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El termino causalidad se utiliza en diferentes disciplinas de las ciencias desde la Física hasta la Biología; donde se hace uso rutinario de estos conceptos para inferir relaciones causales. Es evidente que las ciencias son el mejor lugar al que acudir para comprender la causalidad, pero en cada una ha sido abordado de manera diferente. Por lo tanto, pretendemos reflexionar en la siguiente pregunta: ¿Que implica utilizar este término (relaciones causales) en la educación científica? y ¿Cómo éstas contribuyen al pensamiento crítico? Para ello, se presentan enfoques epistemológicos sobre la causalidad desde la filosofía, la psicología y las ciencias naturales; posteriormente se describen sus implicaciones en la Educación científica y finalmente presentamos las nociones de relaciones causales y su contribución al pensamiento crítico. Este articulo parte de una investigación pos-doctoral realizada en el Programa de Posgrado en Educación de la Universidad Federal del Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), y es el resultado de la colaboración entre investigadores de Colombia, Brasil y España.

Peripheral nerve regeneration with large defects needs innovative design of nerve guidance conduits (NGCs) which possess anisotropic guidance, electrical induction and right mechanical properties in one. Herein, we present, for the first time, facile fabrication and efficient neural differentiation guidance of anisotropic, conductive, self-snapping, hydrogel-based NGCs. The hydrogels were fabricated via crosslinking of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) upon exposure with blue light, incorporated with graphene oxide (GO). Incorporation of GO and in situ reduction greatly enhanced surface charges, while decayed light penetration endowed the hydrogel with an intriguing self-snapping feature by the virtue of a crosslinking gradient. The hydrogels were in the optimal mechanical stiffness range for peripheral nerve regeneration and supported normal viability and proliferation of neural cells. The PC12 ​cells differentiated on the electroactive g-C3N4 H/rGO3 (3 ​mg/mL GO loading) hydrogel presented 47% longer neurite length than that of the pristine g-C3N4 H hydrogel. Furthermore, the NGC with aligned microchannels was successfully fabricated using sacrificial melt electrowriting (MEW) moulding, the anisotropic microchannels of the 10 ​μm width showed optimal neurite guidance. Such anisotropic, electroactive, self-snapping NGCs may possess great potential for repairing peripheral nerve injuries.

Background Superimposition of vibration has been proposed in sports training using several devices and methods to enhance muscle activation and strength adaptations. Due to the popularity of suspension training, vibration systems have recently been developed to increase the effects of this training method. The present cross-sectional study aims to examine the effects of superimposing vibration on one of the most popular exercises in strength and conditioning programs: push-ups. Methods Twenty-eight physically active men and women executed push-ups in three suspended conditions (non-vibration, vibration at 25 Hz, and vibration at 40 Hz). OMNI-Res scale was registered, and surface electromyographic signals were measured for the activity of the right and left external oblique, anterior deltoid, triceps brachii, sternal, and clavicular heads of the pectoralis major. Results A linear mixed model indicated a significant fixed effect for vibration at 25 Hz and 40 Hz on muscle activity. Suspended push-ups with superimposed vibration (25 Hz and 40 Hz) showed a significant higher activity on left (25 Hz: p = 0.036, d = 0.34; 40 Hz: p = 0.003, d = 0.48) and right external oblique (25 Hz: p = 0.004, d = 0.36; 40 Hz: p = 0.000, d = 0.59), anterior deltoid (25 Hz: p = 0.032, d = 0.44; 40 Hz: p = 0.003, d = 0.64), and global activity (25 Hz: p = 0.000, d = 0.55; 40 Hz: p = 0.000, d = 0.83) compared to non-vibration condition. Moreover, OMNI-Res significant differences were found at 25 Hz (6.04 ± 0.32, p = 0.000 d = 4.03 CI = 3.27, 4.79) and 40 Hz (6.21 ± 0.36 p = 0.00 d = 4.29 CI = 3.49, 5.08) compared to the non-vibration condition (4.75 ± 0.32). Conclusion Superimposing vibration is a feasible strategy to enhance the muscle activity of suspended push-ups.

The Lower Pleistocene site of Quibas, in Sierra de Quibas (Murcia, Spain) was discovered in 1994 and has since then provided abundant material of typical Epivillafranchian taxa. This biochron belongs to the Early-Middle Pleistocene transition (1.2 – 0.78 Ma), characterised by a change in orbital cyclicity from a 41 kyr cycle to 100 kyr that intensified the climate and culminated in the most important faunal turnover of the Pleistocene regarding large mammals. The Group of Palaeoanthropology of the National Museum of Natural Sciences (CSIC, Spain) and the Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social (IPHES-CERCA, Spain) carried out four field seasons from 2015 to 2018. Here we present the large herbivorous mammals recovered from the field, including the first citation of two taxa new to the locality: Stephanorhinus cf. etruscus and Bison cf. voigtstedtensis. We also provide the first description of previously mentioned taxa: Dama cf. vallonnetensis and Sus sp. Together with the remaining herbivores, the faunal community shows a strong European affinity with some regionalism. Compared with other Iberian localities, the site of Quibas stands out for the lack of hominin fossils or any evidence supporting their presence in the area, a peculiar scenario given that the Early-Middle Pleistocene transition broadly speaking sees the arrival of humans into Europe.

Resumen: Objetivo: determinar si una mala salud bucodental y la fragilidad son factores de riesgo de neumonía adquirida en la comunidad (NAC) en las personas adultas. Diseño: estudio de casos y controles en la población ≥ 18 años. Sitio: los casos de neumonía ingresados en el Hospital de Mataró, se aparearon con los controles del mismo sexo y edad (± 5 años) que no hubieran tenido neumonía en los últimos 12 meses y que estuvieran visitando a sus familiares ingresados. Participantes: durante 2 años (del 1 de junio de 2018 al 31 de mayo de 2020) se identificaron y se seleccionaron 102 casos de pacientes ingresados con NAC y 102 controles. Intervenciones: todos los participantes dieron su consentimiento firmado para participar en el estudio, se recogieron variables sociodemográficas, antropométricas, comorbilidades, de capacidad funcional, de hábitos tóxicos, vacunaciones y de alteración de la deglución. Medidas Principales: se valoró la salud bucodental con el General Oral Health Assessment Index, la fragilidad con el test de FRAIL, la calidad de vida mediante el test EUROQ-5D. Resultados: el análisis bivariado: la neumonía se asocia con un índice de salud bucodental ≤ 57 (OR 4,63) ser frágil (OR 18,5), visita odontológica en los últimos 3 meses (OR 0,42), cepillado dental diario (OR 0,26) y tener algún problema para el cuidado personal (OR 3,29). El análisis multivariante muestra una asociación independiente entre la aparición de la neumonía y una mala salud bucodental (OR 6,16), ser exfumador (OR 5,65) y ser frágil (OR 49,7). Conclusiones: ser frágil y tener una mala salud bucodental son factores de riesgo independientes de la NAC. Abstract: Objective: To determine if poor oral health and frailty are risk factors for community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Design: Case-control study in a population ≥18 years. Place: The cases of pneumonia admitted to the Hospital of Mataró were matched with controls of the same sex and age (±5 years) who had not had pneumonia in the last 12 months and who were visiting admitted relatives. Participants: During two years (June 1, 2018 to May 31, 2020) 102 cases of patients admitted with CAP and 102 controls were identified and recruited. Interventions: All participants gave their signed consent to participate in the study, sociodemographic, anthropometric variables, comorbidities, functional capacity, toxic habits, vaccinations and swallowing disorders were collected. Main Measurements: Oral health was assessed with the General Oral Health Assessment Index, frailty with the FRAIL test, and quality of life with the EUROQ-5D test. Results: Bivariate analysis: pneumonia is associated with an oral health index ≤57 (OR 4.63), being frail (OR 18.5), dental visit in the last 3 months (OR 0.42), daily tooth brushing (OR 0.26) and having some personal care problem (OR 3.29). The multivariate analysis shows an independent association between the appearance of pneumonia and poor oral health (OR 6.16), being a former smoker (OR 5.65) and being frail (OR 49.7). Conclusions: Being frail and having poor oral health are independent risk factors for CAP.

ABSTRACT The aims of this study were as follows. First, we determined the antimicrobial efficacy of hypochlorous acid (HClO) against bacterial, fungal, and yeast strains growing planktonically and growing in biofilms. Second, we sought to compare the activity of the combination of daptomycin and HClO versus those of the antimicrobial agents alone for the treatment of experimental catheter-related Staphylococcus epidermidis infection (CRI) using the antibiotic lock technique (ALT) in a rabbit model. HClO was generated through direct electric current (DC) shots at determined amperages and times. For planktonic susceptibility studies, 1 to 3 DC shots of 2, 5, and 10 mA from 0 to 300 s were applied. A DC shot of 20 mA from 0 to 20 min was applied to biofilm-producing strains. Central venous catheters were inserted into New Zealand White rabbits, inoculated with an S. epidermidis strain, and treated with saline solution or ALT using daptomycin (50 mg/mL), HClO (20 mA for 45 min), or daptomycin plus HClO. One hundred percent of the planktonic bacterial, fungal, and yeast strains were killed by applying one DC shot of 2, 5, and 10 mA, respectively. One DC shot of 20 mA for 20 min was sufficient to eradicate 100% of the tested biofilm-producing strains. Daptomycin plus HClO lock therapy showed the highest activity for experimental CRI with S. epidermidis. HClO could be an effective strategy for treating infections caused by extensively drug-resistant or multidrug-resistant and biofilm-producing strains in medical devices and chronic wounds. The results of the ALT using daptomycin plus HClO may be promising. IMPORTANCE Currently, drug-resistant infections are increasing and there are fewer antibiotics available to treat them. Therefore, there is an urgent need to find new antibiotics and nonantimicrobial strategies to treat these infections. We present a new nonantibiotic strategy based on hypochlorous acid generation to treat long-term catheter-related and chronic wounds infections.

Huntington's Disease (HD) is a devastating disorder characterized by a triad of motor, psychiatric and cognitive manifestations. Psychiatric and emotional symptoms appear at early stages of the disease which are consistently described by patients and caregivers among the most disabling. Here, we show for the first time that Foxp2 is strongly associated with some psychiatric-like disturbances in the R6/1 mouse model of HD. First, 4-week-old (juvenile) R6/1 mice behavioral phenotype was characterized by an increased impulsive-like behavior and less aggressive-like behavior. In this line, we identified an early striatal downregulation of Foxp2 protein starting as soon as at postnatal day 15 that could explain such deficiencies. Interestingly, the rescue of striatal Foxp2 levels from postnatal stages completely reverted the impulsivity-phenotype and partially the social impairments concomitant with a rescue of dendritic spine pathology. A mass spectrometry study indicated that the rescue of spine loss was associated with an improvement of several altered proteins related with cytoskeleton dynamics. Finally, we reproduced and mimicked the impulsivity and social deficits in wild type mice by reducing their striatal Foxp2 expression from postnatal stages. Overall, these results imply that early postnatal reduction of Foxp2 might contribute to the appearance of some of the early psychiatric symptoms in HD.

Lithium–sulfur batteries (LSBs) with high energy density have the potential to replace current commercial lithium-ion batteries. However, the shuttle effect and the low conversion kinetics of lithium polysulfide (LiPS) remain the main challenges in the development of LSBs. In this study, a metal-free and simple-to-prepare carbon nitride with a high surface area and tubular morphology (CN-nt) is used as the sulfur host for LSBs. Due to its unique nanostructure and rich active sites, it not only effectively disperses the active sulfur material and anchors soluble polysulfide species, but it also promotes the nucleation process of Li2S, thus achieving fast and sustainable Li-S redox reactions. Experimental results show that the obtained S@CN-nt electrodes exhibit a high sulfur utilization of 1296.2 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C and a significant rate capability of 689.4 mAh g−1 at the high current rate of 3C. More importantly, the capacity retention reaches 87.7% after 500 cycles. This simple strategy of engineering unique carbon-based nanostructured hosts can inspire new ideas for developing cost-effective and metal-free host materials for sulfur-based batteries.

A new cathode material, FeS2-decorated carbon nanofiber (CNF), is proposed for Li-S batteries. The structure and physicochemical properties of the material have been engineered to enhance the poor cycling stability typically displayed by sulfur composites. The composite material shows a complex architecture with a matrix of CNF hosting the sulfur and core-shell FeS2 nanoparticles acting as a catalyst for a solid phase conversion-type reaction. This cathode delivers high discharge capacities of 864, 798, 689, 595 and 455 mAhg−1 at C/10, C/5, C/2, 1C and 2C, respectively, with a stable capacity retention of 87% at 2C after 300 cycles. FeS2-decorated CNF has been characterised using several techniques, including in-situ battery measurements at the ALBA synchrotron facility and high-throughput microscopy, giving valuable insights into its charge/discharge reaction mechanism. The excellent performance obtained is combined with the use of just low-cost and abundant elements such as iron, sulfur and carbon, which makes this battery highly promising for the next generation of electrochemical energy storage devices.

Abstract Background Treatment guidelines for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) are based on a relatively small number of randomized controlled trials and do not consider patient-centered perceptions of treatment helpfulness. We investigated the prevalence and predictors of patient-reported treatment helpfulness for DSM-5 GAD and its two main treatment pathways: encounter-level treatment helpfulness and persistence in help-seeking after prior unhelpful treatment. Methods Data came from community epidemiologic surveys in 23 countries in the WHO World Mental Health surveys. DSM-5 GAD was assessed with the fully structured WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview Version 3.0. Respondents with a history of GAD were asked whether they ever received treatment and, if so, whether they ever considered this treatment helpful. Number of professionals seen before obtaining helpful treatment was also assessed. Parallel survival models estimated probability and predictors of a given treatment being perceived as helpful and of persisting in help-seeking after prior unhelpful treatment. Results The overall prevalence rate of GAD was 4.5%, with lower prevalence in low/middle-income countries (2.8%) than high-income countries (5.3%); 34.6% of respondents with lifetime GAD reported ever obtaining treatment for their GAD, with lower proportions in low/middle-income countries (19.2%) than high-income countries (38.4%); 3) 70% of those who received treatment perceived the treatment to be helpful, with prevalence comparable in low/middle-income countries and high-income countries. Survival analysis suggested that virtually all patients would have obtained helpful treatment if they had persisted in help-seeking with up to 10 professionals. However, we estimated that only 29.7% of patients would have persisted that long. Obtaining helpful treatment at the person-level was associated with treatment type, comorbid panic/agoraphobia, and childhood adversities, but most of these predictors were important because they predicted persistence rather than encounter-level treatment helpfulness. Conclusions The majority of individuals with GAD do not receive treatment. Most of those who receive treatment regard it as helpful, but receiving helpful treatment typically requires persistence in help-seeking. Future research should focus on ensuring that helpfulness is included as part of the evaluation. Clinicians need to emphasize the importance of persistence to patients beginning treatment.

Abstract Introduction The Diabetes Health Profile (DHP‐18), structured in three dimensions (psychological distress (PD), barriers to activity (BA) and disinhibited eating (DE)), assesses the psychological and behavioural burden of living with type 2 diabetes. The objectives were to adapt the DHP‐18 linguistically and culturally for use with patients with type 2 DM in Ecuador, and to evaluate its psychometric properties. Methods Participants were recruited using purposive sampling through patient clubs at primary health centres in Quito, Ecuador. The DHP-18 validation consisted in the linguistic validation made by two Ecuadorian doctors and eight patient interviews. And in the psychometric validation, where participants provided clinical and sociodemographic data and responded to the SF-12v2 health survey and the linguistically and culturally adapted version of the DHP-18. The original measurement model was evaluated with confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Reliability was assessed through internal consistency using Cronbach’s alpha and test–retest reproducibility by administering DHP-18 in a random subgroup of the participants two weeks after (n = 75) using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Convergent validity was assessed by establishing previous hypotheses of the expected correlations with the SF12v2 using Spearman’s coefficient. Results Firstly, the DHP-18 was linguistically and culturally adapted. Secondly, in the psychometric validation, we included 146 participants, 58.2% female, the mean age was 56.8 and 31% had diabetes complications. The CFA indicated a good fit to the original three factor model (χ2 (132) = 162.738, p −0.40 in two of three hypotheses). Conclusions The original three factor model showed good fit to the data. Although reliability parameters were adequate for PD and DE dimensions, the BA presented lower internal consistency and future analysis should verify the applicability and cultural equivalence of some of the items of this dimension to Ecuador.

El interés en el equilibrio competitivo de los diferentes deportes de equipo ha ido en aumento en los últimos años. Sin embargo, todavía hay pocas investigaciones referentes a deportes minoritarios como el hockey sobre patines. Por este motivo, el objetivo del estudio fue cuantificar el balance competitivo de diferentes ligas europeas profesionales de hockey sobre patines (España, Portugal, Italia y Francia) y comparar los resultados obtenidos. La muestra estuvo configurada por un total de 7394 partidos (2284 en la liga española, 1996 en la liga portuguesa, 1794 en la liga italiana y 1320 en la liga francesa) entre las temporadas 2009-2010 y 2018-2019. Para determinar el balance competitivo, se calculó la diferencia de puntos acumulada (DPA) y se utilizó un análisis de varianza ANOVA con post hoc de Tukey. Los resultados mostraron que la liga francesa es el campeonato más equilibrado (68.94%±6.39), seguido de la liga española (71.93%±10.77). Las ligas portuguesa (75.31%±5.48) e italiana (75.16%±8.55) mostraron valores DPA más altos, lo que indicó una ventaja más significativa de algunos equipos. El análisis del balance competitivo puede proporcionar una mejor comprensión de este efecto en el hockey patines. Esta métrica puede ser útil para entrenadores y profesionales en el diseño de planes de entrenamiento y para ayudar a las federaciones a comprender la igualdad competitiva de cada liga. En este sentido, en algunos casos, puede ser necesario plantear cambios en el formato de competición con el objetivo de hacerla más equilibrada y emocionante.

Abstract Venta Micena is an area containing several palaeontological sites marking the beginning of the Calabrian stage (Early Pleistocene). The richness of the fossil accumulation including species of Asian, African and European origin, makes Venta Micena a key site for the the palaeoecological and palaeoenvironmental study of southern Europe during the Early Pleistocene. Thus, research has been focused on Venta Micena 3, which was originally interpreted as a single palaeosurface associated with a marshy context, in which most of the fauna was accumulated by Pachycrocuta brevirostris. Recent excavations have unearthed a new site, Venta Micena 4, located in the same stratigraphic unit (Unit C) and in close proximity to Venta Micena 3. Here we show the first analyses regarding the taphonomic and spatial nature of this new site, defining two stratigraphic boundaries corresponding to two different depositional events. Furthermore, the taphonomic analyses of fossil remains seem to indicate a different accumulative agent than Pachycrocuta, thus adding more complexity to the palaeobiological interpretation of the Venta Micena area. These results contribute to the discussion of traditional interpretations made from Venta Micena 3.

Abstract To obtain crystalline thin films of alpha-Quartz represents a challenge due to the tendency for the material towards spherulitic growth. Thus, understanding the mechanisms that give rise to spherulitic growth can help regulate the growth process. Here the spherulitic type of 2D crystal growth in thin amorphous Quartz films was analyzed by electron back-scatter diffraction (EBSD). EBSD was used to measure the size, orientation, and rotation of crystallographic grains in polycrystalline SiO2 and GeO2 thin films with high spatial resolution. Individual spherulitic Quartz crystal colonies contain primary and secondary single crystal fibers, which grow radially from the colony center towards its edge, and fill a near circular crystalline area completely. During their growth, individual fibers form so-called rotational crystals, when some lattice planes are continuously bent. The directions of the lattice rotation axes in the fibers were determined by an enhanced analysis of EBSD data. A possible mechanism, including the generation of the particular type of dislocation(s), is suggested.

Stemming from the research "The Fourth Impulse of Pedagogical Renewal in Spain", this article addresses three key issues: firstly, and as a terminological exercise, it differentiates three concepts that are too often treated interchangeably. These are: reform, renewal and innovation. Secondly, some of the defining aspects that, in our view, characterise centres of pedagogical renewal are presented. Thirdly, some of the peculiarities of pedagogical renewal today (what we agree to call the "third impulse of pedagogical renewal") are presented. The article closes with some conclusions which, apart from highlighting the main aspects of the article, place topics on the table for further debate.

Pedagogical renewal is a concept loaded with a historical-pedagogical trajectory linked to reflection, social justice, educational improvement, teacher commitment and the questioning of the educational model, with personalised education being a key aspect. The aim of this paper is to analyse how learning is personalised in primary education centres that promote processes of pedagogical renewal. A qualitative methodology is used, based on a case study. Two schools with a high intensity of pedagogical renewal were selected and in-depth interviews were conducted with the management team and teachers, focus groups with families and students, and participant observation. The information derived is analysed with the ATLAS.Ti 22 programme, after coding and categorisation. The results reveal a number of common elements and processes of personalisation of learning which are structured in three dimensions. In the first dimension, school characteristics, the following stand out: student autonomy, individualisation of learning and freedom of choice of learning pathways. As for the second dimension, educational project, the following elements stand out: flexible curricular organisation, active methodology where group work is a key element, organisation of timetables without previously established patterns, the role of accompanying teachers, student focus and active participation of families in daily school life. Finally, from the third dimension, inclusion, the following can be extracted: daily educational work where diversity is not a limitation, but a source of learning of great didactic value.

As robotic applications become increasingly diverse, more domains of human lives are being involved, now also extending to educational, therapeutic, and social situations, with a trend to even more complex interactions. This diversity generates new research questions that need to be met with an adequate infrastructure of psychological methods and theory. In this review, we illustrate the current lack of a sub-discipline in psychology to systematically study the psychological corollaries of living in societies where the application of robotic and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies is becoming increasingly common. We thus propose that organized efforts be made toward recognition of robopsychology as a sub-discipline so that the field of psychology moves away from isolated publications of robot- and AI-related topics to a body of knowledge that is able to meet the demands for change, as the world is preparing for the Fourth Industrial Revolution. We propose a definition of robopsychology that not only covers the study of the effects of robots on human behavior, but also of robots and AI themselves, as well as acknowledging how this sub-discipline may eventually be fundamentally changed through robots and AI. In this sense, our definition mirrors an already existing definition of the field of robophilosophy.

Recurrent vulvovaginal candidosis (RVVC) is a chronic, difficult to treat vaginal infection, caused by Candida species, which affects women of all ages and ethnic and social background. A long-term prophylactic maintenance regimen with antifungals is often necessary. In most clinical practice guidelines, oral fluconazole is recommended as the first-line treatment. Although clinical resistance to antifungal agents remains rare, overexposure to azoles may increase the development of fluconazole-resistant C. albicans strains. In addition, non-albicans Candida species are frequently dose-dependent susceptible or resistant to fluconazole and other azoles, and their prevalence is rising. Available therapeutic options to treat such fluconazole-resistant C. albicans and low susceptibility non-albicans strains are limited. Ten experts from different European countries discussed problematic issues of current RVVC diagnosis and treatment in two audiotaped online sessions and two electronic follow-up rounds. A total of 340 statements were transcribed, summarized, and compared with published evidence. The profile of patients with RVVC, their care pathways, current therapeutic needs, and potential value of novel drugs were addressed. Correct diagnosis, right treatment choice, and patient education to obtain adherence to therapy regimens are crucial for successful RVVC treatment. As therapeutic options are limited, innovative strategies are required. Well- tolerated and effective new drugs with an optimized mechanism of action are desirable and are discussed. Research into the impact of RVVC and treatments on health-related quality of life and sex life is also needed.

BackgroundRecent models of visuospatial functioning suggest the existence of three main circuits emerging from the dorsal (“where”) route: parieto-prefrontal pathway, parieto-premotor, and parieto-medial temporal. Neural underpinnings of visuospatial task performance and the sparing of visuospatial functioning in bvFTD are unclear. We hypothesized different neural and cognitive mechanisms in visuospatial tasks performance in bvFTD and AD.MethodsTwo hundred and sixteen participants were enrolled for this study: 72 patients with bvFTD dementia and 144 patients with AD. Visual Object and Space Perception Battery Position Discrimination and Number Location (VOSP-PD and VOSP-NL) and Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure (ROCF) were administered to examine visuospatial functioning, together with a comprehensive neuropsychological battery. FDG-PET was acquired to evaluate brain metabolism. Voxel-based brain mapping analyses were conducted to evaluate the brain regions associated with visuospatial function in bvFTD and AD.ResultsPatients with AD performed worst in visuospatial tasks in mild dementia, but not at prodromal stage. Attention and executive functioning tests showed higher correlations in bvFTD than AD with ROCF, but not VOSP subtests. Visuospatial performance in patients with bvFTD was associated with bilateral frontal regions, including the superior and medial frontal gyri, supplementary motor area, insula and middle cingulate gyrus.ConclusionThese findings support the role of prefrontal and premotor regions in visuospatial processing through the connection with the posterior parietal cortex and other posterior cortical regions. Visuospatial deficits should be interpreted with caution in patients with bvFTD, and should not be regarded as hallmarks of posterior cortical dysfunction.

El propósito de este artículo es documentar las experiencias que enfrentan un grupo de docentes de educación básica en la Sierra Tarahumara del Estado de Chihuahua, México, ante la contingencia sanitaria provocada por el COVID-19. La recolección de datos se realizó a través de un cuestionario electrónico de respuesta múltiple y una entrevista semiestructurada para determinar si las estrategias remediales promovidas por la Secretaría de Educación Pública responden a las características de una región caracterizada por la marginalidad, la precariedad tecnológica y los problemas de comunicación. En el estudio se emplea una metodología mixta con base en la técnica narrativa, que se complementa con una descripción de frecuencias absolutas y porcentajes conectados con las dificultades que comparten los maestros. Los resultados de la investigación revelan una intensificación en las actividades diarias, un notable compromiso con la profesión y ponen al descubierto los desafíos que confronta el profesorado para contener las pérdidas de aprendizaje. Asimismo, los hallazgos más críticos se pueden utilizar como insumo para el diseño de medidas de política pública educativa encaminadas a la atención inclusiva de los estudiantes en riesgo de fracaso escolar.

Abstract RTP801/REDD1 is a stress-regulated protein whose upregulation is necessary and sufficient to trigger neuronal death. Its downregulation in Parkinson’s and Huntington’s disease models ameliorates the pathological phenotypes. In the context of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the coding gene for RTP801, DDIT4, is responsive to Aβ and modulates its cytotoxicity in vitro. Also, RTP801 mRNA levels are increased in AD patients’ lymphocytes. However, the involvement of RTP801 in the pathophysiology of AD has not been yet tested. Here, we demonstrate that RTP801 levels are increased in postmortem hippocampal samples from AD patients. Interestingly, RTP801 protein levels correlated with both Braak and Thal stages of the disease and with GFAP expression. RTP801 levels are also upregulated in hippocampal synaptosomal fractions obtained from murine 5xFAD and rTg4510 mice models of the disease. A local RTP801 knockdown in the 5xFAD hippocampal neurons with shRNA-containing AAV particles ameliorates cognitive deficits in 7-month-old animals. Upon RTP801 silencing in the 5xFAD mice, no major changes were detected in hippocampal synaptic markers or spine density. Importantly, we found an unanticipated recovery of several gliosis hallmarks and inflammasome key proteins upon neuronal RTP801 downregulation in the 5xFAD mice. Altogether our results suggest that RTP801 could be a potential future target for theranostic studies since it could be a biomarker of neuroinflammation and neurotoxicity severity of the disease and, at the same time, a promising therapeutic target in the treatment of AD.

Abstract Background The Frail-VIG frailty index has been developed recently. It is an instrument with a multidimensional approach and a pragmatic purpose that allows rapid and efficient assessment of the degree of frailty in the context of clinical practice. Our aim was to investigate the convergent and discriminative validity of the Frail-VIG frailty index with regard to EQ-5D-3L value. Methods We carried out a cross-sectional study in two Primary Health Care (PHC) centres of the Catalan Institute of Health (Institut Català de la Salut), Barcelona (Spain) from February 2017 to January 2019. Participants in the study were all people included under a home care programme during the study period. No exclusion criteria were applied. We used the EQ-5D-3L to measure Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) and the Frail-VIG index to measure frailty. Trained PHC nurses administered both instruments during face-to-face assessments in a participant’s home during usual care. The relationships between both instruments were examined using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and multiple linear regression analyses. Results Four hundred and twelve participants were included in this study. Frail-VIG score and EQ-5D-3L value were negatively correlated (r = − 0.510; P

Resumen: Introducción: Los grupos de morbilidad ajustados (GMA) y los clinical risk groups (CRG) son herramientas de estratificación poblacional basada en la morbilidad que permiten clasificar a los pacientes en categorías mutuamente excluyentes. Objetivo: Comparar la estratificación, según niveles de complejidad, proporcionada por los GMA con la de los CRG y con la realizada ad-hoc por los evaluadores. Diseño: Muestra aleatoria por estratos de riesgo de morbilidad. Emplazamiento: Cataluña. Participantes: Cuarenta médicos de atención primaria emparejados 2 a 2. Intervenciones: Cada pareja de evaluadores tuvo que validar 25 historias. Mediciones principales: Se evaluó la concordancia entre evaluadores, y entre los evaluadores y los resultados obtenidos por los 2 agrupadores de morbilidad con el índice kappa, la sensibilidad, la especificidad, el valor predictivo positivo y el negativo. Resultados: La concordancia entre evaluadores se situó alrededor del valor kappa 0,75 (valor medio = 0,67), entre los GMA y los evaluadores fue similar (valor medio = 0,63), y más elevada que para los CRG (valor medio = 0,35). Los profesionales otorgaron una puntuación de 7,5 a la bondad de ambos agrupadores, aunque para los estratos de mayor complejidad, según asignación de los profesionales, los GMA obtuvieron mejores puntuaciones que los CRG. Los profesionales prefirieron mayoritariamente los GMA frente a los CRG. Estas diferencias se incrementaron con el aumento de la complejidad de los pacientes según el criterio clínico.Globalmente, se encontró menos de un 2% de errores graves de clasificación proporcionada por ambos agrupadores. Conclusión: Los profesionales consideraron que ambos agrupadores clasificaban adecuadamente a la población, aunque los GMA tienen un mejor comportamiento en los estratos que los profesionales identifican como de mayor complejidad. Además, en la mayoría de los casos, los evaluadores clínicos prefirieron los GMA. Abstract: Introduction: Adjusted Morbidity Groups (GMAs) and the Clinical Risk Groups (CRGs) are population morbidity based stratification tools which classify patients into mutually exclusive categories. Objetive: To compare the stratification provided by the GMAs, CRGs and that carried out by the evaluators according to the levels of complexity. Design: Random sample stratified by morbidity risk. Location: Catalonia. Participants: Forty paired general practitioners in the primary care, matched pairs. Interventions: Each pair of evaluators had to review 25 clinical records. Main outputs: The concordance by evaluators, and between the evaluators and the results obtained by the 2 morbidity tools were evaluated according to the kappa index, sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predicted values. Results: The concordance between general practitioners pairs was around the kappa value 0.75 (mean value = 0.67), between the GMA and the evaluators was similar (mean value = 0.63), and higher than for the CRG (mean value = 0.35). The general practitioners gave a score of 7.5 over 10 to both tools, although for the most complex strata, according to the professionals’ assignment, the GMA obtained better scores than the CRGs. The professionals preferred the GMAs over the CRGs. These differences increased with the complexity level of the patients according to clinical criteria.Overall, less than 2% of serious classification errors were found by both groupers. Conclusion: The evaluators considered that both grouping systems classified the studied population satisfactorily, although the GMAs showed a better performance for more complex strata. In addition, the clinical raters preferred the GMAs in most cases. Palabras clave: Agrupador de morbilidad, Multimorbilidad, Validación clínica, Keywords: Morbidity grouper, Multimorbidity, Clinical Validation

Knowledge of the link between church and public space remains limited. However, there seems to exist a relationship between the church and the city, dating back to the first foundational temples. This relationship is still present in the churches of the most recently created neighborhoods, including those that are now gone and gave way to new squares, as well as those that were repurposed to house new activities. In this study, the relationship between public space and 132 parish churches within the municipal limits of Barcelona (Catalonia, Spain) was analyzed, with the aim to highlighting the most representative examples to understand the role of religious buildings in the urban landscape of the contemporary city. Morphological analyses and comparative views were the methodological research tools used for drawing new maps highlighting how they configure urban axes and homogeneous patterns. Finally, we included a relevant case study of urban regeneration, Mare de Déu dels Àngels church, as an example to demonstrate that a church without a square can have one. In conclusion, churches influenced both the public space adjacent to the parish temples and the urban growth and expansion of the city of Barcelona. Moreover, urban regeneration and new uses of some underutilized churches are a non-negligible future perspective. Churches are relevant for understanding the past of the city of Barcelona, but they are also important for the present and future of the city’s public space.

The implantation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells may be a useful therapeutic strategy for targeting remyelination. However, it is yet to be established how these cells behave after implantation and whether they retain the capacity to proliferate or differentiate into myelin-forming oligodendrocytes. One essential issue is the creation of administration protocols and determining which factors need to be well established. There is controversy around whether these cells may be implanted simultaneously with corticosteroid treatment, which is widely used in many clinical situations. This study assesses the influence of corticosteroids on the capacity for proliferation and differentiation and the survival of human oligodendroglioma cells. Our findings show that corticosteroids reduce the capacity of these cells to proliferate and to differentiate into oligodendrocytes and decrease cell survival. Thus, their effect does not favour remyelination; this is consistent with the results of studies with rodent cells. In conclusion, protocols for the administration of oligodendrocyte lineage cells with the aim of repopulating oligodendroglial niches or repairing demyelinated axons should not include corticosteroids, given the evidence that the effects of these drugs may undermine the objectives of cell transplantation.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of feeding spray-dried porcine plasma (SDPP) on the protection afforded by the BA71∆CD2 African swine fever virus (ASFV) vaccine prototype. Two groups of pigs acclimated to diets without or with 8% SDPP were intranasally inoculated with 105 plaque-forming units (PFU) of live attenuated ASFV strain BA71∆CD2 and, three weeks later, left in direct contact with pigs infected with the pandemic Georgia 2007/01 ASFV strain. During the post-exposure (pe) period, 2/6 from the conventional diet group showed a transient peak rectal temperature >40.5 °C before day 20 pe, and some tissue samples collected at 20 d pe from 5/6 were PCR+ for ASFV, albeit showing Ct values much higher than Trojan pigs. Interestingly, the SDPP group did not show fever, neither PCR+ in blood nor rectal swab at any time pe, and none of the postmortem collected tissue samples were PCR+ for ASFV. Differential serum cytokine profiles among groups at vaccination, and a higher number of ASFV-specific IFNϒ-secreting T cells in pigs fed with SDPP soon after the Georgia 2007/01 encounter, confirmed the relevance of Th1-like responses in ASF protection. We believe that our result shows that nutritional interventions might contribute to improving future ASF vaccination strategies.

Morphological control at the nanoscale paves the way to fabricate nanostructures with desired plasmonic properties. In this study, we discuss the nanoengineering of plasmon resonances in 1D hollow nanostructures of two different AuAg nanotubes, including completely hollow nanotubes and hybrid nanotubes with solid Ag and hollow AuAg segments. Spatially resolved plasmon mapping by electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) revealed the presence of high order resonator-like modes and localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) modes in both nanotubes. The experimental findings accurately correlated with the boundary element method (BEM) simulations. Both experiments and simulations revealed that the plasmon resonances are intensely present inside the nanotubes due to plasmon hybridization. Based on the experimental and simulated results, we show that the novel hybrid AuAg nanotubes possess two significant coexisting features: (i) LSPRs are distinctively generated from the hollow and solid parts of the hybrid AuAg nanotube, which creates a way to control a broad range of plasmon resonances with one single nanostructure, and (ii) the periodicity of the high-order modes are disrupted due to the plasmon hybridization by the interaction of solid and hollow parts, resulting in an asymmetrical plasmon distribution in 1D nanostructures. The asymmetry could be modulated/engineered to control the coded plasmonic nanotubes.

Desde la perspectiva de la innovación educativa, el diseño didáctico es una de las tareas docentes más importantes y complejas a las que se enfrentan habitualmente y en todos los niveles educativos personas con y sin formación pedagógica previa. El marco y el toolkit ACAD (por sus siglas en inglés Activity-Centred Analysis and Design) fueron creados en el ámbito anglosajón para facilitar los procesos de discusión que fundamentan esos procesos de diseño y análisis didáctico. Este artículo presenta el proceso de traducción y adaptación transcultural del toolkit ACAD al castellano. El proceso se ha realizado en dos fases: una doble ronda de traducción y una fase piloto realizada en cinco seminarios con profesionales de diversos contextos y grado de experiencia profesional, en dos países. El resultado es una versión completa del toolkit ACAD (lienzo de trabajo y de tarjetas), además de sugerentes conclusiones fruto de las discusiones de los seminarios.

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is frequently comorbid with anxiety disorders, yet whether alcohol abuse precedes or follows the expression of anxiety remains unclear. Rodents offer control over the first drink, an advantage when testing the causal link between anxiety and AUD. Here, we utilized a risk-avoidance task to determine anxiety-like behaviors before and after alcohol exposure. We found that alcohols anxiolytic efficacy varied among inbred mice and mice with high risk-avoidance showed heightened alcohol relief. While dopamine D1 receptors in the striatum are required for alcohols relief, their levels alone were not correlated with relief. Rather, the ratio between striatal D1 and D2 receptors was a determinant factor for risk-avoidance and alcohol relief. We show that increasing striatal D1 to D2 receptor ratio was sufficient to promote risk-avoidance and enhance alcohol relief, even at initial exposure. Mice with high D1 to D2 receptor ratio were more prone to continue drinking despite adverse effects, a hallmark of AUD. These findings suggest that an anxiety phenotype may be a predisposing factor for AUD.

Open patella fractures have high complication rates. Post-traumatic joint stiffness is particularly common. The management of this complication is even more difficult if free flap was used to cover a soft tissue defect. Late surgical manipulation of free flaps can lead to their failure, with catastrophic consequences. The use of minimally invasive techniques could reduce the associated risks. We present a case of knee stiffness after the fix and flap treatment of a grade IIIB open patella fracture. We performed an arthroscopic arthrolysis with portals through the flap. The pedicle was preoperatively located and avoided. Joint range of motion remarkably improved without records of flap complications. We consider that the technique is feasible. Its success was based on the multidisciplinary collaboration between orthopaedic and plastic surgeons and rehabilitation medicine specialists.

Liver transplantation (LT) remains one of the most effective treatments for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and significantly enhances patient survival. However, the application of LT for HCC faces challenges owing to advancements in cancer-specific treatment modalities and the increased burden of patients comorbidities. This narrative review explores current controversies and advancements in LT for HCC. Key areas of focus include the management of comorbidities and patient education by advanced practice nurses, impacts of frailty on waitlists and post-LT outcomes, selection criteria for LT in the era of new downstaging tools, role of radiology in patient selection, and implications of potential immunotherapy use both before and after LT. Additionally, the importance of immunosuppression management with strategies aimed at minimizing rejection while considering the risk of HCC recurrence and the role of surveillance for HCC recurrence is highlighted. This review also underscores the importance of a multidisciplinary approach for optimizing outcomes in patients with HCC undergoing LT.