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This paper presents the preliminary findings of a survey of over 500 people whose travel was affected. Stranded passengers used various support networks and means of contact. While travel providers were most likely to be able to help, they were less contactable and willing to help than family, friends and employers causing the impacts to ripple through ‘home’ networks. The findings demonstrate how flying maintains dispersed networks but has ‘created distance’ by raising expectations and eroding other travel services. The disruption illustrated the vulnerability of systems of aviation, their importance to many people’s lives and the challenge to improving sustainability.

We describe the combined methods of displacement heterodyne laser interferometry with wavelength tracking based on a Fabry–Perot cavity to correct the instantaneous wavelength in air. The optical frequency of the interferometry source was locked to the resonance peak of an open cavity, directly linking the refractive index changes to frequency changes. Using this method, refractive index changes are compensated by an appropriate change in the laser frequency in real time, eliminating the limitations with environmental parameter measurement bandwidth uncertainties associated with equation-based corrections. In this paper, the principles of the system are explained and experimental results showed a difference of 2 nm compared with traditional equation-based techniques. The measurement uncertainty and practical considerations for implementation are also discussed.

In this paper a new contactless transport system for thin, flat products, such as silicon wafers, is introduced. The product is carried on a thin aerostatic film between the product and the transport system and transported along the system using viscous traction on the product surface. This viscous traction is the result of pressure driven air flow in an array of actuator cells. Several possible industrial applications are discussed, followed by an explanation of the operating principles. Furthermore an analytical model of the system is presented, together with computational results. Numerical modeling using FEA, solving for the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations, shows results that are in good agreement with the described analytical model and some experimental results. The maximum acceleration and vertical bearing stiffness that can be obtained for the considered actuator geometry meet the requirements for the considered industrial applications.

The paper addresses the issue of sustainable travel at a linear tourist destination, Hadrian’s Wall, in the north of England. It reports the findings of depth interviews with managers of visitor attractions on the wall and their lack of influence over who visits their sites and how they arrive. They also strongly believe that mode is chosen before destination. This paper reports the findings of research into the opinions and beliefs of the managers and discusses the consequences for planning more sustainable tourist travel. It suggests that methods adopted for making utility travel more environmentally sustainable would have to be modified to be effective for leisure travel.

Hamont is a small town located on the north-eastern edge of the Belgian province of Limburg, on the national border with the Netherlands. It is situated about 30 km south of Eindhoven and 15 km west of Weert in the Netherlands. The town has about 13,500 inhabitants. According to Belemans, Kruijsen & Van Keymeulen (1998), the dialect of Hamont belongs to the West Limburg dialects (subclassification: Dommellands). Limburg dialects occupy a unique position among the Belgian and Dutch dialects in that their prosodic system has a lexical tone distinction, which is traditionally referred to as SLEEPTOON ‘dragging tone’ and STOOTTOON ‘push tone’. In line with recent conventions, stoottoon is referred to as Accent 1 and transcribed as superscript 1; sleeptoon is referred to as Accent 2 and is transcribed as superscript 2 (cf. Schmidt 1986).

A review of tourism policy documents reveals three key objectives: environmental, social and economic sustainability. This paper examines the role of scheduled buses in meeting these objectives, using data from a large survey of bus passengers in rural tourist destinations. It finds that buses achieve modest modal shift from cars, allow access to the countryside for people without cars and generate spending in local economies. It suggests how these functions could be improved by market-segmentation, better publicity and service delivery and questions why many such services struggle for funding each year.

This paper presents the findings of discourse analysis of the transcripts of ten focus groups discussing bus and car travel. It finds that the modes are talked about in different ways: bus travel being referred to as a series of episodes mostly focussing on worst-case scenarios while car travel is represented as a more consistent commodity. Both modes exhibit different characteristics depending on whether the speaker is talking as a user or an observer. Buses are seen as benign from outside, beneficial to the area and potential congestion-busters but as vulnerable spaces for users. Nothing good was said about cars from outside, but they provided protective spaces supplying flexible travel and allowing social commitments to be met by users. This paper discusses how the insights gained could help improve the perception of bus travel and contribute to more sustainable travel choices.

This final response to the two climate change denial papers by Shani and Arad further highlights the inaccuracies, misinformation and errors in their commentaries. The obfuscation of scientific research and the consensus on anthropogenic climate change may have significant long-term negative consequences for better understanding the implications of climate change and climate policy for tourism and create confusion and delay in developing and implementing tourism sector responses.

Applied physics letters 106(22), 222904 (2015). doi:10.1063/1.4922145, In this study, the evolution of field induced mechanisms in lead-free piezoelectric ceramics (1−x)Bi$_{1/2}$Na$_{1/2}$TiO$_{3}$-BaTiO$_{3}$ with x = 0.06 and 0.07 was investigated by transmission electron microscopy, neutron, and X-ray diffraction. Preliminary investigations revealed a strong degradation of macroscopic electromechanical properties within the first 100 bipolar electric cycles. Therefore, this structural investigation focuses on a comparative diffraction study of freshly prepared, poled, and fatigued specimens. Transmission electron microscopy and neutron diffraction of the initial specimens reveal the coexistence of a rhombohedral and a tetragonal phase with space group R3c and P4bm, respectively. In situ electric field X-ray diffraction reveals a pronounced field induced phase transition from a pseudocubic state to a phase composition of significantly distorted phases upon poling with an external electric field of 4 kV/mm. Although the structures of the two compositions are pseudocubic and almost indistinguishable in the unpoled virgin state, the electric field response shows significant differences depending on composition. For both compositions, the application of an electric field results in a field induced phase transition in the direction of the minority phase. Electric cycling has an opposite effect on the phase composition and results in a decreased phase fraction of the minority phase in the fatigued remanent state at 0 kV/mm., Published by American Inst. of Physics, Melville, NY

Delivering sustainable visitor travel within a destination area requires the co-ordination and involvement of a number of different stakeholders in both the private and public sectors. This invariably requires partnership working, which can fail to achieve the necessary consensus and impetus to change visitor travel behavioural. This paper investigates at three protected UK areas which successfully secured Department for Transport funding from sustainable visitor travel projects and the factors which helped their successful bids and delivery of the projects as well as the problems they encountered at different stages. \ud \ud The findings indicate that being able to communicate different messages to different audiences at different stages of the process is important for the success of the bid and project implementation, delivery and the continuance of the schemes beyond the funding. Although differences between the goals and working methods of private and public organisations were evident, these were not as pronounced as the literature suggested and often personal values, such passion for the area or sustainability, were aligned. The roles of ‘champions’ who inspire a project with their ethos is discussed, while the potential for such short-term projects to change visitor behaviour and attitudes is questioned.

Leisure travel accounts for over 40% of distance travelled and over 30% of all personal trips in the UK, most of which are by private car, so it is not surprising that Government policy is beginning to address the impacts of car leisure travel. One initiative is to invite tourist attractions to adopt travel plans, similar to those used by large employers and travel generators in urban areas. This case study researched the views of managers of tourist attractions in a sensitive World Heritage Site – Hadrian's Wall. The in-depth interviews revealed little understanding of how travel plans function, doubts about the effectiveness of ‘carrot and stick’ measures to achieve modal shift and identified conflicts between attempts to reduce car travel and the core purposes of the sites. The study concludes that traffic reduction in tourist areas requires regional involvement and that the benefits of site-based travel plans are limited.

This paper handles about the design of a novel single camera vision system to measure component and board alignment in Pick and Place machines. This system is a part of an innovative concept for a faster Pick and Place machine concept. An existing two camera vision system is compared with the single camera system. Also the error budget which influences the final measurement accuracy is theoretically discussed for the novel single camera vision system.

Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is overexpressed in diabetic nephropathy (DN) and has therefore been implicated in its pathogenesis. The objective of the present study was to determine the tissue distribution of increased CTGF expression and the relationship of plasma, urinary, and renal CTGF levels to the development and severity of DN. We studied the relationship between CTGF and renal pathology in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes in C57BL/6J mice. Diabetic and age-matched control mice were killed after 1, 2, 4, and 9 wk of diabetes. In addition, key parameters of diabetes and DN were analyzed in 10-mo-old diabetic ob/ob mice and their ob/+ littermates. STZ-induced diabetic mice showed a significantly increased urinary albumin excretion after 1 wk and increased mesangial matrix score after 2 wk. Increased renal fibronectin, fibronectin ED-A, and collagen IVα1expression, as well as elevated plasma creatinine levels, were observed after 9 wk. After 2 wk, CTGF mRNA was upregulated threefold in the renal cortex. By 9 wk, CTGF mRNA was also increased in the heart and liver. In contrast, transforming growth factor-β1mRNA content was significantly increased only in the kidney by 9 wk. Renal CTGF expression was mainly localized in podocytes and parietal glomerular epithelial cells, and less prominent in mesangial cells. In addition, plasma CTGF levels and urinary CTGF excretion were increased in diabetic mice. Moreover, albuminuria strongly correlated with urinary CTGF excretion ( R = 0.83, P < 0.0001). Increased CTGF expression was also demonstrated in type 2 diabetic ob/ob mice, which points to a causal relationship between diabetes and CTGF and thus argues against a role of STZ in this process. The observed relationship of podocyte and urinary CTGF to markers of DN suggests a pathogenic role of CTGF in the development of DN.

The prostate gland in the brushtail possum grows and regresses seasonally. It has similarities to the human prostate and may therefore provide a unique model for investigating prostatic hyperplasia. Oxytocin has been implicated in the regulation of prostate growth in eutherian mammals, and the initial aim of this study was to identify and localize the marsupial equivalent, mesotocin, and its receptor in the prostate of the brushtail possum. Seasonal changes in prostatic mesotocin concentrations and receptor localization were then assessed and related to prostate growth. Mesotocin and mesotocin receptor gene transcripts with high sequence homology to eutherian oxytocin/oxytocin receptors were demonstrated, and mesotocin, neurophysin, and the receptor were all localized predominantly in the epithelial cells of the glandular acini. Western blot analysis confirmed the presence of a single immunoreactive receptor protein of ;60 Mr 23 . Prostatic mesotocin concentrations were highest immediately before the increases in prostate weight associated with the autumn and spring breeding periods. At this time, mesotocin receptors were also present in the prostatic capsule in addition to those present in the glandular tissue. Mesotocin concentrations proceeded to decrease in association with the regression of prostate size toward the end of the breeding periods. No significant differences were present in serum testosterone or dihydrotestosterone throughout the year. The identification of mesotocin and its receptor in the possum prostate and the demonstration of seasonal changes in local mesotocin concentrations preceding changes in prostate size suggests that mesotocin may play a physiological role in regulating prostate growth and regression. male reproductive tract, oxytocin, prostate, seasonal reproduction, testosterone

Castilleja levisecta (Scrophulariaceae), the golden paintbrush, is an insect-pollinated herbaceaous perennial found in the Pacific Northwest. Currently restricted to two island populations off British Columbia and nine populations (eight on islands) in Washington, C. levisecta is a rare species threatened with extinction. Allozymes were used to describe genetic diversity and structure in these eleven populations. Despite its threatened status and small geographic range, exceptionally high levels of genetic diversity are maintained within C. levisecta. All sixteen of the loci resolved were polymorphic within the species (Ps=100%), while the mean percentage of loci polymorphic within populations (Pp) was 65.7%. The mean number of alleles per polymorphic locus (APs) was 2.94 within the species and averaged 2.38 within populations (APp). Genetic diversity (Hes) was 0.285 for the species, whereas mean population genetic diversity (Hep) was 0.213. Smaller populations had, on average, fewer observed alleles and less genetic diversity. A significant negative correlation (r = −0.72) was found between genetic identity and geographic distance, indicating reduced gene flow between distant populations. The most geographically isolated population was one of the larger populations, one of the most genetically diverse and the most genetically divergent. A wide range of pairwise population genetic identities (I = 0.771 − 0.992) was found, indicating considerable genetic divergence between some populations. Overall, 19% of the total genetic diversity was distributed among populations. Results of this survey indicate that genetic augmentation of existing populations is unnecessary. The high allelic diversity found for the species and within its populations holds promise for conservation and restoration efforts to save this rare and threatened plant species.

Can sustainable tourism include flying? was the question addressed by the debate at the University of Central Lancashire (University of Central Lancashire), UK on March 30th 2012. There was an unexpected degree of consensus among the speakers that tourism had severe environmental impacts, mainly from flying and that many countries currently benefitting from tourism development were likely to suffer from climate change. They also agreed that corporate tourism often diverted funds from destination areas into their own profits. Those arguing for flying stressed the balance of environmental, social and economic benefits, while those arguing against prioritised the environmental damage of increasing aviation. The pro-fliers were optimistic about technological advances in aircraft and fuels but the others doubted their potential to reduce emissions from current or increased levels of aviation. Both sides admitted behavioural change was difficult, but saw hope in recent trends.

Mastering high‐density optical disks, like the Blu‐ray™ disk, requires new equipment design. Active magnetic bearing technology seem well suitable for this purpose, but challenges arise in obtaining the required extreme accuracy. Creating a very low mechanical coupling between the system and the external world is the potential solution to this challenge pursued in this paper. Design considerations on actuators, amplifiers, sensors and overall design are discussed and the system performance is predicted using an error‐budgeting estimation. This prediction indicates the feasibility of the concept, while the first prototype has been assembled and is being tested.

Macbridea alba is a herbaceous perennial mint endemic to the panhandle region of Florida. We used starch gel electrophoresis to describe allozyme diversity and genetic structure in this federally threatened plant. Ten populations were analyzed, with an average sample size of 47 plants (range 41-48 plants) per population. Of the 22 loci analyzed, 11 (50%) were polymorphic, with an average of 36.2% of the loci polymorphic within populations. Gene diversity measures for the species (H e s = 0.121) and for the populations (H e p = 0.099) were slightly higher than means found for other surveyed endemic plants. Compared to nine previously analyzed woody mints, however, M. alba is genetically depauperate. Little genetic structure was evident within the species, with 92% of the total genetic variation found within populations. Genetic identities between population pairs were high (mean I = 0.98). The perennial life habit of M. alba and long-distance pollination by bumblebees may contribute to the maintenance of genetic diversity within this threatened species.

This paper presents an absolute capacitive angular-position sensor with a contactless rotor. The sensor is mainly composed of three parts: the capacitive sensing element, a signal processor, and a microcontroller. The electrically floating rotor can be either conductive or dielectric. For the dielectric material, we chose plastic, and for the conductive rotor, we chose aluminum. The sensing element has a redundant structure, which reduces mechanical nonidealities. The signal processor has a multicapacitance input and a single output, which is a period-modulated square-wave voltage. The microcontroller acquires output data from the processor and sends them to a PC, which calculates the rotor position. Theoretical analysis, supported by experimental results, show that the sensitivity to mechanical nonidealities of the sensing element is higher in the case of a conductive rotor. The resolution of the capacitive angular-position sensor over the full range (360/spl deg/) was better than 1". The measured nonlinearity was /spl plusmn/ 100" and /spl plusmn/ 300" for the dielectric and the conductive rotor, respectively.

Studies of pollen movement in plant populations are often limited to a single reproductive event, despite concerns about the adequacy of single-year measures for perennial organisms. In this study, we estimate the effective number of pollen donors per tree from a multiyear study of Albizia julibrissin Durazz (mimosa, Fabaceae), an outcrossing, insect-pollinated tree. We determined 40 seedling genotypes for each of 15 seed trees during 4 successive years. A molecular analysis of variance of the pollen gametes fertilizing the sampled seeds was used to partition variation in pollen pools among seed trees, among years, and within single tree-year collections. Using these variance components, we demonstrate significant male gametic variability among years for individual trees. However, results indicate that yearly variation in the 'global pollen pool', averaged over all 15 seed trees for these 4 years, is effectively zero. We estimate the effective number of pollen donors for a single mimosa tree (N(ep)) to be 2.87. Single season analyses yield N(ep) approximately 2.05, which is 40% less than the value of N(ep) estimated from 4 years of data. We discuss optimal sampling for future studies designed to estimate N(ep). Studies should include more trees, each sampled over at least a few years, with fewer seeds per tree per year than are needed for a traditional parentage study.

Periodic nonlinearity (PNL) in displacement interferometers is a systematic error source that limits measurement accuracy. The PNL of coaxial heterodyne interferometers is highly influenced by the polarization state and orientation of the source frequencies. In this Letter, we investigate this error source and discuss two interferometer designs, designed at TU Delft, that showed very low levels of PNL when subjected to any polarization state and/or polarization orientation. In the experiments, quarter-wave plates (qwps) and half-wave plates (hwps) were used to manipulate the polarization state and polarization orientation, respectively. Results from a commercial coaxial system showed first-order PNL exceeding 10 nm (together with higher order PNL) when the system ceased operation at around ±15°??hwp rotation or ±20°??qwp rotation. The two “Delft interferometers,” however, continued operation beyond these maxima and obtained first-order PNLs in the order of several picometers, without showing higher order PNLs. The major advantage of these interferometers, beside their high linearity, is that they can be fully fiber coupled and thus allow for a modular system buildup.

Методами скануючої електронної мікроскопії, рентгеноструктурного аналізу, PIXI та RBS проведено дослідження тонкоплівкових зразків Cu2ZnSnSe4, отриманих співвипаровуванням компонентів з використанням електронно-променевої гармати. Аналіз дифрактограм показав, що плівки є практично однофазними і містять в основному сполуку CZTSe, яка має тетрагональну кристалічну гратку типу кістеріт. У зразках виявлена текстура росту [211]. Параметри гратки матеріалу змінювалися в діапазоні a = (0,56640-0,56867) нм, с = (1,13466-1,13776) нм, с/2a = 0,9983-1,0017, що добре корелює з довідковими даними по стабільній фазі сполуки CZTSe. Аналіз результатів PIXE, дозволив оцінити вплив умов росту на хімічний склад зразків, а також була побудована карта розподілу елементів по поверхні зразків. При цитуванні документа, використовуйте посилання http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/37074 Методами сканирующей электронной микроскопии, рентгеноструктурного анализа, PIXI и RBS проведено исследование тонкопленочных образцов Cu2ZnSnSe4, полученных со-испарением компонентов с использованием электронно-лучевой пушки. Анализ дифрактограмм показал, что пленки являются практически однофазными и содержат в основном соединение CZTSe, имеющее тетрагональную кристаллическую решетку типа кистерит. В образцах обнаружена текстура роста [211]. Параметры решетки материала изменялись в диапазоне a = (0,56640-0,56867) нм, с = (1,13466-1,13776) нм, с/2a = 0,9983-1,0017, что хорошо коррелирует со справочными данными по стабильной фазе соединения CZTSe. Анализ результатов PIXE, позволил оценить влияние условий роста на химический состав образцов, а также была построена карта распределения элементов по поверхности образцов. При цитировании документа, используйте ссылку http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/37074 Cu2ZnSnSe4 thin films obtained by co-evaporation of components using an electron beam evaporation system were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray analysis, PIXI and RBS methods. The analysis of the diffraction patterns showed that the films are almost single-phased and contain mainly CZTSe compound, which has a tetragonal kesterite lattice type. The samples have textural growth of [211]. The lattice parameters of the material varied in the range of a = (0.56640-0.56867) nm, c = (1.13466-1.13776) nm, c/2a = 0,9983-1,0017 which correlate well with the reference data in a stable phase CZTSe compounds. From our PIXE analyses we assessed the influence of the growth conditions on the samples’ chemical composition and mapped the surface distribution. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/37074 Ця робота проводиться за підтримки Державного агентства України з питань науки, інновацій та інформатизації, а також Міністерства освіти і науки України (грант № 0113U000131) та Національного науково-дослідницького фонду Кореї (ННД) що фінансується Міністерством науки, ІКТ та майбутнього планування (MSIP) Корея (№ 2011-0019204).

© 2013 Elsevier Ltd. Planning for visitor travel within a destination area presents an obvious opportunity to reduce the environmental impact of tourism, while increasing quality of experience and choice for the tourist and benefiting local residents and businesses. Yet, with a few exceptions, comprehensive planning is rarely undertaken by destination managers and initiatives tend to be isolated and fragmented. Drawing on their extensive knowledge of rural destinations in the UK, the authors discuss the types of scheme which can enhance the visitor experience while bringing local and global environmental benefits. They conclude that the tourism industry's structure, dwindling public funding and the difficulties of aligning multiple agencies to a common purpose prevent the strategic planning necessary for integrated visitor travel planning with a failure to reap the potential environmental, economic and social rewards.

"Turning the car inside out" describes how the environmental damage and social exclusion inflicted by the car can only be seen from outside the car. It explains how car use has reshaped land, time use, social relations and economic patterns. It creates ever more pressures for increased car use, yet inevitably leaves the people temporarily or permanently excluded from cars having to negotiate car distances and times. The worst scenario of car saturation is rejected as untenable both because of the permanent social and environmental impact, but also the self-defeating nature of the quest for mobility.

Radioiodine (131I) is increasingly used as treatment for volume reduction of nontoxic, nodular goiter. A high dose of 131I is often needed because of low thyroid radioiodide uptake (RAIU). We investigated whether pretreatment with a single, low dose of recombinant human TSH (rhTSH; Thyrogen, Genzyme Transgenics Corp.) enhances RAIU in 15 patients with nontoxic, nodular goiter (14 women and 1 man; aged 61 ± 11 yr). Four patients were studied twice, and 1 patient was studied 3 times. RAIU was measured both under basal conditions and after pretreatment (im) with rhTSH, given either 2 h (0.01 mg; n = 7) or 24 h[ 0.01 mg (n = 7) or 0.03 mg (n = 7)] before 131I administration (20–40 μCi). Serum levels of TSH, free T4 (FT4), and total T3 were measured at 2, 5, 8, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 192 h after rhTSH administration. After administration of 0.01 mg rhTSH, serum TSH rose from 0.7 ± 0.5 to a peak level of 4.4 ± 1.1 mU/L (P < 0.0001), FT4 rose from 16.0 ± 2.6 to 18.5 ± 3.7 pmol/L (P < 0.0001), and T3 rose from 2.10 ± 0.41 to 2.63 ± 0.66 nmol/L (P < 0.0001). After administration of 0.03 mg rhTSH, TSH rose from 0.6± 0.4 to 15.8 ± 2.3 mU/L (P < 0.0001), FT4 rose from 15.2 ± 1.5 to 21.7 ± 2.9 pmol/L (P < 0.0001), and T3 rose from 1.90 ± 0.43 to 3.19 ± 0.61 nmol/L (P < 0.0001). Peak TSH levels were reached at 5–8 h and peak FT4 and T3 levels at 8–96 h after rhTSH administration. Administration of 0.01 mg rhTSH 2 h before 131I increased 24-h RAIU from 30 ± 11% to 42 ± 10% (P < 0.02), 0.01 mg rhTSH administered 24 h before 131I increased 24-h RAIU from 29 ± 10% to 51 ± 10% (P < 0.0001), and 0.03 mg rhTSH administered 24 h before 131I increased 24-h RAIU from 33 ± 11% to 63 ± 9% (P < 0.0001). After administration of 0.01 mg rhTSH 2 h before 131I, 24-h RAIU did not increase in 1 patient, whereas the increase in 24-h RAIU was less than 10% in 2 other patients. In contrast, administration of rhTSH 24 h before 131I increased 24-h RAIU by more than 10% in all 14 patients (by >20% in 10 and by> 30% in 6). In conclusion, pretreatment with a single, low dose of rhTSH in patients with nontoxic, nodular goiter increased RAIU considerably. Our observations hold promise that administration of rhTSH before 131I therapy for nontoxic, nodular goiter will allow treatment with lower doses of 131I in these patients.