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he study of genetic diversity in peach palm (Bactris gasipaes K.) is impDrtant fDr the breeding wDrk Dn Ihis Palm and tD cDrrDbDrate the hYPDtheses Dn its Driglns. FDr that purpDse it is necessary tD use alteroative techniques tD cDmplement the mDrphDlDgical studies traditiDnally made. One Df the techniques thar responds tD that need is iSDzyme electrDphDresis. The iSDzymes are biDchemical markers Df impDrtance in the stud)/ Df genetic variability in plants Df econDmic impDrtiince, because they are the primary products Df genetic expressiDn. This wDrk is an electrDphDretic analysis Dn gels of pDlyacrilamide tD study phenetic relatiDns using twelve iSDzymes Dn fDur races and an spDntaneDus hybrid Df peach palmo The biDlDgical material used carne frDm the germplasm bank from LDS Diamantes Experimental Station, Guapiles-CDsta Rica.FDur races and a hybrid were selected frDm that cDllectiDn. They represented different prDcedences with mDrphDlDgical differences as we\l as having particular geDgraphical distriblitiDn patteros; they were: Tembe-Chapare (BDlivia-BD), Para -Belem (Brasil-Bra), Utilis Guapiles (CDsta Rica-CR), Tuira-Darien (Panama-Pa) and Yurimaguas (Peru-Pe). Five trees Df each race and the Yurimaguas hybrid were studied. Different tissues were tried: leaf, adventitiDus roots, spines, masculine flDwers and ripe fruits. An standard native and discDntinued method was established Dn a pDlyacrilamide matrix fDr the analysis Df twelve iSDzymes: (PRX, EST, ACp, DIA, G6PDH, ME, MDH, GOT, ADH, PGI, PGM and SOD). The amDunt Df tissue used was 1. 5 g, with 20 min C\arificatiDn time at 15000 gravity value and a temperature Df 400C. The protDCDl propDsed by Baaziz & Saaidi (1988) was fDllDwed with a mDdificatiDn Df CDncentratiDn Df the phDsphate buffer sDlutiDn frDm 0,005 M tD O. 1M with a 50 tD 200 vDlts gradient . . The roDt, flDwer and spine tissue were difficult tD hDmDgenize because Df their high fiber content. The fmit has tDo. much Dil and starch, which distort the banding. FDr thDse reasDns they were discarted. The leaves were selected because tbey are easy tD hDmDgenize and are available all year round. The standardized electrDphDretic methDd allDwed the effective use Df ten Df the twelve iSDzymes in the leaf tissue. ThDse ten iSDzymes shDwed phenetic pDlymorphism and are cDnsidered useful pDlymDrphic markers fDr genetic and phenetic diversity studies in Bactris gasipaes. A discriminant marker fDr the Utilis-Guapiles race was fDund with the PRX iSDzyme, which ShDWS an additiDnal lDcus Dnly in material frDm that procedence. The cDnglDmerate statistical analysis shDwed that the races and hybrid studies can be placed in three grDUpS: Dne is fDrmed by Para and Tembe, the secDnd Dne by Utilis and Tuira, and the hybrid Yurimaguas is a class by itself and althDUgh it seems a bit c\Dser tD Utilis-Tuira, it is suspected that has its Drigin from \InknDwn parents. These results fit previDus mDrphDlDgical interpretatiDns. A genetic analysis was nDt made because Df the small sample size, but methDdDIDgical procedures were established fDr future research projects using larger pDpulatiDns tD study peach palm iSDzyme electrDphDretic diversity

Aims Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) can act as inducers or mediators of stress response through the production of heat shock proteins (HSPs) that modulate immune response and thymus functions. In this study, we analyzed cellular stress levels in rat thymus after exposure of the rats to a 2.45 GHz radio frequency (RF) using an experimental diathermic model in a Gigahertz Transverse Electromagnetic (GTEM) chamber. Main methods In this experiment, we used H&E staining, the ELISA test and immunohistochemistry to examine Hsp70 and Hsp90 expression in the thymus and glucocorticoid receptors (GR) of 64 female Sprague–Dawley rats exposed individually to 2.45 GHz (at 0, 1.5, 3.0 or 12.0 W power). The 1 g averaged peak and mean SAR values in the thymus and whole body of each rat to ensure that sub-thermal levels of radiation were being reached. Key findings The thymus tissue presented several morphological changes, including increased distribution of blood vessels along with the appearance of red blood cells and hemorrhagic reticuloepithelial cells. Levels of Hsp90 decreased in the thymus when animals were exposed to the highest power level (12 W), but only one group did not show recovery after 24 h. Hsp70 presented no significant modifications in any of the groups. The glucocorticoid receptors presented greater immunomarking on the thymic cortex in exposed animals. Significance Our results indicate that non-ionizing sub-thermal radiation causes changes in the endothelial permeability and vascularization of the thymus, and is a tissue-modulating agent for Hsp90 and GR.

Resumen Objetivo El objetivo de este estudio es comparar la biocompatibilidad y efecto sobre osteoblastos de polimetilmetacrilato solo y PMMA al que se ha anadido, hidroxiapatita en concentraciones del 5, 10, 15 y 20%, no superando nunca esta cifra del 20%, dado que si se supera esta cifra pueden verse alteradas las propiedades biomecanicas del PMMA. Material y metodos Estudio experimental que consiste en el estudio de la adhesividad, diferenciacion y muerte celular sobre discos de PMMA y composite PMMA/HA a diferentes concentraciones. Resultados Los composites al 15 y especialmente al 20% presentaron mejor respuesta osteoblastica, mayores marcadores de actividad y menores marcadores de apoptosis. En las imagenes de microcopia electronica se aprecia una mayor adhesion celular.

Non-ionizing radiation at 2.45 GHz may modify the morphology and expression of genes that codify heat shock proteins (HSP) in the thyroid gland. Diathermy is the therapeutic application of non-ionizing radiation to humans for its beneficial effects in rheumatological and musculo-skeletal pain processes. We used a diathermy model on laboratory rats subjected to maximum exposure in the left front leg, in order to study the effects of radiation on the nearby thyroid tissue. Fifty-six rats were individually exposed once or repeatedly (10 times in two weeks) for 30 min to 2.45 GHz radiation in a commercial chamber at different non-thermal specific absorption rates (SARs), which were calculated using the finite difference time domain technique. We used immunohistochemistry methods to study the expression of HSP-90 and morphological changes in thyroid gland tissues. Ninety minutes after radiation with the highest SAR, the central and peripheral follicles presented increased size and the thickness of the peripheral septa had decreased. Twenty-four hours after radiation, only peripheral follicles radiated at 12 W were found to be smaller. Peripheral follicles increased in size with repeated exposure at 3 W power. Morphological changes in the thyroid tissue may indicate a glandular response to acute or repeated stress from radiation in the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis. Further research is needed to determine if the effect of this physical agent over time may cause disease in the human thyroid gland.

El propósito de esta investigación es identificar las principales características que determinan el nivel de cumplimiento de la IFRS 7 (Instrumentos financieros: información a revelar) para un conjunto de empresas mexicanas. Con la técnica de componentes principales para medir el índice de revelación de las empresas, los resultados econométricos destacan que el tipo de auditor, el nivel de multinacionalidad y, en menor medida, el tamaño de las empresas son los determinantes clave para que las empresas cumplan la norma internacional de información financierarelativa a la revelación de instrumentos financieros. Estos hallazgos son consistentes con los obtenidos con métodos previos para medir el índice de revelación, lo que genera robustez y consistencia a nuestros resultados.

Los graves problemas sociales, económicos y políticos que enfrentan los habitantes de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela, se deberían entre otras causas a la falta de entendimiento entre el gobierno y la oposición política, a pesar de la implementación de procesos de negociación y entendimiento entre las partes. Esta realidad se produciría por la diferencia ideológica entre ellas, esto es una visión capitalista neoliberal de la oposición, frente a otra socialista del gobierno, visiones que no son nuevas puesto que existen desde la Grecia antigua. Precisamente, con el filósofo Aristóteles (384 a. C. - 322 a. C.) en su libro La Política define a la economía como el arte de administrar los bienes de la casa, y muestra dos modos radicales y opuestos: el uno es satisfacer las necesidades de la comunidad y el bienestar común, lo que en la modernidad sostiene el socialismo. El otro busca el desarrollo del individuo, reconoce el valor del individualismo y sus posibilidades particulares, en otras palabras, un neoliberalismo. La metodología que se empleará en este trabajo tiene como soporte la teoría de la acción comunicativa de Jünger Habermas, quien desarrolla el concepto de acción comunicativa, en la cual los participantes ejecutan sus respectivos planes de acción sobre la base de una definición común de situación.

Resumen Los hogares rurales diversifican sus ingresos como estrategia para minimizar los riesgos, reducir la variabilidad y asegurar un nivel mínimo de ingreso. Con información panel de la Encuesta Nacional a Hogares Rurales de México, el presente estudio examina, bajo una perspectiva de género, los factores que determinan la participación en el sector no agropecuario. Los resultados señalan que en las ocupaciones asalariadas no agropecuarias, los hombres participan con menores niveles de escolaridad y la condición de indígena limita la incorporación de ambos géneros. En actividades no agropecuarias por cuenta propia son esenciales la riqueza acumulada del hogar y los servicios financieros, de comunicación y transporte. Resumo As famílias rurais diversificam sua renda como estratégia para minimizar o risco, reduzir a variabilidade e garantir um nível mínimo de renda. Com informações da Encuesta Nacional a Hogares Rurales de México, o presente estudo examinou, sob uma perspectiva de gênero, os fatores que determinam a participação no setor não agrícola. Os resultados indicam que, nas ocupações assalariadas não agrícolas, os homens participam com baixos níveis de escolaridade e a situação indígena limita a incorporação de ambos os sexos. Em atividades de autoemprego não agrícola, são essenciais a riqueza acumulada das famílias e serviços financeiros, de comunicação e transporte. Abstract Rural households diversify their income as a strategy to minimize risk, reduce variability and ensure a minimum level of income. With information panel of the National Rural Household Survey of Mexico, this study examined under a gender perspective, the factors that determine participation in the non-agricultural sector. The results indicate that employed in non-agricultural occupations, men participate with lower levels of education and indigenous status limits the incorporation of both genders. In non-agricultural self-employment activities are essential household accumulated wealth and financial services, communication and transportation.

This study investigates the biological response of zirconia/tantalum biocermet materials with laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) generated using a femtosecond laser working at 1030 nm wavelength. LIPSS were formed by laser radiation slightly above the applied threshold fluence. LIPSS features were characterized using techniques such as atomic force microscopy (AFM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). LIPSS were generated in this study by applying femtosecond pulses with 500 fs pulse duration at a high-repetition rate to smooth-polished zirconia/tantalum biocermet surfaces, with an original roughness value of 3.8 ± 0.2 and 3.1 ± 0.2 nm, respectively. We have demonstrated in vitro that LIPSS are an efficient option to increase osteoblastic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) in ZrO2:Ta biocermets. LIPSS created increase cell metabolism statistically (best values in 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay) and decrease inflammatory response to the material (IL-6 and TNF-alpha values). Extracellular matrix production (ECM) is produced in more quantity and cells differentiate to osteoblast easily. These differences are seen from the beginning until the endpoint (day 20).

Imaging studies, such as high resolution computerized tomography (HRCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) facilitate the evaluation of mediastinal masses. However, the definite characterization of such masses can be ascertained only after tissue sampling is obtained and analyzed. Some mediastinal masses, like bronchogenic cysts, can be misdiagnosed as solid masses or lymphadenopathy in imaging studies, due to the variable densities of the cyst contents. More invasive tests, like fine needle aspiration or surgical resection of the bronchogenic cyst, may be necessary when HRCT fails to provide an initial diagnosis. We describe two such cases seen at our institution that highlight the implications of establishing a diagnosis of bronchogenic cyst with endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) - trans-bronchial needle aspiration (TBNA) and discuss the possible therapeutic utility of EBUS-TBNA in select patients with bronchogenic cysts.

Introduction: Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) constitutes the only curative treatment for myelofibrosis (MF), but its associated toxicity remains high. Prognostic risk models are widely used in clinical practice to select those MF patients who are more likely to benefit from transplantation. Recently, a new prognostic model, the Myelofibrosis Transplant Scoring System (MTSS), has been developed to predict the outcome of MF patients undergoing allo-HCT (Gagelmann N et al, Blood 2019). We aimed to evaluate the performance of such model in an independent series of patients. Methods: This is a retrospective study that included all adult patients who underwent first allo-HCT for MF between January 2005 and May 2019 in 8 Spanish hospitals. Patients transplanted after leukemic transformation were excluded. Survival probability from the time of HCT was estimated by the method of Kaplan-Meier and compared by the log-rank test. Each parameter of the MTSS was tested for its potential association with survival in univariate analysis. Cumulative incidence functions were used to estimate incidence of Graft-versus-Host-Disease (GVHD), Relapse Incidence (RI), and Non-Relapse Mortality (NRM) within a competing risk setting. Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS 19 (SPSS Inc./IBM, Armonk, NY) and R. Results: Demographics and transplant characteristics of the overall series of 107 MF patients are shown in Table 1. After a median follow-up from allo-HCT of 5.3 years, 49 patients (46%) had died. The survival probability at 1, 3, and 5-years was 64.5%, 52%, and 50%, respectively. Transplantation outcome improved over the years. Thus, the survival probability at 3-years was 35% (95% CI: 12-58), 50% (95% CI: 33-67), and 65% (95% CI: 50-80) during the time periods 2005-2009 (n=17), 2010-2014 (n=34), and 2015-2019 (n=56), respectively (P=0.038). The cumulative incidence of grade II-IV acute GVHD at day 100 was 45%. The cumulative incidence of relapse at 1, 3, and 5-years was 16%, 19.5%, and 19.5%, respectively. NRM probability at 1, 3, and 5-years was 24%, 29%, and 31%, respectively. In univariate analysis, the only parameter included in the MTSS that was significantly associated with survival was the Karnofsky performance status < 90% (HR: 1.9, 95% CI: 1.1-3.4; P=0.031). Neither age > 57 years (P=0.68), platelets 25 x 109/L (P=0.38), ASXL1 mutations (P=0.34), non-CALR/MPL driver mutation (P=0.57) nor HLA-mismatched unrelated donor (P=0.22) correlated with survival. Among other classical risk factors for transplant outcome, only a comorbidity index >= 3 was significantly associated with shorter survival (HR: 2.1, 95% CI: 1.1-4; P=0.017). A total of 64 cases had all required clinical and molecular data to calculate the MTSS. Figure 1 shows the survival curves of the different risk groups as defined by the MTSS. As can be seen, the prognostic model was not able to discriminate four risk groups. We then pooled together patients assigned to the low (n=26) and intermediate risk (n=23) groups, and those within the high (n=9) and very high risk (n=6) groups. On this basis, two-categories could be identified: standard risk (n=49 [77% of patients]) and high risk (n=15 [23%]). The 3-year overall survival was 65% (95% CI: 51-79) in the standard risk and 17% (95% CI: 0-46) in the high risk categories (P=0.060)(Figure 2). Conclusions: the MTSS did not discriminate four different risk categories in our series. Both, the limited number of cases and the differences in patients and transplant characteristics in our series as compared to those of the original MTSS cohort might account for this finding. Nevertheless, the MTSS was able to identify a subset of patients with a very poor prognosis after transplantation. Such information could be useful to assist on transplant decision-making. Disclosures Sanchez-Guijo: Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; BMS: Consultancy, Honoraria; Incyte: Consultancy, Honoraria; Pfizer: Consultancy, Honoraria; Gilead: Consultancy, Honoraria; Amgen: Honoraria; Roche: Honoraria. Hernandez Boluda:Incyte: Other: Travel expenses paid.

Juxta-epiphyseal/Salter-Harris fractures are the most common hand fractures in children and the proximal phalanx is involved in most cases. In the absence of soft-tissue interposition, these growth plate injuries are simple to reduce and are stable. However, in some cases, flexor tendon entrapment could be present. We report on an 11-year-old girl who sustained a fall onto her outstretched hand with subsequent injuries in her long, ring, and small fingers. Plain radiographs showed a severely displaced juxta-epiphyseal proximal phalanx fracture in her ring finger associated with mildly displaced juxta-epiphyseal proximal phalanx fractures of the long and small fingers. Fracture reduction could not be achieved after a closed reduction attempt. An open reduction and stabilization using Kirschner wires was performed in the fourth and fifth fingers, because of entrapment of the flexor digitorum profundus tendon. Excellent functional as well as radiological outcomes were achieved. These types of injuries are very uncommon and a high index of suspicion on the basis of clinical as well as radiological findings is needed to make an early diagnosis and for adequate treatment. Multiple proximal phalangeal fractures could be associated with the simultaneous entrapment of flexor tendons in different fingers as in our case; this is important to keep in mind as it is useful when planning the definitive surgical treatment and doing so will have a positive impact on the final functional as well as radiological outcomes.

En el Ecuador la política educati­va en tiempos de la Revolución Ciudada­na surge como la decisión de revisarla y repensarla desde la ideología, la filosofía y el enfoque pedagógico-crítico, en­tonces es pertinente mirar la propuesta educativa de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador en la arena social y política propuesta por el gobierno de corte socialista, para quienes no son ex­traños los términos “emancipar”, “decidir” y “controlar” con celo el cumplimiento de un modelo educativo acorde con su mo­delo de gobierno. Entonces es pertinente referirse a Michel Foucault y la educación panóptica (Vigilar y Castigar), a Theodor W. Adorno, con una frase que interpela ¿Tiene sentido educar después de Aus­chwitz? (Educación para la Emancipa­ción); a Paulo Freire con sus reflexiones sobre la educación bancaria y el llama­do a la toma de nuestras propias vidas en sus cinco pedagogías (del Oprimido, de la Esperanza, de la Autonomía, de la Indignación y de la Tolerancia); a Bour­dieu y su capital cultural y el habitus (La Reproducción, Homo Academicus); Gramsci y la decisión de hacer educa­ción en interdependencia con el Estado, entre tantos, que sirven de referencia para emprender con la revolución edu­cativa con énfasis en el pensamiento educativo crítico fundamental para re­pensar la escuela. Entonces tomaremos de algunos de estos conceptos de los autores aludidos para reflexionar y con­trastarla con el modelo propuesto por la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecua­dor y su Modelo Pedagógico Ignaciano, desarrollado por Ignacio de Loyola en el Siglo XVI y que permanece vigente, en la temporalidad y en los cinco continentes, ¡generando profesionales exitosos en so­ciedades fracasadas! Luis Ugalde, s.j.

Al revisar los casos registrados de malformaciones fetales durante el año 2014, nos brinda una perspectiva de cuáles tipos de dismorfismos estamos detectando en nuestro medio y su frecuencia. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo de forma retrospectivo en el Hospital San Juan de Dios, San José, Costa Rica, con un total de 54 nacidos vivos durante el período de mEnero a Diciembre del año 2014, a los cuales se les diagnosticó al nacimiento determinada malformación congénita, simple o múltiple y que hubiesen nacido ya sea por parto o cesárea. El criterio de inclusión son los productos que nacieron con una o más malformaciones congénitas durante el período Enero a Diciembre de 2014, en el Hospital San Juan de Dios. Se excluyeron pacientes que no presentaban datos completos en la boleta de notificación del Hospital San Juan de Dios.Se reportaron en dicho periodo 5004 nacimientos, de los cuales 4960 fueron nacidosvivos, y de éstos 54 presentaron malformaciones congénitas. Las malformaciones congénitas fueron clasificadas por sistema, se obtuvo como resultado que las de mayor incidencia fueron las del sistema nervioso central, 14 casos para un 22.9%, le siguen las del sistema genitourinario y músculo esqueléticas con 10 casos, 16.3% respectivamente. Del sistema gastrointestinal se presentaron 9 casos para un 14.7%, dentro de los síndromes se presentaron 9 casos, siendo el de mayor incidencia síndrome de Down (trisomía 21), 6 casos, además síndrome de Edward, Patau y Peters Plus, las de menor incidencia fueron las cardiovasculares, 5 casos (8.1%), craneofaciales 3 casos (4.9%) y del sistema respiratorio 1 caso.En nuestro estudio, la incidencia de malformaciones congénitas en el año 2014 fue 1.7%, siendo las más frecuentes las del sistema nervioso central, luego las músculo esqueléticas y genitourinarias. Las del sistema cardiovascular representaron una baja incidencia 8.1% del total y el área de mayor procedencia de madres con productos con malformaciones congénitas fue Santa Ana en la provincia de San José.

Ultrasonographic assessment of diaphragm function with patients on low levels of pressure support (PS) predicts extubation outcomes, but similar information regarding extubation success under other conditions is lacking. The purpose of this study was to determine whether ultrasound (US) measurements of the diaphragm made on various levels of PS can predict time until successful extubation. Fifty-six intubated patients underwent ultrasound of the right hemidiaphragm during a PS wean at varying levels of pressure support (PS 5/5 cm of H2O, 10/5 cm of H2O, and 15/5 cm of H2O). The diaphragm was visualized using a 7.5–10 mHz transducer in the zone of apposition of the diaphragm to the lower rib cage. The percent change in diaphragm thickness between end-expiration and end-inspiration (∆tdi%) was calculated at each level of PS. ∆tdi% >20 is a robust predictor of extubation success within 48 h of US at PS 5/5 cm of H2O and 10/5 cm of H2O (sensitivity 84.6 and 88.9 % and specificity 79.0 and 75.0 %, respectively). At PS greater than 10/5 cm of H2O, its predictive power was greatly diminished. Of nine patients who were extubated with ∆tdi% below the cutoff, 66.6 % required emergent reintubation in the next two days. Diaphragm US is a valid predictor of extubation success at some but not all PS settings. Using a ∆tdi% of 20 % on PS levels up to 10/5 cm of H2O may reduce both unnecessarily prolonged intubations and prevent emergent reintubations.

La planificación y el ordenamiento del territorio requieren la proyección en el espacio geográfico de estrategias y acciones basadas en el desarrollo económico, social, ambiental y político-administrativo; aspectos que necesitan una revisión e integración de instrumentos que garanticen la sostenibilidad del territorio. Este artículo, evalúa el proceso de crecimiento y renovación urbana en Santa Bárbara de Heredia, para la generación de una nueva propuesta de ampliación de cuadrantes urbanos, acorde con las capacidades ambientales del territorio. Para ello, se delimitó las áreas urbanas en el período de 1945 – 2013, a través del uso de fotografías aéreas e imágenes satelitales y se identificaron las limitaciones ambientales según la información oficial existente. También, se estima la demanda de terrenos al identificar el predio modelo obtenido de la información catastral y censal de la población, con el propósito de establecer las potenciales áreas de crecimiento urbano. En el proceso de agrupación de factores, se utilizó la metodología de análisis K-medias. La investigación identifica tres tipologías de crecimiento urbano relacionadas con procesos de regeneración, así como los espacios en los cuales se necesita de mejoramiento de la trama urbana y se delimitan los espacios posibles para ocupación futura, acordes a la limitación ambiental existente. PROCESSES OF GROWTH AND URBAN RENEWAL IN THE EXPANSION PROPOSAL OF URBAN QUADRANTS IN SANTA BARBARA, HEREDIA, COSTA RICA, 2014ABSTRACT The planning and land management require the projection in geographical space of strategies and actions based on economic, social, environmental and political-administrative development; aspects that require a review and integration of instruments to ensure the sustainability of the territory. This article evaluates the process of growth and urban renewal in Santa Barbara de Heredia, to generate a new proposal for urban expansion, according the environmental capacities of the territory. Urban areas have been identified in the period 1945 - 2013, using aerial photographs and satellite images and areas with environmental limitations according existing official information were identified. The demand for land is also estimated using the average property obtained from cadastral information and the population census data, in order to establish potential areas of urban growth. Analysis methodology K-means clustering was used. The research identified three types of urban growth related to regenerative processes, as well the spaces in which the urban improvement is needed and define the possible areas for future occupation, consistent to the existing environmental limitation.

Kienböck's disease is an unusual pathology with unknown aetiology within the pediatric population. Several treatment options have been described in the literature; however, there are neither large series nor homogeneous studies that have clarified which treatment is best. The aim of this study was to describe five cases in which definitive distal radius epiphysiodesis was performed as an alternative method to the classic distal radius shortening osteotomy in skeletally immature patients with Kienböck's disease.The clinical charts and radiographs of four patients (five wrists) diagnosed as having Kienböck's disease and treated by definitive distal radius epiphysiodesis were reviewed.All patients were symptomatically free with full range of motion at 4.25 months (range, three to six months) after surgery. In all cases, shortening of the distal radius was achieved (p = 0.032).This new technique is a simple, effective, and minimally invasive procedure with low morbidity and good clinical and radiological outcomes.

Summary Non-ionizing radiation at 2.45 GHz may modify the expression of genes that codify heat shock proteins (HSP) in the thyroid gland. Using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique, we studied levels of HSP-90 and HSP-70. We also used hematoxilin eosin to look for evidence of lesions in the gland and applied the DAPI technique of fluorescence to search for evidence of chromatin condensation and nuclear fragmentation in the thyroid cells of adult female Sprague-Dawley rats. Fifty-four rats were individually exposed for 30 min to 2.45 GHz radiation in a Gigahertz transverse electromagnetic (GTEM) cell at different levels of non-thermal specific absorption rate (SAR), which was calculated using the finite difference time domain (FDTD) technique. Ninety minutes after radiation, HSP-90 and HSP-70 had decreased significantly (P

Open fractures constitute a major trauma mostly sustained by young adults during high-energy injuries. Management of long bone open fractures is a very complex issue and is often complicated by nonunion and deep infection being among the most devastating and difficult to cure. It is generally recommended that wound debridement and stabilization of open fractures should be performed as early as possible, preferably within 6-8 h on the basis of historical comment and laboratory data. The rationale for this rule is believed to originate from Freidrich's historical study of guinea pigs. The literature lacks strong evidence addressing the primary issue of timing and delay on the incidence of deep infection and nonunion in open fractures. In the light of the actual literature regarding this topic, it seems that time to debridement of open fractures is not a prognostic factor of infection as well as nonunion.

In 80-year-old woman presented with dyspnea on exertion, present for the last 2 years. She said she became short of breath after walking 1 block. Her medical history was significant only for 35 pack-years of smoking. On examination, her lung fields were clear, with no audible murmurs, and she had

Atherosclerosis and venous thromboembolism share similar pathophysiology based on common inflammatory mediators. The dose-related effect of statin therapy in venous thromboembolism remains controversial. This study investigated whether the use of antiplatelet therapy and statins decrease the occurrence of venous thromboembolism in patients with atherosclerosis.We conducted a retrospective cohort study reviewing 1795 consecutive patients with atherosclerosis admitted to a teaching hospital between 2005 and 2010. Patients who had been treated with anticoagulation therapy were excluded. Patients who either used statins for2 months or never used them were allocated to the nonuser group.The final analysis included 1100 patients. The overall incidence of venous thromboembolism was 9.7%. Among statin users, 6.3% (54/861) developed venous thromboembolism, compared with 22.2% (53/239) in the nonuser group (hazard ratio [HR] 0.24; P.001). After controlling for confounding factors, statin use was still associated with a lower risk of developing venous thromboembolism (HR 0.29; P.001). High-dose statin use (average 50.9 mg/day) (HR 0.25; P.001) lowered the risk of venous thromboembolism compared with standard-dose statins (average 22.2 mg/day) (HR 0.38; P.001). Dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel decreased occurrence of venous thromboembolism (HR 0.19; P.001). Interestingly, combined statins and antiplatelet therapy further reduced the occurrence of venous thromboembolism (HR 0.16; P.001).The use of statins and antiplatelet therapy is associated with a significant reduction in the occurrence of venous thromboembolism with a dose-related response of statins.

We studied the genetic relationship among four wild and ten cultivated populations of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes Kunth) using five microsatellite markers. Peach palm populations were grouped into two major complexes based on morphological traits (see Mora-Urpi 1984, 1993): the Occidental group, including populations found north and west of the Andes Mountains, and the Oriental group, including populations in the Amazon Basin. The Oriental group is further divided into two subgroups, the upper and eastern Amazonia. We also studied two wild relatives of peach palm from the Maracaibo basin in Venezuela. All microsatellite loci were polymorphic and the total number of alleles across all loci was 64. The number of alleles observed per locus ranged from 9 (Bg51) to 16 (Bg63; Average = 12.8 ± 2.8 alleles per locus), while the average number of alleles per population was 31.8 ± 7.3. Our data also revealed that some alleles were common to populations from the same geographical region. A dendrogram based on Rogers and Tanimoto’s similarity coefficient revealed three main branches. The first branch is divided into two nodes and includes all populations from Occidental and Upper Amazonia groups; the second branch includes both populations from Eastern Amazonia, and the third branch includes both wild relatives from Maracaibo. All populations included in each node are neighbors within a geographic region, indicating that populations were finely clustered into their respective geographic groups. We propose that this clustering supports the hypothesis of several independent domestication events on both sides of the Andes, as proposed by Mora-Urpi (1993).

A case of body stalk anomaly which was diagnosed at 17 weeks of gestation is presented on a second trimester sonography after an abnormal first trimester scan and second opinion review. The fetus displayed multiple anomalies characteristic of body stalk syndrome including abdominal wall defect (omphalocele), kyphoscoliosis, fetal dismorphology and a two vesseled umbilical cord. Body stalk anomaly is a rare congenital anomaly with a series of similar clinical manifestations and poor prognosis.

Physical agents such as non-ionizing continuous-wave 2.45GHz radiation may cause damage that alters cellular homeostasis and may trigger activation of the genes that encode heat shock proteins (HSP). We used Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA) and immunohistochemistry to analyze the changes in levels of HSP-90 and its distribution in the brain of Sprague-Dawley rats, ninety minutes and twenty-four hours after acute (30min) continuous exposure to 2.45GHz radiation in a the Gigahertz Transverse Electromagnetic (GTEM cell). In addition, we studied further indicators of neuronal insult: dark neurons, chromatin condensation and nucleus fragmentation, which were observed under optical conventional or fluorescence microscopy after DAPI staining. The cellular distribution of protein HSP-90 in the brain increased with each corresponding SAR (0.034 ± 3.10-3, 0.069 ± 5.10-3, 0.27 ± 21.10-3 W/kg), in hypothalamic nuclei, limbic cortex and somatosensorial cortex after exposure to the radiation. At twenty-four hours post-irradiation, levels of HSP-90 protein remained high in all hypothalamic nuclei for all SARs, and in the parietal cortex, except the limbic system, HSP-90 levels were lower than in non-irradiated rats, almost half the levels in rats exposed to the highest power radiation. Non-apoptotic cellular nuclei and a some dark neurons were found ninety minutes and twenty-four hours after maximal SAR exposure. The results suggest that acute exposure to electromagnetic fields triggered an imbalance in anatomical HSP- 90 levels but the anti-apoptotic mechanism is probably sufficient to compensate the non-ionizing stimulus. Further studies are required to determine the regional effects of chronic electromagnetic pollution on heat shock proteins and their involvement in neurological processes and neuronal damage.

Jorge I Mora1, Denis Hadjiliadis21Albert Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA; 2Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USAAbstract: Medical treatment of emphysema does not alter the natural progression of the disease. Surgical techniques are an attractive conceptual approach to treat hyperinflation in these patients. Lung volume reduction surgery and lung transplantation are appropriate therapeutic options for a selected population with emphysema. We will review the available evidence to support these approaches.Keywords: COPD, emphysema, lung volume reduction, lung transplantation

Resumen Introduccion La epicondilitis es un trastorno que cursa con dolor en la insercion proximal del musculo extensor radial corto del carpo. El tratamiento habitual se basa en reposo y medidas farmacologicas, fisioterapia, infiltraciones con corticoides y uso de ortesis. Cuando fracasa el tratamiento conservador, disponemos de la alternativa quirurgica. El objetivo es evaluar la respuesta de los pacientes con epicondilitis rebeldes a tratamiento conservador con toxina botulinica tipo A (TB-A). Material y metodos Realizamos un estudio prospectivo con 7 pacientes diagnosticados de epicondilitis, con un tiempo de evolucion minimo de 4 meses, en los que fracaso el tratamiento conservador. Antes de tomar una decision quirurgica, se les aplico una unica infiltracion de TB-A, entre 25 y 50 UI de Botox®. Se recogen como variables: dosis aplicada, dolor a la palpacion y con la maniobra de extension resistida de la muneca y efectos secundarios. Resultados Obtuvimos una mejoria importante del dolor en todos los pacientes tras 1 mes de la aplicacion de TB-A. La paresia de la musculatura extensora del carpo aparecio en las 2 primeras semanas con una resolucion completa entre los 2-8 primeros meses posinfiltracion. Conclusion El tratamiento de la epicondilitis resistente a tratamiento conservador mediante la aplicacion de TB-A es un tratamiento eficaz, que mejora en todos los casos la sintomatologia clinica.

Se evaluó la diversidad genética en cuatro microsatélites de ADN de pejibaye (Bactris gasipaes Kunth) para relacionarlos con su evolución y domesticación. Se analizaron 258 muestras procedentes de siete poblaciones silvestres y once razas cultivadas. Todos los loci eran polimórficos y se identificaron 50 alelos en total. La diversidad genética fue alta (0.67). Todas las poblaciones reunidas obtuvieron una alta diferenciación genética (Fst=0.16), pero cuando se separaron en poblaciones occidentales y orientales fue menor (Fst=0.13 para ambas). El flujo genético presente en las poblaciones occidentales fue mayor (Nm=1.71) que en las orientales (Nm=1.62). Por otra parte, se encontró que las razas de Putumayo, Yurimaguas, Vaupés, Tucurrique, y Guatuso aparentemente han sido sometida a una intensa selección humana. Además, la existencia de poblaciones híbridas es el resultado del intercambio entre pueblos del neotrópico e introgresiones con poblaciones silvestres y cultivadas. Se estimó la distancia genética Dm para generar un dendograma por el método del vecino más cercano. Definimos tres grupos de poblaciones: Maracaibo (B. caribaea, B. macana var veragua y B. macana var arapuey), Amazonía Oriental (Tembe, Pará y Acre) y el grupo compuesto por dos subgrupos, Occidental (Azuero, Chontilla, Tuira, Cauca, Tucurrique y Guatuso) y Alto Amazonas (B. dahlgreniana, Puerto Ayacucho, Solimões, Vaupés y Putumayo). La relación genética coincide con la hipótesis de que la palmera del pejibaye ha sido domesticada independientemente por lo menos en tres regiones.Genetic diversity and kin relationships among wild and cultivated populations of the pejibaye palm (Bactris gasipaes, Palmae) using microsatellite markers. The genetic diversity of the peach palm (Pejibaye, Bactris gasipaes Kunth) was evaluated using four nuclear DNA microsatellites in an effort to elucidate the evolution and domestication of this crop. A total of 258 samples from seven wild populations and eleven races were analyzed. All loci were polymorphic and a total of 50 alleles were identified. Average genetic diversity (0.67) and genetic differentiation among populations (Fst=0.16) were high when all populations were considered. Genetic differentiation was lower when the populations were grouped according to their origin into Western and Eastern populations (Fst=0.13 for both). Gene flow was slightly higher among Western populations (Nm=1.71) than among Eastern populations (Nm=1.62). The Putumayo, Yurimaguas, Vaupés, Tucurrique and Guatuso races seem to have been subjected to intense human selection. Hybrid populations exist in Azuero, Tuira, Cauca, vaupés, Puerto Ayacucho and Solimões, probably resulting from exchange and introgressions among sympatric wild and cultivated populations. Genetic distance (Dm) was estimated to determine the degree of relationship among populations using the neighbor-joining method; the wild populations from Maracaibo were used as the outgroup. The populations were divided into three general groups: Maracaibo (B. caribaea, B. macana var veragua and B. macana var arapuey), Eastern Amazon (Tembe, Pará and Acre) and a third group with two subgroups, Western (Azuero, Chontilla, Tuira, Cauca, Tucurrique and Guatuso) and Upper Amazon (B. dahlgreniana, Puerto Ayacucho, Solimões, vaupés and Putumayo). The genetic relationships strongly support the hypothesis that peach palm was brought into cultivation independently in no less than three areas: the Western Andes (extending into lower Central America); Upper Amazon (extending into the Solimões and its tributaries), and the Eastern Amazon (extending from Bolivia to the lower Amazon through the Madeira River). Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (1): 217-245. Epub 2008 March 31.

RESUMEN La planificación y el ordenamiento del territorio requieren la proyección en el espacio geográfico de estrategias y acciones basadas en el desarrollo económico, social, ambiental y político-admi-nistrativo; aspectos que necesitan una revisión e integración de instrumentos que garanticen la sostenibilidad del territorio. Este artículo, evalúa el proceso de crecimiento y renovación urbana en Santa Bárbara de Heredia, para la generación de una nueva propuesta de ampliación de cuadrantes

Aims: Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) can act as inducers or mediators of stress response through the production of heat shock proteins (HSP) that modulate immune response and thymus functions. In this study, we analyzed cellular stress levels in rat thymus after exposure of the rats to 2.45 GHz radiofrequency (RF) using an experimental diathermic model in a Gigahertz Transverse Electromagnetic (GTEM) chamber.

The aim of the present study was to analyse dietary habits and fluid intake of professional basketball players with consideration of dietary guidelines and sport nutrition recommendations. A dietary habit questionnaire including a 24 h recall was recorded by 55 elite basketball players of the first Spanish Basketball League. Energy consumption among these athletes was high 17.7 ±0.9 MJ · day –1 in comparison to other elite team sport athletes. Furthermore intakes of protein, fat, saturated fatty acids mineral and most vitamins exceed the current Daily Recommended Intakes (DRI’s) for these macronutrients whereas, intakes of carbohydrate and vitamin E failed to meet the guidelines. Daily fluid intake was 3126 ±1226ml. Water was the preferred beverage (1688±1032 ml), followed by milk (445 ±521 ml), commercial sport drinks (377 ±520 ml), carbonated beverages (307 ±492 ml), juices (150 ±208 ml), beer (67 ±189 ml), non-alcoholic (beer 49 ±158 ml) and wine (43 ±218 ml). Sixty-six percent of the participants repo...

Dinámica poblacional de nemátodos fitoparásitos en pejibaye (Bactris gasipaes K.) para palmito. Trimestralmente se realizó el conteo e identificación de nemátodos, durante los 12 primeros meses de desarrollo, en cuatro variedades de palmito de pejibaye (Bactris gasipaes Kunth). Tres de ellas sin espinas (Diamantes-1, Diamantes-10 y Diamantes- 20) y una con espinas (Utilis-Tucurrique). El ensayo se efectuó en la región de Guápiles, Costa Rica. Los nemátodos que se encontraron en el suelo y las raíces de las plantas de pejibaye fueron los siguientes: Helicotylenchus spp., que fue el más común con frecuencias en raíces de 100 % en las variedades Diamantes-1 y Diamantes-20; y de 90 % en Diamantes- 10 y 85% en Utilis-Tucurrique. También se encontraron los géneros Tylenchus sp.; Pratylenchus sp.; Criconemella spp. y Boleodorus sp. en densidades bajas. En el suelo sus frecuencias fueron 80%, 100%, 95% y 85% en Diamantes-1, Diamantes-10, Diamantes-20 y Utilis-Tucurrique, respectivamente. Además, también estuvieron presentes en densidades bajas Criconemella spp; Tylenchus sp.; Ditylenchus sp. y Meloidogine sp. De acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos, las densidades de nemátodos obtenidas se puede considerar que aún no alcanzan proporciones que resulten de importancia económica.

Palmito de pejibaye (Bactris gasipaes K.): distancias de siembra y manejo de malezas. El trabajo se realizó en la Estación Experimental Los Diamantes, ubicada en Guápiles, Costa Rica. Se evaluó el efecto de cuatro densidades de siembra (20.000, 10.000, 6.666 y 5.000 plantas/ha) y control de malezas, física y química, sobre el crecimiento y el rendimiento inicial de una variedad de pejibaye sin espinas (Diamantes 10). Las variables evaluadas fueron: altura de la planta, grosor del tallo, número de brotes por planta; producción de palmitos, rendimiento industrial y económico. Además, se midió el efecto de la libre competencia del pejibaye con las malezas sobre el crecimiento de las plantas durante los primeros meses del cultivo. Se observaron diferencias entre distancias en la altura de la planta y en el número de brotes por cepa nueve meses después de la siembra. Ambas variables alcanzaron su mayor valor cuando la densidad fue de 6.666 plantas/ha (0,75 m x 2 m). Las mayores densidades de siembra produjeron los mejores rendimientos, en número de palmitos cosechados y número de cajas de exportación, durante los primeros cuatro meses de producción.