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Kidney transplantation is the best option for patients with end-stage renal disease. Despite the improvement in cardiovascular burden (leading cause of mortality among patients with chronic kidney disease), cardiovascular adverse outcomes related to the inflammatory process remain a problem. Thus, the aim of the present study was to characterize the immune profile and microvesicles of patients who underwent transplantation. We investigated the lymphocyte phenotype (CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19, and CD56) and monocyte phenotype (CD14, CD16, CD86, and CD54) in peripheral blood, and endothelium-derived microvesicles (annexin V+CD31+CD41–) in plasma of patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (n = 40), patients with transplantation (n = 40), and healthy subjects (n = 18) recruited from the University Hospital “12 de Octubre” (Madrid, Spain). Patients with kidney transplantation had B-cell lymphopenia, an impairment in co-stimulatory (CD86) and adhesion (CD54) molecules in monocytes, and a reduction in endothelium-derived microvesicles in plasma. The correlations between those parameters explained the modifications in the expression of co-stimulatory and adhesion molecules in monocytes caused by changes in lymphocyte populations, as well as the increase in the levels of endothelial-derived microvesicles in plasma caused by changes in lymphocyte and monocytes populations. Immunosuppressive treatment could directly or indirectly induce those changes. Nevertheless, the particular characteristics of these cells may partly explain the persistence of cardiovascular and renal alterations in patients who underwent transplantation, along with the decrease in arteriosclerotic events compared with advanced chronic kidney disease. In conclusion, the expression of adhesion molecules by monocytes and endothelial-derived microvesicles is related to lymphocyte alterations in patients with kidney transplantation.

Stroke is a complex disease and one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality among the adult population. A huge variety of factors is known to influence patient outcome, including demographic variables, comorbidities or genetics. In this review, we expound what is known about the influence of clinical variables and related genetic risk factors on ischemic stroke outcome, focusing on acute and subacute outcome (within 24 to 48 hours after stroke and until day 10, respectively), as they are the first indicators of stroke damage. We searched the PubMed data base for articles that investigated the interaction between clinical variables or genetic factors and acute or subacute stroke outcome. A total of 61 studies were finally included in this review. Regarding the data collected, the variables consistently associated with acute stroke outcome are: glucose levels, blood pressure, presence of atrial fibrillation, prior statin treatment, stroke severity, type of acute treatment performed, severe neurological complications, leukocyte levels, and genetic risk factors. Further research and international efforts are required in this field, which should include genome-wide association studies.

A prevenção de conflitos tornou-se uma doutrina importante nas políticas de gestão de conflitos em organizações internacionais e regionais, especialmente desde o final da Guerra Fria. Houve uma evolução nas últimas três décadas no contexto de paz e segurança que tornou relevante a prevenção de conflitos. No contexto atual, com António Guterres como Secretário-Geral das Nações Unidas (ONU), a doutrina de prevenção de conflitos poderia ser incentivada, uma vez que decidiu que essa deveria ser a prioridade da organização. A prevenção de conflitos oferece várias vantagens para enfrentar os contextos de crise, pois trabalha para evitar situações de violência que se encaminham para conflitos armados e para ajudar a controlar a propagação de ameaças à segurança. Com recurso a medidas preventivas, as causas estruturais dos conflitos podem ser tratadas da maneira mais durável e eficiente, pois o objetivo final das ações preventivas é transformar conflitos reais ou potencialmente violentos em processos não violentos de mudança social e política. Enquanto a prevenção de conflitos ganhou maior importância, outra tendência foi igualmente promovida; a regionalização da segurança. Desde meados dos anos 90, tem havido uma transição nas missões internacionais de manutenção da paz, destinadas a garantir paz e segurança em todo o mundo centrada nos atores regionais. Esta prática foi particularmente bem-vinda em África. Ambas as tendências - prevenção de conflitos e regionalização da segurança - serão objeto de estudo neste artigo, utilizando como cenário prático a região da África Ocidental. É uma área geográfica onde se concentram uma série de ameaças transfronteiriças, tornando-a uma zona de preocupação internacional. Além disso, a experiência em prevenção de conflitos da organização regional Comunidade Económica dos Estados da África Ocidental (CEDEAO) é interessante. De facto, a CEDEAO realizou uma atividade significativa em relação à diplomacia preventiva e mediação em conflitos. Assim, os objetivos desta investigação são: (1) estudar a evolução da doutrina de prevenção de conflitos; (2) avaliar a ligação entre políticas de prevenção de conflitos e a regionalização da segurança; e (3) usar o caso da CEDEAO como exemplo, uma vez que a organização está na vanguarda das iniciativas de prevenção de conflitos no continente africano.

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Copyright of Spanish Journal of Rural Development is the property of Spanish Journal of Rural Development and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Resumen: En los últimos años, los mapas de activos para la salud se están convirtiendo en herramientas cada vez más presentes en el ámbito de la promoción de la salud. Se están incorporando a la práctica diaria de muchos profesionales de la salud, tanto en la atención individualizada en las consultas (mediante la prescripción social) como en grupos o en procesos de desarrollo comunitario. Es necesario reflexionar sobre cómo se están produciendo los mapas de activos, analizando de qué manera las diferentes etapas del proceso pueden intervenir en su construcción. Tanto los formatos en que se presentan los datos obtenidos mediante la identificación de activos para la salud como los propios procesos de producción de la información, procesos participativos y evaluados, son clave para que los mapas sean útiles tanto a los profesionales como a la ciudadanía y las instituciones. Abstract: In recent years, health asset maps have become increasingly important tools in the field of health promotion. They are being incorporated into the daily practice of many healthcare workers, in individualized care in consultations (through social prescription), and in groups or community development processes. It is necessary to reflect on how the asset maps are being produced, analyzing how the different stages of the process can be involved in their construction. The formats in which the data is obtained through the identification of health assets are presented, as well as the processes of production of the information, participative and evaluated processes, are crucial for the maps to be useful, for professionals as well as citizens and institutions. Palabras clave: Activos para la salud, Mapas, Salud comunitaria, Participación comunitaria, Promoción de la salud, Keywords: Health assets, Maps, Community health, Community participation, Health promotion

Resumen: El decimotercer informe bienal de SESPAS se estructura en tres bloques que corresponden a quién, cómo y qué sobre la salud comunitaria y la administración local. En el bloque del quién, se describen los agentes principales que trabajan en la salud comunitaria: la comunidad, el sistema sanitario y la administración local; y cómo ha evolucionado su relación e implicación con la salud comunitaria, qué conceptos manejan, cómo se encuentran en este momento y cuáles son sus retos futuros. El bloque del cómo recoge aportaciones más metodológicas, orientadas a la implementación práctica de las intervenciones comunitarias; desde las herramientas para promover la participación, a la creación de redes de actividades, la revisión de las evidencias o la evaluación de la puesta en marcha de la Estrategia Nacional de Promoción de la Salud, del hoy Ministerio de Salud, Consumo y Bienestar Social, incluyendo los principios deontológicos que son de aplicación. Finalmente, el del qué, hace acopio de algunas experiencias sobre aspectos determinados de la salud comunitaria en el ámbito local, así como sobre la formación en salud comunitaria, el urbanismo, el género, los barrios o las universidades saludables. Además del formato habitual se incluyen 5 diálogos en los que se plantean debates para continuar desarrollando la salud comunitaria. En resumen 18 artículos, sin contar esta presentación, firmados por 49 autoras y por 40 autores. Abstract: The thirteenth SESPAS (Spanish society of public health and health management) report is structured in three blocks Who, How and What about community health and local governance. In the who block the main agents working in community health are described: communities, health care system, and local government; and how their relations and implication in community health have evolved; which concepts are used; what is the current situation and which challenges they have. The How block contains methodological views, oriented towards implementation of community interventions, based upon participatory tools, development of networks and review of evidence and evaluations to build a National Strategy of Health Promotion of the Spanish Ministry of Health, welfare and consumers affairs including suitable deontologic principles. Finally, the what block refers to a wide range of experiences of community health at the local level as well as training in community health, urbanism, gender, neighborhoods, healthy universities. Additionally, besides regular papers, we show dialogs including debates to further develop community health. It contains 18 papers, without taking into account this introduction, authored by 40 men and 49 women.