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Reproduction comes at a cost, including accelerated death. Previous studies of the interconnections between reproduction, lifespan, and fat metabolism in C. elegans were predominantly performed in low-reproduction conditions. To understand how increased reproduction affects lifespan and fat metabolism, we examined mated worms; we find that a Δ9 desaturase, FAT-7, is significantly up-regulated. Dietary supplementation of oleic acid (OA), the immediate downstream product of FAT-7 activity, restores fat storage and completely rescues mating-induced death, while other fatty acids cannot. OA-mediated lifespan restoration is also observed in C. elegans mutants suffering increased death from short-term mating, and in mated C. remanei females, indicating a conserved role of oleic acid in post-mating lifespan regulation. Our results suggest that increased reproduction can be uncoupled from the costs of reproduction from somatic longevity regulation if provided with the limiting lipid, oleic acid.

Introduction The World Health Organization (WHO) led the 2018-2020 response to the Ebola virus disease outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo; however, reports emerged in 2020 that WHO [...], Considerable investment has been made in recent years to address sexual exploitation, abuse and harassment by aid workers in the humanitarian sector. However, such sexual misconduct remains a persistent, complex challenge with wide-ranging impacts, including on sexual health, for individuals and communities hosting humanitarian responses. This article considers the state of research regarding sexual exploitation, abuse and harassment in humanitarian contexts, and identifies gaps in the evidence base necessary for reinforcing prevention and response efforts. We first report what we know about sexual exploitation, abuse and harassment, including its impacts on sexual health, risk factors and the permissive enabling organizational cultures. We then identify several critical knowledge gaps that must be addressed for more effective future strategies and approaches to prevent and respond to sexual exploitation, abuse and harassment. We discuss system-wide knowledge gaps, such as lack of evidence on programming approaches and effectiveness of prevention and accountability mechanisms. We explore potential options that health-care programming provides for preventing and responding to sexual exploitation, abuse and harassment. We also describe population-level knowledge gaps, including in patterns of perpetration and specific challenges faced by marginalized groups. We conclude with reflections for a future integrated research and policy agenda. [phrase omitted] [phrase omitted] Des investissements considerables ont ete realises ces dernieres annees pour lutter contre le harcelement, les abus et l'exploitation sexuelle perpetres par des travailleurs du secteur de l'aide humanitaire. Toutefois, une telle inconduite sexuelle demeure un probleme complexe et chronique aux multiples repercussions, notamment sur la sante sexuelle, pour les individus et communautes recevant une assistance humanitaire. Le present article s'interesse a l'etat des recherches relatives au harcelement, aux abus et a l'exploitation sexuelle dans des contextes humanitaires, et identifie les lacunes dans les bases factuelles necessaires pour renforcer les efforts de prevention et d'intervention. Nous commencons par exposer ce que nous savons au sujet de cette problematique, y compris ses repercussions sur la sante sexuelle, les facteurs de risque et les cultures organisationnelles permissives. Ensuite, nous recensons les nombreuses lacunes majeures en termes de connaissances, qu'il faut imperativement combler pour que les futures strategies et approches soient plus efficaces en matiere de prevention et de lutte contre le harcelement, les abus et l'exploitation sexuelle. Nous constatons que ces lacunes sont egalement presentes dans l'ensemble du systeme, se traduisant par exemple par l'absence de donnees factuelles sur la planification des approches et sur l'efficacite des mecanismes de prevention et de responsabilisation. Par ailleurs, nous examinons les differentes options que proposent les programmes de soins de sante pour se premunir contre le harcelement, les abus et l'exploitation sexuelle, mais aussi y remedier. Nous evoquons egalement le manque d'informations au sein de la population, notamment dans les schemas d'execution et les difficultes specifiques rencontrees par les groupes marginalises. Nous concluons par une serie de reflexions sur un futur programme integre melant recherches et decisions politiques. En los ultimos anos, se ha invertido mucho para abordar la explotacion, el abuso y el acoso sexuales por parte de los trabajadores humanitarios del sector. Sin embargo, estas conductas sexuales inapropiadas siguen siendo un problema persistente y complejo, con repercusiones de gran alcance, incluso en la salud sexual, para las personas y las comunidades que acogen las respuestas humanitarias. Este articulo analiza el estado de la investigacion sobre la explotacion, el abuso y el acoso sexuales en los contextos humanitarios, e identifica las deficiencias en la base empirica necesaria para reforzar las iniciativas de prevencion y respuesta. En primer lugar, se informa sobre lo que se conoce acerca de la explotacion, el abuso y el acoso sexuales, incluidas sus repercusiones en la salud sexual, los factores de riesgo y las culturas organizativas permisivas. Luego, se identifican varias deficiencias criticas en el ambito de los conocimientos que deben abordarse para que las estrategias y los enfoques futuros sean mas eficientes en la prevencion y la respuesta a la explotacion, el abuso y el acoso sexuales. Se discuten las deficiencias de conocimiento en todo el sistema, como la falta de evidencia sobre los enfoques de programacion y la eficiencia de los mecanismos de prevencion y rendicion de cuentas. Tambien se exploran las posibles opciones que ofrece el sistema sanitario para prevenir y responder a la explotacion, el abuso y el acoso sexuales. Asimismo, se describen las deficiencias de conocimiento a nivel poblacional, incluidas las pautas de perpetracion y los desafios especificos a los que se enfrentan los grupos marginados. Por ultimo, se presentan algunas reflexiones para una futura agenda integrada de investigacion y politica.

Abstract Background The COVID‐19 pandemic has caused extensive disruption to the lives of children and young people. Understanding the psychological effects on children and young people, in the context of known risk factors is crucial to mitigate the effects of the pandemic. This study set out to explore how mental health symptoms in children and adolescents changed over a month of full lockdown in the United Kingdom in response to the pandemic. Methods UK‐based parents and carers (n = 2673) of school‐aged children and young people aged between 4 and 16 years completed an online survey about their child's mental health at two time points between March and May 2020, during early lockdown. The survey examined changes in emotional symptoms, conduct problems and hyperactivity/inattention. Results The findings highlighted particular deteriorations in mental health symptoms among preadolescent children, which translated to a 10% increase in those meeting possible/probable caseness criteria for emotional symptoms, a 20% increase in hyperactivity/inattention, and a 35% increase in conduct problems. In contrast, changes among adolescents were smaller (4% and 8% increase for hyperactivity/inattention and conduct problems, respectively) with a small reduction in emotional symptoms (reflecting a 3% reduction in caseness). Overall, there were few differences in change in symptoms or caseness over time according to demographic characteristics, but children and young people in low income households and those with special educational needs and/or neurodevelopmental disorders exhibited elevated symptoms (and caseness) at both time points. Conclusions The findings highlight important areas of concern in terms of the potential impact of the first national lockdown on children and young people's adjustment. Developing an understanding of who has been most severely affected by the pandemic, and in what ways, is crucial in order to target effective support where it is most needed.