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Bush Sophora Root polysaccharide (BSRPS) and its sulfate, sulfated Bush Sophora Root polysaccharide (sBSRPS), possess the antiviral activities against duck hepatitis A virus. However their antiviral mechanisms are still not clear. This paper reported their immuno-enhancing roles in the therapeutic effects for duck virus hepatitis (DVH). The effects of BSRPS and sBSRPS on stimulating lymphocyte proliferation were investigated by MTT methods. After that, ducklings were challenged with DHAV and treated with BSRPS and sBSRPS. Meanwhile, the total antibody (Ab), cytokines including interferon gamma (IFN-γ), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6 and IL-8 were determined by enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay methods. The results showed that BSRPS owned a fine hepatoprotective effect with stable HGF producing ability. Sulfated modification was able to increase the proliferation rates of B and T lymphocytes and the secretions of total Ab, IFN-γ and IL-2, as comparison with those of BSRPS group. In summary, both of them exhibited immuno-enhancing effects on the therapeutic effects for DVH, and the capacity of sBSRPS was stronger than that of BSRPS.

The aim of this study was to optimize the preparation conditions of salidroside liposome with high encapsulation efficiency (EE) and to study the immunological enhancement activity of salidroside liposome as porcine circovirus type 2 virus (PCV-2) vaccine adjuvant. Response surface methodology (RSM) was selected to optimize the conditions for the preparation of salidroside liposome using Design-Expert V8.0.6 software. Three kinds of salidroside liposome adjuvants were prepared to study their adjuvant activity. BALB/c mice were immunized with PCV-2 encapsulated in different kinds of salidroside liposome adjuvants. The PCV-2-specific IgG in immunized mice serum was determined with ELISA. The results showed that when the concentration of ammonium sulfate was 0.26 mol·L−1, ethanol volume 6.5 mL, temperature 43°C, ethanol injection rate 3 mL·min−1, and salidroside liposome could be prepared with high encapsulation efficiency of 94.527%. Salidroside liposome as adjuvant could rapidly induce the production of PCV-2-specific IgG and salidroside liposome I adjuvant proved to provide the best effect among the three kinds of salidroside liposome adjuvants.

The response to intravenous glucose loading in the buffalo using the intravenous glucose tolerance test (IGTT) was investigated to provide a reference for intravenous glucose injection in buffaloes.Twelve healthy, fasted, male swamp buffaloes were divided into three groups. Group I: six buffaloes were given 50% glucose at a dosage of 1 g/kg body weight via the jugular vein. Group II: three buffaloes received normal saline. Group III: three buffaloes were not injected. Blood samples were taken from the opposite vein at 60 and 10 min pre-injection (pre60 and pre10), and at 1, 5, 10, 30, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300, 360 and 420 min post-glucose injection (PGI). Plasma glucose was analyzed by the oxidase method. Insulin and glucagon were soon determined with a human radioimmunoassay kit. The insulin (pmol/l)/glucose (mmol/l) ratios (IGR) were also calculated for each sampling time.Mean plasma glucose, insulin and glucagon concentrations of buffaloes in groups II and III were similar at all the sampling times (p0.05) and the curves of the IGR for group II and group III were flat throughout. Group I Buffaloes showed an immediate 20 times increase in the mean plasma glucose concentration PGI, over the pre60 and pre10. The peak plasma insulin concentration occurred at 30 min PGI. The mean plasma glucose and insulin concentrations remained above pre-administration levels until 420 min PGI (p0.05). However, the mean plasma glucagon concentrations were different only at 1 and 5 min PGI sampling times. The curve of the IGR for group I showed an initial decrease at 1 min PGI, and fluctuated from 10.18 to 25.55 for the remainder of the sampling period. The correlation analysis showed that the mean plasma glucose concentration was positively correlated with insulin level (r = 0.73, p0.005), and significantly negatively correlated with mean plasma glucagon (r = -0.58, p0.05). The mean plasma insulin level did not show significant correlation with the glucagon (r = 0.06, p0.05).The hyperglycemia, high insulin, and protracted glucose and insulin curves, the initial decrease in the insulin/glucose ratio indicates that there was an unexpected glucose tolerance to acute intravenous glucose loading in water buffalo compared with other ruminants. The possibly suggested intravenous glucose load in buffaloes is about 5.09-8.28 mmol/l.

Background: Duck viral hepatitis (DVH) is an acute disease of young ducklings with few convenient and effective veterinary drugs to treat. In pathology, present study mainly focused on the immune mechanism, but very few studies have concerned with the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of DVH. To study the antioxidative and hepatoprotective effects of icariin and its phosphorylated derivative against DVH, we prepared phosphorylated icariin (p-icariin) using the sodium trimetaphosphate–sodium tripolyphosphate method. Ducklings were drunk with icariin and p-icariin after being challenged with duck hepatitis virus 1 (DHV-1). We recorded the number of dead ducklings, gross pathological changes in the liver, and changes in indices of oxidative stress and liver injury. The correlations between these indices were also analyzed. Results: Exposure to DHV-1 induced significant oxidative damage in ducklings. Administration of icariin or p-icariin attenuated liver pathological injury and significantly increased the survival rate, with better outcomes in ducklings treated with p-icariin than in those treated with icariin. Icariin and p-icariin also attenuated the changes in oxidative stress and liver injury. We found positive correlations among indices of oxidative stress (malondialdehyde and inducible nitric oxide synthase) and liver injury (alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase), suggesting that DHV-1 causes significant oxidative damage, which is related to the extent of hepatic injury. Conclusions: Icariin and p-icariin improved the survival and attenuated oxidative stress and liver dysfunction induced by DHV-1. These outcomes were better in ducklings treated with p-icariin than in those treated by icariin. The clinical effects of both components were related to their antioxidant activities.

How to find out the vulnerability and the potential failure mode in supply chain, then evaluating them means much to the protection and controlling of supply chain risks. Based on the supply chain reference operation model SCOR, this paper first gets the evaluation index system and the corresponding potential failure mode, then combined with the fuzzy set theory and grey relational theory, constructs evaluation model of supply chain vulnerability considering the index weight of all levels and the decision factors weight, and finally uses the evaluation model into some enterprises for empirical study. The result shows that the model can provide practical process guidance for enterprise in supply chain vulnerability evaluation and have practical value in management of supply chain vulnerability.

There are many factors that affect shipbuilding market demand. The paper analysis the internal and external environment of shipbuilding market first. Then, it ranks the influence degree by using the grey relevant method. And it builds influence models with ridge regression method, so as to describe the trends of the shipbuilding market demand.

The aim of this study was to investigate the optimizing preparation conditions of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide liposome (GLPL) with response surface methodology (RSM) and the immunological enhancement activity of GLPL. The immunological enhancement activity of GLPL on splenocyte proliferation was measured. The optimum formulation of GLPL, in which the ratio of soybean phospholipid to cholesterol(w/w) of 11:1, the ratio of soybean phospholipid to tween-80 (w/w) of 10.5:1 and ultrasonic time(min) of 11, had higher entrapment efficiency (EE) of 71.43±0.49% with spherical shape and uniform sizes. In addition, GLPL could significantly promote splenocyte proliferation singly or synergistically with PHA and LPS. That indicated that the immunological enhancement of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide (GLP) was significantly enhanced after encapsulation with the liposome.

In order to study the antioxidant effect of Bush Sophora Root polysaccharide (BSRPS) and its sulfate on anti-duck virus hepatitis (DVH), sulfated Bush Sophora Root polysaccharide (sBSRPS) was prepared by chlorosulfonic acid–pyridine method. Ducklings were fed with BSRPS and sBSRPS after challenged DHAV. Death was monitored, evaluation indexes of peroxidative and hepatic injury at the initial (4th and 8th hour) and later (54th hour) stages were detected. The results showed a fine treatment effect of BSRPS and sBSRPS. Visual hepatic pathological injury severities were less serious after the treatment. At the initial stage, free radical levels in all groups were the same, and BSRPS and sBSRPS reduced the hepatic injury through inhibiting virus replication. At the later stage, mass free radicals were detected in VC group while free radical levels in BSRPS and sBSRPS groups were significantly lower than VC group. The antioxidant effect of BSRPS and sBSRPS might alleviate the hepatic injury.

The aim of this study was to investigate the optimizing preparation conditions and immunological enhancement activity of Rehmannia glutinosa polysaccharide liposome (RGPL). RGPL was prepared using the reverse-phase evaporation method and optimized using the response surface methodology. The immunological enhancement activity of RGPL on splenocyte proliferation was measured. These results showed that the optimum preparation conditions were: a soybean phosphatide to cholesterol ratio of 8:1, a chloroform to methanol ratio of 3:5, a soybean phosphatide to tween 80 ratio of 10:1, a temperature (°C) of 66°C and an entrapment efficiency of 72.753 ± 0.318%. In a single stimulation of drugs, RGPL could significantly promote splenocyte proliferation, specifically at 200 μg mL(-1). Moreover, in a synergistic stimulation of drugs with LPS or PHA, a significant difference was obtained between the RGPL and RGP at 100-400 μg mL(-1), which indicated that the immunological enhancement of RGP was significantly improved after encapsulation with the liposome.

Optimization of preparation of gypenosides liposome (GPSL) was investigated with response surface methodology (RSM) and the effect of GPSL activating phagocytosis activity and cytokine secretion of macrophages was determined in the paper. The results showed that the optimal conditions of GPSL preparation were as follows: the ratio of lipid to drug (w/w) of 8:1, the ratio of soybean phospholipid to cholesterol (w/w) of 6:1, the temperature of incubation of drug in water bath of 55°C, the time of incubation of drug of 11 min. With the condition, the experimental encapsulation efficiency of GPSL was 90.17 ± 0.38%. In addition, GPSL could significantly enhance phagocytosis activity and the secretion of cytokines of the peritoneal macrophages of mice. These indicated that GPSL with high entrapping efficiency and small particle size could be prepared by ethanol injection combined with ammonium sulfate gradient method, which is applied easily, and GPSL could enhance the activity of peritoneal macrophages.

The adjuvant activity of gypenosides liposome (GPSL) encapsulated with liposome was investigated in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, different concentrations of GPSL were added into chicken's peripheral blood lymphocytes and splenic lymphocyte. The results showed that GPSL could significantly enhance T and B lymphocytes proliferation singly or synergistically with PHA and LPS and the efficacy were superior to those of gypenosides (GPS) and blank liposome (BL) at most of concentrations. In vivo, three hundred and fifty 14-day-old chickens were assigned to 7 groups randomly and vaccinated with Newcastle disease (ND) vaccine. Simultaneously, the chickens in experimental groups were, respectively, oral administration with the GPSL at three doses, GPS and BL. The results showed that GPSL could significantly enhance lymphocyte proliferation, increase antibody titer, and promote cytokine secretion in vitro and in vivo, moreover, the adjuvant activity of GPSL was better than those of GPS and BL. These indicated that formulations of GPS and liposome can further enhance the immune response against ND vaccine compared with the adjuvant alone.

The aim of this study is to prepare propolis flavonoids liposome (PFL) and optimize the preparation condition and to investigate further whether liposome could promote the immunoenhancement activity of propolis flavonoids (PF). PFL was prepared with ethanol injection method, and the preparation conditions of PFL were optimized with response surface methodology (RSM). Moreover, the immunoenhancement activity of PFL and PFin vitrowas determined. The result showed that the optimal preparation conditions for PFL by response surface methodology were as follows: ratio of lipid to drug (w/w) 9.6 : 1, ratio of soybean phospholipid to cholesterol (w/w) 8.5 : 1, and speed of injection 0.8 mL·min−1. Under these conditions, the experimental encapsulation efficiency of PFL was 91.67 ± 0.21%, which was close to the predicted value. Therefore, the optimized preparation condition is very reliable. Moreover, the results indicated that PFL could not only significantly promote lymphocytes proliferation singly or synergistically with PHA, but also increase expression level of IL-2 and IFN-γmRNA. These indicated that liposome could significantly improve the immunoenhancement activity of PF. PFL demonstrates the significant immunoenhancement activity, which provides the theoretical basis for the further experimentin vivo.

Three hundred and fifty 14-day-old chickens were randomly assigned to 7 groups. At the same time of vaccination with Newcastle disease vaccine, the chickens in experimental groups were injected with propolis flavonoids liposome (PFL) at three doses, PF and blank liposome, respectively. The titer of serum antibody, concentrations of immunoglobulins G (IgG) and immunoglobulins M (IgM), activity of lymphocytes proliferation and concentrations of cytokines were measured. The results showed that three doses of PFL could significantly enhance antibody titer, concentrations of IgG, IgM, and promote lymphocyte proliferation, interferon-γ and interleukin-2 secretion, and its high and medium doses possessed the best efficacy. In general evaluation, the efficacy of PFL was the best, with certain of dose- and time-effect relationships. These findings indicated that the immunological activity of PF could be enhanced with liposome encapsulation.

The aim of this study is to prepare glycyrrhetinic acid liposome (GAL) and optimize the preparation condition and to investigate further whether liposome could promote the immunological activity of glycyrrhetinic acid (GA). GAL was prepared using a film-dispersion method and the preparation conditions of GAL were optimized with response surface methodology (RSM). Moreover, GAL prepared under the optimal preparation conditions was added into chicken's T and B lymphocytes in vitro. The optimal preparation conditions for GAL by response surface methodology was as follows: ratio 9:1, soybean phospholipid cholesterol (w/w) 2.5:1 and water bath temperature 31 °C. Under these conditions, the experimental encapsulation efficiency of GAL was 83.46 ± 0.55%, which was close with the predicted value. Therefore, the optimized preparation condition is very reliable. The results showed that GAL could significantly promote T and B lymphocytes proliferation singly or synergistically with PHA and LPS and the concentration of immunoglobulins G (IgG) and immunoglobulins M (IgM). These results indicated that liposome could significantly improve the immunological activity of GA and drug action of GA. GAL demonstrates the significant immunological activity, which provides the theoretical basis for the further experiment in vivo.

The intestinal nerve of Remak (INR) is unique to birds. The exact distributions and secretions of the peptide transmitters in the INR that innervate the intestine, and the patterns of their projections to the nerve plexus of the intestinal wall, are still unclear. In the present study, the distributions of chicken vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) mRNA and substance P (SP) mRNA in the chicken INR were demonstrated by means of in situ hybridization histochemistry, using sense and antisense digoxigenin-labeled RNA probes. The in situ hybridization histochemistry results suggested that VIP mRNA-positive neurons were mainly distributed in ganglions, whereas some of the INR fibers were weakly positive. The proportion of VIP mRNA-positive cells among total neurons was 75% in the juxta-jejunoileum portion and 87% in the juxta-rectal portion of the INR. Most SP mRNA-positive cells were sporadically distributed in layers or small groups within the ganglions, as well as in nerve trunks between ganglions. Moreover, the proportion of positive cells among total neurons was 83% in the juxta-jejunoileum portion and 98% in the juxta-rectal portion of the INR, which suggests that both VIP and SP mRNA are coexpressed in the chicken INR. Our results provide an approach to further study of the locations of VIP and SP in nerve tissue.

To investigate the clinical characteristics and methods of diagnosis and treatment multiple level thoracolumbar spinal fractures.From March 2002 to March 2006, 17 patients with 35 thoracolumbar spinal fractures were treated, 13 males and 4 females, aged 21-52 years old (36.4 on average), among whom there were 10 cases of traffic accident injury and 7 of high falling injury. One fracture was located at T2, 1 at T3, 1 at T10, 4 at T11, 6 at T12, 5 at L1, at L2, 7 at L3, 5 at L4, and 2 at L15, with a total of 35 segments including 26 segments with unstable fractures and 9 segments with stable compression fractures. According to the Frankel grade, there was 1 case of grade A, 1 of grade B, 2 of grade C, 5 of grade and 8 of grade E. The preoperative height of the anterior border of the vertebral body was (20.8 +/- 3.8) mm and the preoperative kyphosis angle was (16.2 +/- 3.4) degrees. All the unstable fractures were performed operation. Sixteen injured vertebras were treated with long-segment pedicle screw internal fixation; 8 were treated with short-segment pedicle screw internal fixation, and 2 were treated with anterior fusion and fixation. Five injured vertebras with stable compression fractures were not treated and 4 were treated with pedicle screw implantation.The operation time was 1.8-4.2 hours and the amount of blood loss was 300-900 mL. The incisions obtained healing by first intention after the operation. All 17 patients were followed up for 13-41 months (18 months on average), and radiological evaluation showed no failure of the internal fixation. After the operation, Frankel scale assessment showed that 1 patient of grade A improved to grade B, 1 of grade B improved to grade C, 1 of grade improved to grade D, 1 of grade C improved to grade E, 5 of grade D improved to grade E, and 8 of grade E had no improvement. At the final postoperative follow-up, the height of the anterior border of the vertebral body was (31.9 -/+ 3.2) mm and kyphosis angle was (6.8 +/- 3.7) degrees, which were significantly different from those of preoperation (P0.01).The treatment of multiple level thoracolumbar spinal fractures should be individualized according to the patients' actual conditions in order to obtain decompression and stability of spines.

A novel type of adaptive optical system based on direct optimization of system performance metric is studied. The optimization method is based on stochastic parallel gradient descent (SPGD) algorithm. Theoretical analysis, computer simulations, and experimental results under point source and extended source conditions are presented.

A great deal segmented mirror errors consisting of piston and tip-tilt exist when space large aperture segmented optics system deploys. These errors will result in the departure of segmented mirrors images from the view. For that, proper scanning function should be adopted to control actuators rotating the segmented mirror, so that the images of segmented mirror can be put into the view and placed in the ideal position. The key of capturing segmented mirror images is selecting an optimal scanning function. This paper put forward the optimal scanning function principle based on capturing images by the fastest velocity. The scanning functions, such as screw-type, rose-type, and helianthus-type and so on, have their own merits and demerits. In my paper, the scanning functions above will be analyzed and discussed. As a sample, a simulation experiment is carried to study the effects of different scanning functions on three mirror astigmatism system, whose primary mirror with six segmented mirror. In simulation experiment, the piston and tip-tilt errors scale and the ideal position of segmented mirror are given, three scanning functions above are used to realize the capture process by utilizing the improved optics design software ZEMAX, the relationship between scanning functions and optical system are analyzed and the optimal one is determined.

Star sensor is a special high accuracy photoelectric instrument. It is often used in navigation of aircraft, cruise missiles, and ballistic missiles, so the imaging quality of the optical system in a star senor is very important. The spherical windows with a small impact to imaging performance are usually used in traditional star sensors. However, the spherical surfaces are not ideal aerodynamic surfaces and would cause problems such as high drag. In this paper the conformal window whose outer shape is neither spherical nor flat is used in a star sensor. Unfortunately, the conformal shape introduces amounts of aberration which may lead to low imaging resolution. The various correctors can be used to eliminate the aberrations, for example, the fixed corrector, the arch, Zernike wedges, and the deformable mirror. The fixed corrector method is selected to decrease aberrations from the conformal window in this paper. The surface of the conformal window in the star senor is described as the Von Karman equation. The field of view is 17.6°×13.5°, and the size of the CCD pixel is 6.45 um×6.45um. The optical design program ZEMAX is used to design this system. After the optimization, under the max frequency of 77.52lp/mm, the MFT can almost achieve 30%. The design results show that the aerodynamic requirements can be satisfied by the application of the conformal window in the star sensor, and the aberrations can be corrected by proper ways.

Web site usability is a critical metric for assessing the quality of the B2C Web site. A measure of usability must not only provide a rating for a specific Web site, but also should it illuminate the specific strengths and weaknesses about site design. In this paper, the usability and usability evaluation of B2C Web site are described. A comprehensive set of usability guidelines developed by Microsoft (MUG) is revised and utilized. The index and sub index comprising these guidelines are present firstly. The weights of each indexes and sub indexes are decided by AHP(Analytical Hierarchy Process). Base on the investigation data, a mathematic arithmetic is proposed to calculate the grade of each B2C Web site. The illustrated example shows that the evaluation approach of this paper is very effective.

The bullwhip effect in a supply chain seriously decreases the operation efficiency of the supply chain. Information sharing has been used as an important tool to resolve the challenges of supply chain management faced. Firstly, this paper analyzes the causes of bullwhip effect systemically, and then this paper analyzes the value of the information sharing in the a-supplier-multiretailers model. We find some useful conclusions between exist of information and absence of information. At last we use the shipbuilding supply chain to illustrate plenitudinous information sharing will decrease the bullwhip effect.

A Very High Resolution Telescope (VHRT) is designed as a space-to-earth remote sensor and the polarization effect in this VHRT is analyzed in this paper. First, the theory of polarization effect is reviewed. Second, the Jones arithmetic of polarization aberrations in VHRT is presented. Then, CODE V software is used to realize the polarization ray trace in this system and the results of the polarization effect analysis are obtained. The output information includes the plot of Modulation Transfer Function (MTF), the plot of Point Spread Function (PSF), pupil map, relative illumination, illumination, distortion and Strehl ratio. Finally, effective methods to control the polarization effect in an optical system are given. According to the results of analysis, we have drawn the following conclusions. Polarization effect in an optical system shouldn't be ignored to improve the imaging quality; with the incident angle as small as possible to control the polarization effect. Coating design must be considered carefully for the optical design.

Two compound Chinese herbal medicinal ingredients (cCIs) were prepared respectively with epimedium polysaccharide (EPS) plus propolis flavone (PF) and astragalus polysaccharide (APS) plus ginsenoside (GS). Also, two compound Chinese herbal medicines (cCMs) with the same ingredient content as corresponding cCIs were made with the extracts of epimedium plus propolis and astragalus plus ginseng. In rabbit immune trial, two cCIs, physiological saline in the control, were respectively injected to the rabbits vaccinated with inactivated rabbit hemorrhagic disease vaccine. On Days 3, 7, 10, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 after vaccination, the dynamic changes of serum antibody titers were determined by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. In chicken immune trial, all of cCIs and cCMs were mixed respectively with inactivated Newcastle disease vaccine virus to vaccinate chickens, taking oil-adjuvant and non-adjuvant vaccine as controls. On Days 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 after vaccination, the dynamic changes of peripheral lymphocyte proliferation and serum antibody titers were tested respectively by MTT method and HI test method. The results showed that both cCIs could significantly raise antibody titer in rabbits, which the effect of compound Chinese herbal medicinal ingredients 1 (cCIs 1) was better than that of compound Chinese herbal medicinal ingredients 2 (cCIs 2). All of cCIs and cCMs could markedly promote lymphocyte proliferation and enhance antibody titer in chickens, which was similar to oil adjuvant, the immunologic enhancement of cCIs were slightly superior to that of the cCMs.

Two compound Chinese herbal medicinal ingredients (cCHMIs) were prepared, respectively, with epimedium polysaccharide plus propolis flavone (cCHMIs 1) and astragalus polysaccharide plus ginsenoside (cCHMIs 2). In animal immune experiment, Newcastle disease vaccine was mixed, respectively, with two cCHMIs and IL-2 to vaccinate 15-day-old chicken in experimental groups. On days 7, 14, 21 and 28 after vaccination, the dynamic changes of serum antibody titers were tested by micro-method. In gene expression experiment, each cCHMIs, at three concentrations, was added into cultured chicken peripheral T lymphocyte. After cultivation of 7h, the expression of IL-2 mRNA in the cell, 24h, IFN-gamma mRNA, were determined by semi-quantitative RT-PCR assay. The results showed that two cCHMIs, whether single or cooperative injection with IL-2, could significantly raise the antibody titers, while immunologic synergisms of two cCHMIs with IL-2 were unconspicuous. cCHMs 1 at three doses and cCHMIs 2 at high dose could remarkably promote the expression of IL-2 mRNA in chicken T lymphocyte, two cCHMIs at three doses, the expression of IFN-gamma mRNA, which could explain why the immunologic synergism of cCHMIs with IL-2 was not obvious.

233 SD rats weighing 100 approximately 120 g were divided randomly into 6 groups. The animals in group I and group II received 0.1 mg/kg selenium in the form of sodium selenite only and served as the negative control and positive control, respectively. Animals in groups III, IV and V were fed with selenium as Se-enriched malt supplemented diets (0.3, 1 and 3 mg/kg), and group VI with selenium by using sodium selenite supplemented diets (3 mg/kg). Animals of groups II approximately VI were induced hepatoma by diethylnitrosamine (100 mg/l) for 16 weeks, then drunk with sterilized water for 2 more weeks. Subsequently, the effects of Se-enriched malt and sodium selenite on hepatoma nodules, relative liver weight, the liver function indices including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), albumin (ALB), total bilirubin (TBIL), and the tumor markers, named as gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) were recorded. The calcium concentration, glucose content in plasma and values of the hormones regulating blood glucose, such as insulin, glucagons and thyroid hormones (3,5,3'-tetraiodothyronine, T(3); 3,5,3'5'-tetraiodothyronine, T(4)) were observed as well. At the same time, the correlations between the concentration of plasma glucose and related hormones were also analyzed. The results indicated that Se-enriched malt showed a better chemopreventive efficiency in decreasing the number of hepatoma nodules, relative liver weight and the contents of AFP, GGT, IGF-II, ALT, ALP and TBIL in the plasma, and delaying the descent of hormones in the serum, names as insulin, glucagons, T(3) and T(4) than those feeding with sodium selenite. Effect of Se-enriched malt excelled sodium selenite in the aspects of deadening the descent of glucose concentration in the plasma and the rise of calcium concentration in the serum of the rats with hepatoma induced by diethylnitrosamine. The values of glucose and calcium were significantly related to those items fore-named. In conclusion, the function of Se-enriched malt in deadening the lesion and delaying the development of hepatoma of rats induced by diethylnitrosamine was better than that of sodium selenite. Hypoglycemia and hypercalcemia were significantly correlated with the multifactors mentioned above.

The optical system of an infrared multi-spectrum scanner used on the resource satellite is presented in this paper. The principles of spectrum-dividing and imaging, the designing of optical system, the optimization of the assemblage and the adjusting of relay optical system are discussed. According to the general principles of infrared systems, R-C system is used in designing of the primary optical system. There are two methods to design the relay optical system, one of which consists of a complex prism and the other uses a binary optical element. The results and imaging quality of the two methods generated by ZEMAX are given. In the system using complex prism, each wavelength band consists of an R-C system. The diffractive system uses diffractive-refractive hybrid systems to divide spectrum, image and achromatize. The results show that the image quality of the designed system is good enough to meet the practical requirements.

Supplier selection is a multicriteria problem which multiattributions of the suppliers should be considered in SCM (supply chain management). This paper proposes a combination of AHP (analytical hierarchy process) with DEA (data envelopment analysis) to determine the integrated weight for the evaluation criteria of supplier so as to make up for the inconsistent judgments which the AHP is liable to decision-maker and also to solve the problem that the DEA cannot reflect well the preference of decision makers. The proposed methodology features both the merits of the algorithmic and procedural supplier selection approaches. It innovatively solves a supplier selection problem by utilizing both AHP and DEA procedures. A practical case study illustrates its efficiency and effectiveness.

In order to compare the adjuvant activity of compound Chinese herbal medicinal ingredients (cCHMIs) and filtrate best prescription and dose, two initial screened cCHMIs were prepared and mixed with Newcastle disease (ND) vaccine respectively at three doses to vaccinate 17-day-old chickens, taking the non-adjuvant and oil adjuvant vaccines as controls. On day 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 after vaccination, the dynamic changes of peripheral lymphocyte proliferation and serum antibody titers in the chickens were determined by means of MTT method and hemagglutination inhibition test. The results showed that two cCHMIs could promote peripheral lymphocyte proliferation and enhance serum antibody titer, of which adjuvant activity was similar to and even stronger than oil adjuvant in promoting lymphocyte proliferation at some time points, and there was a certain dose-effect relationship. The best adjuvant activity of cCHMIs 2 in promoting cellular immunity occurred at middle dose, and cCHMIs 1 in enhancing humoral immunity, at high dose. Based on good synergistic effects of their components, two cCHMIs would be expected as new-type immunologic adjuvants to substitute for oil adjuvant.

Plasmid-based intratumoral injection of IL-12 gene via electroporation is safe, inexpensive and simple, but multiple administrations are required to induce a 40% tumor regression and long-term antitumor memory (Li et al, 2002, JNCI). IL-12-combined B7.1 gene therapy improved the therapeutic efficacy, but the underlying mechanism is less understood, and the delivery of the combined therapeutic genes using electroporation for treating malignant carcinomas is largely unexplored. In this report, electroporation-based IL-12 and B7.1-combined gene therapy was studied in a murine squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) model, SCCVII. A single injection of IL-12 and B7.1 plasmid DNA via electroporation eradicated tumors in 80% of mice, which was superior to IL-12 gene alone in both the inhibition of tumor growth (P = 0.002) and extension of survival time (P = 0.007). The IL-12-combined B7.1 electro-gene therapy-mediated tumor eradication was associated with an increased tumor-specific CTL activity (P=0.0001), and with an extended duration of B7.1 expression (P