunctional composite fabrics, and the resulting MEMC composite materials hold potential applications in portable electronic devices and defense industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traffic accidents caused by road icing are a serious global problem, and conventional de-icing methods like spraying chemicals have several limitations, including excessive manpower management, road damage, and environmental pollution. In this study, the carbon nanotubes reinforced de-icing coating for the road system with a self-heating function was developed as part of the development of a new system to prevent accidents caused by road icing. The electrical characteristics of the fabricated coating were analyzed, and the carbon nanotube coating heating performance experiment was conducted to measure the temperature increments by applying a voltage to the coating at a sub-zero temperature using an environmental chamber. In addition, the coating was installed on the road pavement and the applicability was investigated through a heating test in winter. As a result of the experiment, the coating made with the higher carbon nanotube concentration presented higher heating owing to its higher electrical conductivity. In addition, the coating showed sufficient heating performance, although the maximum temperature by Joule heating decreased for the entire coating at sub-zero temperatures. Finally, field tests demonstrated the potential of electrically conductive coatings for de-icing applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses two-dimensional heat flow of an incompressible non-Newtonian hydromagnetic fluid over a power-law stretching curved sheet. The energy equation of the flow problem considers a radiative flux influenced by viscous dissipation and surface frictional heating. Lorentz force and Joule heating are taken in the consequence of applied variable magnetic field satisfying solenoidal nature of magnetism. The governing equations are reduced to boundary-layer regime using dimensionless quantities and the resulting PDEs are converted into ODEs by suitable similarity variables. The flow fields; velocity and temperature are computed numerically by implementing Keller-Box shooting method with Jacobi iterative technique. Error analysis is calculated to ensure solutions' convergence. Interesting flow parameters are examined and plotted graphically. Results show that velocity is increased for large number of fluid rheology and opposite effects are recorded for increasing curvature, Lorentz force, and stretching power. Flow past a flat and curved surfaces are substantial in validation of this present work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The total amount of existing solar energy on earth is more than the World's current and estimated energy requirements. The radiative heat from the sun is capable of producing electricity. This study deals with hydrogen energy storage by growing the heat transmission enactment of PTSC (Parabolic Trough Solar Collector) in the presence of thermic heat, resistive heat, buoyancy, magnetic field, and uneven heat sink/source. The Oldroyd-B and Maxwell fluids are the shear-thinning fluids with rheological differences. This study investigates the best heat transfer performer among these two, which helps to enhance the heat transfer in PTSC. A mathematical model was established and resolved numerically to examine this. The study outcomes are deliberated with the assistance of pictorial and numerical evaluations. Thermal radiation with Oldroyd-B fluid combination helps to enhance the heat transmission rate of PTSC to another level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The influence of hybrid nanoparticles (Ag-Al 2 O 3 /H 2 O) flow patterns are examined. • Combined effects of porous medium, Riga surface, thermal radiation, Joule heating, MHD and chemical reaction is examined. • LMB algorithm is used to examine the hybrid nanofluid's performance, regression, error histograms, and fit plots. • Shooting technique using BVP5C is applied to solve the governing equations. The aim of present study is to examine the augmentation of thermal energy transfer in hybrid nanofluid flow caused by a rotating Riga disk in the presence of thermal radiation and chemical reaction. The silver and aluminium oxide nanoparticles are used to examine the thermal effect of water base fluid. The Darcy-Forchheimer model is considered to endorse the inertial and porous media effects and makes the model more realistic from the physical scenario. Levenberg-Marquardt backpropagation algorithm is considered to analyze the hybrid nanofluid's properties. Using scaling group transformations, the governing partial differential equations are transformed into a system of ordinary differential equations. Resulting ordinary differential equations are solved numerically by applying a suitable shooting technique by MATLAB. The results obtained for the governing differential equations have been incorporated into a dataset on which the neural network has been trained. The effects of physical parameters have been analyzed for velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles. The determination, designing, convergence, verification, and stability of the Levenberg-Marquardt backpropagation neural network algorithm are validated on the assessment of achieved accuracy through performance, fit, regression, and error histogram plots for the discussed hybrid nanofluid. It is observed that fluid velocity reduces for enhanced Darcy-Forchheimer number, magnetic parameters and boosted for enhanced modified Hartmann number. Temperature profile increases by increasing the Brownian motion and thermophoresis parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lubrication theory has attained attention lately due to its practical applications, such as the formation of thin films, adhesives, and lubrication of components of machines. Jeffrey's nanofluid flow over the stagnation region past a power-law lubricated surface is presented in this study. Buongiorno's model is employed to scrutinize the effects of thermophoresis and Brownian motion phenomena with constant wall and prescribed surface temperature (PST) and effects of heat source/sink, chemical reaction, and Joule heating. Due to the continuity of shear stress of fluid-lubricant and velocity at the interface, interfacial conditions are generated. By similarity conversions, ordinary differential equations are obtained and their solutions are computed numerically. For power-law index equaling 1 2 , local similarity solutions are calculated by adopting a finite difference scheme, viz. bvp4c in MATLAB. The energy profiles for constant and prescribed temperatures are monitored. The effects of pertinent parameters on the flow, thermal, and mass distributions are scrutinized and illustrated in graphs. Flow field decreases significantly by raising slip parameter as the aptitude of power-law lubricant to improve the velocity of the bulk fluid. The numerical comparison of wall stress and Nusselt number is also presented. The slip and Jeffrey's material parameters raise the numerical outcomes of the wall shear stress. In addition, increment in Prandtl number enhances the numerical value of the Nusselt number; however, it reduces for relaxation-to-retardation times ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of dry reforming of methane (DRM) can allow the conversion of methane and carbon dioxide, the two main greenhouse gases (GHG), into syngas which can be either used as feedstock for chemicals production or it can undergo through separation step for H 2 recovery. However, the heat required for the reaction is obtained by combustion of fossil fuels, so CO 2 footprint of the process is significant. Another problematic aspect of the process concerns the heat transfer to the catalytic volume: for allowing the catalytic bed to reach and maintain the reaction temperature, the heating medium outside the tubes containing the catalyst must have a temperature higher than 1000 °C. A process intensification could be performed by combining two innovative technologies: (i) the use of electrification for the energy supply (microwave heating and direct electrification) and (ii) the adoption of structured catalysts with high thermal conductivity. This work proposed the study of electrified DRM process using two Ni-based structured catalysts prepared starting by different carriers, a Silicon carbide (SiC) honeycomb monolith and a Si–SiC open-cell foam. The electrification of the DRM process has been realized by using either microwave heating or electrification through Joule (or ohmic) heating, and the experimental tests have been performed at different space velocity values. The configuration of the carriers has been carefully chosen in order to enhance the heat and mass transport phenomena, allowing to assure a flat temperature profile along the entire catalytic bed. The results have shown that the SiC monolith is more suitable than the Si–SiC foam for a microwave-assisted catalytic test. In fact, the higher fraction of void in the foam determines a lower heat absorption, and a consequently higher energy consumption (8.29 kWh/Nm3 H 2 and 4.2 kWh/Nm3 H 2 , for the foam and the monolith respectively). Moreover, the monolith-based catalyst approached the thermodynamic equilibrium values in terms of CH 4 conversion in all the investigated temperature range, while in the same tests the foam-based catalyst reached these values only at the higher temperatures. Conversely, the foam-based catalyst has shown the best performance in the electrification tests through Joule heating: the CH 4 conversion approached the equilibrium values in the investigated temperature range and, more important, the energy consumption value was of 2.6 kWh/Nm3 H 2 , very close to the theoretical one (1.90 kWh/Nm3 H 2) and equal to about ¼ of that obtained with microwaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During this study, the resistivity of electrically conductive structures 3D-printed via fused filament fabrication (FFF) was investigated. Electrical resistivity characterisation was performed on various structural levels of the whole 3D-printed body, starting from the single traxel (3D-printed single track element), continuing with monolayer and multilayer formation, finalising with hybrid structures of a basic nonconductive polymer and an electrically conductive one. Two commercial conductive materials were studied: Proto-Pasta and Koltron G1. It was determined that the geometry and resistivity of a single traxel influenced the resistivity of all subsequent structural elements of the printed body and affected its electrical anisotropy. In addition, the results showed that thermal postprocessing (annealing) affected the resistivity of a standalone extruded fibre (extruded filament through a printer nozzle in freefall) and traxel. The effect of Joule heating and piezoresistive properties of hybrid structures with imprinted conductive elements made from Koltron G1 were investigated. Results revealed good thermal stability within 70 °C and considerable piezoresistive response with a gauge factor of 15–25 at both low 0.1% and medium 1.5% elongations, indicating the potential of such structures for use as a heat element and strain gauge sensor in applications involving stiff materials and low elongations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract These days, thermal power and industrial processing rely heavily on solar energy. This study examines the heat dispersion in Casson nanofluid flow across an expanding cylinder by considering nano aggregate kinematics. Ethylene glycol-Cu nanofluid is deemed to boost the heat transfer competence of parabolic trough collector (PTSC). A stable magnetic field is used in the radial direction in the appearance of asymmetrical heat source/sink, radiative, and Joule heats. A mathematical model was developed and resolved using the Keller-box approach. Results are deliberated through pictorial and numerical evaluations for aggregation and non-aggregation cases. The improvement of the thermal field caused by nanoparticle aggregation is proven. It is also found that the surface drag and thermal transfer rate can be controlled by increasing the Darcy parameter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Entropy generation is a measure of the irreversibility and inefficiency in a thermodynamic process. Minimizing entropy generation is desirable as it indicates a more efficient and optimized system. The present study focuses on flow dynamics and entropy minimization analysis in the MHD Maxwell nanofluid flow over the elastic surface with transpiration effects at the surface boundary. Furthermore, effects of important quantities such as magnetic field, electrical conductivity, joule heating, viscous dissipation, and heat source/sink are also considered. Two different types of nanofluids copper oxide-water ( CuO − H 2 O ) and iron oxide-water ( F e 3 O 4 − H 2 O ) are used, whereas the volume fraction of both nanofluids and base fluid are same. Similarity solutions are achieved by using similarity variables to transform the governing PDE’s systems into dimensionless ODE’s systems. The MATLAB algorithm bvp4c is used to perform numerical computations of nonlinear systems. Significant results of different parameters, such as volume fraction of nanoparticles, Eckert number, and magnetic parameter on entropy analysis, Bejan number, and velocity/temperature are comprehensively presented and discussed through graphs. It is realized that entropy minimization is possible for smaller values of nanoparticles volume fraction and Eckert number. The current analysis and data has significant uses in reducing energy losses in petroleum and chemical engineering systems such as production enhancement, thermal energy storage, energy efficient cooling systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulose-based electrothermal heaters combine a cellulose substrate with a heat generator to transform electrical energy into heat via the Joule effect and offer the benefits of biodegradability, flexibility, low cost, and excellent mechanical properties. Considering the ever-increasing demand for sustainable materials, clean energy, and comfortable heating, cellulose-based electrothermal heaters are considered promising solutions. This review discusses the latest developments in different types of cellulose-based multifunctional electrothermal heaters, methods of fabrication (dip coating, vacuum filtration, spray coating, screen printing, stamping, drawing, wet spinning, freeze-drying, hot-press, and solution casting), and the characterization techniques used to evaluate their multifunctional aspects such as electromagnetic interference shielding, durability, and hydrophobicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lightweight carbonized wood has a hierarchically 3D porous framework and orthotropic channels along the growth direction, which demonstrate great potential for multifunctional electronic materials. Herein, carbonized wood with outstanding electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness (SE), high thermal conductivity, and excellent Joule heating property is fabricated. It also exhibits a highly anisotropic EMI shielding performance in the cross‐ and tangential‐sections. In the tangential‐section, the shielding performance of carbonized wood is tuned by monitoring the angle between the wood grain and the electric field vibration direction of the electromagnetic waves, and the SE value ranges from 29 to 77 dB when the angle changes from 90° to 0°. Benefiting from the high SE obtained from structural optimization and the low density, carbonized balsa wood displays a high SSE (the ratio of SE to density) and SSE/t (the ratio of SSE to thickness) of 1069 dB cm3 g−1 and 3263 dB cm2 g−1, respectively. The thermal conductivity of carbonized wood is also angle‐dependent, which ranges from 0.865 to 1.897 W m−1 K−1. With the improvement in thermal conductivity, carbonized wood can be used as a heat sink material. Meanwhile, excellent Joule heating properties are achieved due to the effective conductive pathway in carbonized wood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this particular study, we have considered the flow of Casson fluid over inclined flat and cylindrical surfaces, and have conducted a numerical analysis taking into account various physical factors such as mixed convection, stagnation point flow, MHD, thermal radiation, viscous dissipation, heat generation, Joule heating effect, variable thermal conductivity and chemical reaction. Flow over flat plate phenomena is observed aerospace industry, and airflowover solar panels, etc. Cylindrical surfaces are commonly used in several applications interactingwith fluids, such as bridges, cables, and buildings, so the study of fluid flow over cylindrical surfaces is more important. Due to the motivation of these applications, in this paper, a comparative study of fluid flow over these two surfaces is considered. By applying appropriate similarity transformations, the governing PDEs of the problem have been transformed into non-linear ODEs, which are solved by utilizing the Keller box technique. We have examined the impact of distinct parameters by plotting velocity and thermal concentration graphs. All the profiles are plotted in both cases of cylindrical and inclined flat surface. It has been observed that for higher Casson and Magnetic parameter values, a decreasing velocity profile is noted for progressive values of the Eckert Number, thermal conductivity parameter, Joule heating parameter, heat generation, and growth in temperature profiles arewitnessed. While the Prandtl number shows the opposite trend. Further, it has been observed that the concentration profile declines for incremental observations of Schmidt number and chemical reaction parameters. Computed Local parameters like the coefficient of skin friction for various values of Casson parameter and Curvature parameter, Skin friction value increases for increasing observations of Curvature parameter the phenomena agree with existing literature. Also, Nusselt number is calculated for various observations of curvature and variable thermal conductivity parameters. Nusselt number decreases in magnitude with rising observations of varying thermal conductivity argument at both flat and cylindrical surfaces. The values are matched with prevailing results and noted a good agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, carbon nanotubes (CNTs)–cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs)/ethylene‐vinyl acetate (EVA) composite are prepared with excellent bonding properties, electrical conductivity, and thermal conductivity using an ultrasonic‐assisted forced infiltration (UAFI) method. The CNTs–CNCs (10:1)/EVA composite had the highest shear (82.9 N) and strip (12.2 N) forces at the interface when bonding leather to fabric as an interface bonding material (IBM). Different mass ratios of CNTs to CNCs in the composites lead to different electrical and thermal conductivity properties. When the mass ratio of CNTs to CNCs is 10:1, the CNTs–CNCs(10:1)/EVA composites reach an electrical and thermal conductivity of 158.37 S m−1 and 6.351 W (m·K)−1, respectively. In addition, the CNTs–CNCs(10:1)/EVA composite shows excellent thermal stability, mechanical properties, thermal performance, and electromagnetic shielding. The prepared EVA composite has a broad application prospect in IBM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thermal impact of micropolar nanofluid influenced by viscous dissipation and activation energy has been observed. The porous space due to a stretched surface endorsed the flow. The rheology of micropolar fluid is observed because of micro-rotational effects. The radiated analysis is performed due to thermal radiation impact. The Boungrino nanofluid used presents the Brownian motion and thermophoresis features. The flow system containing nonlinear equations is intended by using the appropriate variables. The numerical computations are suggested by a shooting scheme. The graphical calculation of flow parameters is assessed with physical impacts. The numerical observations for the Nusselt number and wall shear force are focused. It is observed that the velocity profile reduces for material parameters. The concentration phenomenon enhanced for porosity parameters. The lower observations for the Nusselt number are noted for micro-rotational parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The 2-D MXene material has garnered immense attention in the multidisciplinary region due to its high surface area, excellent electrical conductivity, good biocompatibility, and tunable physicochemical properties. MXene nanoparticles can be utilized in thermal ablation to destroy unwanted tissues and tumors without invasive surgery. Therefore, this work investigates MXene (Ti3C2) embedded blood flow over a curved shape stretching artery. The mathematical model for hybrid blood flow is developed to see the thermal changes due to external pressure and diffusion. Furthermore, the flow model PDEs are equipped with Darcy-Forchheimer’s condition, external magnetic force, thermal radiation, and heat source/sink. These PDEs are converted into a system of ODEs by a proper similarity conversion. The solution of governing equations are acquired numerically, the flow and thermal performance outputs are exhibited through pictorial and tabular representations. It is revealed that the thermal performance is enhanced due to sphere shaped MXene (Ti3C2) nanoparticles. The outcomes of this study can be utilized in photothermic therapy and other applications where heat transfer plays an essential role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current investigation is concentrated on the constant MHD flow of an electrically charged Maxwell fluid across a radially elastic spinning disc in the presence of a uniform magnetic field. The problem is a generalization of the prevalent von Kármán viscous pump for configurations with or without a stretchy disc. The plane fluid content is controlled using an isothermal approach of homogeneous-heterogeneous processes. Non-linear thermally radiative heat transfer's effects on heat transference properties are investigated. Viscous dissipation and Joule heating are two other factors to consider in the energy equation. The von Kármár adaptations are used to build non-dimensional Navier-Stokes models, which are then, calculated using the bvp4c method. The torque, wall shear stresses, vertical pressure velocity, and heat transfer proportion are all determined. In addition, a statistical method is used to determine the connection between factors and the flow system's physical characteristics. Increasing the radiation parameter lowers the heat transmission rate at the disk's layer is a key finding. When homogeneous and heterogeneous reactants are reinforced at the same time, a significant observation is made that minimizes species concentration behaviors. Fluid flow caused by spinning discs is used in thermal transfer systems for nuclear propulsion devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the flourishing development of wireless communication, there is an urgent need for flexible and robust materials with excellent thermal conductivity (TC) and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding performance through simple and green preparation. In this work, we efficiently prepared bacterial-cellulose-reinforced graphite nanoplate (BC-GNP) composite films by the vacuum filtration of BC/GNP mixture dispersions. Compared with the pure GNP film with a loose and disordered structure, the BC-GNP composite showed a highly aligned and compact "brick-and-mortar" structure. Benefiting from the unique structure, the resultant BC-GNP with 20 wt % BC (20%BC) exhibited a high tensile strength of 47.3 ± 1.8 MPa and an electrical conductivity of 76.9 ± 3.3 S/cm. As expected, the 20%BC showed excellent EMI shielding effectiveness (EMI SE) of 36.4 dB and a specific EMI SE (SSE/t) value of 8860 ± 400 dB·cm2/g with a thickness of 38 ± 1 μm. The in-plane TC and anisotropy index could reach up to 80.2 ± 6.4 W/mK and 73 ± 3, respectively. The 20%BC also exhibited a satisfactory Joule heating performance of 139 °C at a voltage of 6 V. More importantly, the 20%BC possessed a biodegradable property, which would completely degrade after 5 days. Thus, this work provides a strategy to facilely prepare biodegradable, high-performance, and multifunctional materials for wearable devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to discuss the Williamson fluid flow and heat transfer across a permeable stretching cylinder with heat generation/absorption effects. The effects of viscous dissipation, Joule heating, and magnetic field are also taken into account. The BVP‐4C numerical solver in MATLAB is adopted for all the numerical simulations in the present study. For this, the modeled partial differential equations are translated into dimensionless ordinary differential equations using some well‐developed similarity transformations. A good agreement between the numerical results of the present study and existing literature is exhibited. The dimensionless physical parameters being investigated are Reynolds number, magnetic field parameter, suction parameter, heat source/sink parameter, Williamson fluid parameter, and mixed convection parameter. The numerical calculations are also performed for the skin friction coefficient and local Nusselt number to get an understanding of the shear stress rate and heat transfer rate, respectively. Furthermore, the impact of all these physical parameters on the velocity and temperature profiles is investigated and represented throughout the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, non-woven cotton fabrics (NWCFs) with excellent microwave shielding, Joule heating and self-cleaning performance were achieved by modifying NWCFs with dopamine, then depositing a thin copper (Cu) layer, and finally coating with a thin polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) layer. Because of the high conductivity of Cu layer and unique heterogeneous structure, the electrical conductivity of 22,548 S/m and electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (EMI SE) of ~ 110 dB were obtained in the surface modified NWCFs under 25 mM copper plating solution. Furthermore, the composite fabrics have excellent Joule heating performance, which can reach 43 °C in 15 s at a voltage of 0.5 V even after 1000 bends. In addition, the composite fabrics also have outstanding super-hydrophobic properties, which can protect against a variety of common solutions and achieve self-cleaning. This study provides a simple strategy to prepare excellent Joule heating and electromagnetic interference shielding and self-cleaning cotton fabrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The booming development of communication technology and electronic equipment has put forward higher requirements of flexibility, electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding performances, and service reliability for the EMI shielding materials. Herein, the flexible polyurethane@Ti3C2Tx/silver nanowires (PU@Ti3C2Tx/AgNWs) composite films with cocontinuous segregated structures are developed by a facile layer‐by‐layer hydrogen bonding assembly followed by hot‐pressing approach using PU sponge as the 3D skeleton template. Benefiting from the cocontinuous segregated structures, the flexible composite films exhibit high electrical and mechanical properties, excellent EMI shielding, and Joule heating performances. The EMI SE of the composite films can reach as high as 88 dB in X‐band (8.2–12.4 GHz). At a supplied voltage of 4.0 V, the composite films exhibit a high steady‐state Joule heating temperature up to 116.7 °C. The flexible cocontinuous segregated composite films with high working stability show great application potentials in EMI shielding and Joule heating systems in aerospace, weapon equipment, and wearable devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This work shows that radio‐frequency (RF) fields can simultaneously align carbon nanotubes (CNTs) dispersed in a resin and induce Joule heating to cure the resin. The timescales of alignment and curing using RF heating are numerically computed and compared at different field strengths in order to determine a temperature where alignment happens before the matrix crosslinks. Composites are experimentally fabricated at the desired target temperature and are optically analyzed and quantified; the CNT network is successfully aligned in the direction of the applied electric field. This methodology can be used to create composites where the local alignment can be varied across the sample. Composites fabricated using RF fields have higher electrical conductivity in the direction of the aligned CNTs than an oven‐cured, randomly aligned sample. Also, RF‐cured nanocomposites exhibit higher tensile strength and modulus in the direction of alignment compared to an oven‐cured sample. Finally, it is further demonstrated how this methodology can be coupled with a direct ink writing additive manufacturing process to induce alignment in any desired direction, even orthogonal to the shear forces in the extrusion direction.

In this study, the convective transport phenomena of Williamson nanofluid flow with variable thermal conductivity on Darcy–Forchheimer porous medium past unsteady stretching cylindrical sheet is presented. The conservation laws of mass, momentum, energy and concentration are used to formulate the governing boundary value problem of the flow regime. The flow is expressed with a couple of nonlinear partial differential equations. An appropriate similarity transformation and techniques are used to transform the couple of partial differential equations into a system of initial value problems. The system of initial value problems is then solved numerically using the Runge–Kutta fourth order with the shooting technique. The Python programming tool is used to carry out the computation. The influence of unsteady parameter, thermal and concentration Biot numbers, thermal conductivity parameter and other parameters on velocity, temperature and concentration profiles of the nanofluid are examined. The responses of the three transfer rates (i.e momentum, mass and heat) to many pertinent parameters are also investigated. Most flows in industries are in a controlled manner hence the cylindrical geometry is used to study the flow regime. The results of the study show that the convective mass transfer is initiated with a rise in thermal and concentration Biot numbers whereas the convective heat transfer is motivated and demotivated with a rise in thermal and concentration Biot numbers, respectively. Larger values of the unsteady parameter on the other hand creates substantial wall friction to the motion of the nanofluid. Further, the numerical method used is found in excellent agreement with some earlier works under common assumptions.

The heat transfer in the fluids over a disk occurs in several industrial applications. Thermal and cooling systems, spray coating, heat exchangers, and automobiles are sectors where heat transfer is encountered. In view of these applications, the present investigation is carried out. Therefore, the theoretical study related to heat transfer enhancement has significance. The governing laws are used to formulate the problems. For numerical formulations, the finite element method (FEM) is used. This method has proven to be a very good numerical scheme for complex models, along with complex mathematical corelations for involved thermo-physical properties. Accuracy and convergence are ensured, and mesh-free analysis is performed. The present results for their special case are compared with published data, and an excellent agreement is found between the present results and already published data. Hence, authenticity is ensured. The strongest effects of shear rate-dependent viscosity in the case of ternary nanofluids are seen. The highest wall heat flux is noticed in the case of a ternary nanofluid. The viscous dissipation results in a remarkable decrease in the wall heat flux. The highest viscous dissipation is noticed in the case of ternary nanofluids. The ternary nanofluid generates the most heat when it is subjected to thermal changes. However, the fluid with a single type of nanoparticles generates the least heat. The strongest effects of shear rate-dependent viscosity in the case of ternary nanofluids are seen. The viscous dissipation results in a remarkable decrease in the wall heat flux. Thus, the fluid should be less viscous and dissipative if the highest wall heat flux is required in any industrial application. The highest wall shear stress is noticed in the case of ternary nanofluids, whereas the smallest values of wall shear stress are noted in the case of monofluids. Therefore, sufficient strength of the wall over which ternary nanofluid flows should be ensured in order to avoid failure or breakage of the setup where ternary nanofluid is used.

Scientists have become intrigued by the capacity of two solid components to dissolve in a conventional fluid to enhance the thermal efficiency of novel hybrid nanofluids. The Bejan number and entropy formation of three-dimensional hybrid Al2O3 − Cu/H2O nanoparticles flowing via a stretching/shrinking bidirectional exponential plate are investigated in this research while taking into account thermal radiation and the Hall Effect. In the heat equation, the Joule heating and Cattaneo-Christov heat flux model are contemplated. Through using proper similarity transformations, equations involving momentum and heat transfer are simplified into ordinary differential equations. The Homotopy analysis approach is used to solve these equations using the computer software MATHEMATICA. By resolving the flow limitations on temperature and velocity, the entropy production is computed. Using graphical demonstration, the impact of various parameters such as suction/injection parameter, Brinkman number, magnetic parameter, stretching/shrinking parameter, temperature ratio parameter on flow, thermal relaxation parameter, temperature exponent parameter, Hall effect parameter, on velocity, temperature, entropy production, and Bejan number has been thoroughly discussed. The local Nusselt number and skin friction can also be identified for practical reasons for various approximations of physical parameters. The outcomes specify that the tangential velocity and redial velocity decrease for greater values of injection and suction parameters. The temperature profile falls for larger values of the suction parameter and rises for greater values of the thermal relaxation parameter and injection parameter. Entropy production develops when the magnetic parameter is improved. Bejan number was reduced in response to rising magnetic parameter values.

This work investigates the ternary hybrid nanofluid flow over an extending curved surface. The surface is impermeable and convective with hot working fluid water. Additionally, TiO2{\text{TiO}}_{\text{2}}, CoFe2O4{\text{CoFe}}_{\text{2}}{\text{O}}_{\text{4}}, and MgO\text{MgO} nanoparticles are suspended with water to form a tri-hybrid nanofluid. The modeled equations are presented in the partial differential equation form and are then converted to ordinary differential equations with appropriate similarity variables. The semi-analytical solution is determined by homotopy analysis method. The impacts of magnetic field, Joule heating, chemical reaction, Brownian motion, and thermophoresis on flow profiles, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number are determined using tables and figures. The findings of this study demonstrated that as the magnetic parameter upsurges, the velocity distribution shrinkages, while the temperature distribution escalates. The greater curvature factor boots the velocity, thermal, and volumetric fraction distribution. The thermal and volumetric fraction distributions are the increasing functions of thermophoresis factor. The higher magnetic factor, Eckert number, and thermal Biot number increase the Nusselt number, while they reduce the higher Brownian and thermophoretic factors. The higher thermophoresis and Brownian motion factors heighten the Sherwood number. Furthermore, it has been noted that using nanofluid (TiO2-water) and hybrid nanoliquid (TiO2-CoFe2O4/water), the transfer of energy rate increases by up to 17.31 and 31.72% as the nanoparticle parameter increases from 0.01 to 0.04, respectively. However, the energy transference rate in case of ternary hybrid nanoliquid (TiO2-MgO-CoFe2O4/water) is 47.972%.

Renewable solar radiation is the foremost energy source because of its accessibility, natural replication, and sustainability in an environmentally safe manner. Here, researchers intended to inspect the heat and mass transfer via nanofluid transported on an inclined permeable expanded sheet in the presence of solar thermal radiation without any barrier. Mainly, the formation of non-recovery energy called entropy and Joule heating are also weighed. The guiding non-linear partial differential equations were transformed into systems of non-linear higher-order ordinary differential equations by felicitous similarity transformation. They are solved by the prevalent technique called the Homotopy Analysis Method, which is executed by the BVPh2.0 package in Mathematica 12.1 software. Comparisons with preceding published articles confirm the method's validity and accent its admirable uniformity. Afterward, the magnetic field interaction delays the mobility of nanofluid while increasing the magnitude of local skin friction and temperature distribution. By intensifying the thermal radiation parameter and Eckert number, the temperature and entropy production escalated. Furthermore, the heat transfer by convective surpasses that of conductive owing to the particles' Brownian motion. Thermophoresis established surplus tiny-particles concentration. Heat transfer from solar radiation in moving nanofluids has been applicable for cooking, heating water, and producing electricity.

Nanofluids have shown tremendous potential in the heat intensification of several manufacturing industries and have been utilized extensively in energy technologies in recent years. The goal of this exploratory paper is to examine the impact of double stratification on steady two-dimensional MHD Casson nanofluid flow over an exponentially porous stretching sheet. Thermophoresis and Brownian impact of the nanofluid model is described. In addition, the influence of joule heating, viscous dissipation, and heat generation are considered. The governing partial differential equations are converted into nonlinear coupled ordinary differential equations using similarity transformation, and they are then resolved using the Homotopy analysis method. The established nonlinear expressions have been solved analytically using the homotopic concept. Graphs demonstrate the influence of non-dimensional limitations on fluid momentum, thermal, and concentration. The drag force coefficient factor, Nusselt number and Sherwood number for various controlled factors on the Casson nanofluid properties are examined and tabulated. Researchers interested in the thermal science of liquid drifts are drawn to the mutual interaction of double stratification in MHD drift regimes since it affects various thermal engineering viewpoints in daily life.

Here in, heat transfer characteristics of a magnetized Casson sodium alginate-alumina/copper hybrid nanofluid flowing through the permeable moving plane are investigated considering the effects of thermal radiation and Joule heating with Tiwari and Das model. The primary objective of the present study is to investigate the influence of the velocity ratio parameter on the solid volume fraction and the Casson parameter. In addition, the velocity and temperature profiles used in the current study illustrate the effects of the velocity ratio parameter R, solid volume fraction, suction effect, magnetic field, Joule heating, and thermal radiation. To apply the three-stage Lobatto IIIa with boundary value problems (bvp4c) approach to implement the appropriate similarity variables to transform the partial differential equations (PDEs) into a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs). It has been determined that there are two branch solutions for the velocity ratio parameter against using the Casson parameter and copper volume fraction values. Non-unique branch at R Rci. As the Eckert number and radiation grew, the rate of heat transmission surged. The increase of Casson hybrid nanofluid parameter values caused to drop the skin friction in both upper and lower branch.

The presented article aims to present the flow of blood in microchannels such as veins and arteries via peristaltic flow. The magnetic field is imposed to regulate the flow as laminar. Also, its impacts in terms of Hall current have been considered. The rate of heat transfer is further based on Joule heating and viscous dissipation aspects. Mathematical analysis has been conducted given long wavelength and small Reynolds number. Such preferences are relatable to the medical domain where the magnetic field regulates the flow stream and aids in the melting of blood clots in patients with various heart diseases. The solution for electric potential is calculated analytically while the velocity, temperature, and heat transfer rate are executed directly via the built-in command of Mathematica software. Since the magnetic field acts as an opposing force. Results show that the velocity and temperature are decreasing functions of the magnetic field. However, the temperature is increasing for Weissenberg number.

The purpose of this research was to examine the impact of NP shape on the entropy production of a water-alumina nanofluid over a permeable MHD stretching sheet at quadratic velocities with viscous dissipation and joule heating. The hot fluid is water-alumina nanofluid, which consists of four different NP shapes (brick, platelet, blade, and oblate spheroid), and the cool fluid is water itself. As a result of its exceptional ability to enhance heat transmission, Al2O3-H2O nanofluid is used extensively in industrial production. The governing PDEs are changed into a nonlinear differential system of coupled ODEs by a series of similarity transformations. The code, in MATLAB, is an effective version of the Runge-Kutta technique for obtaining numerical solutions. In the region behind a stretching sheet, the wall shear stress increases by almost 6.3% for increases in the volume fraction of nanoparticles from 0% to 2% and by 12.6% for increases from 0% to 4%. When the magnetic effect accounts for roughly 5 percent of the boundary layer flow, there is an approximately 16.4 percent increase in the rate of convective heat transfer. The frictional force and thermal entropy produced by nanofluids with blade-, brick-, and Os-shaped NPs was lower than that produced by nanofluids with platelet-shaped NPs. On the cold fluid side, the nanofluid with Os-shaped NPs develops thermal entropy at a faster rate than those with brick-, blade-, cylinder-, and platelet-shaped NPs.

Multifunctional, wearable, and durable textiles integrated with smart electronics have attracted tremendous attention. However, it remains a great challenge to balance new functionalities with high-temperature stability. Herein, textile-based pressure sensors with excellent electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, Joule heating, and high-temperature resistance were fabricated by constructing graphene/SiC (G/SiC) heterostructures on carbon cloth via laser chemical vapor deposition (LCVD). The resultant textiles exhibited excellent EMI efficiency of 74.2 dB with a thickness of 0.45 mm, Joule heating performance within a low working voltage (V) range of 1–3 V, and fast response time within 20 s. These properties arose from multiple reflections, interfacial polarization, and high conductivity due to the numerous amounts of nanoscale G/SiC heterostructures. More importantly, G/SiC/carbon fibers (CFs) demonstrated well high-temperature resistance with a heat resistance index (THRI) of 380.2 ℃ owing to the protection of a coating layer on the CFs upon oxidation. Meanwhile, the G/SiC/CFs presented good pressure-sensing performance with high sensitivity (S) of 52.93 kPa−1, fast response time of 85 ms, and a wide pressure range of up to 186 kPa. These features imply the potential of the G/SiC/CFs as efficient EMI shielding, electrical heater, and piezoresistive sensor textiles.

Radioactive materials are widely in industry, nuclear plants and medical treatments. Scientists and workers in these fields are mostly exposed to such materials, and adverse effects on blood and temperature profiles are observed. In this regard, objective of the current study is to model and simulate blood based nanofluid with three very important radioactive materials, named as Uranium dioxide (UO2), Thorium dioxide (ThO2) and Radium (Rd). In this modeling blood based nanofluid is considered under the influence of magneto hydrodynamic effect, non-linear mixed convection and thermal radiation, Joule heating, along with velocity and temperature slip. A three-dimensional fluid model is considered in bounded domain to justify flow geometry in arteries. System of partial differential equations are converted to highly nonlinear coupled ordinary differential equations by using suitable transformations. The obtained system is solved numerically using Fehlberg Runge–Kutta algorithm. Validity and convergence of the obtained solutions are confirmed through residual errors, numerical uncertainties and comparison with experimental data. Moreover, effect of pertinent fluid parameters on the velocity (radial, axial, tangential) and temperature profiles of blood flow are analyzed graphically. Furthermore, Skin friction and Nusselt number are also analyzed graphically against volume fraction of involved radioactive materials for the case of UO2,ThO2 and Rd comparatively. Analysis reveals that increase in volume fraction of radioactive elements results in increased blood flow through walls in both radial and tangential directions. In case of slip at fluid solid-interface, the highest skin fraction is observed in case of Radium nanoparticles.

Controllable writing and deleting of nanoscale magnetic skyrmions are key requirements for their use as information carriers for next-generation memory and computing technologies. While several schemes have been proposed, they require complex fabrication techniques or precisely tailored electrical inputs, which limits their long-term scalability. Here, we demonstrate an alternative approach for writing and deleting skyrmions using conventional electrical pulses within a simple, two-terminal wire geometry. X-ray microscopy experiments and micromagnetic simulations establish the observed skyrmion creation and annihilation as arising from Joule heating and Oersted field effects of the current pulses, respectively. The unique characteristics of these writing and deleting schemes, such as spatial and temporal selectivity, together with the simplicity of the two-terminal device architecture, provide a flexible and scalable route to the viable applications of skyrmions.

Structural and spatial aspects of cell degradation are studied using a combination of diffraction-and imaging-based tools applying laboratory X-rays, neutron scattering and synchrotron radiation with electrochemical and thermal characterization. Experimental characterization is carried out on cylindrical cells of 21700-type, where four regimes of cell degradation are identified, which are supplemented by an increased cell resistance and surface temperature during cell operation. The amount of intercalated lithium in the fully charged anodes in the fresh and aged states is determined by ex situ X-ray diffraction radiography and in situ X-ray diffraction computed tomography. The qualitatively similar character of the results revealed a loss of active lithium along with the development of a complex heterogeneous distribution over the electrode stripe.

High-efficient separation of (bio)microparticles has important applications in chemical analysis, environmental monitoring, drug screening, and disease diagnosis and treatment. As a label-free and high-precision separation scheme, dielectrophoresis (DEP) has become a research hotspot in microparticle separation, especially for biological cells. When processing cells with DEP, relatively high electric conductivities of suspending media are sometimes required to maintain the biological activities of the biosample, which results in high temperature rises within the system caused by Joule heating. The induced temperature gradient generates a localized alternating current electrothermal (ACET) flow disturbance, which seriously impacts the DEP manipulation of cells. Based on this, we propose a novel design of the (bio)microparticle separator by combining DEP with ACET flow to intensify the separation process. A coupling model that incorporates electric, fluid flow, and temperature fields as well as particle tracking is established to predict (bio)microparticle trajectories within the separator. Numerical simulations reveal that both ACET flow and DEP motion act in the same plane but in different directions to achieve high-precision separation between particles. This work provides new design ideas for solving the very tricky Joule heating interference in the DEP separation process, which paves the way for further improving the throughput of the DEP-based (bio)microparticle separation system.

The analysis of the fluid flow with the energy transfer across a stretching sheet has several applications in manufacturing developments such as wire drawing, hot rolling, metal extrusion, continuous casting, paper production, and glass fiber fabrication. The current examination presents the hybrid nanofluid flow past a convectively heated permeable sheet. The ferrous oxide (Fe3O4) and Gold (Au) nanoparticles have been dispersed in the blood. The significances of thermal radiation, inclined magnetic field, and space-dependent heat source have been observed in this work. The modeled equations are presented in the form of partial differential equations and reformed into the set of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) by using the similarity substitution. The Matlab built-in package (bvp4c) is employed to resolve the transform nonlinear set of ODEs. The significance of flow constraints versus the velocity and temperature profiles is demonstrated in the form of Figures and Tables. The numerical outcomes for the physical interest quantities are presented in tables. It has been perceived from the results that raising the angle of inclination from 0° to 90° reduces both the velocity and energy profile. The escalating values of Eckert number, constant heat source, and space-dependent heat source factor accelerate the temperature profile. The velocity and temperature distributions are very effective in the cases of hybrid nanofluid (Au–Fe3O4/blood) when compared to nanofluid (Au/blood). The skin friction and rate of heat transfer are very effective in the cases of hybrid nanofluid (Au–Fe3O4/blood) when compared to nanofluid (Au/blood).

The present study focuses on the multifunctional capabilities of carbon nanotube (CNT)-reinforced vitrimers. More specifically, the thermomechanical properties, the Joule effect heating capabilities, the electrical conductivity, the shape memory, and the chemical recycling capacity are explored as a function of the CNT content and the NH2/epoxy ratio. It is observed that the electrical conductivity increases with the CNT content due to a higher number of electrical pathways, while the effect of the NH2/epoxy ratio is not as prevalent. Moreover, the Tg of the material decreases when increasing the NH2/epoxy ratio due to the lower cross-link density, whereas the effect of the CNTs is more complex, in some cases promoting a steric hindrance. The results of Joule heating tests prove the suitability of the proposed materials for resistive heating, reaching average temperatures above 200 °C when applying 100 V for the most electrically conductive samples. Shape memory behavior shows an outstanding shape fixity ratio in every case (around 100%) and a higher shape recovery ratio (95% for the best-tested condition) when decreasing the NH2/epoxy ratio and increasing the CNT content, as both hinder the rearrangement of the dynamic bonds. Finally, the results of the recyclability tests show the ability to regain the nanoreinforcement for their further use. Therefore, from a multifunctional analysis, it can be stated that the proposed materials present promising properties for a wide range of applications, such as Anti-icing and De-icing Systems (ADIS), Joule heating devices for comfort or thermotherapy, or self-deployable structures, among others.

This study demonstrates the conversion of metallic titanium (Ti) to titanium oxide just by conducting electrical current through Ti thin film in vacuum and increasing the temperature by Joule heating. This led to the improvement of electrical and thermal properties of a microbolometer. A microbolometer with an integrated Ti thermistor and heater width of 2.7 µm and a length of 50 µm was fabricated for the current study. Constant-voltage stresses were applied to the thermistor wire to observe the effect of the Joule heating on its properties. Thermistor resistance ~14 times the initial resistance was observed owing to the heating. A negative large temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) of −0.32%/K was also observed owing to the treatment, leading to an improved responsivity of ~4.5 times from devices with untreated Ti thermistors. However, this does not improve the noise equivalent power (NEP), due to the increased flicker noise. Microstructural analyses with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), transmission electron diffraction (TED) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) confirm the formation of a titanium oxide (TiOx) semiconducting phase on the Ti phase (~85% purity) deposited initially, further to the heating. Formation of TiOx during annealing could minimize the narrow width effect, which we reported previously in thin metal wires, leading to enhancement of responsivity.

An effort has been made to examine the dual solutions of boundary layer flow of the Casson fluid over a shrinking sheet, with the effects of Joule heating and power-law heat flux. A homogeneous magnetic field is implemented in the system along a direction normal to the flow. Appropriate similarity transformations are employed to reformulate the governing equations of the present problem into a solvable set and the solution uses the three-stage Lobatto IIIa method in a developed numerical bvp4c code in MATLAB. Due to the shrinking surface, some disturbances impact the flow, which has two solutions: one that is stable and another that is unstable. Graphical results are shown to assess the velocity and temperature fields. A stability analysis is executed to characterize the stable and physically attainable solution. It is perceived that the Casson fluid parameter contributes to speed and temperature of the fluid in a time-independent case. Also, it controls the motion as well as the temperature of the fluid in the time-dependent case.

Low-temperature atmospheric-pressure plasma jets are generally considered a safe medical technology with no significant long-term side effects in clinical studies reported to date. However, there are studies emerging that show plasma jets can cause significant side effects in the form of skin burns under certain conditions. Therefore, with a view of developing safer plasma treatment approaches, in this study we have set out to provide new insights into the cause of these skin burns and how to tailor plasma treatments to mitigate these effects. We discovered that joule heating by the plasma bullet currents is responsible for creating skin burns during helium plasma jet treatment of live mice. These burns can be mitigated by treating the mice at a further distance so that the visible plasma plume does not contact the skin. Under these treatment conditions we also show that the plasma jet treatment still retains its medically beneficial property of producing reactive oxygen species in vivo. Therefore, treatment distance is an important parameter for consideration when assessing the safety of medical plasma treatments.

This article is related to analysing the consequences of joule heating and thermal (hot) radiation on the limit layer stream of a non-Newtonian liquid (Powell-Eyring fluid) while electro transversal magnetic field is present and Cattaneo Christov double diffusion via a convectively heated Riga Plate. The effects of the coefficient of thermophoresis and Brownian motion on joule heating are included in this mathematical model. In this paper, we introduced a new condition namely zero mass flux. A rectangular coordinates system is being employed for the flow equations to get the momentum, energy equations and concentration equations mathematically. By employing a similarity transformation, established (partial differential equations) PDE is reduced into an ordinary differential equations ODE. This method is integrated with the Runge-Kutta RK technique to solve this nonlinear ODE numerologically. With Graph, we show different parameters of velocity and temperature etc. Skin friction, with the help of a graph we can also inspect the Nusselt number and Sherwood number in detail. While studying we noticed that the increase of Hartmann number and fluid parameter is caused to increases in fluid velocity and thickness of the boundary layer. Prandtl number values are increases while decreasing in temperature of flowing fluid and concentration distribution of flowing fluid. This exploration motivates the previous research, and for further study, it gives a platform to analyse on flow past of nanofluid over a Riga plate.

A two-step sintering experiment of (MgCoNiCuZn)O high entropy oxide was performed to lower the flash onset temperature and shorten the process time. The flash onset temperature was efficiently minimized by regulating the first step heating process due to the variation of the conductivity and density of the compacts. The lowest onset temperature was only 307 °C at a 300 °C first step sintering. Subsequently, the as-sintered material with mainly rock-salt structure can be obtained in just 20 s soaking time after the field-assisted flash sintering procedure. The unusual densification was mainly caused by the higher configuration entropy and significant temperature gradients resulted from the preferential Joule heating of grain boundaries. This novel two-step sintering method would promote the rapid synthesize of high entropy oxides.

Radiation in dissipative flow of hybrid nanofluid TiO 2 + Pb/water bounded between two coaxial cylinders is addressed. The hybrid nanomaterial is synthesized by adding nanoparticles lead and titanium dioxide TiO 2 and Pb in water as conventional fluid. Geometrically the outer cylinder exhibits rotation and the inner cylinder fixed. Constant strength magnetic field is taken radially. Thermal radiation and viscous dissipation describe heat transfer analysis. Mathematical equations (continuity, momentum, and energy) are obtained via mathematical modeling. Bvp4c method is used for solutions development. Influences of flow and heat related parameters on skin friction, velocity, temperature and Nusselt number have been shown. Velocity of fluids (hybrid nanofluid and nanofluid) is controlled by higher magnetic parameter while temperature and skin friction intensifies with it. Higher nanoparticle volume fractions (for both nanoparticles) reduce velocity while skin friction and Nusselt number are intensified. Moreover, higher radiation parameter causes temperature drop. In comparative analysis, the effects of hybrid nanofluid TiO 2 + Pb/water are dominant when compared with nanofluid TiO 2 + water . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research was to examine the impact of NP shape on the entropy production of a water-alumina nanofluid over a permeable MHD stretching sheet at quadratic velocities with viscous dissipation and joule heating. The hot fluid is water-alumina nanofluid, which consists of four different NP shapes (brick, platelet, blade, and oblate spheroid), and the cool fluid is water itself. As a result of its exceptional ability to enhance heat transmission, Al 2 O 3 - H 2 O nanofluid is used extensively in industrial production. The governing PDEs are changed into a nonlinear differential system of coupled ODEs by a series of similarity transformations. The code, in MATLAB, is an effective version of the Runge-Kutta technique for obtaining numerical solutions. In the region behind a stretching sheet, the wall shear stress increases by almost 6.3% for increases in the volume fraction of nanoparticles from 0% to 2% and by 12.6 % for increases from 0 % to 4 %. When the magnetic effect accounts for roughly 5 percent of the boundary layer flow, there is an approximately 16.4 percent increase in the rate of convective heat transfer. The frictional force and thermal entropy produced by nanofluids with blade-, brick-, and Os-shaped NPs was lower than that produced by nanofluids with platelet-shaped NPs. On the cold fluid side, the nanofluid with Os-shaped NPs develops thermal entropy at a faster rate than those with brick-, blade-, cylinder-, and platelet-shaped NPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hierarchical structures with synergistic dielectric-magnetic compositions are highly desired for electromagnetic wave absorption and interference shielding applications. Fabricating lightweight and high-performance electromagnetic protection composites with additional functions are demanded to suppress severe electromagnetic radiation and interference pollution. Herein, a unique three-dimensional hierarchical structure consisting of 1D multi-walled carbon nanotubes anchored on 1D MXene@CF core-sheath microrods are rationally proposed via electrostatic self-assembly and hydrothermal strategy as well as subsequent thermal-catalysis treatment. The multi-walled carbon nanotubes encapsulated with magnetic CoNi nanoparticles are immobilized onto core-sheath microrods matrix, constructing effective 1D/1D electron migration bridges and the uniformly dispersed magnetic component to facilitate magnetic coupling effect. Consequently, profiting from the optimized impedance matching, enhanced conduction loss, dielectric polarization, and magnetic loss, the as-prepared sample shows an outstanding absorption capacity with reflection loss value of −56.8 dB and X-band full absorption. When used as electromagnetic shielding materials, the composites exhibit exceptional electromagnetic interference shielding properties. In addition, the upgraded mechanical strength, remarkable voltage-driven Joule heating and superhydrophobic properties endow the absorbers with multi-scenario adaptability and long life-time applications. This work provides well-designed hierarchical structures for high-performance electromagnetic absorbing and shielding with the great prospect of multifunctional applications. The unique three-dimensional hierarchical composites consisting of 1D multi-walled carbon nanotubes anchored on 1D MXene@CF core-sheath microrods are rationally proposed. The prepared composites show excellent electromagnetic wave absorbing and shielding performance, the upgraded mechanical strength, remarkable voltage-driven Joule heating and superhydrophobic properties. [Display omitted] • Hierarchical structures of N-doped carbon nanotubes anchored on 1D core-sheath microrods structure were successfully prepared. • The composites exhibits exceptional electromagnetic wave absorption and shielding properties. • The designed composites show enhanced mechanical strength, excellent voltage-driven Joule heating and superhydrophobic capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The convective–radiative magnetohydrodynamic non‐Newtonian second‐grade fluid boundary layer flow from a curved stretching surface has been scrutinized in the present study. The Reiner–Rivlin second‐grade viscoelastic model is deployed which provides a good approximation for certain magnetic polymers. High temperature invokes the presence of radiative heat transfer, which is simulated with the Rosseland diffusion approximation. Viscous dissipation and Joule heating are also featured in the model and hydrodynamic (velocity) slip at the wall is also incorporated in the boundary conditions. The emerging nonlinear coupled dimensionless transport equations are solved with a Runge–Kutta method and a shooting numerical scheme. The influence of emerging multiphysical flow parameters on the dimensionless profiles is examined with the help of plots for comparative analysis of both non‐Newtonian fluid and Newtonian fluid. The numerical solutions are validated for special cases with existing works. The velocity declines for a higher magnetic field, whereas the reverse trend is noted for the temperature function. The augmentation in the thermal field is noted with increments in radiation parameters. Furthermore, the fluid temperature of the second‐grade fluid is higher with increasing Brinkmann number. The wall slip induces deceleration. Contour plots for streamlines and isotherms are also visualized and analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multifunctional films have potential applications in smart wearable devices and portable electronic products. Yet, it is always a challenge to ensure these materials simultaneously to have flexible, strong, and functional properties during the material preparation process. Herein, bacterial cellulose/polydopamine modified by MXene (BC/PM) multi-layer films is prepared by vacuum-assisted self-assembly. The micromorphology, phase composition, and application performance of this composite film were systematically characterized. The mechanical properties test indicates that the BC/PM multi-layer film exhibits an excellent reinforcement effect. The tensile strength and elongation of the three-layer BC/PM film reach 181.6 MPa and 8.9%, respectively. For multifunctional applications, the BC/PM multi-layer film shows remarkable electric heating and excellent photothermal properties, for example, it can be heated up to 85 °C at a constant voltage of 6 V for 20 s, and its temperature can increase from room temperature to 90 ℃ after 250 W infrared lamp is irradiated for 30 s. Furthermore, the sample has potential high sensitivity and high response speed to humidity changes. This research will provide a data basis and theoretical reference for the practical application of bacterial cellulose-based multifunctional films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]