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본 연구에서는 결정질 기반암에 위치하는 12개 시추공의 지하수 수질을 분석하여, 다변량 통계 분석법을 활용하여 지하수 수질 진화 특성 및 성분 기원을 평가하였다. 지하수 수질 유형은 Na(Ca)-HCO3형과 Ca-HCO3형이 가장 우세하여, 물-암석 반 응에 의한 직접적인 양이온 교환 반응(Ca2+ → Na+)을 지시하며, 현장 지하수 특성과 실내 지하수 분석 결과에 기초한 연구 지역의 지하수 수질 진화는 초기 내지 중간 정도의 단계를 지시하는 것으로 사료된다. 다변량 분석 결과, 인위적인 기원인 NO3 -와 다른 성분들 간의 상관성을 살펴보면, Na+, Cl-와 양의 상관성을 나타난다. 염무의 기원인 Cl-와는 Na+, SO4 2-, Mg2+, K+ 와 양의 상관성을 나타낸다. 그러나 다른 성분들(Ca2+, Fe2+, HCO3 -, F-, SiO2)과는 상관성이 나타나지 않는다. Cl- 농도가 일반 적인 지하수 수질 범위에 포함되고 NO3 - 농도는 먹는물 수질기준치 이하로서 농도가 매우 낮으며, 대부분의 광물에 대해서 지하수 화학성분들은 불포화상태를 지시한다. 따라서, 연구지역의 수질 성분들은 대부분 물-암석 반응을 통한 자연적인 기 원을 지시하고 부분적으로는 자연적인 염무와 농업과 관련된 인위적인 오염으로부터 기인된다.

The retention of electrical performance under the combined conditions of mechanical strain and an electrical current is essential for flexible electronics. Here, we report that even below the critical current density required for electromigration, the electrical current can significantly deteriorate the electromechanical performance of metal film/polymer substrate systems. This leads to a loss of stretchability, and this effect becomes more severe with increasing strain as well as increasing current. The local increase of electrical resistance in the metal film caused by damage, such as localized deformations, cracks, etc., locally raises the temperature of the test sample via Joule heating. This weakens the deformation resistance of the polymer substrate, accelerating the necking instability, and consequently leading to a rapid loss of electrical conductivity with strain. To minimize such a current-induced deterioration of the polymer-supported metal films, we develop and demonstrate the feasibility of two methods that enhance the deformation resistance of the polymer substrate at elevated temperatures: increasing the thickness of the polymer substrate, and utilizing a polymer substrate with a high glass transition temperature.

The recombination of charges is an important process in organic photonic devices because the process influences the device characteristics such as the driving voltage, efficiency and lifetime. By combining the dipole trap theory with the drift-diffusion model, we report that the stationary dipole moment ({\mu}0) of the dopant is a major factor determining the recombination mechanism in the dye-doped organic light emitting diodes when the trap depth ({\Delta}Et) is larger than 0.3 eV where any de-trapping effect becomes negligible. Dopants with large {\mu}0 (e.g., homoleptic Ir(III) dyes) induce large charge trapping on them, resulting in high driving voltage and trap-assisted-recombination dominated emission. On the other hand, dyes with small {\mu}0 (e.g., heteroleptic Ir(III) dyes) show much less trapping on them no matter what {\Delta}Et is, leading to lower driving voltage, higher efficiencies and Langevin recombination dominated emission characteristics. This finding will be useful in any organic photonic devices where trapping and recombination sites play key roles.

The Arabidopsis splicing factors, AtU2AF65, AtU2AF35, and AtSF1 shuttle between nuclei and cytoplasms. These proteins also move rapidly and continuously in the nuclei, and their movements are affected by ATP depletion. The U2AF65 proteins are splicing factors that interact with SF1 and U2AF35 proteins to promote U2snRNP for the recognition of the pre-mRNA 3′ splice site during early spliceosome assembly. We have determined the subcellular localization and movement of these proteins’ Arabidopsis homologs. It was found that Arabidopsis U2AF65 homologs, AtU2AF65a, and AtU2AF65b proteins interact with AtU2AF35a and AtU2AF35b, which are Arabidopsis U2AF35 homologs. We have examined the mobility of these proteins including AtSF1 using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching and fluorescence loss in photobleaching analyses. These proteins displayed dynamic movements in nuclei and their movements were affected by ATP depletion. We have also demonstrated that these proteins shuttle between nuclei and cytoplasms, suggesting that they may also function in cytoplasm. These results indicate that such splicing factors show very similar characteristics to their human counterparts, suggesting evolutionary conservation.

The use of exciplex forming cohosts and phosphors incredibly boosts the efficiency of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) by providing a barrier-free charge injection into an emitting layer and a broad recombination zone. However, most of the efficient OLEDs based on the exciplex forming cohosts has suffered from the short operational lifetime. Here, we demonstrated phosphorescent OLEDs (PhOLEDs) having both high efficiency and long lifetime by using a new exciplex forming cohost composed of N,N′-diphenyl-N,N′-bis(1,1′-biphenyl)-4,4′-diamine (NPB) and (1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triyl)tris(benzene-3,1-diyl))tris(diphenylphosphine oxide) (PO-T2T). The red-emitting PhOLEDs using the exciplex forming cohost achieved a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 34.1% and power efficiency of 62.2 lm W1– with low operating voltages and low efficiency roll-offs. More importantly, the device demonstrated a long lifetime around 2249 h from 1000 cd m–2 to 900 cd m–2 (LT90) under a continuous flow of constant current....

We report a highly efficient phosphorescent green inverted top emitting organic light emitting diode doped with Ir(ppy)2tmd [bis(2-phenylpyridine)iridium(III)(2,2,6,6-tetramethylheptane-3,5-diketonate)] as the horizontally oriented emitter in an exciplex forming co-host system. The device showed a maximum current efficiency of 120.7 cd/A, a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 27.6% and the power efficiency of 85.9 lm/W at 1,000 cd/m2. Moreover the efficiency roll off was small long-lasting to 20,000 cd/m2 with EQE’s and current efficiencies of 26.0% and 113.7 cd/A at 10,000 cd/m2 and 24.5% and 107.6 cd/A at 20,000 cd/m2, respectively. Optical analysis of the efficiencies and emission spectra of the device is also reported.

Two new heteroleptic blue emitting Ir(III) complexes, EtOCN-FIracac and tBuCN-FIracac, and a homoleptic Ir(III) complex, tBu-FCNIr, consisting of 2′,4″-difluorophenylpyridine (dfppy) with a cyano (CN) group at the 5′ position of the phenyl and an ethoxy (EtO-) or tert-butyl (tBu) group at the 4 position of the pyridine as the main ligands, are synthesized and characterized for phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes (PhOLEDs). The dual functionalization of the dfppy core with the electron-withdrawing CN and electron-donating EtO- or tBu- groups leads to improved blue color purity by compensating the bathochromic shift originating from the ancillary ligand of the heteroleptic Ir(III) complex and contributes to the enhancement of the horizontal ratio of emitting dipoles (Θ), which is one of the promising approaches to improve the efficiency of PhOLEDs. PhOLEDs based on tBuCN-FIracac and EtOCN-FIracac show one of the highest efficiencies ever achieved for blue color, with maximum external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) of 22.3% (39.2 cd A−1) and 21.5% (35.1 cd A−1), respectively, with a simple device structure; a similar device based on tBu-FCNIr displays a maximum EQE of 16.2% (23.5 cd A−1). The performance of PhOLEDs based on the two heteroleptic Ir(III) complexes are highly improved compared to tBu-FCNIr, due to the increased θ and photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY).

The exciplex forming co-host with phosphorescent dopant system has potential to realize highly efficient phosphorescent organic light emitting didoes (PhOLEDs). However, the exciplex forming co-host for blue phosphorescent OLEDs has been rarely introduced because of higher triplet level of the blue dopant than green and red dopants. In this work, a novel exciplex forming co-host with high triplet energy level is developed by mixing a phosphine oxide based electron transporting material, PO-T2T, and a hole transporting material, N,N′-dicarbazolyl-3,5-benzene (mCP). Photo-physical analysis shows that the exciplexes are formed efficiently in the host and the energy transfer from the exciplex to blue phosphorescent dopant (iridium(III)bis[(4,6-difluorophenyl)-pyridinato-N,C2′]picolinate; FIrpic) is also efficient, enabling the triplet harvest without energy loss. As a result, an unprecedented high performance blue PhOLED with the exciplex forming co-host is demonstrated, showing a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 30.3%, a maximum power efficiency of 66 lm W−1, and low driving voltage of 2.75 at 100 cd m−2, 3.29 V at 1000 cd m−2, and 4.65 V at 10 000 cd m−2, respectively. The importance of the exciton confinement in the exciplex forming co-host is further investigated which is directly related to the performance of PhOLEDs.

This study evaluated the pattern of groundwater fluctuation in cyrstalline rock using time series and factor analyses. Fromthe results, groundwater level for the 18 wells was classified into 4 types reflecting the hydrogeological properties andrainfall event. Type 1 (DB1-5, DB1-6, DB2-2, KB-10, KB-13) was significantly influenced by groundwater flow throughwater-conducting features, whereas type 2 (DB1-3, DB1-7, KB-1~KB-3, KB-7, KB-11, KB-14, KB-15) was affected byminor fracture network as well as rainfall event. Type 3 (DB1-1, DB1-2) was mainly influenced by surface infiltration ofrainfall event. Type 4 (DB1-8, KB-9) was reflected by the irregular variation of groundwater level caused by anisotropyand heterogeneity of crystalline rock. Key words :Groundwater level, Time series analysis, Factor analysis, Rainfall, Water-conducting features 1. 서론 미고결 충적층이나 다공질 매질 등과는 다르게 결정질암반에서 지하수 유동은 극히 제한적이고 국부적인 단열대 및 단층대를 통해서 발생된다(Domenico and Schwartz,1990). 이는 결정질 암반내에서 지하수 유동을 지배하는가장 중요한 인자는 불연속면들의 수리적 및 기하학적 특성임을 지시한다(Meiri, 1985; Barton et al., 1995;Leckenby et al., 2005; Ko et al., 2010). 따라서, 지하암반의 불연속 파쇄대의 발달 상태, 수리지질학적 특성에대한 정밀조사 및 이와 관련 연구는 지하 구조물 건설하기 전에 반드시 선행되어야하며, 또한 지하 구조물 건설후의 안정성 평가에도 필수적으로 요구된다(Kim et al.,2005; Lee et al., 2009a; Lee et al., 2010; Ji andKoh, 2010).결정질 암반내에서 지하수 유동 및 지하수위 변동 연구는 대형 지하 구조물인 원유, LPG, LNG 등의 지하유류비축기지 및 방사성폐기물 처분장 건설에 따라 1990년대중반 이후로 폭넓게 연구되고 있다(SKB, 1998; Kimand Jeong, 2002; Park et al., 2008; Moon et al.,2010; Lee et al., 2013). 특히, 지하수 수문순환의 일환으로 지표로 침투된 강우가 결정질암내에 발달하고 있는단열대를 통한 유동 현상을 규명하는 연구들이 수행되고있으며 상당한 연구 성과들이 도출되고 있다(Larocque etal., 1998; Lee et al., 2004; Panagopoulos and Lambrakis,2006; Choi and Lee, 2010; Choi et al., 2011; Kimet al., 2012).그러나 앞의 선행 연구들은 강우량과 지하수 변동과의상관성을 규명하여 지하수 침투 및 함양 특성을 규명한것으로서, 강우량과 지하수위 변동을 상세 수리 시험 결

The anti-breast cancer monoclonal antibody (mAb) BR55 was expressed in the baculovirus–insect cell expression system, which is advantageous because of its high production capacity, cell culture flexibility and glycosylation capability. The baculovirus–insect cell expression system was successfully established for production of mAb BR55 and mAb BR55 fused with the KDEL (Lys–Asp–Glu–Leu) endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention signal (mAb BR55K). The heavy chain (HC) and light chain (LC) genes of mAb BR55 were cloned under the control of the polyhedrin (PPH) and P10 promoters, respectively, in the pFastBacDual vector. The antibody gene-expression cassettes carrying both the HC and LC genes were transferred into a bacmid in Escherichia coli (DH10Bac). The bacmid carrying the expression cassettes was transfected into Sf9 insect cells to generate baculovirus expressing mAb BR55 and BR55K. Western blot analysis confirmed the expression of mAb BR55 and BR55K in baculovirus-infected insect cells. Cell direct enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) showed that both mAbs from insect cell lysates or cell culture medium bound to MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Both mAb BR55 and BR55K were successfully purified using a Protein A affinity column. Collectively, these results suggest that the anti-breast cancer mAb BR55 can be expressed, properly assembled and purified from the baculovirus expression system, which can serve as an alternative system for antibody production.

We prepared nanoparticles containing insoluble celecoxib by the method of solid dispersions using a spray dryer to improve solubility of celecoxib. We used PVP K30 and Eudragit EPO as water-soluble carriers for the solid dispersion, and poloxamer 407 as a surfactant. Characterization of celecoxib solid dispersion was performed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results of SEM, DSC and XRD demonstrated that celecoxib is amorphous in solid dispersion. The dissolution rate measured in intestinal juice showed that the method of solid dispersion improved celecoxib solubility as compared with a conventional drug (Celebres). In conclusion, solid dispersion formulation prepared by a spray dryer would improve the solubility of celecoxib in oral administration.

A new series of heteroleptic iridium(III) complexes, bis(2-phenylpyridinato-N,C2′)iridium (2-(2′,4′-difluorophenyl)-4-methylpyridine), (ppy)2Ir(dfpmpy) and bis(2-(2′,4′-difluorophenyl)-4-methylpyridinato-N,C2′)iridium (2-phenylpyridine) (dfpmpy)2Ir(ppy), have been synthesized by using phenylpyridine as a main skeleton for bluish green phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes (PhOLEDs). The Ir(III) complexes showed high thermal stability and high photoluminescent (PL) quantum yields of 95% ± 4% simultaneously. As a result, the PhOLEDs with the heteroleptic Ir(III) complexes showed excellent performances approaching 100% internal quantum efficiency with a very high external quantum efficiency (EQE) of ∼27%, a low turn-on voltage of 2.4 V, high power efficiency of ∼85 lm/W, and very low efficiency roll-off up to 20,000 cd/m2.

Transgenic potato was generated to express recombinant 5 repeated β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides, potential antigens to be applied as a preventive accine for Alzheimer’s disease using Agrobacterium mediated transformation. The Aβ peptides were fused to the human IgG Fc fragment enhancing protein and KDEL, which is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention signal (5Aβ-FcK). The 5Aβ-FcK, was expressed under the control of the duplicated 35S promoter. PCR analysis confirmed the presence of the transgene in several transgenic potato lines. Southern blot analysis showed only a single gene copy number in transgenic line 22, whereas multiple gene copy numbers were shown for transgenic lines 31 and 44. Northern blot analysis showed that line 22 had stronger mRNA levels when compared to lines 31 and 44. Immunoblot analysis confirmed that the 5Aβ-FcK protein was expressed in the transgenic potato plant. These results indicate that 5Aβ fused to Fc can be expressed in potato plants.

To develop a unconventional gas reservoir, an analysis of tight rock property are required. Especially, conventional measurements are difficult to be applied to unconventional re-sources such as tight gas reservoir because the permeability are extremely low compared to a con-ventional gas reservoir. In this study, an apparatus was developed for measuring low permeability and porosity based on a pressure pulse decay method under unsteady state conditions. The appa-ratus was applied for measuring the porosity and permeability of tight sand core samples from Gyeongsang basin in Korea. As a validation of the measurement, regression analysis was carried out using the dimensionless pseudo-pressure between the measured data and analytical solution. The results show the correlation coefficients above 0.96. Therefore, it is believed that the apparatus has a high accuracy.Key words : unconventional gas, tight gas, low permeability, unsteady state, pressure pulse de-cay method 1) † Corresponding author:jhwan@jnu.ac.kr Copyright ⓒ 2014 by The Korean Institute of Gas

Almost 100% internal quantum efficiency (IQE) is achieved with a green fluorescent organic light-emitting diode (OLED) exhibiting 30% external quantum efficiency (EQE). The OLED comprises an exciplex-forming co-host system doped with a fluorescent dye that has a strong delayed fluorescence as a result of reverse intersystem crossing (RISC); the exciplex-forming co-hosts stimulate energy transfer and charge balance in the system. The orientation of the transition dipole moment of the fluorescent dye is shown to have an influence on the EQE of the device.

Bimolecular and trap-assisted recombination mechanisms are investigated in small molecule-based phosphorescent organic light emitting diodes (PhOLEDs) using the current−voltage−luminance characteristics in the diffusion current region, along with transient electroluminescence and capacitance measurements. Two different PhOLEDs, one with a single host, 4,4′-Bis(carbazol-9-yl)biphenyl, and the other with an exciplex-forming co-host, are studied. Trap-assisted recombination with a large number of trapped charges is dominant in the PhOLED with the single host because of the large energy gap between the host and the dopant state. In contrast, bimolecular Langevin recombination is dominant in the PhOLED with the exciplex forming co-host, where a phosphorescent dye is doped in the co-host. As a result, the accumulated charge density is lower in the co-host system than in the single host emission layer, leading to high efficiency that approaches the theoretical limit, with an extremely low efficiency roll-off.

Chip to Chip bonding technology using Cu bumps with solder capping layer has been widely investigated for 3D chip stacking applications. We studied the reliability of the Cu joints. Cu bumps capped with Sn-Ag solder layer were joined to bare Cu pads or Au/Ni electroplated Cu pads at 300°C for 10 sec after dispensing non-conductive paste (NCP). After joining, there were no failed joints and the contact resistance of the joints was very low in all specimens. High temperature storage (HTS) test (120°C, up to 2000 hrs) results demonstrated that the reliability was good in all specimens, while thermal cycling test (-55°C /+125°C, up to 2500 cycles) results showed that the contact resistance of the joints increased quickly after 2000 cycles which was attributed the crack formation in the joint interfaces.

For diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, the joint angle measurement of a patient after an accident or a surgical operation is significant for monitoring and evaluating the recovering process. This paper proposed an optical fiber sensor for the measurement of angular displacement. The effect of beveled fiber angle on the detected light signal was investigated to find an appropriate mathematical model. Beveled fiber tips redirected the light over a range of angles away from the fiber axis. Inverse polynomial models were applied to directly obtain and display the joint angle change in real time with the Lab-VIEW program. The actual joint angle correlated well with the calculated LabVIEW output angle over the test range. The proposed optical sensor is simple, cost effective, small in size, and can evaluate the joint angle in real time. This method is expected to be useful in the field of rehabilitation and sport science.

Colorectal cancer is a commonly diagnosed cancer in the world. Monoclonal antibody (mAb) CO17-1A recognizes the tumor-associated antigen GA733, a cell surface glycoprotein highly expressed in colorectal carcinoma cell, which is considered to be applicable for diagnosis and therapeutic treatment against colorectal cancer. In addition antibodies are glycoproteins, efficiently recognize and eliminate specific pathogenic and disease antigens. We have currently established baculovirus insect cell expression system to produce anti-colorectal cancer mAb CO17-1A. In this study, mAb CO17-1A was expressed in the transgenic insect cell line SfSWT4, in which glycosylation processing pathway has been humanized. Immunoblot confirmed that mAb CO17-1A properly expressed in SfSWT4 insect cells. mAb CO17-1A was purified using protein G affinity column. In addition, MALDI-TOF verified that the mAb CO17-1A fused to KDEL, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention signal (mAb CO17-1AK) had high mannose type of glycan structure. Migration assay showed that insect cell-derived mAb CO17-1AK (mAbI CO17-1AK) with high mannose type of glycan structure was effective as mammalian-derived mAb CO17-1A (mAbM CO17-1A) in inhibition of metastasis. Kinetic analysis of antigen-antibody interaction using Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) confirmed that mAbI CO17-1AK is efficient to interact with antigen GA733 as mAbM CO17-1A. These results suggest that the insect cell expression system with the SfSWT4 possibly can be used as a useful alternative way to produce full-size mAb for cancer immunotherapy.

Organic light-emitting transistors (OLETs) have emerged as promising light-emitting electronics, combining the functions of a transistor and a diode in a single device. OLETs typically possess outstanding electrical properties but have inefficient optical properties. Here, based on optical simulations, a strategy of how to improve the light output as well as reduce optical energy losses in OLETs is performed. The results reveal that the main optical energy losses occur via the waveguide mode by the organic layers and through absorption by the gate material. These energy losses in OLETs can be significantly reduced by appropriately adjusting the thicknesses and refractive indices of the transporting layers as well as those of the gate materials. This device design opens perspectives in the development of the efficiency of OLETs as high as 40% of external quantum efficiency.Organic light-emitting transistors (OLETs) have emerged as promising light-emitting electronics, combining the functions of a transistor and a diode in a single device. OLETs typically possess outstanding electrical properties but have inefficient optical properties. Here, based on optical simulations, a strategy of how to improve the light output as well as reduce optical energy losses in OLETs is performed. The results reveal that the main optical energy losses occur via the waveguide mode by the organic layers and through absorption by the gate material. These energy losses in OLETs can be significantly reduced by appropriately adjusting the thicknesses and refractive indices of the transporting layers as well as those of the gate materials. This device design opens perspectives in the development of the efficiency of OLETs as high as 40% of external quantum efficiency.

Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) are promising for next-generation optoelectronic devices due to their potential to achieve high color purity, efficiency, and brightness. Although the external quantum efficiency (EQE) of PeLEDs has recently surpassed 20%, various strategies are being pursued to increase EQE further and reduce the EQE gap compared to other LED technologies. A key point to further boost EQE of PeLEDs is linked to the high refractive index of the perovskite emissive layer, leading to optical losses of more than 70% of emitted photons. Here, it is demonstrated that a randomly distributed nanohole array with high-index contrast can effectively enhance outcoupling efficiency in PeLEDs. Based on a comprehensive optical analysis on the perovskite thin film and outcoupling structure, it is confirmed that the nanohole array effectively distributes light into the substrate for improved outcoupling, allowing for 1.64 times higher light extraction. As a result, highly efficient red/near-infrared PeLEDs with a peak EQE of 14.6% are demonstrated.

본 연구는 경상북도 경주시 양북면 지역의 결정질 암반의 지하수위 모니터링 자료를 이용하여 지하수 유동 특 성을 평가하였다. 시계열분석 결과, 수리 지질 특성과 강우 사건을 반영한 4가지 변동 유형으로 분류할 수 있 다. 유형 1(DB1-1, DB1-2)은 지하수위가 강우 사건의 영향을 가장 크게 받고 있다. 유형 2(DB1-3, DB1-7, KB -1, KB-2, KB-3, KB-7, KB-14, KB-15)는 공간적으로 단열대 주변에 분포하여 지하수투수특성대 발달이 우수 하기 때문에, 강우의 직접적인 침투와 주단열대를 통한 지하수 유동이 동시에 나타난다. 유형 3(DB-5, DB1-6, DB2-2, KB-10, KB-11, KB-13)은 주단열대와 원거리에 분포한 결정질 암반에 위치되기 때문에 강우의 직접적 인 침투 영향보다는 고지대의 함양지역에서 소규모의 단열대를 통한 지하수 유동이 우세하게 일어난다. 유형 4(DB1-8, KB-9)는 결정질암반의 다양한 불균질성에 의해 지하수위 변동이 영향을 받고 있다.

With the increasing use of high-performance mobile devices such as smartphones, users have been able to connect to the Internet anywhere, anytime, so that Location Based Services(LBSes) have been popular among the users in order to obtain personalized information associated with their locations. The services have advanced to provide the information realistically and intuitively by adopting Augmented Reality(AR) technology, where the technology utilizes various sensors embedded in the mobile devices. However, the services have inherent problems due to the small screen size of the mobile devices and the complexity of the real world environment. Overlapping contents on a small screen and user's possible movement should be taken into consideration in displaying the icons on objects that block user's environment such as trees and buildings. The problems mainly happen when the services use only user's location and sensor data to calculate the position of the displayed information. In order to solve the problems, this paper proposes a method that applies street data extracted from a digital map. The method uses the street data as well as the location and direction data to determine contents that are placed on both sides of a virtual street which augments the real street. With scrolling the virtual street, which means a virtual movement, some information far away from the location of the user can be identified without user's actual movement. Also the proposed method is implemented for region "Aenigol", and the efficiency and usefulness of the method is verified.

The optical performance of organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells incorporating graphene as a transparent anode is investigated using the transfer matrix method coupled with the exciton diffusion equation, and is also compared with ITO based devices. It turns out that graphene based OPVs can realize 7–10% higher J sc values in planar heterojunction OPVs and ∼5% higher total number of absorbed photons in bulk heterojunction OPVs than the ITO based OPVs, depending on the absorption wavelength of the OPVs. The improvement originates from the low reflective loss of the graphene electrode compensating for the high absorption by the electrode to increase the absorption by the active layers. Since the graphene electrode is flexible and can achieve low sheet resistance with a very thin layer, the graphene has a large potential to fully replace the ITO anode in OPVs, especially for flexible devices.

The effects of solder deformation on the wetting characteristics during fluxless soldering were studied when deformed Sn–3.5Ag solder balls were reacted with Cu or oxidized Cu substrates. The Cu surfaces were oxidized at 100 °C for 2 or 4 h in air. After the 760 μm diameter solder balls were deformed on the substrates under 0–30 N, they were then reflowed at 300 °C for 30 s without flux. An optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy were used to measure the wetting angles and to characterize interfacial microstructures. As solder deformation increased, the wetting angle of solder bumps on the Cu or oxidized Cu substrates decreased and the spreading area increased. The oxide layer on the Cu surface decreased the wettability of the solders. Intermetallic compound (IMC) growth was suppressed in the solder interface when the solder reacted with oxidized Cu, while the IMC thickness increased with solder deformation. Solder deformation exposed a fresh Sn surface and improved contact between the solder and Cu substrate, thereby increasing the wettability of the solders.

Phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) with ultimate efficiency in terms of the external quantum efficiency (EQE), driving voltage, and efficiency roll-off are reported, making use of an exciplex-forming co-host. This exciplex-forming co-host system enables efficient singlet and triplet energy transfers from the host exciplex to the phosphorescent dopant because the singlet and triplet energies of the exciplex are almost identical. In addition, the system has low probability of direct trapping of charges at the dopant molecules and no charge-injection barrier from the charge-transport layers to the emitting layer. By combining all these factors, the OLEDs achieve a low turn-on voltage of 2.4 V, a very high EQE of 29.1% and a very high power efficiency of 124 lm W−1. In addition, the OLEDs achieve an extremely low efficiency roll-off. The EQE of the optimized OLED is maintained at more than 27.8%, up to 10 000 cd m−2.

In flowering plants, fruit dehiscence enables seed dispersal. Here we report that ntt-3D, an activation tagged allele of NO TRANSMITTING TRACT (NTT), caused a failure of fruit dehiscence in Arabidopsis. We identified ntt-3D, in which the 35S enhancer was inserted adjacent to AT3G- 57670, from our activation tagged mutant library. ntt-3D mutants showed serrated leaves, short siliques, and indehiscence phenotypes. NTT-overexpressing plants largely phenocopied the ntt-3D plants. As the proximate cause of the indehiscence, ntt-3D plants exhibited a near absence of valve margin and lignified endocarp b layer in the carpel. In addition, the replum was enlarged in ntt-3D mutants. NTT expression reached a peak in flowers at stage 11 and gradually decreased thereafter and pNTT::GUS expression was mainly observed in the replum, indicating a potential role in fruit patterning. NTT:GFP localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm. FRUITFULL (FUL) expression was downregulated in ntt-3D mutants and ntt-3D suppressed upregulation of FUL in replumless mutants. These results indicate that NTT suppresses FUL, indicating a potential role in patterning of the silique. In seed crops, a reduction in pod dehiscence can increase yield by decreasing seed dispersal; therefore, our results may prove useful as a basis to improve crop yield.

A male silkworm pupae extract with herbal mixtures such as Rubus coreanus Miquel, Chinese matrimony vine Acanthopanax senticosus and tocopherol can be effectively used to recover or boost stamina. In this study, the effect of the male silkworm pupae extract on the reproductive system of Sprague–Dawley male rats was investigated. No clinical symptoms, and no dying or dead animals were found among experimental male silkworm larvae extract, male silkworm pupae extract and control rat groups during the study. No significant differences were found in body weights, feed or water consumption, or macroscopic examination among the three groups. No lesion was found upon necropsy. However, sperm in the group treated with male silkworm pupae extract were significantly more active than sperm in the control group. Sperm counts in both male groups treated with male silkworm larvae extract and male silkworm pupae extract were significantly higher than sperm counts in the control group. Analysis of phospholipid–hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPx) gene expression showed that the male silkworm pupae extract increased expression in testes by 26.7%. This study shows that the male silkworm pupae extract has potential to be used to enhance the function of the human reproductive system.

Flexible organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) are considered the next-generation displays. To realize stable and high-performance flexible OLEDs, inverted OLEDs (iOLEDs) integrated into oxide thin-film transistors are desired for active-matrix OLEDs. Unfortunately, however, the efficiency of iOLEDs has not been as good as that of the conventional OLEDs up to recent years, due to the difficulties in electron injection from the bottom cathodes to the organic layers in iOLEDs. In this paper, electron injection and transport are described to explain how to enhance the efficiency of iOLEDs. Various methods of improving the electron injection from the bottom cathodes to the organic layers are reviewed, especially focusing on the n-doping technology. The importance of the n-electron-transporting layer (ETL)/undoped ETL homo- and hetero-junction for efficient iOLEDs is also explained. Finally, the p–n junction is introduced as a new kind of electron injection layer that works very well independently of the catho...

The crystallization behavior of wollastonite glass-ceramics was investigated by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and surface morphological observations, and the chemical compositions were evaluated by field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Various heat treatment temperatures (850, 900, 950, 1000 and 1050 °C) were used to obtain glass-ceramics of the ideal wollastonite crystal phase as well as optimum mechanical properties and chemical durability. From XRD, FE-SEM and EDS, the crystallization of acicular crystal phase in the matrix was achieved at heat treatment temperature of 1000 and 1050 °C, and wollastonite (CaSiO3) was found in the acicular type main crystal phase in the glass-ceramics. Various properties, such as density, compressive strength, bending strength and chemical durability were also examined. The mechanical properties of glass-ceramics obtained at the heat treatment temperature of 1000 and 1050 °C were superior to those obtained at the heat treatment temperature of 850 °C.

We examined the molecular alignment and nanostructure of 1,4,5,8,9,11-hexaazatriphenylene-hexanitrile (HATCN) thin films grown on organic surfaces using the grazing incidence wide angle X-ray scattering method. HATCN molecules were found to be stacked with a (00l)hex preferred orientation on organic surfaces and the orientation was maintained with increasing thickness, in contrast to growth on metal surfaces. The structural factor from the grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering measurement indicated that the HATCN films were formed with regularly distributed nanograins on a hydrophobic organic surface. The nanograins maintained their arrangement, even after forming a transparent electrode on the HATCN film via a sputtering process. The preferential ordering of HATCN on three different electron transporting organic materials was further examined. HATCN displayed the highest crystallinity on the 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (Bphen) layer.

A highly efficient planar heterojunction OSC based on zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc)/fullerene (C 60 ) by controlling the orientation of the ZnPc by using copper iodide (CuI) as the interfacial layer is reported. The proportion of face-on ZnPc molecules was increased significantly on the CuI layer compared to the layer without the CuI layer, which was analyzed with wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) and optical absorption. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the orientation controlled planar heterojunction OSC was remarkably enhanced to 3.2 ± 0.1% compared with 1.2 ± 0.1% of the conventional OSCs without the control of the molecular orientation. By inserting the 3-nm-thick CuI layer, J SC , V OC and FF have increased from 4.6 ± 0.2 to 8.9 ± 0.2 mA cm −2 , from 0.48 ± 0.01 to 0.59 ± 0.02 V, and from 0.56 ± 0.01 to 0.61 ± 0.02, respectively. V OC enhancement is discussed with the result of the ultraviolet photoemission spectra (UPS) measurements.

Transgenic plants offer a source for the sustainable, safe, and large-scale production of therapeutic recombinant proteins. In this study, both murine anti-colorectal cancer mAb (mAbMC) and human anti-rabies mAb 57 (mAbHR), expressed in a single plant were investigated for their cancer cell binding activity and rabies virus neutralization activity, respectively. Transgenic plants, expressing murine anti-colorectal cancer mAb CO17-1A (mAbMC) and human anti-rabies mAb 57 (mAbHR), respectively, were crossed to reproduce F1 transgenic plant, expressing both mAbs. PCR and immunoblot analyses demonstrated that heavy (HC) and light chain (LC) genes of mAbMC and mAbHR were present, and that both mAbs were expressed in F1 transgenic lines, respectively. Quantitative immunoblot for purified mAb also showed the presence of both mAbs in F1 transgenic lines. However, Cell ELISA analysis showed that in mAbPC and mAbPR purified from the F1 transgenic lines (mAbPC×R), the binding activity to SW948 human colorectal carcinoma cells was lower than mAbMC, and in vitro mAbMC, mixed with mAbHR (mAbMHC+R). The in vitro rabies virus neutralization assay demonstrated that the mAbPC×R, from the F1 transgenic plants, had lower bioactivity against rabies virus than mAbH57, and mAbMHC+R. N-glycan structure analysis revealed that mAbMC and mAbHR had Golgi type (94 and 14%) and ER type (6 and 86%), respectively, and the purified mAbs from the F1 transgenic plants had Golgi type (75%) and ER type (25%). These results indicate that the F1 transgenic plant produced both mAbPC and mAbPR; however, the HC and LC proteins of each anti-rabies virus and anti-colorectal cancer mAbs were assembled randomly, resulting in chimerism in HC and LC assembly for mAb.

As calcium sensor relays in plants, calcineurin B-like (CBL) proteins provide an important contribution to decoding Ca2+ signatures elicited by a variety of abiotic stresses. Currently, it is well known that CBLs perceive and transmit the Ca2+ signals mainly to a group of serine/threonine protein kinases called CBL-interacting protein kinases (CIPKs). In this study, we report that the CBL10 member of this family has a novel interaction partner besides the CIPK proteins. Yeast two-hybrid screening with CBL10 as bait identified an Arabidopsis cDNA clone encoding a TOC34 protein, which is a member of the TOC (Translocon of the Outer membrane of the Chloroplasts) complex and possesses the GTPase activity. Further analyses showed that in addition to CBL10, CBL7 also interacts with TOC34 at much lower strength in the yeast two-hybrid system. However, the rest of the CBL family members failed to interact with TOC34. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) analysis verified that the CBL10-TOC34 interaction occurs at the outer membrane of chloroplasts in vivo. In addition, we also demonstrated that CBL10 physically associates with TOC34 in vitro, resulting in a significant decrease in the GTPase activity of the TOC34 protein. Taken together, our findings clearly indicate that a member of the CBL family, CBL10, can modulate not only the CIPK members but also TOC34, allowing the CBL family to relay the calcium signals in more diverse ways than currently known.

In this study, we demonstrate a blue OLED with the EQE of 34% and power efficiency of 79.6 lm W-1 using low refractive index electron transporting layer which are the highest efficiencies ever reported in blue OLEDs. In addition, we quantitatively calculated maximum achievable outcoupling efficiencies according to change of refractive indices, which can be used to estimate the achievable outcoupling efficiency of OLEDs without fabrication. The simulation indicates that EQE over 60% can be achievable in PhOLEDs if refractive indices of consisting organic materials’ are close to 1.5.

Background Binding of transcription factors to their target sequences is a primary step in the regulation of gene expression and largely determines gene regulatory networks. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is an indispensable tool used to investigate the binding of DNA-binding proteins (e.g., transcription factors) to their target sequences in vivo. ChIP assays require specific antibodies that recognize endogenous target transcription factors; however, in most cases, such specific antibodies are unavailable. To overcome this problem, many ChIP assays use transgenic plants that express epitope-tagged transcription factors and immunoprecipitate the protein with a tag-specific antibody. However, generating transgenic plants that stably express epitope-tagged proteins is difficult and time-consuming. Results Here, we present a rapid, efficient ChIP protocol using transient expression in Arabidopsis mesophyll protoplasts that can be completed in 4 days. We provide optimized experimental conditions, including the amount of transfected DNA and the number of protoplasts. We also show that the efficiency of our ChIP protocol using protoplasts is comparable to that obtained using transgenic Arabidopsis plants. We propose that our ChIP method can be used to analyze in vivo interactions between tissue-specific transcription factors and their target sequences, to test the effect of genotype on the binding of a transcription factor within a protein complex to its target sequences, and to measure temperature-dependent binding of a transcription factor to its target sequence. Conclusions The rapid and simple nature of our ChIP assay using Arabidopsis mesophyll protoplasts facilitates the investigation of in vivo interactions between transcription factors and their target genes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13007-017-0192-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

J.-J. Kim and co-workers achieve highly efficient blue organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) using a low-refractive-index layer. As described on page 4920, an external quantum efficiency over 34% is achieved, owing to the low refractive index of the materials. A milepost and a shining entrance of the castle are the metaphor indicating the way to highly efficient blue OLEDs. On the way to the castle, the depicted chemical structures serve as the light-emitting layer.

Flowering time in members of the Solanaceae plant family, such as pepper (Capsicum spp.) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), is an important agronomic trait for controlling shoot architecture and improving yield. To investigate the feasibility of flowering time regulation in tomato, an RNA-binding protein (RBP) encoding gene homologous to human Nucleolar protein interacting with the forkhead-associated (FHA) domain of pKI-67 (NIFK), CaRBP, was isolated from hot pepper. The function of CaRBP was determined in transgenic tomato. The deduced amino acid sequence includes an RNA recognition motif (RRM) and showed most similarity to the RRM present in a putative RBP encoded by human NIFK. CaRBP was highly expressed in the vegetative and reproductive tissues, such as leaves and fruits, respectively. Subcellular localization analysis indicated that CaRBP is a nucleolar protein. Heterologous expression of CaRBP under 35S promoter in tomato plants induced severe alteration of flowering with additional defects of vegetative organs. This floral retardation was associated with the alteration of SFT/SP3D and SlSOC1s as floral integrators. Furthermore, CaRBP reduces the expression levels of SlCOLs/TCOLs via changes in the expression of SlCDF3, SlFBHs, and SlFKF1s. This indicates a repressive effect of CaRBP on the regulation of flowering time in tomato. Overall, these results suggest that alteration in CaRBP expression levels may provide an effective means of controlling flowering time in day-neutral Solanaceae.

The mixed cohosts of 1,3-bis(N-carbazolyl)benzene and 2,8-bis(diphenylphosphoryl)dibenzothiophene have been developed for a highly efficient blue fluorescent oragnic light emitting diode (OLED) doped with a thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitter [4,5-di (9H-carbazol-9-yl) phthalonitrile (2CzPN)]. We have demonstrated one of the highest external quantum efficiency of 21.8% in blue fluorescent OLEDs, which is identical to the theoretically achievable maximum electroluminescence efficiency using the emitter. Interestingly, the efficiency roll-off is large even under the excellent charge balance in the device and almost the same as the single host based devices, indicating that the efficiency roll-off in 2CzPN based TADF host is related to the material characteristics, such as low reverse intesystem crossing rate rather than charge imbalance.

The basic concept behind seismic inversion is that mathematical assumptions can be established to relate seismic to geological formation properties that caused their seismic responses. In this presentation we address some widely used seismic inversion method in hydrocarbon reservoirs identification and characterization. A successful use of the inversion in real example from gas sand reservoir in Boonsville field, Noth Central Texas is presented. Seismic data was not unambiguous indicator of reservoir facies distribution. The use of the inversion led to remove the ambiguity and reveal clear information about the target

Seismic attributes are defined as any measured or computed information derived from seismic data. Throughout the last decades extensive work has been done in developing variety of mathematical approaches to extract maximum information from seismic data. Nevertheless, geoscientists found that seismic is still mature and rich in information. In this paper a new seismic attribute is introduced. Instantaneous energy seismic attribute is an amplitude based attribute that has the potential to emphasize anomalous amplitude associated with hydrocarbons. Promising results have been obtained from applying the attribute on seismic section traversing hydrocarbon filled sand from Alberta, Canada.

A simple method based on capacitance–voltage ( C – V ) measurements is reported to determine the interface energy level alignment at the junction of 15 mol% Cs 2 CO 3 doped 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BPhen) and 1,4,5,8,9,11-hexaazatriphenylene hexacarbonitrile (HATCN) fabricated under high vacuum. The junction properties, such as the depletion layer thickness, built-in potentials and vacuum level shift were calculated with simple Mott–Schottky and Poisson’s equations with the boundary condition of a continuous electric flux density using the information from the C – V data. The interface energy level alignment determined by this method is well matched with the one determined using the in situ ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS) and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) experiments performed under ultra-high vacuum. This method can be applied to other semiconductor junctions such as the organic p – n homojunctions and heterojunctions with known energy levels, as long as the metal/semiconductor contact is Ohmic without referring to the photoemission spectroscopies. Moreover, the energy level alignment determined by the C – V measurement gives a more realistic result since the films for the measurements are formed under high vacuum which is a normal device fabrication environment rather than under ultra high vacuum.

Colorectal cancer is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer in the world. Monoclonal antibody (mAb) CO17-1A recognizes the tumor-associated antigen GA733-2, a cell surface glycoprotein highly expressed in colorectal carcinoma cells which is applicable for preventing and curing colorectal cancer. In this study, we tried to produce a new recombinant anti-colorectal cancer large single chain (lsc) mAb based on mAb CO17-1A in the baculovirus-insect cell protein expression system. Two kinds of recombinant lsc mAbs were generated where variable light chain (VL) and heavy chain (HC) of mAb CO17-1A were fused together by an interchain linker. The only difference between the two mAbs is based on fusion of an ER retention signal (KDEL) at its C-terminus of HC. Polymerase chain reaction analysis verified the presence of both recombinant genes in the bacmid for generating viral expression vectors in insect cells. Western blot confirmed the expression of lsc mAbs in baculovirus-infected insect cells. Cell enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) showed that the mAbs from cell lysates bound to SW480 and SW620 human colorectal cancer cells. These results indicate that the baculovirus insect expression system can produce anti-colorectal lsc mAb recognizing human colorectal cancer cells.

Anti-colorectal cancer mAb CO17-1A (IgG2a) recognizes the antigen GA733, which is highly expressed on the surface membrane of human colorectal carcinoma cells. In this study, a transgenic tobacco system for the production of mAb CO17-1A was developed. The mAb construct included a KDEL sequence, an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention signal attached to the C-terminus of the heavy chain, to target accumulation of mAb into ER. An immunoblot showed significantly enhanced levels of expression of the plant-derived mAbK (mAbPK) CO17-1A compared to mAbP CO17-1A mAb without the KDEL sequence. An ELISA assay using human colorectal carcinoma cells confirmed that expression of mAbPK was also significantly higher than that of mAbP. Glycosylation analysis revealed that mAbP had plant-specific glycans; whereas, mAbPK primarily had oligomannose glycans. FACS showed that the Fc domains of both mAbPK and mammalian-derived mAb (mAbM) had similar binding activity to the FcγRI receptor (CD64). However, the Fc domains of the mAbP had slightly lower binding activity to the FcγRI receptor than both mAbPK and mAbM. The antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity of mAbPK, against human colorectal cancer cells, was as efficient as mAbM; whereas mAbP was very low. These results suggest that KDEL localized and accumulated mAbP in the ER and eventually enhanced the expression of mAbP with oligomannose glycan and similar anti-cancer biological activity to the parental mAbM.