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Previous efforts from our laboratory demonstrated that (E)-3-((3-(E)-vinylaryl)-1H-indazol-6-yl)methylene)-indolin-2-ones are potent PLK4 inhibitors with in vivo anticancer efficacy upon IP dosing. As part of a continued effort to develop selective and orally efficacious inhibitors, we examined variations on this theme wherein 'directly-linked' aromatics, pendant from the indazole core, replace the arylvinyl moiety. Herein, we describe the design and optimization of this series which was ultimately superseded by (3-aryl-1H-indazol-6-yl)spiro[cyclopropane-1,3'-indolin]-2'-ones. The latter compounds are potent and selective inhibitors of PLK4 with oral exposure in rodents and in vivo anticancer activity. Compound 13b, in particular, has a bioavailability of 22% and achieved a 96% tumor growth inhibition in an MDA-MB-468 xenograft study.

Context Selenium (Se) is a trace element essential for cellular function in animals as a component of the enzymes glutathione peroxidase and iodothyronine-5-deiodinase. In many parts of Europe, Se is often deficient in livestock diets due to the low Se status of soil. Supplementation of diets with selenised yeast (predominately as seleno-methionine) or inorganic sodium selenite is common practice in most livestock systems, including ruminants. Lactic acid bacteria have been shown to convert inorganic Se into predominantly elemental nano-Se, which has been used recently in human pro-biotics as a less toxic form of Se. Therefore, silage lactic acid bacteria may provide a supplementation route of bioavailable nano-Se for ruminants. Aim Here, we report on the effect of feeding inoculated silage enriched with a supra-nutritional level of nano-Se (Selage) versus control inoculated silage (Silage) on the Se status of finishing lambs and their products, followed by a second study where blood parameters were investigated in ewes. Methods In the first study, 40 Charollais × Suffolk lambs (42 ± 1.7 kg) were paired according to weight and sex, then allocated to the two treatments for 8 or 10 weeks. Uptake of Se into wool was temporally assessed, as well as excretion of Se into faeces. Selenium concentrations in blood and muscle, carcass characteristics and meat quality are reported postmortem. In the second study, individually penned Suffolk × Mule ewes (n = 12; 76 ± 4.5 kg) were offered the same diets as in the first study. Blood parameters were assessed at the start and after 6 weeks, with intake and excretion into faeces and urine assessed temporally throughout the study. Key results In the first study, dry-matter (DM) intake was similar in both treatment groups, at 0.8 ± 0.03 kg/day, but Se concentrations of the diets were significantly different, resulting in intakes of ~0.14 and 1.60 mg/day on the Silage and Selage diets, respectively. This was reflected in higher Se concentrations in faeces (0.4 vs 2.0 mg/kg DM; P < 0.001), wool (0.11 vs 0.25 mg/kg DM; P < 0.001), blood (0.19 vs 0.46 mg/L; P < 0.001) and muscle (0.31 vs 0.41 mg/kg: P < 0.01) on the Selage than on the Silage diet. Colour (chroma) shelf life of the meat was significantly higher on the Selage treatment (8.05 vs 9.2 days; P < 0.05). In the second trial, for ewes fed Selage, blood seleno-methionine increased from 0.21 to 0.25 mg/L and seleno-cysteine from 0.25 to 0.35 mg/L after 6 weeks on the treatment, whereas there was no change in ewes fed Silage. Glutathione peroxidase increased, whereas haematocrit, haemoglobin and platelet count were decreased across time during the study, but there was no difference between the treatments. Conclusions Nano-Se provided by the Selage treatment was shown to be available to sheep and improve shelf life, with no adverse haematological effects. Implications There is potential to use silage inoculants to provide bioavailable Se to ruminants. Further research is required to determine the most appropriate dose for animal performance and product quality.

Some microbial public goods benefit conspecifics, as well as other species. Here, we use evolution and competition experiments to determine how exploitation of public goods by the wider microbial community shapes the production of an interspecific public good: metal-detoxifying siderophores. By simultaneously studying whole microbial communities and an embedded focal species, we show that interspecific exploitation results in both ecological selection against microbial taxa that produce relatively large amounts of siderophores, and evolution of reduced siderophore production within taxa over similar time scales. Our findings demonstrate the crucial role of interspecific interactions in shaping microbial social behaviours.One sentence summary –Interspecific exploitation shapes the evolution and ecology of public goods production

Due to an oversight, the depositories of the new species, Coccus giliomeei Łagowska & Hodgson, and of the new material of Coccus rhodesiensis (Hall) collected in the Transvaal, South Africa, was omitted from the manuscript. Both lots of slides will be deposited in SANC, The South African National Collection of Insects, Pretoria, South Africa.

The emergence and spread of infections can contribute to the decline and extinction of populations, particularly in conjunction with anthropogenic environmental change. The importance of heterogeneity in processes of transmission, resistance and tolerance is increasingly well understood in theory, but empirical studies that consider both the demographic and behavioural implications of infection are scarce. Non-random mixing of host individuals can impact the demographic thresholds that determine the amplification or attenuation of disease prevalence. Risk assessment and management of disease in threatened wildlife populations must therefore consider not just host density, but also the social structure of host populations. Here we integrate the most recent developments in epidemiological research from a demographic and social network perspective, and synthesize the latest developments in social network modelling for wildlife disease, to explore their applications to disease management in populations in decline and at risk of extinction. We use simulated examples to support our key points and reveal how disease-management strategies can and should exploit both behavioural and demographic information to prevent or control the spread of disease. Our synthesis highlights the importance of considering the combined impacts of demographic and behavioural processes in epidemics to successful disease management in a conservation context. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Linking behaviour to dynamics of populations and communities: application of novel approaches in behavioural ecology to conservation’.

A new species of soft scale (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha; Cocccidae) from South Africa, Coccus giliomeei Łagowska & Hodgson sp. n., collected on Gymnosporia buxifolia (L.) Szyszyl, is described and illustrated. Also, Coccus rhodesiensis (Hall) is recorded for the first time from South Africa and is redescribed and illustrated based on the adult females of the type series and fresh South African specimens. An updated key to the species of Coccus and similar species known from Africa is included. Based on this latter study, (i) Marsipococcus proteae (Brain) and M. durbanensis (Brain) are considered not to be congeneric with Marsipococcus marsupialis (Green), the type species of Marsipococcus Cockerell & Bueker, and are placed in a new genus Proteacoccus Łagowska & Hodgson, gen. n. with Lecanium proteae Brain as the type species; (ii) it is considered that Coccus asiaticus Lindinger is clearly not a junior synonym of Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner) and is accepted as a full species, rev. stat., and (iii) Neoplatylecanium adersi (Newstead) is considered to be non-conspecific with N. cinnamomi Takahashi, the type species of Neoplatylecanium Takahashi, and is transferred to Maacoccus Tao & Wong, as Maacoccus adersi (Newstead), comb. n.

Dynamic two-dimensional sonography of the infant hip is a commonly used procedure for developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) screening by many clinicians. It however has been found to be unreliable with some studies reporting associated misdiagnosis rates of up to \(29\%\). Aiming to improve reliability of diagnosis and to help in standardizing diagnosis across different raters and health-centers, we present a preliminary automated method for assessing hip instability using three-dimensional (3D) dynamic ultrasound (US). To quantify hip assessment, we propose the use of femoral head coverage variability (\(\varDelta FHC_{3D}\)) within US volumes collected during a dynamic scan which uses phase symmetry features to approximate the vertical cortex of the ilium and a random forest classifier to identify the approximate location of the femoral head. We measure the change in \(FHC_{3D}\) across US scans of the hip acquired under posterior stress vs. rest as maneuvered during a 3D dynamic assessment. Our findings on 38 hips from 19 infants scanned by one orthopedic surgeon and two radiology technicians suggests the proposed \(\varDelta FHC_{3D}\) may provide a good degree of repeatability with an average test-retest intraclass correlation measure of 0.70 (\(95\%\) confidence interval: 0.35 to 0.87, \(F(21,21)\,{=}\,7.738\), \(p\,{

Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is one of the most common congenital disorders seen in newborns. Undetected cases may lead to serious consequences including limping, leg length discrepancy, pain, osteoarthritis, disability, and total hip replacement. Diagnosis typically relies on ultrasound (US) screening of the infant hip between 0–4 months of age. An inexpensive and safe non-ionizing modality, US imaging enables measurement of DDH metrics based on hip bone features such as the \(\alpha \) angle. Though DDH assessment remains mostly a manual process in clinical practice, notorious for its significant operator variability, a number of automated measurement methods were recently proposed. These computational methods rely on highly engineered, hand-crafted features most notable of which are phase-based bone image features. Though promising, especially as they were shown to significantly reduce user variability, challenges remain with regards to robustness, as well as generalizability to new data. To improve bone localization, from which the metrics are calculated, we first build upon recent phase-based feature extraction by applying spatial anatomical priors to eliminate false positives and accurately segment the ilium and acetabulum contour. Second, we propose the use of deep-learned features, using the popular U-Net with single and multi-channel inputs. We observe superior performance of deep-learned features compared to the enhanced engineered features including shadow peak and confidence-weighted phase symmetry. We present quantitative evaluation on extensive data from two clinical datasets collected with two different ultrasound probes as part of a study we performed on a cohort of 103 pediatric patients.

International audience; John Hodgson (1937-2018) is renowned worldwide as a passionate and principled researcher, dedicated to the study of interactions between grazing livestock and pasture sward, and to whole-system management of grassland. He published over 250 scientific outputs during his 50-year career, and inspired generations of grazing ecologists. Following his upbringing on a mixed-livestock farm in the Yorkshire Dales, John received BSc, PhD and DSc from the University of Leeds, UK. He worked in research institutes in Hurley, England and Penicuik, Scotland, before taking a Chair in Agronomy at Massey University, New Zealand in 1986. There, he progressed to become Head of School for the Environment. John retired from university life in 2002, but never left academia. John's global research legacy is reflected in the international authorship of this memorial review. His international impact is demonstrated by the supervision of over 50 PhD students from all over the world, and by his knowledge-sharing travels to South America and China. His peers will remember him as a thoughtful and collaborative scholar. His students will remember him as an inspiring and caring mentor. He helped to revolutionize the way that grasslands are managed, in the face of global environmental change and increasing demand on grazed systems. John lost a long battle with Parkinson's disease in October 2018 and is survived by his wife, Ruth, and five children. His own research was often dedicated to his father, Dick Hodgson, and the first author of this tribute wishes to do the same.

Moral injury is a complex trauma related syndrome involving a correlation of biological, psychological, social, and spiritual symptoms that can have substantial impact upon health and well-being. This paper argues for a holistic bio-psycho-social-spiritual approach to moral injury, by including chaplaincy in the screening and treatment of moral injury among actively serving military members and retired veterans. As part of the moral injury treatment process, and in alignment with the World Health Organization's Spiritual Intervention Codings, a new technique is proposed, “Pastoral Narrative Disclosure” (PND), as a guide for chaplains and others trained in spiritual care to assist those suffering from moral injury.

Augmented reality (AR) has proven to be a useful, exciting technology in several areas of healthcare. AR may especially enhance the operator's experience in minimally invasive surgical applications by providing more intuitive and naturally immersive visualisation in those procedures which heavily rely on three-dimensional (3D) imaging data. Benefits include improved operator ergonomics, reduced fatigue, and simplified hand–eye coordination. Head-mounted AR displays may hold great potential for enhancing surgical navigation given their compactness and intuitiveness of use. In this work, the authors propose a method that can intra-operatively locate bone structures using tracked ultrasound (US), registers to the corresponding pre-operative computed tomography (CT) data and generates 3D AR visualisation of the operated surgical scene through a head-mounted display. The proposed method deploys optically-tracked US, bone surface segmentation from the US and CT image volumes, and multimodal volume registration to align pre-operative to the corresponding intra-operative data. The enhanced surgical scene is then visualised in an AR framework using a HoloLens. They demonstrate the method's utility using a foam pelvis phantom and quantitatively assess accuracy by comparing the locations of fiducial markers in the real and virtual spaces, yielding root mean square errors of 3.22, 22.46, and 28.30 mm in the x , y , and z directions, respectively.

Objectives: Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) is a key management strategy for people with chronic respiratory disease (BTS Guidelines, 2013). However, in cystic fibrosis (CF), despite the benefits of regular exercise being well documented (Radtke et al, 2017), there is limited uptake. Concerns regarding infection control, lack of CF education, and participating with an older age group may be contributing factors. A pilot study demonstrated good clinical benefits to participants in a CF-specific PR program (Bowen et al, 2019) and current CF Foundation guidelines advise that patients with advanced lung disease should be offered such programs (Kapnadak et al, 2020). We aimed to establish a CF-specific PR program at Manchester Adult CF Centre, as part of the CF Trust Physiotherapy Fellowship service development project. Method: Patients completed a bespoke 8-week program, comprised of biweekly 1:1 virtual exercise sessions. Each session included aerobic and strength training linked to patient goals and was progressed according to reported Borg and muscle fatigue scores. A 1-minute sit to stand test (STS) was performed pre-program and repeated at the end. Enrolled patients had access to an online educational website, which covered a range of CF-specific topics. Patient feedback was collected at the end of the program. Results: [Table Preseteed] Patient feedback indicated that 100% of participants felt their goals had been met and that they would recommend the program to other people with CF (PWCF). Conclusion: Some of the program design was in accordance with what was achievable during the COVID-19 pandemic. Alteration of outcome measures may be required as clinical services normalise. Although a small sample, initial feedback has been extremely positive, indicating that a virtual PR approach may be suitable in engaging PWCF in physical activity. Further data is needed to demonstrate if the program is of clinical benefit and to identify the optimum time-frame of the intervention.

Woodlice (Isopoda: Oniscidae) are known to play important roles in soil profile development and nutrient cycling in agroecosystems. The aim of the present work was to understand the impact of different management regimes on woodlouse fauna in Mediterranean olive groves. The olive groves were located along the Kyrenia mountain range towards the north-west of Cyprus at two different elevations. We used pitfall trapping to compare the abundance of woodlice in groves that were (a) uncultivated at low altitude; (b) uncultivated at high altitude; (c) tilled at low altitude; (d) tilled and chemically managed at low altitude. A total of 1751 woodlice were collected and a significant effect of management regime on the abundance of woodlouse was observed. The low altitude uncultivated olive groves retained a higher number of individuals than the other three management regimes. Our results suggest that tillage alone did not impact severely on woodlouse abundance, but that tillage combined with pesticide and fertiliz...

Background Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) and Thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) are commonly performed by interventional radiologists, cardiologists, general surgeons, cardiothoracic surgeons, and vascular surgeons, with each specialty having differences in residency structure, operative experience, and subspecialty training. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of surgeon specialty on outcomes following EVAR and TEVAR. Methods Patients who underwent EVAR and TEVAR were identified from the 2007 to 2009 Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS). Physician identifiers in the NIS were used to determine surgical specialty and operative experience. Multivariate analysis adjusted for mortality risk was used to compare differences in demographics, complications, outcomes, and hospital covariates. Results A total of 5147 EVARs were identified within the NIS, of which 88.3% were completed by vascular surgeons. There were no significant differences in demographics between the specialties. Cardiothoracic surgeons were more likely to have a postoperative stroke (3.1% vs. 0.2%, odds ratio [OR] 14.6, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.8–117.8, P

TTK/Mps1 is a key kinase controlling progression of cell division via participation in the mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint and is overexpressed in a number of human cancers. Herein we report the discovery of 4-(4-aminopyrazolo[1,5-a][1,3,5]triazin-8-yl)benzamides as a potent, novel class of TTK inhibitors. The series was identified by means of bioisosteric replacement of the related imidazopyrazine and imidazopyridazine scaffolds. Optimization led to the identification of compounds with excellent potency (Ki=0.8nM) and exceptional kinase selectivity. The SAR indicates a strong dependence of activity on the presence of the N-cyclopropyl-2-methylbenzamide moiety delineating the geometry for 1½ type kinase inhibitor. Molecular modeling indicates the extensive and optimal contacts, mediated through H-bonds and hydrophobic interactions, are responsible for the selectivity and potency of the inhibitors. The compounds demonstrate a strong anti-proliferative activity in a panel of human cancer cell lines (HCT116 GI50

This work describes a scaffold hopping exercise that begins with known imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazines, briefly explores pyrazolo[1,5-a][1,3,5]triazines, and ultimately yields pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines as a novel class of potent TTK inhibitors. An X-ray structure of a representative compound is consistent with 1(1)/2 type inhibition and provides structural insight to aid subsequent optimization of in vitro activity and physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties. Incorporation of polar moieties in the hydrophobic and solvent accessible regions modulates physicochemical properties while maintaining potency. Compounds with enhanced oral exposure were identified for xenograft studies. The work culminates in the identification of a potent (TTK K i = 0.1 nM), highly selective, orally bioavailable anticancer agent (CFI-402257) for IND enabling studies.

This scoping review considered the role of chaplains with regard to 'moral injury'. Moral injury is gaining increasing notoriety. This is due to greater recognition that trauma (in its various forms) can cause much deeper inflictions and afflictions than just physiological or psychological harm, for there may also be wounds affecting the 'soul' that are far more difficult to heal-if at all. As part of a larger research program exploring moral injury, a scoping review of literature and other resources was implemented utilising Arksey and O'Malley's scoping method (Int J Soc Res Methodol 8(1):19-32, 2005) to focus upon moral injury, spirituality (including religion) and chaplaincy. Of the total number of articles and/or resources noting the term 'moral injury' in relation to spiritual/religious issues (n = 482), the results revealed 60 resources that specifically noted moral injury and chaplains (or other similar bestowed title). The majority of these resources were clearly positive about the role (or the potential role) of chaplains with regard to mental health issues and/or moral injury. The World Health Organization International Classification of Diseases: Australian Modification of Health Interventions to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and related Health problems (10th revision, vol 3-WHO ICD-10-AM, Geneva, 2002), was utilised as a coding framework to classify and identify distinct chaplaincy roles and interventions with regard to assisting people with moral injury. Several recommendations are made concerning moral injury and chaplaincy, most particularly the need for greater research to be conducted.

Theory predicts persistence of long-term family relationships in vertebrates will occur until perceived fitness costs exceed benefits to either parents or offspring. We examined whether increased breeding probability and survival were associated with prolonged parent–offspring and sibling–sibling relationships in a long-lived Arctic migrant herbivore, the Greenland white-fronted goose (Anser albifrons flavirostris). Although offspring associated with parents for 1–13 years, 79 % of these associations lasted two or less years. Only 65 (9.9 %) of the 656 marked offspring bred once in their lifetime, and just 16 (2.4 %) bred twice or more. The probability of birds with siblings breeding successfully in a subsequent year was credibly greater than that of independent birds at ages 5, 6, and 7. Survival of offspring with parents was credibly greater than that of independent/nonbreeder birds at all possible ages (i.e., ages 2–7+). A cost–benefit matrix model utilizing breeding and survival probabilities showed that staying with family groups was favored over leaving until age 3, after which there were no credible differences between staying and leaving strategies until the oldest ages, when leaving family groups was favored. Thus, most birds in this study either departed family groups early (e.g., at age 2, when the “stay” strategy was favored) or as predicted by our cost–benefit model (i.e., at age 3). Although extended family associations are a feature of this population, we contend that the survival benefits are not sufficient enough to yield clear fitness benefits, and associations only persist because parents and offspring mutually benefit from their persistence. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00442-016-3595-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Summary Demographic links among fragmented populations are commonly studied as source‐sink dynamics, whereby source populations exhibit net recruitment and net emigration, while sinks suffer net mortality but enjoy net immigration. It is commonly assumed that large, persistent aggregations of individuals must be sources, but this ignores the possibility that they are sinks instead, buoyed demographically by immigration.We tested this assumption using Bayesian integrated population modelling of Greenland white‐fronted geese (Anser albifrons flavirostris) at their largest wintering site (Wexford, Ireland), combining capture–mark–recapture, census and recruitment data collected from 1982 to 2010. Management for this subspecies occurs largely on wintering areas; thus, study of source‐sink dynamics of discrete regular wintering units provides unprecedented insights into population regulation and enables identification of likely processes influencing population dynamics at Wexford and among 70 other Greenland white‐fronted goose wintering subpopulations.Using results from integrated population modelling, we parameterized an age‐structured population projection matrix to determine the contribution of movement rates (emigration and immigration), recruitment and mortality to the dynamics of the Wexford subpopulation.Survival estimates for juvenile and adult birds at Wexford and adult birds elsewhere fluctuated over the 29‐year study period, but were not identifiably different. However, per capita recruitment rates at Wexford in later years (post‐1995) were identifiably lower than in earlier years (pre‐1995). The observed persistence of the Wexford subpopulation was only possible with high rates of immigration, which exceeded emigration in each year. Thus, despite its apparent stability, Wexford has functioned as a sink over the entire study period.These results demonstrate that even large subpopulations can potentially be sinks, and that movement dynamics (e.g. immigration) among winters can dramatically obscure key processes driving subpopulation size. Further, novel population models which integrate capture–mark–recapture, census and recruitment data are essential to correctly ascribing source‐sink status and accurately informing development of site‐safeguard networks.

Demographic buffering allows populations to persist by compensating for fluctuations in vital rates, including disease‐induced mortality. Using long‐term data on a badger (Meles meles Linnaeus, 1758) population naturally infected with Mycobacterium bovis, we built an integrated population model to quantify impacts of disease, density and environmental drivers on survival and recruitment. Badgers exhibit a slow life‐history strategy, having high rates of adult survival with low variance, and low but variable rates of recruitment. Recruitment exhibited strong negative density‐dependence, but was not influenced by disease, while adult survival was density independent but declined with increasing prevalence of diseased individuals. Given that reproductive success is not depressed by disease prevalence, density‐dependent recruitment of cubs is likely to compensate for disease‐induced mortality. This combination of slow life history and compensatory recruitment promotes the persistence of a naturally infected badger population and helps to explain the badger's role as a persistent reservoir of M. bovis.

Computational models provide a framework through which to predict impurity in-growth in reactor generated radiological sources. However, the energy group structure and methodology used in these cod...

Biological systems, at all scales of organisation from nucleic acids to ecosystems, are inherently complex and variable. Biologists therefore use statistical analyses to detect signal among this systemic noise. Statistical models infer trends, find functional relationships and detect differences that exist among groups or are caused by experimental manipulations. They also use statistical relationships to help predict uncertain futures. All branches of the biological sciences now embrace the possibilities of mixed-effects modelling and its flexible toolkit for partitioning noise and signal. The mixed-effects model is not, however, a panacea for poor experimental design, and should be used with caution when inferring or deducing the importance of both fixed and random effects. Here we describe a selection of the perils and pitfalls that are widespread in the biological literature, but can be avoided by careful reflection, modelling and model-checking. We focus on situations where incautious modelling risks exposure to these pitfalls and the drawing of incorrect conclusions. Our stance is that statements of significance, information content or credibility all have their place in biological research, as long as these statements are cautious and well-informed by checks on the validity of assumptions. Our intention is to reveal potential perils and pitfalls in mixed model estimation so that researchers can use these powerful approaches with greater awareness and confidence. Our examples are ecological, but translate easily to all branches of biology.

The scale at which variations in food availability affect the foraging habits of individual animals can determine how the distribution of food resources affects populations. For species of conservation concern, these factors can have important implications for the management of habitats, as spatial and temporal variations in resource availability influence the trophic ecology of both individuals and populations. The hazel dormouse Muscardinus avellanarius is a species with seasonal dietary shifts and limited ranging, and whose populations in Great Britain are exhibiting marked decline, despite conservation measures. We compared resource availability and variation in dormouse traits with their trophic characteristics, determined by stable isotope analysis of dormouse hair and of their putative food items. The trophic levels of individual dormice were associated with the abundance of invertebrates in the surrounding habitat and in the woodland as a whole. Assessment of dormouse dietary composition suggests that the proportions of invertebrates and of tree seeds and flowers in dormouse diets are affected by the abundance of food plants in the local habitat. This suggests that dormice can exploit both invertebrates and plants in proportion to their availability, and are variable in their predatory habits, in response to both the availability of invertebrates and plants. Dormouse populations exhibit a broader trophic niche in autumn than in spring, most likely a consequence of their consumption of foods derived from a wider variety of tree and shrub species. We found no relationship between isotope signatures or food availability and the body mass or torpor of individuals, or the status of populations. This may be because, on the sites we studied, dormice could adapt to different food availabilities without discernible individual and population effects. Dormice are opportunistic feeders, rather than specialists, making use of abundant food resources at a local scale. Habitat conservation for dormice, therefore, could benefit from establishing and maintaining habitats that increase the overall abundance and uniform distribution of both flower and fruit-bearing shrubs and trees and invertebrate populations, at a fine spatial scale.

Fat embolism syndrome is a potentially fatal disease process most commonly associated with long-bone and pelvic fractures. Reports describing ultrasound evidence of fat emboli are restricted to echocardiography. We propose a new objective finding on venous duplex ultrasound imaging of the lower extremities as a useful diagnostic criterion by presenting the case reports of two patients with acute long-bone fractures, possibly leading to earlier orthopedic fixation and allocation of resources to those patients at higher risk of fat embolism syndrome.

BackgroundCrops are often selected for traits that confer a selective disadvantage in the wild. A key trait that has been greatly altered by domestication is investment in herbivore defence. It remains unclear, however, whether variation in chemical defence affects a crop’s ability to colonize semi-natural habitats where it typically has to compete with a resident community. Here, we investigate how breeding efforts aimed at reducing glucosinolate levels in seeds – canonical herbivore deterrents – influence initial establishment of Brassica populations spanning a wild-feral-domesticated gradient.MethodsWe followed the dynamics of twenty-nine Brassica accessions in two experimental fields by recording life table parameters and vegetation cover biannually over a two-year period. Accessions were selected to vary in their glucosinolate content, and included lines of wild turnip (B. rapa), feral B. napus as well as modern canola and historical oilseed rape cultivars. Populations were established by sowing seeds on bare soil after which the natural vegetation was allowed to regenerate, providing a temporal gradient in the degree of interspecific competition.ResultsPopulations flourished in the first year, but many perished during a second year of growth, in particular those of oilseed rape. Declines coincided with an increase in vegetation cover, but were slower in populations harbouring more glucosinolates. These compounds had opposing effects on different life cycle stages: seedling establishment was greater in high-glucosinolate lines, which traded off with reduced post-recruitment survival. Crucially, the effect of glucosinolates on persistence was lost when focussing on oilseed rape only, but the underlying demographic trade-off remained.DiscussionOur study illustrates that initial establishment of feral oilseed rape is governed by glucosinolate-mediated trade-offs between seedling recruitment and subsequent survival, with low-glucosinolate lines (modern canola) being most successful when post-recruitment conditions are relatively benign. Such demographic trade-offs likely extend to other species, and must be considered when managing escaped crops and invasive plants.

The baculovirus Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) is a model enveloped DNA virus that infects and replicates in lepidopteran insect cells, and can efficiently enter a wide variety of non-host cells. Budded virions of AcMNPV enter cells by endocytosis and traffic to the nucleus where the virus initiates gene expression and genome replication. While trafficking of nucleocapsids by actin propulsion has been studied in detail, other important components of trafficking during entry remain poorly understood. We used a recombinant AcMNPV virus expressing an EGFP reporter in combination with an RNAi screen in Drosophila DL1 cells, to identify host proteins involved in AcMNPV entry. The RNAi screen targeted 86 genes involved in vesicular trafficking, including genes coding for VPS and ESCRT proteins, Rab GTPases, Exocyst proteins, and Clathrin adaptor proteins. We identified 24 genes required for efficient virus entry and reporter expression, and 4 genes that appear to restrict virus entry.

The current extinction and climate change crises pressure us to predict population dynamics with ever‐greater accuracy. Although predictions rest on the well‐advanced theory of age‐structured populations, two key issues remain poorly explored. Specifically, how the age‐dependency in demographic rates and the year‐to‐year interactions between survival and fecundity affect stochastic population growth rates. We use inference, simulations and mathematical derivations to explore how environmental perturbations determine population growth rates for populations with different age‐specific demographic rates and when ages are reduced to stages. We find that stage‐ vs. age‐based models can produce markedly divergent stochastic population growth rates. The differences are most pronounced when there are survival‐fecundity‐trade‐offs, which reduce the variance in the population growth rate. Finally, the expected value and variance of the stochastic growth rates of populations with different age‐specific demographic rates can diverge to the extent that, while some populations may thrive, others will inevitably go extinct.

Many infants are born with unstable hips which can cause severe mobility issues as they grow older. This condition is known as developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH), and although it is the most common hip disorder in infants, its diagnosis using 2D ultrasound (US) is prone to significant variability. This paper presents methods to reliably and automatically diagnose DDH in infants using 3D US. Based on 40 infant hip examinations, we demonstrate a 70% reduction in variability of 3D US-based measurements compared to those of standard 2D US-based measurements.

Accurately detecting and diagnosing developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH), a common hip instability condition among infants, requires ultrasound (US) image data that captures the relevant anatomical structures. Our group has recently introduced a technique for automatically processing 3D US scans of the neonatal hip that significantly reduces dysplasia metric measurement variability, but it can be challenging for a clinician to know at the time of acquisition if they have acquired a volume suitable for analysis. We have previously introduced a single-slice-based approach for assessing adequacy of acquired volumes that worked reasonably well, but we believe that more explicitly three-dimensional approaches would be more robust and reliable. Here, we propose a new technique based on a convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture that incorporates inter-slice information and transfer learning. Our classifier labels volumes as adequate or inadequate for subsequent interpretation based on detecting the presence of key hip anatomical structures needed for DDH diagnosis. We validate our approach on 40 datasets from 15 pediatric patients and demonstrate a slice classification rate of 93% (improving on our previous implementation by 3%) with average processing time of 2 seconds per US volume. We expect automatic US scan adequacy assessment to have significant clinical impact with the potential to help in imaging standardization, improving efficiency of measuring DDH metrics, and improving accuracy of clinical decision making.

Pedicle screw fixation is a common yet technically demanding procedure. Due to the proximity of the inserted implant to the spinal column, a malplaced screw can cause neurological injury and subsequent postoperative complications. A common surgical routine starts with preoperative volumetric image acquisition (e.g. computed tomography) based on which the surgeons can highlight the planned trajectory. This process is generally done manually , which is error prone and time consuming.The primary purpose of this paper is to develop an automatic pedicle region localization based on preoperative CTs. This system can automatically annotate the CT scans to identify the regions corresponding to the pedicles and thus provide important information about the anatomical placement of the CT scan that can be useful for intraoperative implant position assessment (e.g. to initialize the 2D-3D registration). On the other hand, the pedicle localization can be exploited for preoperative planning.We designed and evaluated a fully convolutional neural network for the task of pedicle localization. A large training, validation and testing datasets (5000, 1000, 1000 images separately) were created using a custom data augmentation process that could generate unique vertebral morphologies for each image. After evaluation on the validation and test data, the Dice similarity coefficients between the pedicle regions detected by the trained network and the ground truth was 0.85 and 0.83 respectively.The proposed deep-learning-based algorithm was capable of automatically localizing the regions corresponding to the pedicles based on the preoperative CT scans. Therefore, a reliable initial guess for the 2D-3D registration process needed for intraoperative implant position assessment can be achieved. This system also has potential use in automating the preoperative planning.

Paralecanium limbatum (Green) Lecanium limbatum Green, 1922, 1023. Type data: SRI LANKA: Batticaloa, on Ixora coccinea. Syntypes, female. Type depository: BMNH, London, England, U.K. Paralecanium limbatum; Green, 1937, 306. Change of combination. This species name is synonymised with P. geometricum above, syn. n., Published as part of Chris J. Hodgson & Douglas J. Williams, 2018, Revision of the soft scale genus Paralecanium (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) with the introduction of three new genera and twenty new species, pp. 1-162 in Zootaxa 4443 (1) on page 105, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4443.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1305628, {"references":["Green, E. E. (1922) Supplementary notes on the Coccidae of Ceylon. Part IV. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 28, 1007 - 1037.","Green, E. E. (1937) An annotated list of the Coccidae of Ceylon, with emendations and additions to date. Ceylon Journal of Science Section B. Zoology and Geology, 20, 277 - 341."]}

Discochiton mancum (Green) comb. n. (Fig. 13) Lecanium mancum Green, 1922, 1023. Type data: SRI LANKA: Namunakuli Hill, Badulla, on Calophyllum walkeri. Syntypes, female. Type depository: BMNH, London, England, U.K. Paralecanium mancum; Green, 1937, 305. Change of combination. Material examined. Lectotype f and paralectotype ff (here designated): SRI LANKA (as Ceylon): top label: Type in red on small round label; bottom label: Lecanium / mancum / (Type) Green / from Calophyllum / walkeri / Namunakuli [probably Namunukula], Ceylon / Feb. 1910 (BMNH): 1/8adff (f: 2 young, 6 more mature; many missing venters; lectotype top-most specimen under type label; envelope states E.E. Green coll.). Note. The description is based mainly on those specimens with venters. Unmounted material. ���Adult female flat, deltoid, with rounded angles, usually asymmetrical, always narrower in front. Colour dark castaneous with a narrow hyaline border and with hyaline canals extending inwards from each stigmatic cleft. Dorsum with a more or less well defined, thin, colourless, polygonal, waxy plates.��� ���Length 4 to 4.5 mm. Breadth across abdomen 2.75 to 3 mm.��� (Green, 1922, p. 1023). Slide-mounted adult female. Body broadest posteriorly, slightly more pointed anteriorly; most specimens showing some asymmetry. Length 3.0��� 4.5 mm, width 2.0��� 2.75 mm. Dorsum. Derm of younger adults membranous; that of more mature specimens rather uniformly sclerotised, with numerous minute clear spots; without any sign of a more sclerotised polygonal pattern; also with a broad submarginal band of large rather oval areolations, largest 20���25 ��m widest, becoming smaller and obscure medially and marginally; areolations also forming a border on either side of anal plates; elongate areolations with their long axes parallel to margin absent. Stigmatic rays present; marginal radial lines obscure but positions indicated by distribution of pores and setae, with probably 13 lines anteriorly between anterior stigmatic clefts, each side with 5 lines between clefts and 13 on abdomen. Clear areas numbering 5 pairs on abdomen but thoracic clear areas absent. Dorsal setae large, rather parallel-sided and mostly straight with a slightly capitate apex, each 20���28 ��m long, rather sparse on some specimens but abundant on others, present throughout apart from medially, where absent; usually each socket associated with a dorsal pore or an unsclerotised area of derm. Preopercular pores, each 2.0���3.5 ��m wide, few, present as follows: CA1 with 2���10; CA2 with 1���8; CA3 with 4���9 and CA4 with 2���8 (i.e. about equally frequent associated with all clear areas). Other dorsal pores as follows: (i) pores, each 3���4 ��m wide, present sparsely in a vaguely polygonal pattern throughout, including medially; some perhaps associated with a dorsal seta, and (ii) minute simple pores each appearing as a small clear spot about 1.5 ��m wide, very sparse throughout, probably mainly in a polygonal pattern. Anal plates together slightly longer than wide, each plate with probably 4 short setae near apex (1 on outer margin, an apical seta plus 2 on inner margin, of which 1 situated near middle of each inner margin); with 0 or 1 minute pore medially; length 22 0���230 ��m, combined width 190���200 ��m. Anogenital fold with 3 pairs of small setae on each corner of anterior margin, each lateral margin with 1 pair anteriorly and another posteriorly. Margin. Marginal ornamentation present as groups of very short radial lines, with usually 3 groups between 2 marginal setae. Marginal setae each fan-shaped and somewhat oval, most with rather straight lateral margins; width of each fan 30���38 ��m, length 18���28 ��m; with 91���106 setae anteriorly between anterior stigmatic clefts, each side with 39 or 40 between stigmatic clefts, and 79���96 along abdominal margin. Stigmatic clefts quite deep, each with a sclerotised inner margin and 3 elongate, rather narrow stigmatic spines, longest extending outwards almost to level with margin; median spine usually shortest or subequal in length to lateral spines; length of median spines each 40��� 75 (mostly less than 45) ��m, each lateral spine 50���90 (mainly less than 65) ��m long. Eyespots: each with socket 70 ��m wide and diameter of lens 25���30 ��m. Venter. All specimens with a pale marginal border 35���50 ��m wide. Multilocular disc-pores in groups on either side of genital opening and on preceding two segments only, each side with 12���18 on segment VII, 17���25 on segment VI and 7 or 8 on segment V. Spiracular disc-pores present in a narrow band between margin and each spiracle; rather variable in frequency, perhaps 8���21 in each band, posterior band often with a gap medially. Ventral microducts most obvious near mouthparts. Ventral setae: 1 or 2 interantennal setae present; longest setae in abdominal segment VII, each 50���75 ��m long; setae in segments VI and V shorter; long setae absent from elsewhere, including laterad of anterior end of anal cleft. Antennae each 3-segmented (with segments III���VI fused); total length 160���200 ��m; most setose setae on long apical segment absent; apical setae short, each about 16���20 ��m long. Clypeolabral shield about 120 ��m long. Spiracles of moderate size, width of each peritreme 33���40 ��m. Legs entirely absent. Comments. Discochiton mancum belongs to the group of Discochiton species that have preopercular pores associated with all four clear areas. It differs from others in this group in having the following combination of characters: (i) only 3 stigmatic spines in each stigmatic cleft; (ii) usually fewer than 12 preopercular pores associated with each clear area; (iii) rather long stigmatic spines, with median spine frequently shortest and (iv) dorsal setae rather long, each 20+ ��m long, with a blunt apex. Host-plants. Calophyllum walkeri (Clusiaceae)., Published as part of Chris J. Hodgson & Douglas J. Williams, 2018, Revision of the soft scale genus Paralecanium (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) with the introduction of three new genera and twenty new species, pp. 1-162 in Zootaxa 4443 (1) on pages 40-42, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4443.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1305628, {"references":["Green, E. E. (1922) Supplementary notes on the Coccidae of Ceylon. Part IV. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 28, 1007 - 1037.","Green, E. E. (1937) An annotated list of the Coccidae of Ceylon, with emendations and additions to date. Ceylon Journal of Science Section B. Zoology and Geology, 20, 277 - 341."]}

Key to species of Discochiton based on adult female morphology 1. Legs present and well developed, each with 5 distinct segments................................................ 2 - Legs absent or represented by small leg stubs, each with 1 (rarely 2 or 3, D. paucipedis) segments...................... 3 2. Preopercular pores restricted to around CA4. Antenna well developed, with 6 distinct segments and hair-like setae present on segments IV and V. A few long setae present ventrally, laterad to each side of anterior end of anal cleft)................................................................................................... D. luzonicum (Cockerell) - Preopercular pores associated with both CA3 and CA4. Antennal segmentation indistinct between apical 3 segments, and hairlike setae absent from segments IV and V. Setae laterad to each side of anterior end of anal cleft either short or absent......................................................................................... D. trifasciatum (Green) 3. Marginal setae spinose, not fan-shaped................................................ D. pseudexpansum (Green) - Marginal setae fan-shaped............................................................................... 4 4. All stigmatic clefts usually with 5 (rarely 4) stigmatic spines. Dorsal setae of one size, each 16–18 µm long, straight, more or less parallel-sided and sharply pointed. Spiracular disc-pore bands broad.................... D. martini Hodgson spec. n. - All stigmatic clefts usually with 3 stigmatic spines (except some D. expansum and D. seychellarum). Other characters not in this combination..................................................................................... 5 5. Legs present, either as one-segmented leg stubs or rarely with up to 3 segments.................................... 6 - Legs entirely absent.................................................................................. 11 6. Legs showing some segmentation, with coxae and 1 or 2 further segments, each leg more than 50 µm long............... 7 - All legs represented just by one-segmented leg stubs, total length less than 25 µm................................. 8 7. Dorsal setae parallel-sided or slightly capitate. Spiracular disc-pore band narrow, only 1 or 2 pores wide. Margins of each stigmatic cleft not heavily sclerotised. Preopercular pores often present associated with all 4 abdominal clear areas....................................................................................... D. paucipedis Hodgson, spec. n. - Dorsal setae sharply pointed. Spiracular disc-pore band broad, 3+ pores wide. Margins of each stigmatic cleft heavily sclerotised. Preopercular pores absent from anterior 2 abdominal clear areas (CA1 and CA2).... D. crenulatum Hodgson spec. n. 8. Preopercular pores absent from CA1 (anterior abdominal clear area), often absent from CA2 and most abundant around CA4. Dorsal setae parallel-sided and frequently slightly capitate.................................... D. expansum (Green) - Preopercular pores always associated with all of CA1–CA4 (anterior 4 abdominal clear areas). Dorsal setae setose and sharply pointed.............................................................................................. 9 9. Dorsum with 2 sizes of dorsal setae*: those in submargin short, those in each submedial band much longer, each seta up to 85 µm long. Stigmatic spines short, subequal in length and parallel-sided.......................... D. vacuum (Morrison) - Dorsum with only 1 size of dorsal setae, none more than 20 µm long. Stigmatic spines not as above.................. 10 10. Stigmatic spines short and bullet-shaped, broad basally and narrowing to a sharp apex. Dorsal setae long, each up to 17 µm long. Marginal setae almost round....................................................... D. javanicum (Green) - Stigmatic spines not bullet-shaped, each parallel-sided with a blunt apex. Dorsal setae short, each up to 10 µm long. Marginal setae broadly oval............................................................... D. browni Hodgson spec. n. 11. Dorsum with numerous small papillate dermal structures. Preopercular pores restricted to CA3 and CA4............................................................................................ D. papillatum Hodgson spec. n. - Dorsum without small papillate dermal structures. Preopercular pores in various arrangements....................... 12 12. Preopercular pores present associated with CA3 and/or CA4 only............................................. 13 - Preopercular pores present associated with at least 3 pairs of abdominal clear areas (if 2 clear areas only, then absent from CA4).............................................................................................. 14 13. Preopercular pores present in a tight group slightly removed from and not surrounding each CA4. Ventral marginal band without pale areolations................................................................ D. malainum (Takahashi) - Preopercular pores present in loose groups around CA3 and CA4. Ventral marginal band with pale areolations...................................................................................... D. sarawakense Hodgson spec. n. 14. Preopercular pores present associated with all 4 anterior abdominal clear areas.................................... 15 - Preopercular pores present associated with only 3 or fewer pairs of abdominal clear areas........................... 18 15. Long pregenital setae absent. Each anal plate with outer margin near apex rather serrate and often with setae on posterior margin stouter than other setae on posterior margin of each plate. Stigmatic spines short and narrow, less than 30 µm long. Lateral margins of each stigmatic cleft poorly sclerotised.......................................... D. cocophyllae (Banks) - Long pregenital setae present. Each anal plate with outer margin near apex not serrate and with all anal plate setae small and setose. Stigmatic spines long and narrow, median setae more than 40 µm long. Lateral margins of each stigmatic cleft well sclerotised......................................................................................... 16 16. Dorsal setae short, each 6–7 µm long, parallel-sided and blunt. Preopercular pores associated with CA1 few, those occurring further posteriorly much more abundant. Venter laterad to anterior end of anal cleft with a group of long setae. each stigmatic cleft with sclerotisation along entire length of lateral margins. Each anal plate rather crumpled near apex............................................................................................ D. diplodiscus Hodgson spec. n. - Dorsal setae mostly significantly longer, each more than 10 µm long, either parallel-sided or more pointed. Preopercular pores either few, generally less than 10 associated with each abdominal clear area, or about equally frequent in each group. Venter laterad to anterior end of anal cleft with or without a group of long setae. Each stigmatic cleft not as above............. 17 17. Dorsal setae sharply pointed, each less than 20 µm long. Most clear areas each with more than 10 preopercular pores. Stigmatic clefts often each with more than 3 stigmatic spines...................... D. seychellarum Williams & Hodgson spec. n. - Dorsal setae parallel-sided with apex blunt or capitate, each more than 20 µm long. Most clear areas each with fewer than 10 preopercular pores. Stigmatic clefts each with only 3 stigmatic spines............................. D. mancum (Green) 18. Dorsal setae short, curved and sharply pointed, present throughout most of dorsum. Preopercular pores in very loose groups around and between each abdominal clear area............................................. D. milleri (Takahashi) - Dorsal setae not as above. Preopercular pores in quite tight groups around each abdominal clear area but not present between them............................................................................................... 19 19. Dorsal setae tapering to a blunt point, not obviously capitate. Preopercular pores associated with CA1–CA3 inclusive..... 20 - Dorsal setae with parallel sides and usually obviously capitate. Preopercular pores associated with CA2 and CA3 only (if present associated with CA1, these very few)................................................... D. rotundum (Green) 20. Dorsum of mature adult with a very characteristic polygonal pattern of sclerotisation and small dermal spots. Stigmatic spines short, each 30–38 µm long. Anal plates each more than 300 µm long............................ D. metallicum (Green) - Dorsum of mature adult rather uniformly sclerotised. Stigmatic spines longer, each 45–60 µm long. Anal plates each less than 200 µm long......................................................................... D. quadratum (Green) *Note. The larger dorsal setae are probably easily broken off during mounting and are mostly represented by their basal sockets on many specimens. Careful searching will usually locate one or more complete seta.

Discochiton browni Hodgson spec. n. (Fig. 3) Material examined. Holotype adult female: SOLOMON ISLANDS: left label: SOLOMON IS. / Guadalcanal, Kukum / on coconut / E.S. Brown / 9.vii.56 5453 / CIE 4211/14908; right label: Paralecanium / nr. expansum / quadratum / Green [all crossed out] / D.J. Williams; middle label: Discochiton browni / Hodgson / Holotype (BMNH): 1/1 young adf (g). Paratype ff: Solomon Islands: left label: Solomon Is / Kukum / on coconut / coll. E.S. Brown / 4619 14.ii.56 / CIE 3900/14669; right label: Paralecanium / nr. expansum / quadratum / Green [all crossed out] / D.J. Williams; middle label: Discochiton browni / Hodgson / Paratype f (BMNH): 1/1adf (missing venter). Paratype ff: Solomon Islands: left label: Solomon Is / Guadalcanal / on coconut / coll. E.S. Brown / 532(c) vii.54 / CIE 3176/13920; right label: Paralecanium / nr. expansum / quadratum / Green [all crossed out] / D.J. Williams; middle label: Discochiton browni / Hodgson / Paratype ff (BMNH): 6/8adff (mainly g, but some with no venter). Also: left label: Solomon Is. / Guadalcanal / Mt. Austin / on coconut / xii.1983 No. 10 / R. Macfarlane / no. T.169 / CIEA16935; right label: Paralecanium [crossed out] / Discochiton / browni / Hodgson / paratype f (BMNH): 1/1adf (fg). Also: left label: Solomon Is. / Lunga / on coconut coll. E.S. Brown / 8.vii.1956 #5474 / CIE4374/14963; right label: Paralecanium [crossed out]/ nr. expansum [crossed out]/ quadratum [crossed out] / Green [crossed out] / paratype f; middle narrow label: Discochiton / browni / Hodgson (BMNH): 1/1adf (dorsum and venter separate). Also: left label: Solomon Is. / Tenaru / on coconut / E.S. Brown / #3849 24.x.1955 / CIE3591/14493; right label: Paralecanium [crossed out]/ nr. expansum [crossed out]/ quadratum Green [crossed out] / paratype f; middle narrow label: Discochiton / browni / Hodgson (BMNH): 1/1adf (f). Other material. SOLOMON ISLANDS, Guadalcanal, on Ficus sp., -. viii.1954, E.S. Brown #735 (BMNH): 1/1adf (p, missing venter). Guadalcanal, on sour-sop, 1.vii.1956, E.S. Brown #5434 (BMNH): 1/1adf (g). Kukum, on coconut, 14.ii.1956, E.S. Brown #4619 (BMNH): 1/1adf (p). Russell Is., Pepesala, on coconut, 6.ix.1955, E.S. Brown #3717 (BMNH): 2/2adff (fg). Russell Is., on orchid, 19.ix.1934, R.A. Lever #1942 (BMNH): 6/8adff (mainly p). Vella, Lavella, on Cocos sp., 31.v.1934, H.T. Pagden #1714 (BMNH): 2/2adff (p). Rua Vatu, on coconut, 10.xi.1955, E.S. Brown #4088 (BMNH): 4/4adff (p, no venter). Note. The following description is based on the type series. Slide-mounted material adult female. Body oval, broadest across abdomen. Length 4.0��� 7.5 mm, width 3.0��� 5.5 mm. Dorsum. Derm rather uniformly sclerotised but, on older well-stained specimens, with stronger sclerotisation medially and a pale, less sclerotised marginal area about 150 ��m wide; submarginally with round to oval areolations in radial bands, these forming patterns more medially; derm with abundant minute pale spots; derm around anal plates often less sclerotised. Stigmatic rays present. Marginal radial lines obscure, indicated by lines of pores and setae, with 13 on head between anterior stigmatic clefts; each side with 5 between stigmatic clefts and 13 on abdomen. With mostly 4 pairs of abdominal clear areas plus another at inner end of anterior stigmatic ray. Dorsal setae each finely spinose to setose with a pointed apex, about 10 ��m long with a strongly sclerotised basal socket; present throughout, including medially; many setae each situated on end of a long fleshy tube, each tube 5��� 8 ��m wide and up to 33 ��m long, shortest near margin; tubes absent from some setae nearest margin (setae actually missing from many fleshy tubes���see Morphology of Paralecanium -group above); frequent in a polygonal pattern. Preopercular pores present, each pore strongly convex and about 3 ��m wide, present as follows: CA1 with 6���15, CA2 with 7���16, CA3 with 14���19 and CA4 with 10���24 pores. Other dorsal pores of two types present: (i) larger pores, each small and about 4.5 ��m wide, present in a sparse polygonal pattern throughout; also (ii) smaller pores, each in a unsclerotised spot about 1.5 ��m wide, perhaps more randomly distributed. Anal plates rather small and elongate, together narrowly quadrate, with anterior margins slightly shorter than posterior margins and some specimens with a faint polygonal pattern on dorsal surface; each plate with 2 or 3 minute setae near posterior apex, plus 0 or 1 small pores medially; length of plates 2 50���285 ��m, combined width 185���235 ��m. Anogenital fold with 4���6 minute setae at each corner of anterior margin, each lateral margin with 1 at anterior end and another posteriorly. Margin. Margin slightly wavy, with short, shallow radial lines or ridges. Marginal setae broadly fan-shaped, clearly wider than long; width of each fan about 40���50 ��m, length about 20 ��m; with about 130���145 setae anteriorly on head between anterior stigmatic clefts, each side with 40���55 between stigmatic clefts and 88���135 on abdomen. Stigmatic clefts quite deep, with a narrow entrance, each with a deep, sclerotised inner margin, each margin with a saw-like edge and surface of sclerotised inner margin covered with sclerotised nodules (could be spiracular disc-pores); each cleft with 3 stigmatic spines, each parallel-sided with a blunt apex and subequal in length, 25���36 ��m long. Eyespots each in a clear socket about 160 ��m wide; diameter of each lens about 30 ��m. Venter. Derm membranous, with a narrow, poorly sclerotised marginal band about 50 ��m wide. Multilocular disc-pores frequent on either side of genital opening and on preceding segment only, each side with 31���54 on abdominal segment VII and 30���50 on segment VI. Spiracular disc-pores in a broad band 4+ pores wide between margin and each spiracle, with 28���52+ pores in each anterior band and 25���60 in each posterior band, latter always without pores in middle part of band. Ventral microducts minute, present in a rather dense group just posterior to and on either side of labium, sparse elsewhere. Ventral setae: with 1���3 pairs of setae between antennae; with pairs of long pregenital setae on segments VII���V (those on VII each 66���85 ��m long); with a group of 3���9 setae laterad to anterior end of anal cleft; small setae frequent medially just anterior to vulva in abdominal segment VII, otherwise very sparse; and submarginal setae sparse and extremely short. Antennae reduced, each with 3���5 segments (divisions between many segments obscure or absent); total length 153���185 ��m; hair-like setae absent from fused apical segments. Clypeolabral shield 130���145 ��m long. Spiracles: width of each peritreme 48���60 ��m. Legs reduced to very small stubs. Comments. Discochiton browni spec. n. differs from all other known Discochiton species in that the adult females have the following, so far unique, combination of characters: (i) each stigmatic cleft with a sclerotised, saw-like margin and basal sclerotisation with numerous nodule-like structures, (ii) spiracular disc-pores in broad bands 4+ pores wide, (iii) multilocular disc-pores only present on abdominal segments VII and VI (usually VII���V), (iv) dorsal setae each finely spinose or setose, (v) leg stubs present, and (vi) preopercular pores associated with all abdominal clear areas. Judging from the number of times this species has been collected in the Solomon Islands, it appears to be widespread and quite common. Discochiton browni is currently restricted to the Solomon Islands. Host-plants. Cocos nucifera (Arecaceae); Ficus sp. (Moraceae); Annona squamosa (Annonaceae); Orchidaceae. Name derivation. This species is named in honour of E.S. Brown, who collected most of the specimens. E.S. Brown was the British Colonial Entomologist who belonged to a team going wherever there was an outbreak of any insect causing concern. He was an avid collector and always collected scale insects on any trip. He died quite young, of cancer., Published as part of Chris J. Hodgson & Douglas J. Williams, 2018, Revision of the soft scale genus Paralecanium (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) with the introduction of three new genera and twenty new species, pp. 1-162 in Zootaxa 4443 (1) on pages 18-20, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4443.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1305628

The soft scale insect genus Paralecanium Cockerell (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae), mainly characterised by the possession of fan-shaped marginal setae, has never been revised and most of the species currently recognised were described in the early part of the twentieth century. The present revision is based on the morphology of the adult females and redescribes and illustrates all 34 species or subspecies previously included in the genus. These three subspecies have been raised to full specific rank, namely P. expansum javanicum (Green) to P. javanicum (Green) stat. n.; P. expansum rotundum (Green) to P. rotundum (Green) stat. n. and P. frenchii macrozamiae (Fuller) to P. macrozamiae (Fuller) stat. n. Of the remaining previously recognised species, three have been made junior synonyms: P. album Takahashi is here considered to be a junior synonym of P. metallicum (Green), syn. n.; P. angkorense Takahashi is considered to be a junior synonym ofP. cocophyllae Banks, syn. n.; and P. limbatum Green is considered to be a junior synonym of P. geometricum (Green), syn. n. Paralecanium marianum Cockerell from Brazil is clearly not closely related to Paralecanium and so a new genus, Mariacoccus Hodgson & Williams gen. n., has been introduced to take it and the adult female is redescribed and illustrated; comparison of the adult female of M. marianus with that of Coccus lizeri (Fonseca) showed that the latter species is a junior synonym of M. marianus (Cockerell), syn. n. Based on the morphology of the above species and on the new species mentioned below, two new genera have been introduced: Insularicoccus Hodgson & Williams gen. n. (type species P. carolinensis Beardsley), and Discochiton Hodgson & Williams gen. n. (type species D. martini Hodgson, spec. n.). This brings the number of soft scale genera with fan-shaped marginal setae to three. Diagnoses of each of these 3 genera are presented, along with a key to the genera based on adult female morphology. The species that have been left in Paralecanium Cockerell are: P. calophylli (Green), P. frenchii (Maskell), P. geometricum (Green), P. hainanense Takahashi, P. machili Takahashi, P. macrozamiae (Fuller), P. maculatum Takahashi, P. marginatum (Green), P. maritimum (Green), P. minutum Takahashi, P. neomaritimum Takahashi, P. ovatum Morrison, P. pahanense Takahashi, P. peradeniyense (Green), P. planum (Green) and P. zonatum (Green). The species transferred to Discochiton as comb. n. are: P. album Takahashi, P. cocophyllae Banks, P. expansum (Green), P. javanicum (Green), P. luzonicum Cockerell, P. malainum Takahashi, P. mancum (Green), P. metallicum (Green), P. milleri Takahashi, P. pseudexpansum (Green), P. quadratum (Green), P. rotundum (Green),P. trifasciatum (Green) and P. vacuum Morrison. The only species transferred to Insularicoccus is the type species, namelyP. carolinense (Beardsley), comb. n. In addition, adult females of the following 11 new species are described and illustrated in the genus Paralecanium (as defined here) spec. n.: P. acinaces Hodgson, P. busoense Hodgson, P. claviseta Hodgson, P. comperei Hodgson, P. cypripedium Hodgson, P. elongatum Hodgson, P. leei Hodgson, P. morobeense Hodgson, P. neoguineense Hodgson, P. palawanense Hodgson and P. vacerra Hodgson. In addition, the following 8 species are described and illustrated as Discochiton spec. n.: D. browni Hodgson, D. crenulatum Hodgson, D. diplodiscus Hodgson, D. martini Hodgson, D. papillatum Hodgson, D. paucipedis Hodgson, D. sarawakense Hodgson and D. seychellarum Williams & Hodgson, and 1 species of Insularicoccus is described as new and illustrated, namely I. syzygium Hodgson spec. n. Keys, based on adult female morphology, are provided for separation of all the species in each genus. As part of this revision, the morphological characters used to diagnose species in this group of genera are re-evaluated and a number of new characters found; greater emphasis has been placed on some character-states, so the basic morphology of this group of genera is also described. Lectotypes have been designated for 22 species, namely: Lecanium calophylli Green; L. expansum Green; L. expansum javanicum Green; L. expansum metallicum Green; L. expansum rotundum Green; rotundum Green; L. geometricum Green; L. limbatum Green; L. mancum Green; L. marginatum Green; L. maritimum Green; L. peradeniyense Green; L. planum Green; L. pseudexpansum Green; L. quadratum Green; L. trifasciatum Green and L. zonatum Green. Also: Paralecanium album Takahashi; P. hainanense Takahashi; P. malianum Takahashi; P. marianum Cockerell; P. neomaritimum Takahashi and P. vacuum Morrison. Finally, an example of the first-instar nymphs, second-instar males and second/third instar females of both Paralecanium and Discochiton are described and illustrated and compared with those already known in the tribe Paralecaniini.

Paralecanium elongatum Hodgson spec. n. (Fig. 37) Material examined. Holotype f: MALAYSIA: left label: Paralecanium / elongatum / Hodgson / Holotype; right label: WEST MALAYSIA / Pahang Prov. Tioman / Is., Kampung Tekek. / possibly Eugenia, / but not aromatic. Found on upper surface / of leaves. Ant att. / 17.ii.1985 / J.H. Martin #4507 (BMNH): 1/1adf (g but with some fungal hyphae). Paratype f: left label: Paralecanium / elongatum / Hodgson / paratype; right label: WEST MALAYSIA / Pahang Prov. Tioman / Is., Kampung Tekek. / possibly Eugenia, / but not aromatic. Found on upper surface / of leaves. Ant att. / 17.ii.1985 / J.H. Martin #4507 (BMNH): 1/1adf (fg, venter slightly damaged, with some fungal hyphae). Note. The description is based on both specimens. Slide-mounted adult female. Body elongate, slightly asymmetrical and about equally pointed at each end. Length 2.4���2.6 mm, width 0.95���1.03 mm. Dorsum. Derm of both specimens rather uniformly sclerotised with faint oval areolations, each areolation 11��� 18 ��m at its widest, present throughout, those near margin often more or less in radial bands but becoming random medially; derm with numerous minute pale spots. Marginal radial lines indistinct, mainly indicated by distribution of dorsal setae, as follows: 11 lines anteriorly between anterior stigmatic clefts, each side with 3 between clefts (none from each stigmatic cleft) and 11 on abdomen. Abdominal clear areas absent. A sparse polygonal pattern suggested most obviously by distribution of dorsal setae and pores submarginally. Dorsal setae each 5���7 ��m long, finely setose and distinctly curved, without a flagellate apex; only present in each marginal radial line, with 1���3 per line. Dorsal pores of perhaps only 2 sizes present: (i) large pores, each 5���6 ��m wide, each with distinct micropores and a broad sclerotised margin, present submedially more or less in a line, with 8���10 pores in each line; plus (ii) smaller pores, indicated by small unsclerotised spots, each about 2 ��m wide, present throughout, perhaps in a sparse polygonal pattern. Anal plates each with outer margin somewhat rounded; each plate with 1 small pore medially; only 1 anal plate seta detected, medially on inner margin; none noted near apex; length of plates 90���100 ��m, combined width 68���73 ��m. Anogenital fold with a pair of small setae along anterior margin, each lateral margin with 1 seta anteriorly, another medially and 1 posteriorly. Margin. Marginal ornamentation present in the form of shallow sclerotised blocks along margin, with usually 2 or 3 between marginal setae. Marginal setae fan-shaped, strongly oval; width of each fan 28���35 ��m, length 18���22 ��m; with 67 setae anteriorly between anterior stigmatic clefts, each side with 21���24 setae between stigmatic clefts, and 50���55 setae along abdominal margin. Stigmatic clefts narrow but quite shallow, each with a lightly sclerotised inner margin and 3 blunt, parallel-sided stigmatic spines; median spine usually just the longest, each 21���32 ��m, each lateral spine 20���25 ��m long. Eyespots each more or less round; socket 19���24 ��m across, diameter of lens 16��� 18 ��m. Venter. Without a ventral marginal band. Multilocular disc-pores present around genital opening and on preceding two segments only, each side with 4 or 5 on segment VII; 10���12 on segment VI and 1 or 2 on segment V. Spiracular disc-pores very small, each about 2 ��m wide with mostly 5 loculi, present in a narrow band between margin and each spiracle, with 9���12 pores in each band. Ventral microducts very small, not concentrated in a group just posterior to mouthparts but sparsely present throughout. Ventral setae: with 2 pairs of interantennal setae; a pair of long pregenital setae on abdominal segment VII (each seta 75 ��m long), plus pairs of shorter setae medially on more anterior abdominal and thoracic segments; without a group of long setae on each side at anterior end of anal cleft; submarginal setae few and short; other setae very sparse. Antennae each 6 segmented; total length 260���265 ��m; apical segment 33���38 ��m long; apical seta short, about 8���12 ��m long; segments IV and V each with a setose seta. Clypeolabral shield small, about 90���93 ��m long. Spiracles small, width of each peritreme 15 ��m. Legs well developed; dimensions of hind leg (��m): coxa 63���65, trochanter + femur 75���83, tibia 48���50, tarsus 48���50; claw about 5���7; tarsal digitules subequal in length to claw digitules; claw digitules both broad but one slightly broader than other; claw without a denticle; setal distribution: coxa 5; trochanter 0; femur 2; tibia 2 and tarsus 2. Comments. Adult female P. elongatum spec. n. are unique in having: (i) body more than twice as long as wide, (ii) few large dorsal pores, arranged more or less in a submedial line, (iii) curved setose dorsal setae (otherwise only found in D. milleri) and (iv) no long seta on the trochanter, even though the legs are quite well developed (the only other Paralecanium species in which this seta is absent is P. hainanense). Host-plant. Eugenia sp.? (Myrtaceae). Name derivation. The specific name elongatum refers to the body shape, which is unusually elongate for a species of Paralecanium., Published as part of Chris J. Hodgson & Douglas J. Williams, 2018, Revision of the soft scale genus Paralecanium (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) with the introduction of three new genera and twenty new species, pp. 1-162 in Zootaxa 4443 (1) on pages 92-94, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4443.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1305628

Discochiton rotundum (Green) comb. & stat. n. (Fig. 22) Lecanium expansum rotundum Green, 1904a, 206. Type data: INDONESIA: Java, on Rhizophora mucronata. Syntypes, female. Type depository: BMNH, London, England, U.K. Paralecanium expansum rotundum; Sanders, 1906, 9. Change of combination. Material examined. Lectotype f (here designated ): INDONESIA, Java: top labels: TYPE in red on small round label + Lectotype on a narrow label; bottom label: Lecanium / expansum / var. rotundum Green / from / Rhizophora mucronata / Java / coll. Zimmermann No. 82. (BMNH): 1/1adf (p; fairly young, missing most of venter). Java: bottom label: Lecanium / expansum / var. rotundum Green / from / Rhizophora mucronata / Java / coll. Zimmermann No. 82. (BMNH): 1/1adf (p, missing most of venter). Other material. MALAYSIA, Kuala Lumpur, no host, 18.iv.1943, R. Takahashi (BMNH): 1/2adff (fp; identified as P. vacuum Morrison). Selangor, Port Swettenham, on Rhizophora sp., -. xii.1943, H. Takahashi (BMNH): 1/2adff (fp; identified as P. vacuum Morrison). Note. The description is based on both Javan specimens; data in [���] brackets are from the Malaysian material where different. Unmounted material. ���Smaller than type [P. expansum] and round in outline. Margin stippled as in metallicum.��� (Green 1904, p. 206). Slide-mounted adult female. Body almost round. Length 5.2���5.5 [3.5���5.0] mm, width 5.0 [3.0���4.5] mm. Dorsum. Derm slightly sclerotised on one specimen and with a narrow unsclerotised marginal band about 100��� 150 ��m wide; with a band of short ridges or areolations parallel with margin submarginally but elsewhere derm rather uniformly sclerotised with numerous very small pale spots about 1 ��m wide. Marginal radial lines not apparent but indicated by pore and setal distribution, with probably 13 radial lines of setae on head, each side possibly with 5 between stigmatic clefts and 12 or 13 along abdominal margin. Abdominal clear areas numbering 4 pairs plus an additional pair near apices of each anterior stigmatic ray. Dorsal setae each spinose with a capitate apex, 8���10 ��m long with a basal socket about 5 ��m wide; many setae each closely associated with an approximately round, pale area of derm about 20 ��m wide; frequent sparsely in a polygonal pattern in a broad marginal band extending medially to about level with clear areas; setae absent medially. Preopercular pores each small and convex, 3���4 ��m wide, present as follows: CA1 with 0 [2���4] pores, CA2 & CA3 each with 17���22 [9���19] and CA4 with 0 pores. Other dorsal pores of possibly two sizes present: (i) larger pale areas of derm each surrounded by a band of short ridges or areolations, present more or less throughout but absent medially; these may be membranous areas of derm around each dorsal seta; and (ii) small simple pores or microducts present close to some marginal setae and also medially, appearing as small clear spots. Anal plates rather small and triangular, together narrowly quadrate, with anterior and posterior margins subequal in length and outer angle sharp; each plate with 3 minute setae near posterior apex plus 1 small pore medially; length of plates 300���310 [269���310] ��m, combined width 205���215 ��m. Anogenital fold with 2���5 [2���4] minute setae at each corner of anterior margin, each lateral margin with 1 seta anteriorly and another posteriorly. Margin. Marginal ornamentation: groups of short dark radial lines with shallow indents between groups; each radial line extending medially to about same depth as inner end of socket of each marginal seta; mostly with 3 or 4 groups between marginal setae. Marginal setae broadly fan-shaped; width of each fan about 40���50 [33���45] ��m, length 40���42 [33���35] ��m; with about 137 [129] setae anteriorly on head between anterior stigmatic clefts, each side with 62���65 [43���52] between stigmatic clefts and 110���132 [102���104] on abdomen. Stigmatic clefts quite deep, each with a narrow entrance, a sclerotised inner margin and 3 elongate, blunt stigmatic spines of subequal length; all spines broadest basally but only narrowing slightly to apex; length of each spine 33���50 ��m. Eyespots: each with socket oval, maximum width 35���40 ��m, diameter of lens 7.5���8.0 ��m. Venter. Derm membranous; marginal band probably absent. Multilocular disc-pores frequent on either side of genital opening and on preceding two segments only, each side with 26���33 [16���31] pores on abdominal segment VII, 55���60 [30���53] on segment VI and 40���49 [30���51] on segment V. Spiracular disc-pores present in a narrow band mostly 1 pore wide between margin and each spiracle, with 38���42 [13���20] pores in each band (each posterior band without pores in a short middle section). Ventral microducts minute, present just posterior to mouthparts; probably present elsewhere but very sparse. Ventral setae: with 1 or 2 pairs of setae between antennae and with pairs of long pregenital setae on segments VII���V (that on VII 108 ��m long); small setae frequent medially just anterior to vulva in abdominal segment VII, otherwise very sparse; submarginal setae perhaps present in radial bands, as on dorsum. Antennae reduced (only 1 present), 3 segmented (segmental divisions between segments III��� VI absent); total length 132���134 ��m; setose setae absent from apical segment. Clypeolabral shield 140 [105] ��m long. Spiracles: width of each peritreme 55���57 [48���50] ��m. Legs entirely absent. Comments. Adult female D. rotundum are extremely similar to those of D. expansum but differ as follows (data for D. expansum in brackets): (i) preopercular pores present associated with only CA2 and CA3, rarely also CA1, but absent from CA4 (most abundant associated with CA4); (ii) complete absence of legs (present as small stubs), and (iii) only 3 stigmatic spines per cleft, each narrowing to a blunt apex, relatively short (sometimes more than 3 spines, each parallel sided and longer). Although these differences are small, it is here considered this represents a separate species, D. rotundum (Green), stat. n. The specimens from Malaysia are extremely similar to the type series but differ in (i) having far fewer spiracular disc-pores, and (ii) the presence of a few preopercular pores associated with the anteriormost clear areas on the abdomen. Discochiton rotundum is somewhat similar to D. metallicum but has narrow spiracular disc-pore bands, whereas D. metallicum has broad bands. D. rotundum is also similar to D. quadratum, but this latter species has setose dorsal setae. Host-plants. Rhizophora mucronata (Rhizophoraceae)., Published as part of Chris J. Hodgson & Douglas J. Williams, 2018, Revision of the soft scale genus Paralecanium (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) with the introduction of three new genera and twenty new species, pp. 1-162 in Zootaxa 4443 (1) on pages 61-63, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4443.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1305628, {"references":["Green, E. E. (1904 a) On some Javanese Coccidae: with descriptions of new species. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 40, 204 - 210. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 5488","Sanders, J. G. (1906) Catalogue of recently described Coccidae. United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology, Technical Series, 12, 1 - 18."]}

Discochiton diplodiscus Hodgson spec. n. (Fig. 7) Material examined. Holotype f and paratype ff: PHILIPPINES: left label: Paralecanium / expansum / Green / on Diplodiscus paniculatus / Pueta Laguna, P.I. / R.C. M c Gregor / Mar. 30. 1917; left label: Discochiton / diplodisus / Hodgson / Holotype & / Paratype ff. (USNM): 1/5adff (g-p, several specimens cut into bits and misshapen; holotype f bottom left, arrowed). Note. The description was made from all 5 specimens. Slide-mounted adult female. Body almost round. Length about 3.4 mm, width 3.2 mm. Dorsum. Derm rather uniformly sclerotised apart from an area of slightly heavier sclerotisation medially, with about 7 pairs of transverse darker arms, mainly over abdomen; with a fairly broad band of elongate areolations close to margin, long axis of each areolation parallel with margin; inner submargin with oval areolations, these fewer submedially and medially; rest of derm with a polygonal pattern of cell-like areas and with abundant minute pale spots. Marginal radial lines obscure, indicated by distribution of pores and setae, with 13 on head between anterior stigmatic clefts, each side with 5 between stigmatic clefts and 13 on abdomen; stigmatic rays present. With 4 pairs of abdominal clear areas and another at apices of anterior stigmatic rays. Dorsal setae each spinose, with parallel sides and often a slightly capitate apex, 6���7 ��m long, frequent in a sparse polygonal pattern; dorsal seta frequency rather variable but setae absent medially; submarginal and submedial setae each in a membranous area of derm about 8 ��m wide. Preopercular pores present, each pore 2���3 ��m wide: CA1 with 4���9, CA2 with 9���19, CA3 with 19���25 and CA4 with 30���42 pores. Other dorsal pores of two sizes: larger pores each about 2.5 ��m wide, with a sclerotised border; and a smaller simple pore with a narrow border; few, probably present throughout. Anal plates together narrowly quadrate, with anterior margin clearly shorter than posterior margin, and surface of each plate rather crumpled near apex; each plate with 4 minute setae near posterior apex, plus a small pore medially; length of plates 180���190 ��m, combined width 175���180 ��m. Anogenital fold with 3���5 minute setae at each corner of anterior margin, each lateral margin with 1 seta anteriorly and another posteriorly. Margin. Marginal ornamentation formed of short sclerotised blocks or corrugations, each with a group of short radial lines, with mostly 3 or 4 corrugations between each pair of setae. Marginal setae broadly fan-shaped, mostly about as wide as long; width of each fan about 33���36 ��m, length 30���35 ��m; with about 99���105 setae anteriorly on head between anterior stigmatic clefts; each side with 38���54 between stigmatic clefts and 7 4���99 on abdomen. Stigmatic clefts deep, each with a narrow opening, a sclerotised and corrugated outer margin and a quite broad, strongly sclerotised inner margin, with 3 (occasionally 4) elongate, parallel-sided, blunt stigmatic spines; length of median spines each 43���45 ��m, laterals each 20���38 ��m long. Eyespots, each with socket 60 ��m across at most; diameter of lens 28���30 ��m. Venter. Derm membranous apart from a marginal band about 80 ��m wide. Multilocular disc-pores frequent on either side of genital opening and on preceding two segments only, each side with 16���19 on abdominal segment VII, 26���30 on segment VI and 17���20 of segment V. Spiracular disc-pores in a narrow band mostly 1 pore wide between margin and each spiracle, with 11���23 pores in each anterior band and 10���14 in each posterior band; each posterior band without pores in middle. Ventral microducts minute, very sparse throughout. Ventral setae: with 2 pairs of interantennal setae; pairs of pregenital setae on segments VII���V (that on VII about 60 ��m long); small setae very sparse, and submarginal setae sparse and extremely short; also with a group of 4���7 longer setae, each about 16���35 ��m long, on either side of anterior end of anal cleft. Antennae reduced, each with 3 or 4 segments (segmental divisions between segments IV���VI obscure or absent); total length 120���145 ��m; setal distribution normal apart from absence of setose setae from segments IV and V. Clypeolabral shield 100���110 ��m long. Spiracles: width of each peritreme 40���48 ��m. Legs entirely absent. Comments. Adult female D. diplodiscus spec. n. differ from other Discochiton species with preopercular pores associated with all 4 clear areas in having the following combination of characters: (i) each stigmatic cleft quite deep and narrow, with sclerotised margins along almost the entire length; (ii) almost round marginal setae, (iii) stigmatic spines long and narrow, (iv) dorsal setae short (less than 10 ��m long), (v) apex of each anal plate rather blunt, with dorsal surface near apex corrugated, and (vi) spiracular disc-pore bands broad. Adult female D. cocophyllae also have the margins of each anal plate corrugated; but the apex of each plate is pointed, the marginal setae are mostly distinctly oval, and pregenital setae are lacking. Host-plant. Diplodiscus paniculatus (Tiliaceae). Name derivation. This species is named after the genus of host-plant (Diplodiscus) on which it was collected. It is a noun in apposition., Published as part of Chris J. Hodgson & Douglas J. Williams, 2018, Revision of the soft scale genus Paralecanium (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) with the introduction of three new genera and twenty new species, pp. 1-162 in Zootaxa 4443 (1) on pages 26-28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4443.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1305628

Chris J. Hodgson, Douglas J. Williams (2018): Revision of the soft scale genus Paralecanium (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) with the introduction of three new genera and twenty new species. Zootaxa 4443 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4443.1.1

PARALECANIUM Cockerell Lecanium (Paralecanium) Cockerell in Cockerell & Parrott, 1899: 227. Podoparalecanium Tao & Wong, 1983, in Tao et al. 1983: 100. Type species P. machili Takahashi. Synonymised by Tang, 1991: 126. Type species: Lecanium frenchii Maskell , by original designation. Generic diagnosis. Adult females showing most character-states typical of this group of genera but with following combination of characters. Test glassy, probably composed of a series of polygonal plates, probably in 7 or 8 longitudinal lines. Body mostly broadest across abdomen with a more pointed anterior end; often asymmetrical. Dorsum becoming sclerotised at maturity; areolations all round to oval, extending medially where they become smaller and less distinct. Marginal radial lines occasionally distinct but usually only indicated by arrangement of dorsal setae and pores, with almost invariably 11 around anterior margin of head, 3 on each side between stigmatic clefts and 11 on each side of abdomen. Stigmatic rays absent. Clear areas present or absent. Dorsal setae variable in shape, occasionally of two distinct sizes; those submarginally and submedially not situated in an obvious membranous area of derm. Preopercular pores absent. With 2 or 3 other pore types: when 3, largest type a closed pore with a sclerotised margin and often with visible micropores, present in a broad submedial band; also with a small simple pore; and a smaller pore, perhaps a microduct. Pores and setae forming a sparse polygonal pattern similar to that of test. Anal plates variable in shape, usually longer than combined width; anogenital fold with 1 or 2 pairs of setae on anterior margin, each lateral margin with 1 seta anteriorly and another posteriorly. Marginal ornamentation variable but generally consisting of sclerotisations along margin, usually appearing as corrugations but some species with sclerotised dashes or arrow-heads lying radially. Marginal setae fan-shaped, round to broadly oval (spatulate in P. comperei Hodgson, spec. n.). Stigmatic clefts deep and sclerotised, each with 1���3 stigmatic spines in a transverse line along base of cleft. Multilocular disc-pores in transverse bands medially on abdominal segments V, VI and VII or just VI and VII. Both spiracular disc-pore bands complete, each without any gap without pores medially. Ventral microducts few. Ventral setae few. Antennae 6 segmented and usually well developed, with a full complement of setae, but occasionally reduced and then with some setose setae missing. Spiracles usually rather small but sometimes significantly larger. Legs always present, each with 5 segments, but occasionally somewhat reduced in size. Paralecanium currently includes 30 species (of which two are synonyms), all from India and the rest of southern Asia plus Australasia. They can be separated using the following key., Published as part of Chris J. Hodgson & Douglas J. Williams, 2018, Revision of the soft scale genus Paralecanium (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) with the introduction of three new genera and twenty new species, pp. 1-162 in Zootaxa 4443 (1) on page 77, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4443.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1305628, {"references":["Cockerell, T. D. A. & Parrott, P. J. (1899) Contribution to the knowledge of the Coccidae. The Industrialist, 25, 227 - 237.","Tao, C. C. C., Wong, C. Y & Chang, Y. C. (1983) Monograph of Coccidae of Taiwan, Republic of China (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Journal of Taiwan Museum, 36, 57 - 107.","Tang, F. T. (1991) [The Coccidae of China]. Shanxi United Universities Press, Taiyuan, 377 pp."]}

Paralecanium cypripedium Hodgson spec. n. (Fig. 36) Material examined. Holotype and paratype ff: PHILIPPINES: left label: Paralecanium / marginatum Green + [additional label] Paralecanium / cypripedium / Hodgson / Holotype and paratypes; right label: No 12400 Col. Dept. Agr. / Philippine / Islands / July 17, 1937 / on Cypripedium / argus / H.E. Bronson coll. (USNM, 12400): 1/ 3adff (g; holotype female middle specimen; other specimens paratypes). Envelope with additionally: P.I. at San Francisco. Paratype ff: left label: Paralecanium / marginatum Green + [additional label] Paralecanium / cypripedium / Hodgson / paratypes; right label: No 12398 Col. Dept. Agr. / Philippine / Islands / July 16, 1937 / on Cypripedium / sp. / H.E. Bronson coll. (USNM, 12400): 1/2adff (g). Additional information on envelope: Cypripedium haynaldianum; P.I. at San Francisco. Paratype ff: left label: Paralecanium / marginatum Green + [additional label] Paralecanium / cypripedium / Hodgson / paratypes; right label: No. 12400 Col. Dept. Agr. / Philippine / Islands / July 17, 1937 / on Cypripedium / argus / H.E. Bronson coll. (USNM): 1/3adff (g-p). Envelope with additionally: P.I. at San Francisco. Paratype ff: left label: Paralecanium / on Cypripedium / argus album / Manila, P.I. at D.C. / Limber coll. / May 27, 1937 / E.Q. ��� A41950; right label: Paralecanium / cypripedium / Hodgson / Paratype ff (USNM): 1/2adff (fg). Envelope with additionally: P.I. at D.C. Paratype ff: left labels: 13579 / 8.24.38 + [additional white label] Paralecanium / cypripedium / Hodgson / Paratype ff; right label: Paralecanium / Cypripedium / argus / leaves / Air Express / Manila P. I. 6-7-38 (USNM, 13579): 1/2adff (fg). Envelope with additionally: Philippine Isl. at Honolulu. Note. The description is based on all the specimens. Slide-mounted adult female. Body rounded at both ends, broadest across abdomen, venter showing some asymmetry. Length 2.1���2.3 mm, width 1.4���1.8 mm. Dorsum. Derm of younger adults fairly uniformly sclerotised but older specimens with darker areas of sclerotisation medially, with a medial longitudinal line and perhaps a few radial lines emanating from it; most of derm covered in minute, irregularly-shaped pale spots, each about 1.0 ��m widest; areolations obscure or absent. Marginal radial lines absent but indicated by position of dorsal setae and pores, with probably 11 lines anteriorly between anterior stigmatic clefts, each side with 3 lines between clefts (but none apparently from each cleft) and 11 on abdomen. Abdominal clear areas absent or obscure. Dorsal setae setose, each 5���7 ��m long, usually straight; sparse, mostly situated close to margin in each radial line but also a few present in submargin; absent medially. Large dorsal pores, each 8���10 ��m wide with distinct micropores, present more or less in submedial bands, with 10��� 15 on each side. Minute simple pores very sparse, each associated with a clear spot on sclerotised dorsum, perhaps in a sparse polygonal pattern. Anal plates together about as wide as long, posterior margin slightly longer than anterior margin; anterior margin straight; each plate with 3 setae near apex (2 on outer margin and an apical seta) plus 1 seta situated more medially, near inner margin about 1/3rd from apex; each plate with 1 or 2 minute pores medially; plates 124���157 ��m long, combined width 80���90 ��m; margin of anal cleft along outer margin of each plate slightly serrated, with 2 or 3 small pale spots. Anogenital fold with 1 pair of small setae along anterior margin and 3 pairs on lateral margin (anterior 2 lateral setae not always visible). Margin. Marginal ornamentation present as sclerotised radial triangles or arrow-heads, each usually as deep as or deeper than marginal setal sockets, with usually 3���6 between marginal setae. Marginal setae mainly broadly fanshaped but some almost round; width of each fan 33���40 ��m, length 18���28 ��m; with 48���60 setae anteriorly between anterior stigmatic clefts, each side with 17���24 setae between stigmatic clefts, and 42���56 setae along abdominal margin. Stigmatic clefts quite deep, with a sclerotised inner margin and 3 slightly clavate to pointed stigmatic spines; median spine longest, each 28���33 ��m long, each lateral spine 15���20 ��m long. Eyespots each broadly oval; width of lens 20���25 ��m. Venter. Membranous but with a darker marginal band about 140���150 ��m wide, with shorter dark radial ���fingers��� extending from margin. Multilocular disc-pores in groups on either side of genital opening and on preceding segment only, each side with 5���8 on abdominal segment VII and 9���14 on segment VI. Spiracular discpores present in a narrow band between margin and each spiracle, with 13���27 pores in each band. Ventral microducts only detected near mouthparts. Ventral setae: with 2 pairs of interantennal setae; longer setae present in all abdominal and thoracic segments and also laterad to each procoxa; other setae all small and scarce. Antennae well developed, each with 6 segments; total length 185���210 ��m; apical segment 45���50 ��m long; apical seta short, about 15 ��m long. Clypeolabral shield 78���95 ��m long. Spiracles small, width of each peritreme 13���20 ��m. Legs well developed; dimensions of hind leg (��m): coxa 66���70, trochanter + femur 98���100, tibia 50���60 and tarsus 50��� 56; claw 10. Tarsal digitules slightly longer than claw digitules, with capitate apices; claw digitules with one clearly broader than other; claw without a denticle; setal distribution: coxa 5; trochanter 1, moderately long; femur 1 or 2; tibia 2 and tarsus 3. Comments. Adult female P. cypripedium spec. n. are similar to those of P. peradeniyense, and might be the same species. However, the specimens of P. cypripedium were collected on five different dates and possibly off three different species of Cypripedium but, nonetheless, show very little morphological variation. Most appendages are smaller than those of P. peradeniyense but this might be accounted for by such environmental factors as hostplant species. On the other hand, the two species differ significantly in the number and distribution of large dorsal pores, with only 10���15 per side on P. cypripedium, almost all submedially, whereas P. peradeniyense has over 40 per side and many are also present towards the submargin. The serrations along the anal cleft margins near the anal plates are very clear on P. cypripedium but almost absent on P. peradeniyense. Host-plants. Cypripedium argus; C. argus album (this name is now considered to be two species: C. album and C. argus (IPNI)); C. haynaldianum (Orchidaceae). Name derivation. Named after the orchid host plant genus, Cypripedium, on which all of these specimens were collected; the name is a noun in apposition., Published as part of Chris J. Hodgson & Douglas J. Williams, 2018, Revision of the soft scale genus Paralecanium (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) with the introduction of three new genera and twenty new species, pp. 1-162 in Zootaxa 4443 (1) on pages 90-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4443.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1305628

Paralecanium planum (Green) (Fig. 56) Lecanium planum Green, 1896, 9. Type data: SRI LANKA: Pundaluoya, on undetermined tree. Syntypes, female. Type depository: BMNH, London, U.K. Lecanium planum; Cockerell & Parrott, 1899, 228. Paralecanium planum; Fernald, 1903, 200. Change of combination. Material examined. Lectotype f (here designated): SRI LANKA (as Ceylon): top label: CO-TYPE in black on an oval label + Lectotype in red on a narrow label; bottom label: Lecanium / planum / Green / from Nothopegia / colebrookiana / Pundaluoya / Ceylon (BMNH): 1 slide with 1 young adf (f, but rather poorly cleared) lectotype (clearly marked), plus 1 immature (probably second/third-instar f; envelope indicates E.E.G. as collector). Top label: CO-TYPE in black on an oval label; bottom label: Lecanium / planum / Green / from / Nothopegia colebrookiana / Pundaluoya / Ceylon (BMNH): 2/8adff (f-fg, almost all well sclerotised and about half missing venters). Top label: TYPE in red on a round label; bottom label: Lecanium / planum / Green / from Nothopegia / colebrookiana / Pundaluoya / Ceylon (BMNH): 1/3adff (fg, mature f, two with venters). Other material. SINGAPORE, on Fagraea sp., no date, C.F. Baker #9313 (BMNH): 1/7adff (fg, identified as P.? maritimum Green). Note. The description is based mainly on the Lectotype but some details were taken from the rest of the type series. Unmounted material. ���Bright castaneous to dark chocolate brown. Flat, broad. Subtriangular; pointed in front.��� ���On upper surface of leaves of unidentified tree.��� (Green 1896, p. 9) Slide-mounted adult female. Body of all specimens distinctly asymmetrical but otherwise rounded at both ends, broadest across abdomen. Length 2.1���2.6 mm, width 1.7���2.3 mm. Dorsum. Derm of younger adults fairly uniformly coloured but older specimens with darker areas of sclerotisation forming a pattern medially, with a medial dark longitudinal line and about 7 radial lines emanating from it, 3 or 4 on abdomen, perhaps 3 on thorax and with those on head less clear. Areolations abundant submarginally, either elongate and each about 30���35 ��m long, becoming oval, smaller and more obscure medially, where each about 10���15 ��m wide, or darker and rounder submarginally, again fading medially; most of derm covered in minute pale spots. Marginal radial lines not visible on young specimens and obscure on older specimens, with perhaps 9 lines between anterior stigmatic clefts; lines from each cleft obscure or absent; each side with 3 lines between clefts and 11 on abdomen. Abdominal clear areas occasionally obscurely present but mainly not detected. Dorsal setae rather short, each 5 ��m with a non-flagellate apex; sometimes curved, occasionally present in submargin; absent medially. Large dorsal pores possibly absent or represented by small pores, each about 2���3 ��m wide and appearing within a clear spot in sclerotised derm, present in a sparse polygonal pattern but perhaps absent medially; abundance rather variable, perhaps as many as 60 per side on some specimens but other specimens with far fewer; smaller dorsal pores not visible. Anal plates together obviously longer than combined width; each plate with a rounded outer angle, 1 or 2 small pores medially and 2 or 3 small setae near outer margin on apex; length of plates 140���150 ��m, combined width 95���108 ��m (ratio of length to width 1:0.7). Anogenital fold with 1 small seta on each end of anterior margin, each lateral margin with 1 seta anteriorly and perhaps up to 3 other small setae (very hard to detect). Margin. Marginal ornamentation present as quite strongly sclerotised small triangles, each with a long ���stalk���, each stalk sometimes as deep as marginal setal sockets; with usually 7 or 8 between each pair of marginal setae. Marginal setae almost round and fan-like; width of each fan 25���28 ��m, length 25���28 ��m; with 72���88 setae anteriorly between anterior stigmatic clefts, each side with 23���33 between clefts, and 70���85 along abdominal margin. Stigmatic clefts quite deep, each with a sclerotised inner margin and 3 stigmatic spines, each spine rather parallel sided; median spine longest, each 30���35 ��m long, each lateral spine 15���24 ��m long. Eyespots each oval; width of socket 50���55 ��m, diameter of lens 16���17 ��m. Venter. Membranous, with a narrow darker marginal band about 45���60 ��m wide. Multilocular disc-pores in groups on either side of genital opening and on preceding segment only, each side with 7���10 on abdominal segment VII and 14���17 on segment VI. Spiracular disc-pores present in a narrow band between margin and each spiracle, with 12 or 13 in each band on short side and 15 or 16 on each longer side. Ventral setae: with 2 pairs of interantennal setae; long pairs of setae on abdominal segments VII���IV; other setae sparse, perhaps most frequent near margin in each radial line. Ventral microducts not detected but almost certainly present. Antennae well developed, each with 6 segments; total length 240���250 ��m; each apical seta about 16 ��m long. Clypeolabral shield about 105 ��m long. Spiracles small, width of each peritreme 21���27 ��m. Legs well developed, apparently with trochanter + femur and tibia + tarsus fused or with only indistinct segmentation; dimensions of hind leg (��m): coxa 76���78, trochanter + femur 120���124, tibia + tarsus 127���133; claw 8. Tarsal digitules slightly longer than claw digitules, with capitate apices; claw digitules both broad; claw without a denticle; setal distribution: coxa 6; trochanter 1, moderately long; femur 1 or 2; tibia 2 and tarsus 3. Comments. Adult female P. planum are extremely similar to those of P. maritimum, differing most obviously in the form of the marginal ornamentation, that on P. planum consisting of 6���8 strong radial sclerotisations between each pair of marginal setae, whilst those on P. maritimum are narrower and fewer, with only 2���4 between each pair of marginal setae. The species also differ in the presence of large dorsal pores, with those on P. maritimum being 4��� 7 ��m wide whereas they are either absent or extremely small on P. planum, each 2���3 ��m wide. Paralecanium machili is also very similar to P. planum but lacks the strong marginal ornamentation, having (at most) shallow sclerotised areas along margin. Host-plants. Nothopegia colebrookiana (Anacardiaceae); Fagraea sp. (Loganiaceae). Unconfirmed host record: Nothopegia monadelpha (Anacardiaceae)., Published as part of Chris J. Hodgson & Douglas J. Williams, 2018, Revision of the soft scale genus Paralecanium (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) with the introduction of three new genera and twenty new species, pp. 1-162 in Zootaxa 4443 (1) on pages 134-136, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4443.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1305628, {"references":["Green, E. E. (1896) Catalogue of Coccidae collected in Ceylon. Indian Museum Notes, 4, 2 - 10.","Cockerell, T. D. A. & Parrott, P. J. (1899) Contribution to the knowledge of the Coccidae. The Industrialist, 25, 227 - 237.","Fernald, M. E. (1903) A catalogue of the Coccidae of the world. Bulletin of the Hatch Experiment Station of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, 88, 1 - 360."]}

Paralecanium vacerra Hodgson spec. n. (Fig. 57) Material examined. Holotype f: PHILIPPINES: left label: Paralecanium / vacerra / Hodgson / Philippines / ex orchid leaf / vi-9-75 / Miami 11491 / H.L. Rubio / Balsam; right label: HOLOTYPE in red on a narrow label (USNM): 1/1adf (fg, probably young as dorsum barely sclerotised; venter somewhat damaged). Note. Description taken from only available specimen. Slide-mounted adult female. Body broadly oval. Length 1.93 mm, width 1.78 mm. Dorsum. Derm rather uniformly sclerotised, without apparent areolations but with an area of sclerotisation just posterior to each anal plate (probably under the plates in life). Marginal radial lines absent but indicated by distribution of setae and pores, with 11 lines anteriorly between anterior stigmatic clefts, possibly 1 from each cleft, each side with 3 lines between clefts and 11 on abdomen. Abdominal clear areas absent. Dorsal setae each short, straight, finely spinose and sharply pointed with a deep basal disc; each about 8 ��m long; sparsely present throughout, probably in a polygonal pattern. Large dorsal pores, each 5���6 ��m wide with distinct micropores, present in loose submedial bands extending anterolaterally from anal plates to head, each band with perhaps 10���15 pores, but these sometimes hard to differentiate from empty setal sockets. Small, apparently bilocular, pores, each about 2.5 ��m wide, sparsely present, probably in a polygonal pattern. Minute pores, each about 0.5 ��m wide, present in a sparse band near margin. Anal plates together elongate, each with a squarish outer corner, and with anterior and posterior margins subequal in length; each plate with 1 seta near middle and possibly at least 2 more near apex on outer margin, also with 2 small pores; each plate about 96 ��m long, width of single plate 45 ��m. Anogenital fold with 1 pair of small setae along anterior margin, each lateral margin with 1 seta anteriorly and another posteriorly. Anal ring missing. Margin. Marginal ornamentation present as radial blocks of strong sclerotisation, with 2���4 blocks between each pair of marginal setae. Marginal setae oval and fan-shaped; width of each fan 33���37 ��m, length 18���25 ��m; with about 70 setae anteriorly between anterior stigmatic clefts, each side with 27 or 28 between stigmatic clefts, and 66 or 67 along abdominal margin. Stigmatic clefts narrow and quite deep, each with a sclerotised inner margin, a single short, stout, almost triangular stigmatic spine, each spine 21���23 ��m long and 10���11 ��m wide at base. Eyespots more or less round; each with socket about 37 ��m wide, diameter of lens about 16 ��m. Venter. With a marginal band 90���105 ��m wide. Multilocular disc-pores probably (venter damaged) in groups on either side of genital opening and on preceding segment only, each side with perhaps 6���9 on abdominal segment VII and 18���23 on segment VI. Spiracular disc-pores present in a narrow band about 2 pores wide between margin and each spiracle, with 33���38 pores in each band. Ventral microducts present throughout but most abundant near labium. Antennae well developed, each with 6 segments; total length 203 ��m; each apical segment about 43 ��m long; apical seta missing but remaining setal distribution normal. Clypeolabral shield about 110 ��m long. Spiracles small, width of each peritreme 19���25 ��m. Legs well developed but small; dimensions of hind leg (��m): coxa 63��� 65, trochanter + femur 85, tibia 43���45 and tarsus 50���53; claw 10. Tarsal digitules slightly longer than claw digitules, with capitate apices; with 1 claw digitule apparently broad and other narrow on prothoracic legs, other digitules apparently more similar in width; claw without a denticle; setal distribution: coxa 5; trochanter 1, moderately long; femur 1; tibia 1 and tarsus 1 or 2. Comments. Paralecanium vacerra belongs to the group of Paralecanium species with only a single stigmatic spine in each stigmatic cleft; but the stigmatic spines on P. vacerra are short and very stout. It also has dissimilar claw digitules on the prothoracic legs, whereas they are similar (both broad) on the meso- and metathoracic legs. Claw digitules are similar on all legs on other species. Host-plant. Orchidaceae. Name derivation. The specific name vacerra is taken from vacerra, Latin, f, for log or post, referring to the single stout stigmatic spine in each cleft, and is a noun in apposition., Published as part of Chris J. Hodgson & Douglas J. Williams, 2018, Revision of the soft scale genus Paralecanium (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) with the introduction of three new genera and twenty new species, pp. 1-162 in Zootaxa 4443 (1) on pages 136-138, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4443.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1305628

Insularicoccus syzygium Hodgson spec. n. (Fig. 2) Material examined. Holotype and paratype ff: PAPUA NEW GUINEA: left label: Paralecanium (crossed out) / Insularicoccus / syzygium / Hodgson / Holotype & paratype ff; right label: Syzygium sp. / (Myrtaceae), upper / surface of leaves / PAPUA NEW GUINEA / Morobe Prov. coast, / Buso / 9.xi.1979 / J.H. Martin coll. 2826 (BMNH): 1/3adff (holotype g, paratypes mainly with damaged venters; holotype specimen bottom right). Paratype ff, same collection data as holotype (BMNH): 2/8adff (f; many with venters separated from dorsums, but most venters incomplete; some parasitised). Paratype f: with similar collection data but collected on 5.xi.1979, J.H. Martin #2800 (BMNH): 1/1adf (f, missing some venter). Note. The description is based on several of the clearest specimens. Unmounted material. Derm brown (J. Martin, pers. com.). Slide-mounted adult female. Body elongate oval; venter very asymmetrical, dorsum less so. Length 1.6���21.9 mm, width 1.4���1.5 mm. Dorsum with possible remains of polygonal plates of test. Dorsum. Derm of younger specimens with border paler, rest of dorsum more sclerotised with faint areolations; more mature specimens more heavily and rather uniformly sclerotised. Marginal radial lines pale, short and pronounced but not reaching edge of ventral marginal band; with 11 on head between anterior stigmatic clefts, no lines from each cleft, each side with 3 between clefts and 11 on abdomen; larger broad rays from each stigmatic cleft absent. Clear areas absent from both abdomen and prothorax. Dorsal setae each small and narrow, straight, probably with a sharp apex, each about 3���5 ��m long, present in a broad area submarginally, absent medially. Preopercular pores represented by 3 or 4 pairs of compound pores, located singly in approximate positions of abdominal clear areas (if these were present); each compound pore variable in size, widest about 7���9 ��m, each with 4���6 satellite pores. Other dorsal pores perhaps of two types only: a larger pore, each about 3 ��m wide with a sclerotised border, and a slightly smaller pore, perhaps 2 ��m wide, without a sclerotised border; both rather sparse, perhaps in a polygonal pattern throughout apart from medially. Anal plates rather elongate, almost twice as long as wide, with a rounded outer angle; anterior margins slightly shorter than posterior margins; each plate with 1 or 2 small pores medially and perhaps 3 minute setae near apex; length 110���115 ��m, combined width 73���75 ��m; with 2 or 3 pairs of setae on anterior margin of anogenital fold, and each lateral margin with a small seta medially and a larger seta at posterior end. Margin. Marginal ornamentation present in the form of sclerotised castellations, with about 3 or 4 between 2 marginal setae. Marginal setae mostly broad and short, each 20���33 ��m wide and 16���20 ��m long; with about 54���66 setae anteriorly between anterior stigmatic clefts, each side with 17���18 between stigmatic clefts, and about 44���53 along abdominal margin. Stigmatic clefts quite deep, with a lightly sclerotised inner margin, each with a group of 5 or 6 short spinose setae arranged in a narrow triangle; each group with setae about 5 ��m wide and 8 long at apex, becoming slightly narrower and increasing in length to 10���16 ��m near margin. Eyespots with each socket about 50 ��m wide and each lens 18���20 ��m in diameter. Venter. Derm mainly membranous but, in older specimens, with an area of dense sclerotisation under apex of anal plates near anterior end of anal cleft; marginal band present, about 85 ��m wide, with short, slightly darker fingers extending radially inwards from margin. Multilocular disc-pores frequent on either side of genital opening and on preceding two segments only; each side with 9���11 on segment VII, 12���14 on VI and 8 or 9 on segment V. Spiracular disc-pores present in a sparse band about 1 pore wide between margin and each spiracle; with 7���13 in each band (different on each side due to asymmetry). Ventral microducts not detected. Ventral setae: with 1 pair of interantennal setae; longer setae present medially on most abdominal segments, that on segment VII about 60 ��m long; other setae considered scarce. Antennae 6 segmented, small, each with total length 115���125 ��m; usually without setose setae on scape, pedicel and segments IV and V. Clypeolabral shield about 85 ��m long. Spiracles small, width of each peritreme 15���17 ��m. Legs represented by very small stubs, which may even be absent from some specimens. Comments. Adult female I. syzygium spec. n. are similar to those of I. carolinensis in having: (i) a group of short stigmatic spines in each cleft, forming an elongate triangle extending onto the dorsum, and (ii) compound preopercular pores. The two species differ in having (character-states on I. carolinensis in brackets): (i) only 5 stigmatic spines in each cleft (8���20); (ii) preopercular pores represented by 3 or 4 single compound pores (4 groups of compound pores, each of 4���8 pores); (iii) marginal radial lines all very short (very long, each with a sclerotised border); (iv) legs only represented by very small leg stubs (well-developed); (v) abdominal clear areas absent (present but sometimes obscure), and (vi) most setose setae on antennae absent (all antennal setose setae present). Host-plant. Syzygium sp. (Myrtaceae). Name derivation. The species name, syzygium, refers to the host-plant genus on which this species was collected and is noun in apposition., Published as part of Chris J. Hodgson & Douglas J. Williams, 2018, Revision of the soft scale genus Paralecanium (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) with the introduction of three new genera and twenty new species, pp. 1-162 in Zootaxa 4443 (1) on pages 14-16, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4443.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1305628

Paralecanium palawanense Hodgson spec. n. (Fig. 54) Material examined. Holotype f and paratype ff. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: left label: Paralecanium / palawanense / Hodgson / holotype and paratype ff; right label: Calophyllum / upper surfaces of lvs / PHILIPPINE IS: / PALAWAN / Irawan&boxv;Iwahig / forest, 2000���, 11 Feb. 1988, J.H. Martin coll #5266 / B.M. 1988-2 (BMNH): 1/6adff (fg, but heavily sclerotised; holotype female bottom righthand specimen, clearly marked). Paratype ff: Left label: Paralecanium / palawanense / Hodgson / paratype ff; right label: Calophyllum / upper surfaces of lvs / PHILIPPINE IS: / PALAWAN / Irawan&boxv;Iwahig / forest, 2000���, 11 Feb. 1988, J.H. Martin coll #5266 / B.M. 1988-2 (BMNH): 2/12adff (f, but mature and with some damage to venter). Note. The description is based on the least-sclerotised specimen. Unmounted material. Derm black (J. Martin, pers. com.). Slide-mounted adult female. Body almost round. Length 2.0��� 2.5 mm, width 1.8���2.0 mm. Dorsum. Derm rather uniformly sclerotised at maturity, with round to oval areolations, each with darker borders, mostly in radial bands submarginally and submedially; areolations particularly obvious on older specimens, when most of derm also with minute small pale spots, each less than 1 ��m wide. Marginal radial lines clear and distinct, extending well onto dorsum; alternate rays significantly longer and with many converging and coalescing more medially on older specimens, present as follows: 11 lines anteriorly between anterior stigmatic clefts, no lines from each cleft, each side with 3 lines between stigmatic clefts and 11 on abdomen. Abdominal clear areas generally absent but occasionally possibly present but obscure. Dorsal setae: hard to detect; basal sockets extremely hard to separate from smaller pores (due to sclerotisation of dorsum) but each seta straight to slightly curved, parallel-sided with a blunt apex, 4���5 ��m long; apparently restricted to marginal and submarginal areas near radial lines; absent more medially. Large dorsal pores each small, 4���5 ��m wide, possibly with visible micropores, surrounded by slightly more heavily sclerotised derm; frequent in broad submedial bands of 18���35 pores on each side; pores not forming a clear polygonal pattern. Small simple pores of perhaps of 2 sizes present, each represented by small clear spot in derm, smaller pores each about 1 ��m wide, larger pores each perhaps 2 ��m wide; also not in an obvious polygonal pattern. Anal plates each with a rounded outer margin; each plate with 1 or 2 small pores medially plus 1 seta near middle of inner margin; also with 4 small setae near apex; length of plates 150���160 ��m, combined width 105���115 ��m. Anogenital fold with 1 pair of small setae along anterior margin, each lateral margin with (possibly) 1 seta at anterior end, another near middle and possibly another posteriorly. On more mature specimens, anal plate apodeme (lateral margin sclerotisation) extending anteriorly and forming 2 ���flamelike��� extensions into body cavity. Margin. Margins without marginal ornamentation apart from a castellation for each seta. Marginal setae oval, fan-like; width of each fan mostly 20���27 ��m, length about 18���23 ��m; with about 80���95 setae anteriorly between anterior stigmatic clefts, each side with 30���36 between clefts and 75���88 along abdominal margin. Stigmatic clefts quite deep, each with a strongly sclerotised inner margin and 0���3 stigmatic spines; some clefts (about a quarter) appear to lack setae and setal sockets; about 20% have a single large median spine, and the remainder each have 2 or 3 spines; when spines present, median spine always present and placed towards anterior end of cleft; median spine much the longest, each 30���35 ��m long, each lateral spine 13���17 ��m long. Eyespots each more or less round, width of socket 50���65 ��m, diameter of lens about 20 ��m. Venter. Membranous, but with a complete submarginal band about 70���115 ��m wide on more mature specimens; also with a dense darker area just posterior to each anal plate. Multilocular disc-pores present around genital opening and on preceding 2 segments only, each side with 5���9 on abdominal segment VII, 11���13 on segment VI and 1���4 on segment V. Spiracular disc-pores sparsely present in bands 1 pore wide between margin and each spiracle, with 10���14 pores in each band. Ventral microducts present at least near mouthparts. Ventral setae: with 1 pair of interantennal setae; 1 pair of slightly longer pregenital setae on abdominal segment VII, each seta about 90 ��m long, plus other long setae, each about 60 ��m long, in bands across abdominal segments as follows (on each side): segment VII 0���2; VI 1���4; V 3���6; IV 6 or 7, III 5���9 and II 5���8; other setae very sparse. Antennae reduced, each with 6 segments, total length 90���100 ��m; apical segment short, 10���12 ��m long, apical seta short, each about 8���12 ��m long; antennal setae apparently entirely absent from scape, pedicel and segment III; only fleshy setae present on segments IV and V, and 5 or 6 setae on apical segment. Clypeolabral shield about 90���95 ��m long. Spiracles small, width of each peritreme 15���18 ��m. Legs very reduced but with most segments still distinct, each with no tibio-tarsal segmental line; total length of hind legs (��m) 40���50, claw 2.5���3.0; tarsal digitules absent; claw digitules possibly dissimilar, 1 rather longer than other with small capitate apices; leg setae mainly absent. Comments. Adult female P. palawanense spec. n. have a number of rather unique features: (i) anal plate apodemes each with ���flame-like��� extensions anteriorly on mature specimens; (ii) extreme reduction of legs but still with most segmentation visible; (iii) segmental bands of long setae medially on abdominal segments; (iv) possible absence of stigmatic spines from some clefts; (v) when stigmatic spines present, the larger setae are positioned anteriorly in the cleft rather than medially; (vi) absence of marginal ornamentation apart from enlarged setal sockets, and (vii) antennae without setose setae on scape, pedicel and segments III���V. Paralecanium palawanense is otherwise rather similar to P. calophylli, which, as its name suggests, was also collected off Calophillus sp. Paralecanium palawanense is currently only known from the island of Palawan in the Philippines. Host-plant. Calophyllum sp. (Clusiaceae). Name derivation. This species is named after the island in the Philippines on which it was collected., Published as part of Chris J. Hodgson & Douglas J. Williams, 2018, Revision of the soft scale genus Paralecanium (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) with the introduction of three new genera and twenty new species, pp. 1-162 in Zootaxa 4443 (1) on pages 129-131, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4443.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1305628