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Process data recording students’ interactions with digital assessment items are available in digital educational assessments and have become a focus of cognitive scientists to analyze inquiry skills during problem solving. This study examines the inquiry behaviors of using tools (i.e., resource tabs) in short response construction items from the 2019 National Assessment of Educational Progress science assessment. We visualized the occurrence times and durations of response construction behaviors and tool use behaviors and conducted correlation analyses and mixed-effects regressions between the count (and duration) of tool use behaviors and item scores. The results reveal that tool use behaviors are significantly associated with item scores and probabilities of finishing the whole block the problem; increasing tool use durations or counts increases the chances of getting higher scores, but it also increases the chances of not finishing the block. This study exemplifies how to use process data to investigate scientific inquiry skills.

Research suggests that the likelihood of students entering into science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) careers can be increased by promoting and maintaining students' interest in STEM during middle school years, a critical developmental stage when students' interests begin to solidify. One way to attract students to STEM is through technology-enhanced learning environments and experiences, which can spark and cultivate the long-term interest needed to pursue STEM careers. Virtual reality (VR) can potentially increase access to such STEM-related experiences for all students due to its educational and technological affordances. Currently, there has been little exploration of the intersection between VR and career development for K-12 students. This study, therefore, aims to address this gap by exploring the use of VR 360 videos for STEM career exploration. Data were collected using focus group interviews with 39 primarily Latinx middle school students who participated in the summer enrichment program. These interviews were conducted immediately after a VR 360 video activity that featured female characters and/or characters from racial minorities in order to best support students who are underrepresented in STEM fields. The findings support the potential of VR as a tool for career development as long as content, possible physical side effects, and scaffolding are considered. The implications for research and practice are discussed.

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is one of the most common infectious diseases, and its morbidity and mortality increase with age. Resistance and mutations development make the use of anti-infective therapy challenging. Chinese patent medicines (CPMs) are often used to treat CAP in China and well tolerable. However, currently there are no evidence-based guideline for the treatment of CAP with CPMs, and the misuse of CPMs is common. Therefore, we established a guideline panel to develop this guideline. We identified six clinical questions through two rounds of survey, and we then systematically searched relevant evidence and performed meta-analyses, evidence summaries and GRADE decision tables to draft recommendations, which were then voted on by a consensus panel using the Delphi method. Finally, we developed ten recommendations based on evidence synthesis and expert consensus. For the treatment of severe CAP in adults, we recommend Tanreqing injection, Reduning injection, Xuebijing injection, Shenfu injection, and Shenmai injection respectively. For the treatment of non-severe CAP in adults, we recommend Tanreqing injection, Reduning injection, Lianhua Qingwen capsule/granule, Qingfei Xiaoyan Pill and Shufeng Jiedu capsule respectively. CPMs have great potential to help in the fight against CAP worldwide, but more high-quality studies are still needed to strengthen the evidence.

Time-delay interferometry (TDI) is a critical data post-processing technique in space-borne laser interferometer gravitational wave detection, which is developed to suppress the overwhelming laser phase noise below the instrumental noise floor by time-shifting and synthesizing the interferometric data streams. There are virous kinds of TDI combinations, and geometric TDI, as a special means to search TDI combination, has been widely used because of its clear physical significance, i.e. constructing virtual equal-arm interferometer to realize an excellent differential performance of the laser phase noise. To achieve the desired noise level, it is necessary to further suppress the phase fluctuations of the onboard ultra-stable oscillators (USO) used as reference clocks. In this paper, we analyze the characteristics of geometric TDI clock noise residual, and formulate it into a general expression. We find the intrinsic equal-arm length constraint of geometric TDI is a sufficient condition for clock noise reduction, which makes the clock noise terms only appear in differential form. Based on this, we propose a clock noise reduction scheme. Compared with the existing algorithms, our method benefits from the sufficient condition to avoid the problem that the clock noise terms without any time-shift operators cannot be properly handled.

ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the clinical application effect of an augmented reality (AR) plasticity model on the postoperative visual function recovery of children with concomitant exotropia.MethodsBetween September 2019 and October 2021, 28 patients with concomitant exotropia who visited Shenzhen Children’s Hospital (9 male and 19 female) were enrolled in this study. The average age of the patients was 6.4 ± 1.8 years. Postoperative rehabilitation training was conducted using a personalized AR binocular visual perception plasticity model developed based on the patient’s examination results. After 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months of training, the patients returned to the hospital for examinations of perceptual eye position, static zero-order stereopsis, dynamic first-order fine stereopsis, and dynamic second-order coarse stereopsis to compare the changes in eye position control and stereovision function.ResultsAfter 6 months of eye position training, the horizontal perception eye position of the 28 patients was significantly lower than that before training. The difference in eye position at the first and third months compared with that before training was not statistically significant (1st month: z = −2.255, p = 0.024 > 0.017; 3rd month: z = −2.277, p = 0.023 > 0.017; 6th month: z = −3.051, p = 0.002 0.017; 3rd month: z = −1.189, p = 0.234 > 0.017; 6th month: z = −2.225, p = 0.026 > 0.017). The difference in 0.8-m static zero-order stereopsis before and after training was not statistically significant (1st month: z = −2.111, p = 0.035 > 0.017; 3rd month: z = −1.097, p = 0.273 > 0.017; 6th month: z = −1.653, p = 0.098 > 0.017). The 1.5-m static zero-order stereopsis was improved after 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months of training compared with that before training (1st month: z = −3.134, p = 0.002

General slowing of mental processing speed is hallmark of brain and cognitive aging. Thus far it has been limited under-standing in neural mechanisms underlying mental states during fluctuations between efficient versus inefficient cognitiveperformance within individual older adults. Here we examined electrophysiological responses during visual working mem-ory retrieval trials that are fast versus slow reactions. Wireless EEG along with accuracy and reaction times were recordedduring a modified delayed match-to-sample task in 17 cognitively normal older adults (age 65-95) from North America.Compared to trials that are faster than averaged (mean 584 ms), the late positive potentials during trials that are slowerthan average (mean 747 ms) showed increased responses to memory nonmatch distractors than those to object matchingmemory targets in frontal sites, as previously reported in older brains. Interestingly, the brainwaves during efficient andaccurate memory retrievals resemble those typically seen in younger adults.