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Copepods are a critical component of ocean ecosystems, providing an important link between phytoplankton and higher trophic levels as well as regulating biogeochemical cycles of carbon (C) and nutrients. Lipid-rich animals overwinter in deep waters where their respiration may sequester a similar quantity of C as that due to sinking detritus. This ‘seasonal lipid pump’ nevertheless remains absent from global biogeochemical models that are used to project future ocean-climate interactions. Here, we make an important step to resolving this omission by investigating the biogeochemical cycling of C and nitrogen (N) by high-latitude copepods using a new individual-based stoichiometric model that includes explicit representation of lipid reserves. Simulations are presented for Calanus finmarchicus throughout its life cycle at Station Mike (66°N, 2°E) in the Norwegian Sea, although the model is applicable to any suitable location and species with a similar life history. Results indicate that growth, development and egg production in surface waters are driven primarily by food intake (quantity) which provides a good stoichiometric match to metabolic requirements. In contrast, the main function of stored lipid is to support overwintering respiration and gonad development with these two processes respectively accounting for 19 and 55% of the lipid accumulated during the previous spring/summer. The animals also catabolise 41% of body protein in order to provide N for the maintenance of structural biomass. In total, each individual copepod sequesters 9.6 μmol C in deep water. If the areal density of animals is 15,000–40,000 m-2, these losses correspond to a sequestration of 1.7–4.6 g C m-2 yr-1. Lipids contribute only 1% of the C used in egg production in the following year. Accumulating extra lipid in spring would potentially increase egg production but our analysis suggests that any such benefit is outweighed by a higher risk of predator mortality. Our work indicates that the seasonal lipid pump may be of similar magnitude to C sequestration via sinking particles in the North Atlantic and highlights the need for improved physiological understanding of lipid use by high-latitude copepods in order to better constrain C fluxes in ocean food-webs and biogeochemical models.

The boreal copepod Calanus finmarchicus sequesters substantial amounts of carbon (C) in the deep layers of the North Atlantic Ocean through their contribution to the “lipid pump.” This pump is driven by these zooplankton descending from the surface layers to spend prolonged periods at depth during which time they metabolise substantial lipid reserves and a fraction suffer mortality. C. finmarchicus is principally a boreal species but is expatriated by currents flowing northwards into Arctic regions such as the Fram Strait, where it is now able to complete its life cycle. We considered how this expansion to its distributional range adds to the estimated magnitude of the lipid pump. Field sampling in the Fram Strait found C. finmarchicus abundance to be spatially variable with high values, equivalent to those reported for core distributional areas further south, found mainly in the eastern region. Lipid reserve levels were sufficient for many individuals to survive the overwintering period and reproduce the following spring. In accordance with abundance patterns, lipid pump magnitude was greater in the Eastern Fram Strait (2.04 g C m−2 year−1) compared to the Western Fram Strait (0.33 g C m−2 year−1). At least for the eastern region, these rates are similar to those reported for this species elsewhere (average of 4.35 g C m−2 year−1). When extrapolated to the wider spatial area of the Fram Strait, the lipid pump generated by this species in this ocean sector amounts to 0.3 Mt C year−1. Although constituting a modest proportion of the total C. finmarchicus lipid pump of 19.3 Mt C year−1, it indicates that the continued northwards expansion of this species will act to increase the size of its lipid pump, which may counteract that lost through the northwards retreat of its Arctic congeners, Calanus glacialis and Calanus hyperboreus.

Introduction. Reaction time (RT) deficit exhibited by HIV-1 asymptomatic seropositive individuals cannot always be explained by the effect of a cognitive slowing single factor. Evidence exists that decisional and peripheral components of RT may have differential slowing. Objectives. To assess the hypothesis of a cognitive slowing single factor as the main responsible for RT slowing in these subjects. Methodology. Thirty two (32) HIV-1 neurologically asymptomatic seropositive individuals were compared to 29 seronegative controls in two discriminative reaction time tasks (DRT) having increased cognitive difficulty but equal motor response demands. P300 component of the event-related potential was recorded simultaneously. RT, PPI, errors, and P300 latency were assessed using ANOVA. Results. Seropositives were slower than controls in RT, made more errors and showed delayed latencies of P300 in both tasks. However, while the increase of RT from the easier to the more difficult task was additive, the increase of P300 latencies was multiplicative. Conclusions. These results reveal differences in patterns of slowing between central and motor information processing mechanisms. Such results suggest that a single common factor is not enough to explain cognitive slowing in HIV-1 seropositive subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antarctic krill inhabit areas of the Southern Ocean that can exceed 4.0°C, yet they preferentially inhabit regions with temperatures of −1.5 to ≤1.5°C. Successful embryonic development and hatching are key to their life cycle, but despite the rapid climatic warming seen across their main spawning areas, the effects of elevated temperatures on embryogenesis, hatching success, and nauplii malformations are unknown. We incubated 24,483 krill embryos in two independent experiments to investigate the hypothesis that temperatures exceeding 1.5°C have a negative impact on hatching success and increase the numbers of malformed nauplii. Field experiments were on krill collected from near the northern, warm limit of their range and embryos incubated soon after capture, while laboratory experiments were on embryos from krill acclimated to laboratory conditions. The hatching success of embryo batches varied enormously, from 0 to 98% (mean 27%). Both field and laboratory experiments showed that hatching success decreased markedly above 3.0°C. Our field experiments also showed an approximate doubling of the percentage of malformed nauplii at elevated temperatures, reaching 50% at 5.0°C. At 3.0°C or below, however, temperature was not the main factor driving the large variation in embryo hatching success. Our observations of highly variable and often low success of hatching to healthy nauplii suggest that indices of reproductive potential of female krill relate poorly to the subsequent production of viable krill larvae and may help to explain spatial discrepancies between the distribution of the spawning stock and larval distribution.

Abstract The expansion of global aquaculture activities is important for the wellbeing of future generations in terms of employment and food security. Rearing animals in open-exchange cages permits the release of organic wastes, some of which ultimately reaches the underlying sediments. The development of rapid, quantitative and objective monitoring techniques is therefore central to the environmentally sustainable growth of the aquaculture industry. Here, we demonstrate that fish farm-derived organic wastes can be readily detected at the seafloor by quantifying sediment phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) and their carbon stable isotope signatures. Observations across five farms reveal that farm size and/or distance away from it influence the spatial distribution of the generated organic wastes and their effect on benthic bacterial biomass. Comparison to the isotopic signatures of fish feed-derived PLFAs indicates that 16:0 and 18:1(n-9) are potential biomarkers for fish farm-derived organic wastes. Our results suggest that stable isotope analysis of sediment PLFAs has potential for monitoring the environmental performance of aquaculture activities, particularly given the increasing prevalence of terrigenous organic matter in aquaculture feed stocks because it is isotopically district to marine organic matter.

Abstract Consistent with a warming climate, birds are shifting the timing of their migrations, but it remains unclear to what extent these shifts have kept pace with the changing environment. Because bird migration is primarily cued by annually consistent physiological responses to photoperiod, but conditions at their breeding grounds depend on annually variable climate, bird arrival and climate-driven spring events would diverge. We combined satellite and citizen science data to estimate rates of change in phenological interval between spring green-up and migratory arrival for 48 breeding passerine species across North America. Both arrival and green-up changed over time, usually in the same direction (earlier or later). Although birds adjusted their arrival dates, 9 of 48 species did not keep pace with rapidly changing green-up and across all species the interval between arrival and green-up increased by over half a day per year. As green-up became earlier in the east, arrival of eastern breeding species increasingly lagged behind green-up, whereas in the west—where green-up typically became later—birds arrived increasingly earlier relative to green-up. Our results highlight that phenologies of species and trophic levels can shift at different rates, potentially leading to phenological mismatches with negative fitness consequences.

Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, have a circumpolar distribution but are concentrated within the south-west Atlantic sector, where they support a unique food web and a commercial fishery. Within this sector, our first goal was to produce quantitative distribution maps of all six ontogenetic life stages of krill (eggs, nauplii plus metanauplii, calyptopes, furcilia, juveniles, and adults), based on a compilation of all available post 1970s data. Using these maps, we then examined firstly whether "hotspots" of egg production and early stage nursery occurred, and secondly whether the available habitat was partitioned between the successive life stages during the austral summer and autumn, when krill densities can be high. To address these questions, we compiled larval krill density records and extracted data spanning 41 years (1976-2016) from the existing KRILLBASE-abundance and KRILLBASE-length-frequency databases. Although adult males and females of spawning age were widely distributed, the distribution of eggs, nauplii and metanauplii indicates that spawning is most intense over the shelf and shelf slope. This contrasts with the distributions of calyptope and furcilia larvae, which were concentrated further offshore, mainly in the Southern Scotia Sea. Juveniles, however, were strongly concentrated over shelves along the Scotia Arc. Simple environmental analyses based on water depth and mean water temperature suggest that krill associate with different habitats over the course of their life cycle. From the early to late part of the austral season, juvenile distribution moves from ocean to shelf, opposite in direction to that for adults. Such habitat partitioning may reduce intraspecific competition for food, which has been suggested to occur when densities are exceptionally high during years of strong recruitment. It also prevents any potential cannibalism by adults on younger stages. Understanding the location of krill spawning and juvenile development in relation to potentially overlapping fishing activities is needed to protect the health of the south-west Atlantic sector ecosystem.

A primary impediment to understanding how species diversity and anthropogenic disturbance are related is that both diversity and disturbance can depend on the scales at which they are sampled. While the scale dependence of diversity estimation has received substantial attention, the scale dependence of disturbance estimation has been essentially overlooked. Here, we break from conventional examination of the diversity-disturbance relationship by holding the area over which species richness is estimated constant and instead manipulating the area over which human disturbance is measured. In the boreal forest ecoregion of Alberta, Canada, we test the dependence of species richness on disturbance scale, the scale-dependence of the intermediate disturbance hypothesis, and the consistency of these patterns in native versus exotic species and among human disturbance types. We related field observed species richness in 1 ha surveys of 372 boreal vascular plant communities to remotely sensed measures of human disturbance extent at two survey scales: local (1 ha) and landscape (18 km2). Supporting the intermediate disturbance hypothesis, species richness-disturbance relationships were quadratic at both local and landscape scales of disturbance measurement. This suggests the shape of richness-disturbance relationships is independent of the scale at which disturbance is assessed, despite that local diversity is influenced by disturbance at different scales by different mechanisms, such as direct removal of individuals (local) or indirect alteration of propagule supply (landscape). By contrast, predictions of species richness did depend on scale of disturbance measurement: with high local disturbance richness was double that under high landscape disturbance.

Marine planktonic copepods of the order Calanoida are central to the ecology and productivity of high latitude ecosystems, representing the interface between primary producers and fish. These animals typically undertake a seasonal vertical migration into the deep sea, where they remain dormant for periods of between three and nine months. Descending copepods are subject to low temperatures and increased hydrostatic pressures. Nothing is known about how these organisms adapt their membranes to these environmental stressors. We collected copepods (Calanoides acutus) from the Southern Ocean at depth horizons ranging from surface waters down to 1000 m. Temperature and/or pressure both had significant, additive effects on the overall composition of the membrane phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) in C. acutus. The most prominent constituent of the PLFAs, the polyunsaturated fatty acid docosahexanoic acid [DHA - 22:6(n-3)], was affected by a significant interaction between temperature and pressure. This moiety increased with pressure, with the rate of increase being greater at colder temperatures. We suggest that DHA is key to the physiological adaptations of vertically migrating zooplankton, most likely because the biophysical properties of this compound are suited to maintaining membrane order in the cold, high pressure conditions that persist in the deep sea. As copepods cannot synthesise DHA and do not feed during dormancy, sufficient DHA must be accumulated through ingestion before migration is initiated. Climate-driven changes in the timing and abundance of the flagellated microplankton that supply DHA to copepods have major implications for the capacity of these animals to undertake their seasonal life cycle successfully.

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In the current preregistered study, we tested n = 67 6-month-old Norwegian infants' discrimination of a native vowel contrast /y-i/ and a non-native (British) vowel contrast /ʌ-æ/ in an eye-tracking habituation paradigm. Our results showed that, on a group level, infants did not discriminate either contrast. Yet, exploratory analyses revealed a negative association between infants' performance in each experiment, that is, better discrimination of the native contrast was associated with worse discrimination of the non-native contrast. Potentially, infants in this study might have been on the cusp of perceptual reorganisation towards their native language., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare none., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Caregivers often modulate their speech when interacting with infants, adapting a register that has been suggested to have attentional, affective and didactic purposes. The present preregistered study examined the longitudinal trajectories of a diverse range of acoustic features of infant-directed speech (IDS) and compared these with adult-directed speech (ADS), in Norwegian parents of 6- to 18-month-old infants. Sixty-nine families participated. Throughout five laboratory visits across one year, parents were recorded reading a picture-book to their infant (IDS) and an experimenter (ADS). The book was designed to tightly control for the linguistic content and context of speech between participants, timepoints and registers. Analyses of a total of 54 594 vowels and 22 958 phrases revealed, first, an overall effect of register: parents used higher pitch, wider pitch range, slower articulation rate, longer vowel duration and more variable and less distinct vowels in IDS than in ADS. Second, significant register-by-age interactions indicated that parents' IDS, compared with their ADS, featured wider pitch range, larger vowel space and shorter vowel duration in older as compared with younger infants, while pitch, articulation rate and vowel variability and distinctiveness remained relatively stable with age. Results are discussed in the context of the proposed functions of IDS., Competing Interests: We declare we have no competing interests., (© 2024 The Author(s).)

Test-retest reliability-establishing that measurements remain consistent across multiple testing sessions-is critical to measuring, understanding, and predicting individual differences in infant language development. However, previous attempts to establish measurement reliability in infant speech perception tasks are limited, and reliability of frequently used infant measures is largely unknown. The current study investigated the test-retest reliability of infants' preference for infant-directed speech over adult-directed speech in a large sample (N = 158) in the context of the ManyBabies1 collaborative research project. Labs were asked to bring in participating infants for a second appointment retesting infants on their preference for infant-directed speech. This approach allowed us to estimate test-retest reliability across three different methods used to investigate preferential listening in infancy: the head-turn preference procedure, central fixation, and eye-tracking. Overall, we found no consistent evidence of test-retest reliability in measures of infants' speech preference (overall r = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.06,0.25]). While increasing the number of trials that infants needed to contribute for inclusion in the analysis revealed a numeric growth in test-retest reliability, it also considerably reduced the study's effective sample size. Therefore, future research on infant development should take into account that not all experimental measures may be appropriate for assessing individual differences between infants. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: We assessed test-retest reliability of infants' preference for infant-directed over adult-directed speech in a large pre-registered sample (N = 158). There was no consistent evidence of test-retest reliability in measures of infants' speech preference. Applying stricter criteria for the inclusion of participants may lead to higher test-retest reliability, but at the cost of substantial decreases in sample size. Developmental research relying on stable individual differences should consider the underlying reliability of its measures., (© 2024 The Author(s). Developmental Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

From early on, infants show a preference for infant-directed speech (IDS) over adult-directed speech (ADS), and exposure to IDS has been correlated with language outcome measures such as vocabulary. The present multi-laboratory study explores this issue by investigating whether there is a link between early preference for IDS and later vocabulary size. Infants' preference for IDS was tested as part of the ManyBabies 1 project, and follow-up CDI data were collected from a subsample of this dataset at 18 and 24 months. A total of 341 (18 months) and 327 (24 months) infants were tested across 21 laboratories. In neither preregistered analyses with North American and UK English, nor exploratory analyses with a larger sample did we find evidence for a relation between IDS preference and later vocabulary. We discuss implications of this finding in light of recent work suggesting that IDS preference measured in the laboratory has low test-retest reliability.

Evaluating whether someone's behavior is praiseworthy or blameworthy is a fundamental human trait. A seminal study by Hamlin and colleagues in 2007 suggested that the ability to form social evaluations based on third-party interactions emerges within the first year of life: infants preferred a character who helped, over hindered, another who tried but failed to climb a hill. This sparked a new line of inquiry into the origins of social evaluations; however, replication attempts have yielded mixed results. We present a preregistered, multi-laboratory, standardized study aimed at replicating infants' preference for Helpers over Hinderers. We intended to (1) provide a precise estimate of the effect size of infants' preference for Helpers over Hinderers, and (2) determine the degree to which preferences are based on social information. Using the ManyBabies framework for big team-based science, we tested 1018 infants (567 included, 5.5-10.5 months) from 37 labs across five continents. Overall, 49.34% of infants preferred Helpers over Hinderers in the social condition, and 55.85% preferred characters who pushed up, versus down, an inanimate object in the nonsocial condition; neither proportion differed from chance or from each other. This study provides evidence against infants' prosocial preferences in the hill paradigm, suggesting the effect size is weaker, absent, and/or develops later than previously estimated. As the first of its kind, this study serves as a proof-of-concept for using active behavioral measures (e.g., manual choice) in large-scale, multi-lab projects studying infants., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

In the current pre-registered study, we examined the associations between shared book reading, daily screen time, and vocabulary size in 1,442 12- and 24-month-old Norwegian infants. Our results demonstrate a positive association between shared reading and vocabulary in both age groups, and a negative association between screen time and vocabulary in 24-month-olds. Exploratory analyses revealed that the positive relationship between shared reading and expressive vocabulary in 12-month-olds was stronger in lower SES groups, suggesting that shared reading may act as a compensatory mechanism attenuating potentially impoverished learning environment and parent-infant interactions in low-SES families.

Background: Neurological emergencies are one of the major diagnosis groups in the Emergency Medical Services (EMS) with the highest rate of misdiagnosis. Despite the knowledge of time sensitivity and the importance of prehospital factors, prehospital delay is common. Although several stroke triage scales have been developed, a gold standard in the prehospital setting is lacking., Objectives: Our aim was to evaluate the perception of neurological emergencies by EMS personnel and to identify current problems, difficulties and opportunities for improvement in the prehospital management of stroke, seizure, non-specific neurological symptoms, and paediatric neurological emergencies., Methods: The study was conducted as an online survey through SoSci Survey and was made available from March 1st to June 30th 2023 to all personnel working in emergency medical services. The access link was distributed through snowballing, social media, and through a QR code on a promotional poster. The survey was completed anonymously. The final survey consisted of 30 questions in German on the topics of neurological emergencies, general neurological assessment, specific neurological examination including paediatric assessment, stroke, and seizures, and finally suggestions for improvement., Results: The largest group of participants were paramedics, who estimated to encounter neurological emergencies at a general rate of 20-60%. When unease was felt, the main reasons were ambiguity of symptoms and insufficient admission capacity of hospitals. The biggest challenges were highly varied. Almost 80% of participants assumed that the neurological assessment would be omitted in difficult patient groups such as demented, intoxicated or children. 75% felt uncomfortable making a paediatric assessment, 50% were unfamiliar with the Paediatric Glasgow Coma Scale., Conclusions: Support through more standardized practical training and defined, uniform guidelines is needed. There was also a clear need for peer collaboration, feedback and case sharing. Digitalization, the usage of telemedicine and updated versions of the documentation protocols including paediatric adaptations to current guidelines could further improve current neurological assessment in the prehospital setting., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Coagulopathy is prevalent in multiple trauma patients and worsens bleeding complications, leading to higher morbidity and mortality rates. Hyperglycemia upon admission predicts hemorrhagic shock and mortality in severely injured patients. This study aimed to assess admission glucose levels as an independent prognostic factor for coagulopathy in multiply injured patients., Methods: This retrospective cohort study observed multiple trauma patients treated at a level I trauma center between January 1, 2005, and December 31, 2020. Coagulopathy was defined as an international normalized ratio (INR) > 1.4 and/or activated thromboplastin time (APTT) > 40 s. Analysis of variance compared clinical and laboratory parameters of patients with and without coagulopathy. Receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC) and multivariate logistic regression analyses identified risk factors associated with coagulopathy., Results: The study included 913 patients, of whom 188 (20%) had coagulopathy at admission. Coagulopathy patients had higher mortality than those without (26% vs. 5.0%, p < 0.001). Mean glucose level in coagulopathy patients was 10.09 mmol/L, significantly higher than 7.97 mmol/L in non-coagulopathy patients (p < 0.001). Admission glucose showed an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.64 (95% CI [0.59-0.69], p < 0.001) with an optimal cut-off point of 12.35 mmol/L. After adjusting for other factors, patients with high admission glucose had a 1.99-fold risk of developing coagulopathy (95% CI 1.07-3.60). Other laboratory parameters associated with coagulopathy included haemoglobin, bicarbonate (HCO3), and lactate levels., Conclusion: This study emphasizes the significance of admission blood glucose as an independent predictor of coagulopathy. Monitoring hyperglycemia can aid in identifying high-risk patients., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

The COVID-19 pandemic massively changed the context and feasibility of developmental research. This new reality, as well as considerations about sample diversity and naturalistic settings for developmental research, highlights the need for solutions for online studies. In this article, we present e-Babylab, an open-source browser-based tool for unmoderated online studies targeted for young children and babies. e-Babylab offers an intuitive graphical user interface for study creation and management of studies, users, participant data, and stimulus material, with no programming skills required. Various kinds of audiovisual media can be presented as stimuli, and possible measures include webcam recordings, audio recordings, key presses, mouse-click/touch coordinates, and reaction times. An additional feature of e-Babylab is the possibility to administer short adaptive versions of MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories (Chai et al. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 63, 3488-3500, 2020). Information pages, consent forms, and participant forms are customizable. e-Babylab has been used with a variety of measures and paradigms in over 12 studies with children aged 12 months to 8 years (n = 1516). We briefly summarize some results of these studies to demonstrate that data quality, participant engagement, and overall results are comparable between laboratory and online settings. Finally, we discuss helpful tips for using e-Babylab and present plans for upgrades., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Pacifier use during childhood has been hypothesized to interfere with language processing, but, to date, there is limited evidence revealing detrimental effects of prolonged pacifier use on infant vocabulary learning. In the present study, parents of 12- and 24-month-old infants were recruited in Oslo (Norway). The sample included 1187 monolingual full-term born (without visual, auditory, or cognitive impairments) infants: 452 (230 girls; 222 boys) 12-month-olds and 735 (345 girls; 390 boys) 24-month-olds. Parents filled out an online Norwegian Communicative Development Inventory (CDI), which assesses the vocabulary in comprehension and production for 12-month-old infants and in production only for 24-month-old infants. CDI scores were transformed into age- and sex-adjusted percentiles using Norwegian norms. Additionally, parents retrospectively reported their child's daytime pacifier use, in hours, at 2-month intervals, from birth to the assessment date. Maternal education was used to control, in the analyses, for the socio-economic status. We found that greater pacifier use in an infant's lifespan was associated with lower vocabulary size. Pacifier use later in life was more negatively associated with vocabulary size than precocious use, and increased the odds of being a low language scorer. In sum, our study moves beyond the findings of momentary effects of experimentally induced "impairment" in articulators' movement on speech perception and suggests that, from 12 months of age, constraints on the infant's speech articulators (pacifier use) may be negatively associated with word comprehension and production. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT: We examined the relationship between pacifier use and vocabulary sizes in production at 24 months of age and comprehension and production at 12 months of age. Lifespan Pacifier Use (LPU) was negatively correlated with vocabulary sizes in comprehension and production among 12-month-old infants and negatively correlated with production for 24-month-olds. Later pacifier use was found to be more negatively correlated with vocabulary size in infants, as compared to more precocious use. The amount of pacifier use in the 2 months prior to a child's second birthday was predictive of a higher prevalence of low vocabulary scores in 24-month-olds., (© 2024 The Authors. Developmental Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

There is substantial evidence that infants prefer infant-directed speech (IDS) to adult-directed speech (ADS). The strongest evidence for this claim has come from two large-scale investigations: i) a community-augmented meta-analysis of published behavioral studies and ii) a large-scale multi-lab replication study. In this paper, we aim to improve our understanding of the IDS preference and its boundary conditions by combining and comparing these two data sources across key population and design characteristics of the underlying studies. Our analyses reveal that both the meta-analysis and multi-lab replication show moderate effect sizes ( d ≈ 0.35 for each estimate) and that both of these effects persist when relevant study-level moderators are added to the models (i.e., experimental methods, infant ages, and native languages). However, while the overall effect size estimates were similar, the two sources diverged in the effects of key moderators: both infant age and experimental method predicted IDS preference in the multi-lab replication study, but showed no effect in the meta-analysis. These results demonstrate that the IDS preference generalizes across a variety of experimental conditions and sampling characteristics, while simultaneously identifying key differences in the empirical picture offered by each source individually and pinpointing areas where substantial uncertainty remains about the influence of theoretically central moderators on IDS preference. Overall, our results show how meta-analyses and multi-lab replications can be used in tandem to understand the robustness and generalizability of developmental phenomena., Competing Interests: Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interests., (© 2024 Massachusetts Institute of Technology.)

This study assessed the relationship between preschoolers' directly and indirectly assessed emotion word comprehension. Forty-nine two-to-five-year-old Norwegian children were assessed in a tablet-based 4-alternative forced choice (AFC) task on their comprehension of six basic and six complex emotions using facial expression photographs. Parents reported emotion word comprehension and production of the same words. Parent-reported emotion word production interacted with age to predict preschoolers' performance, with a parent-child alignment only observed for older children. Parent-reported word comprehension did not significantly predict accuracy. The results suggest that, in preschoolers, direct and indirect assessments might address distinct representational levels of emotion word comprehension.

Introduction: The increasing socioeconomic need for optimal treatment of hip fractures in combination with the high diversity of available implants has raised numerous biomechanical questions. This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of biomechanical research on the treatment of intertrochanteric fractures using cephalomedullary devices., Methods: Following the PRISMA-P guidelines, a systematic literature search was performed on 31.12.2022. The databases PubMed/MEDLINE and Web of Science were searched. Scientific papers published between 01.01.2000 - 31.12.2022 were included when they reported data on implant properties related to the biomechanical stability for intertrochanteric fractures. Data extraction was undertaken using a synthesis approach, gathering data on criteria of implants, sample size, fracture type, bone material, and study results., Results: The initial search identified a total of 1459 research papers, out of which forty-three papers were considered for final analysis. Due to the heterogeneous methods and parameters used in the included studies, meta-analysis was not feasible. A comprehensive assessment of implant characteristics and outcome parameters was conducted through biomechanical analysis. Various factors such as proximal and distal locking, nail diameter and length, fracture model, and bone material were thoroughly evaluated., Conclusion: This scoping review highlights the need for standardization in biomechanical studies on intertrochanteric fractures to ensure reliable and comparable results. Strategies such as avoiding varus, maintaining a sufficient tip-apex-distance, cement augmentation, and optimizing lesser trochanteric osteosynthesis enhance construct stability. Synthetic alternatives may offer advantages over cadaveric bone. Further research and meta-analyses are required to establish standardized protocols and enhance reliability., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors have no conflict of interest to declare. For the development of this paper we became no financial support, either from the clinic, neither from external sponsors or institutions., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Measuring eye movements remotely via the participant's webcam promises to be an attractive methodological addition to in-person eye-tracking in the lab. However, there is a lack of systematic research comparing remote web-based eye-tracking with in-lab eye-tracking in young children. We report a multi-lab study that compared these two measures in an anticipatory looking task with toddlers using WebGazer.js and jsPsych. Results of our remotely tested sample of 18-27-month-old toddlers (N = 125) revealed that web-based eye-tracking successfully captured goal-based action predictions, although the proportion of the goal-directed anticipatory looking was lower compared to the in-lab sample (N = 70). As expected, attrition rate was substantially higher in the web-based (42%) than the in-lab sample (10%). Excluding trials based on visual inspection of the match of time-locked gaze coordinates and the participant's webcam video overlayed on the stimuli was an important preprocessing step to reduce noise in the data. We discuss the use of this remote web-based method in comparison with other current methodological innovations. Our study demonstrates that remote web-based eye-tracking can be a useful tool for testing toddlers, facilitating recruitment of larger and more diverse samples; a caveat to consider is the larger drop-out rate., (© 2023 The Authors. Infancy published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Congress of Infant Studies.)

Previous research on infant-directed speech (IDS) and its role in infants' language development has largely focused on mothers, with fathers being investigated scarcely. Here we examine the acoustics of IDS as compared to adult-directed speech (ADS) in Norwegian mothers and fathers to 8-month-old infants, and whether these relate to direct (eye-tracking) and indirect (parental report) measures of infants' word comprehension. Forty-five parent-infant dyads participated in the study. Parents (24 mothers, 21 fathers) were recorded reading a picture book to their infant (IDS), and to an experimenter (ADS), ensuring identical linguistic context across speakers and registers. Results showed that both mothers' and fathers' IDS had exaggerated prosody, expanded vowel spaces, as well as more variable and less distinct vowels. We found no evidence that acoustic features of parents' speech were associated with infants' word comprehension. Potential reasons for the lack of such a relationship are discussed.

Introduction: Kidney procurement procedure must be carried out following a standardized technique in order to optimize kidney grafts for their subsequent implantation., Objectives: Review of the available literature on kidney procurement procedure., Material and Methods: Narrative review of the available evidence on deceased donor kidney procurement technique after a search of relevant manuscripts indexed in PubMed, EMBASE and Scielo written in English and Spanish., Results: Deceased donor kidney procurement can be divided into two groups, donation after brain death (DBD) and donation after circulatory death (DCD). Kidney procurement in DBD frequently includes other chest and/or abdominal organs, requiring multidisciplinary surgical coordination. During the harvesting procedure, the renal vascular pedicle must remain intact for subsequent implantation and reduced ischemia time., Conclusions: Adequate execution and perfect knowledge of the technique for surgical removal and anatomy reduces the rate of graft losses associated to inadequate harvesting techniques., (Copyright © 2022 AEU. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Virtual Reality is widely used for many educational purposes. However, despite the increasing trend in the use of this technology, it is not yet clear whether it is more effective for learning than other technologies such as traditional computer video games. This paper presents a serious video game to learn Scrum, a methodology widely used in the software industry. The game is available in mobile Virtual Reality and Web (using WebGL) formats. Both versions of the game are compared in terms of knowledge acquisition and motivation enhancement through a robust empirical study involving 289 students and instruments such as pre-post tests and a questionnaire. The obtained results suggest that both formats of the game are useful for acquiring knowledge and promoting aspects such as fun, motivation, and engagement. The results also suggest, strikingly, that there is no difference in terms of learning effectiveness between the two versions of the game.

Previous research suggests that exposure to accent variability can affect toddlers' familiar word recognition and word comprehension. The current preregistered study addressed the gap in knowledge on early language development in infants exposed to two dialects from birth and assessed the role of dialect similarity in infants' word recognition and comprehension. A 12-month-old Norwegian-learning infants, exposed to native Norwegian parents speaking the same or two Norwegian dialects, took part in two eye-tracking tasks, assessing familiar word form recognition and word comprehension. Their parents' speech was assessed for similarity by native Norwegian speakers. First, in contrast to previous research, our results revealed no listening preference for words over nonwords in both monodialectal and bidialectal infants, suggesting potential language-specific differences in the onset of word recognition. Second, the results showed evidence for word comprehension in monodialectal infants, but not in bidialectal infants, suggesting that exposure to dialectal variability impacts early word acquisition. Third, perceptual similarity between parental dialects tendentially facilitated bidialectal infants' word recognition and comprehension. Forth, the results revealed a strong correlation between the raters and parents' assessment of similarity between dialects, indicating that parental estimations can be reliably used to assess infants' speech variability at home. Finally, our results revealed a strong relationship between word recognition and comprehension in monodialectal infants and the absence of such a relationship in bidialectal infants, suggesting that either these two skills do not necessarily align in infants exposed to more variable input, or that the alignment might occur at a later stage., (© 2022 The Authors. Developmental Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants with potential resistance to existing drugs emphasizes the need for new therapeutic modalities with broad variant activity. Here we show that ensovibep, a trispecific DARPin (designed ankyrin repeat protein) clinical candidate, can engage the three units of the spike protein trimer of SARS-CoV-2 and inhibit ACE2 binding with high potency, as revealed by cryo-electron microscopy analysis. The cooperative binding together with the complementarity of the three DARPin modules enable ensovibep to inhibit frequent SARS-CoV-2 variants, including Omicron sublineages BA.1 and BA.2. In Roborovski dwarf hamsters infected with SARS-CoV-2, ensovibep reduced fatality similarly to a standard-of-care monoclonal antibody (mAb) cocktail. When used as a single agent in viral passaging experiments in vitro, ensovibep reduced the emergence of escape mutations in a similar fashion to the same mAb cocktail. These results support further clinical evaluation of ensovibep as a broad variant alternative to existing targeted therapies for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Children learn words in ambiguous situations, where multiple objects can potentially be referents for a new word. Yet, researchers debate whether children maintain a single word-object hypothesis - and revise it if falsified by later information - or whether children establish a network of word-object associations whose relative strengths are modulated with experience. To address this issue, we presented 4- to 12-year-old children with sets of mutual exclusivity (fast-mapping) trials: offering them with obvious initial hypotheses (that the novel object is the referent for the novel word). We observe that children aged six years and above, despite showing a novelty bias and retaining this novel word - novel object association, also formed an association between the novel word and the name-known object, thereby suggesting that older children attend to more than one word-object association, in a manner similar to associative learning. We discuss our findings in the context of competing theoretical accounts related to word learning.

Multi-accent environments offer rich but inconsistent language input, as words are produced differently across accents. The current study examined, in two experiments, whether multi-accent variability affects infants' ability to learn words and whether toddlers' prior experience with accents modulates learning. In Experiment 1, two-and-a-half-year-old Norwegian toddlers were exposed, in their kindergarten, twice per day for one week, to a child-friendly audiovisual tablet-based e-book containing four novel pseudowords. Half of the toddlers heard the story in three Norwegian accents, whereas the other half heard it in one Norwegian accent. The results revealed no differences between conditions, suggesting that multi-accent variability did not hinder toddlers' word learning. In experiment 2, two-and-a-half-year-old Norwegian toddlers were exposed, in their homes, for one week, to the e-book featuring three Norwegian accents. The results revealed overall better learning in toddlers raised in bi-dialectal households, as compared to mono-dialectal peers - suggesting that accent exposure benefits learning in multi-accent environments.

Designed ankyrin repeat proteins (DARPins) are engineered proteins comprising consensus designed ankyrin repeats as scaffold. Tightly packed repeats form a continuous hydrophobic core and a large groove-like solvent-accessible surface that creates a binding surface. DARPin domains recognizing a target of interest with high specificity and affinity can be generated using a synthetic combinatorial library and in vitro selection methods. They can be linked together in a single molecule to build multispecific and multifunctional proteins without affecting expression or function. The modular architecture of DARPins offers unprecedented possibilities of design and opens avenues for innovative antiviral strategies.

Background: Establishing central venous access is important to provide fluid resuscitation or medications intravenously to patients., Observations: Although accidental cannulation of the internal carotid artery has been reported in the literature, to our knowledge this report is the first documented intraoperative ultrasound video demonstrating accidental and simultaneous common carotid artery and internal jugular cannulation during central line placement in the internal jugular vein., Lessons: Ultrasound use minimizes accidental carotid cannulation during central line placement in the internal jugular vein. Carotid artery puncture can be managed by external application of pressure or surgical reexploration.

Introduction and Objectives: Comparative analysis of postoperative complications and survival between laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (PN) and radical nephrectomy (RN) in cT1 renal cell carcinoma (RCC)., Material and Method: Retrospective study of patients with two kidneys and single renal tumor cT1 treated in our center between 2005 and 2018 by laparoscopic PN or RN., Results: 372 patients met the inclusion criteria for the study. RN was performed in 156 (41.9%) patients and PN in 216 (58.1%). Clavien Dindo III-V complications were observed in 10 (4,6%) PN and 6 (3,9%) RN patients (p = 0.75). The comorbidity Charlson index (CCI) was identified as an independent predictor variable of complications (p = 0.02) and surgical approach did not affect multivariate analysis. Estimated overall survival (OS) was 81.2% and 56.8% at 5 and 10 years in the RN group and 90.2% and 75.7% in the PN group, respectively (p = 0.0001). Obesity (HR 2.77, p = 0.01), CCI ≥ 3 (HR 3.69, p = 0.001) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) <60 mL/min/1.73 m 2 at discharge (HR 1.87, p = 0.03) were identified as predictors of overall mortality. Nephrectomy approach showed no influence on OS. Estimated recurrence-free survival (RFS) was 86.1% at 5 and 10 years in the RN group and 93.5% and 83.6% in the PN group, respectively (p = 0.22)., Conclusions: Laparoscopic PN is not inferior to RN in terms of oncologic and surgical safety in cT1 RCC. Nephrectomy approach did not influence patient OS, however, obesity, CCI ≥ 3 and GFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m 2 at discharge did behave as predictors., (Copyright © 2021 AEU. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To review the current situationof biomarkers used in the diagnosis, prognosis,treatment response and relapse of testicular cancer., Methods: A non systematic review was performedof clinical guidelines and articles published within thelast years regarding biomarkers in testicular cancer., Results: The most commonly used biomarkersare alphafetoprotein (AFP) and beta human corionicgonadotropin (β-HCG).The enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is presentin multiple tissues and is elevated in advancedgerminal tumors. A few micro molecules of RNA (micro-RNA) have demonstrated to be specifically elevatedin testicular germinal tumors. However, its clincalbenefit, as well as its standardization is currently underinvestigation., Conclusions: Classic biomarkers AFP, β-HCG,and LDH are of some utility confirming the diagnosisif they are elevated. However, its limited sensibility isnot enough to rely the diagnosis on themselves. Thereare promising results with Micro-RNA but its daily usedoes not seem imminent.

Yarkoni's analysis clearly articulates a number of concerns limiting the generalizability and explanatory power of psychological findings, many of which are compounded in infancy research. ManyBabies addresses these concerns via a radically collaborative, large-scale and open approach to research that is grounded in theory-building, committed to diversification, and focused on understanding sources of variation.

Older children with online schooling requirements, unsurprisingly, were reported to have increased screen time during the first COVID-19 lockdown in many countries. Here, we ask whether younger children with no similar online schooling requirements also had increased screen time during lockdown. We examined children's screen time during the first COVID-19 lockdown in a large cohort (n = 2209) of 8-to-36-month-olds sampled from 15 labs across 12 countries. Caregivers reported that toddlers with no online schooling requirements were exposed to more screen time during lockdown than before lockdown. While this was exacerbated for countries with longer lockdowns, there was no evidence that the increase in screen time during lockdown was associated with socio-demographic variables, such as child age and socio-economic status (SES). However, screen time during lockdown was negatively associated with SES and positively associated with child age, caregiver screen time, and attitudes towards children's screen time. The results highlight the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on young children's screen time., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Although inflammation is a well-characterized process in mammals, few studies have dealt with the mechanisms involved in this process in fish. The present study evaluated the expression of inflammation-related genes in the skin of fish injected with carrageenin, which has previously been used in inflammatory models in mammals. In our case, fish were injected subcutaneously with PBS (as control) or carrageenin (1%), and skin samples from the injection site were collected 1.5, 3 and 6 h post-injection. The gene expression of inflammatory markers (csfr1, mhc-ii and phox40), several pro-inflammatory cytokines (il1b, tnfa, il6, il8 and il18) and other molecules related (such as myd88 and c-rel) were up-regulated at 1.5 and 3 h in fish injected with carrageenin compared with control levels. By contrast, the gene expression of anti-inflammatory molecules (nlrx1, nlrc5 isoform 1, ctsd and ctss) was down-regulated in fish injected with carrageenin and sampled 3 h post injection, again compared to the gene expression in control fish. According to our results, carrageenin can be considered not only a good stimulator to study skin inflammation in gilthead seabream but also this method might be use to study the modulation of fish inflammatory process caused by internal or external factors., (Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Inflammation is one of the main causes of loss of homeostasis at both the systemic and molecular levels. The aim of this study was to investigate in silico the conservation of inflammation-related proteins in the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.). Open reading frames of the selected genes were used as input in the STRING database for protein-protein interaction network analysis, comparing them with other teleost protein sequences. Proteins of the large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea L.) presented the highest percentages of identity with the gilthead seabream protein sequence. The gene expression profile of these proteins was then studied in gilthead seabream specimens subcutaneously injected with carrageenin (1%) or phosphate-buffered saline (control) by analyzing skin samples from the injected zone 12 and 24 h after injection. Gene expression analysis indicated that the mechanisms necessary to terminate the inflammatory response to carrageenin and recover skin homeostasis were activated between 12 and 24 h after injection (at the tested dose). The gene analysis performed in this study could contribute to the identification of the main mechanisms of acute inflammatory response and validate the use of carrageenin as an inflammation model to elucidate these mechanisms in fish., (© 2021. The Author(s).)