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This study deals with the function generation synthesis of spherical four bar mechanism for six independent construction parameters φ 0 , ψ 0 , α 1 , α 2 , α 3 , and α 4 by giving six or more design points with respect to the methods that are used in synthesis procedure. Quaternion algebra is used to derive the objective function of spherical four bar mechanism by following some rotational sequences. Three different methods as interpolation approximation, least squares approximation and Chebyshev approximation are used during synthesis procedure. During the consecutive trials in Chebyshev approximation, a new approach is taken to renew the design points φ i by plotting the graph of the objective functions derivative and taking the roots of it as new design points with two boundary points. Separate examples are given for each section and the results are tabulated. Discussions about the study and comparisons between the used methods are given at the end of the study.

An analytical study is performed on steady, laminar, and fully developed forced convection heat transfer in a parallel plate channel with asymmetric uniform heat flux boundary conditions. The channel is filled with a saturated porous medium, and the lower and upper walls are subjected to different uniform heat fluxes. The dimensionless form of the Darcy-Brinkman momentum equation is solved to determine the dimensionless velocity profile, while the dimensionless energy equation is solved to obtain temperature profile for a hydrodynamically and thermally fully developed flow in the channel. Nusselt numbers for the lower and upper walls and an overall Nusselt number are defined. Analytical expressions for determination of the Nusselt numbers and critical heat flux ratio, at which singularities are observed for individual Nusselt numbers, are obtained. Based on the values of critical heat flux ratio and Darcy number, a diagram is provided to determine the direction of heat transfer between the lower or upper walls while the fluid is flowing in the channel.

Effects of thermal dispersion on heat transfer and temperature field within cross-flow tubular heat exchangers are investigated both analytically and numerically, exploiting the volume averaging theory in porous media. Thermal dispersion caused by fluid mixing due to the presence of the obstacles plays an important role in enhancing heat transfer. Therefore, it must be taken into account for accurate estimations of the exit temperature and total heat transfer rate. It is shown that the thermal dispersion coefficient is inversely proportional to the interstitial heat transfer coefficient. The present analysis reveals that conventional estimations without consideration of the thermal dispersion result in errors in the fluid temperature development and underestimation of the total heat transfer rate. © Springer-Verlag 2011.

A numerical study on heat and mass transfer in an annular adsorbent bed assisted with radial fins for an isobaric adsorption process is performed. A uniform pressure approach is employed to determine the changes of temperature and adsorbate concentration profiles in the adsorbent bed. The governing equations which are heat transfer equation for the adsorbent bed, mass balance equation for the adsorbent particle, and conduction heat transfer equation for the thin fin are non-dimensionalized in order to reduce number of governing parameters. The number of governing parameters is reduced to four as Kutateladze number, thermal diffusivity ratio, dimensionless fin coefficient and dimensionless parameter of Γ which compares mass diffusion in the adsorbent particle to heat transfer through the adsorbent bed. Temperature and adsorbate concentration contours are plotted for different values of defined dimensionless parameters to discuss heat and mass transfer rate in the bed. The average dimensionless temperature and average adsorbate concentration throughout the adsorption process are also presented to compare heat and mass transfer rate of different cases. The values of dimensionless fin coefficient, Γ number and thermal diffusivity ratio are changed from 0.01 to 100, 1 to 10 − 5 and 0.01 to 100, respectively; while the values of Kutateladze number are 1 and 100. The obtained results revealed that heat transfer rate in an adsorbent bed can be enhanced by the fin when the values of thermal diffusivity ratio and fin coefficient are low (i.e., α ⁎ = 0.01, Λ = 0.01). Furthermore, the use of fin in an adsorbent bed with low values of Γ number (i.e. Γ = 10 − 5 ) does not increase heat transfer rate, significantly.

In this study, the annual energy consumptions of four different heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems serving to operation rooms (ORs) located at five different cities (Izmir, Antalya, Istanbul, Ankara and, Erzurum) in Turkey are analyzed. The study is performed for four different HVAC systems: (a) 100% fresh air system (System I), (b) 100% fresh air with half air volume rate at night period (System II), (c) 100% fresh air with half air volume rate at night period and heat recovery unit (System III), (d) 50% fresh air with half air volume rate at night period and with heat recovery and mixing units (System IV). Life cycle cost (LCC) for 20 years life span is calculated for the considered systems. It is found that System IV considerably reduces energy consumption and it is economically proper for the considered cities. The rate of energy consumption and LCC reductions are greater for the cities with extreme climate condition having relatively low specific humidity ratio. Using System IV instead of System I reduces OR energy consumption by 74% for the city of Erzurum which has a cold and dry climate.

Partially Alulight and Hydro Al closed-cell foam-filled commercial 1050H14 Al and 6061T4 Al crash boxes were optimised using the response surface methodology in order to maximise specific energy absorption (SEA). The quasi-static crushing of empty and filled crash boxes was simulated using LS-DYNA, and the results were further confirmed with experimental quasi-static crushing testing of empty and Alulight foam-filled commercial 1050H14 Al crash boxes. Results showed that partial foam filling of commercial crash boxes increased both SEA and mean load because of foam filler axial and lateral deformation in between the progressing folds of the crash box. Within the studied constraint range of box mean load, box wall thickness and foam filler density, the optimised Alulight and Hydro foam-filled 1050H14 and 6061T4 crash boxes resulted in 26%–40% increase in total energy absorption as compared with empty crash boxes. Considering the same weight basis, the use of a higher yield strength box wall material and higher plateau stresses of Al foam filler resulted in higher energy absorptions in partial foam-filled boxes at relatively low displacements., TÜBİTAK for the grant no. 106M186

This study attempts to correlate the nonlinear invariants' with the changing conditions of a drilling process through a series of condition monitoring experiments on small diameter (1 mm) drill bits. Run-to-failure tests are performed on these drill bits, and vibration data are consecutively gathered at equal time intervals. Nonlinear invariants, such as the Kolmogorov entropy and correlation dimension, and statistical parameters are calculated based on the corresponding conditions of the drill bits. By intervariations of these values between two successive measurements, a drop–rise table is created. Any variation that is within a certain threshold (±20% of the measurements in this case) is assumed to be constant. Any fluctuation above or below is assumed to be either a rise or a drop. The reduct and conflict tables then help eliminate incongruous and redundant data by the use of rough sets (RSs). Inconsistent data, which by definition is the boundary region, are classified through certainty and coverage factors. By handling inconsistencies and redundancies, 11 rules are extracted from 39 experiments, representing the underlying rules. Then 22 new experiments are used to check the validity of the rule space. The RS decision frame performs best at predicting no failure cases. It is believed that RSs are superior in dealing with real-life data over fuzzy set logic in that actual measured data are never as consistent as here and may dominate the monitoring of the manufacturing processes as it becomes more widespread.

This paper presents a closed form solution to the dynamic stability problem of a beam-column system with hinged ends loaded by an axial periodically time-varying compressive force of an elliptic type, i.e., a 1cn 2(τ, k 2) + a 2sn2(τ, k 2) + a 3dn2(τ, k 2). The solution to the governing equation is obtained in the form of Fourier sine series. The resulting ordinary differential equation is solved analytically. Finding the exact analytical solutions to the dynamic buckling problems is difficult. However, the availability of exact solutions can provide adequate understanding for the physical characteristics of the system. In this study, the frequency-response characteristics of the system, the effects of the static load, the driving forces, and the frequency ratio on the critical buckling load are also investigated. © 2010 Shanghai University and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

An analytical study on laminar and fully developed forced convection heat transfer in a parallel-plate horizontal channel filled with an anisotropic permeability porous medium is performed. The principal axis of the anisotropic porous medium is oriented from 0 to 90 degrees. A constant heat flux is applied on the outer wall of the channel. Both clear (Newtonian) fluid and Darcy viscous dissipations are considered in the energy equation. Directional permeability ratio parameter A ∗ is defined to combine both the effect of the dimensionless permeability ratio parameter K ∗ =( K 1 / K 2 ) and orientation angle φ into one parameter. The effects of the parameter A ∗ , the Darcy number Da and the modified Brinkman number Br ∗ on the heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics in the channels are investigated and presented in graphs. The obtained results show that the parameters A ∗ , Da and Br ∗ have strong effects on the dimensionless normalized velocity and temperature profiles as well as on the Nusselt number. It is found that for a particular value of A ∗ , called as critical value A cr ∗ , the external heat applied to the surface of the channel is balanced by the internal heat generation due to viscous dissipation and the bulk mean temperature approaches the wall temperature. Hence, the Nusselt number approaches infinity for the critical values A cr ∗ .

Geothermal district heating system design consists of two parts: heating system and piping network design. District heating system design and a case study for a university campus is given in Yildirim et al. [1] in detail. In this study, piping network design optimisation is evaluated based on heat centre location depending upon the cost and common design parameters of piping networks which are pipe materials, target pressure loss (TPL) per unit length of pipes and installation type. Then a case study for the same campus is presented. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

The effects of alkali and nitric acid surface treatment and acid etching on the CaP deposition of an open cell Ti6Al4V foam (60% porous and 300–500 μm in pore size) developed for biomedical applications were investigated in a simulated body fluid (SBF) solution for 14-day. The surface roughness of the foam specimens ground flat surfaces was measured in nano-metric scale before and after SBF immersion using an atomic force microscope (AFM). A significant increase in the surface roughness of alkali treated foam specimen after SBF immersion indicated a smaller crystal size CaP deposition, which was also confirmed by the AFM micrographs. The microscopic evaluation clearly showed that alkali treatment and nitric acid treatment induced a continuous, uniform CaP deposition on the cell wall surfaces of the foam (interior of cells). While in untreated foam specimen the cells are filled with CaP precipitates and acid etching did not produce a continuous coating layer on particles interior of the cells. The coating layer thickness was ∼3 μm in alkali treated foam specimens after 14-day of SBF immersion, while nitric acid treatment induced relatively thinner coating layer, 0.6 μm.

In this study, raw material compositions, basic physical, mineralogical, microstructural and hydraulic properties of lime mortars used in two selected historic buildings were determined by XRD, SEM-EDS and TGA analyses. The results showed that the mortars were hydraulic due to the use of pozzolanic aggregates. Taking into account the hydraulic characteristics of mortars due to the use of pozzolanic aggregates, the possibility of obtaining hydraulic mortars by using pozzolanic aggregates produced from heated commercial clays was investigated. For this purpose, four clay samples used in the ceramic industry in Turkey were heated at varying temperatures of 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 800, and 1200°C with a heating rate of 10°C/min. Pozzolanic properties of heated clay samples were determined. The results showed that commercial clays studied are well suited for use as pozzolanic aggregates when they are heated between 500 and 700. °C. This is also confirmed by testing the compressive strengths of the three month aged laboratory-produced mortars that contained thermally treated clay (at 600°C) as pozzolanic aggregates. Compressive strength of this mortar was around 5. MPa which is satisfactorily high. © 2009 Elsevier B.V.

Hydration of the surface of a periclase refractory was studied in a controlled humidity atmosphere (92% relative humidity) at 26 °C for up to 92 h. The effect of humidity on the specimens was examined using a scanning probe microscope (SPM) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM), which showed that the degree of hydration was noticeably less in the intergranular bond phase compared to the periclase crystallites. The SPM study indicated significant growth of hydrates on the refractory grain surface. Growth rate of the hydrate layer was least on (0 0 1) orientation, higher for the (1 0 3) orientation, and highest for the (1 0 1) oriented grain. The rate of loss of refractory phases by hydration on a (1 0 1) oriented grain was 4.53 nm/h. This material loss may be insignificant for a bulk brick, but is a serious threat for a magnesia castable consisting of fine magnesia powder due to large surface area exposed to humidity or water itself. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd and Techna Group S.r.l. All rights reserved.

The effects of metal piece additives on effective thermal conductivity and diffusivity of an unconsolidated adsorbent bed in which adsorbent is silica gel were investigated. The metal piece additives were copper, brass, aluminum and stainless steel with two different sizes as 1.0-2.8 mm and 2.8-4.75 mm. The effective thermal conductivity and diffusivity of the mixed bed were predicted by comparison of the experimental results with the solution of dimensionless heat conduction equation for the bed. The performed experiments showed that the addition 15wt% of aluminum pieces with sizes between 1.0 and 2.8 mm enhances the effective thermal diffusivity and conductivity of a pure silica gel bed by 157% and 242%, respectively. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd and IIR., State Planning Organization of Turkey

The effect of mechanical alloying and the sintering regime on the microstructural and the physical properties of W-SiC composites were investigated. Powder mixtures of W-20 vol.% SiC were mechanically alloyed (MA'd) using a Spex mill for 3 h, 6 h and 24 h. MA'd powders were characterized by Laser Diffraction Particle Size Analyzer, SEM and XRD investigations. MA'd W-20 vol.% SiC powder composites were sintered under inert Ar and reducing H2 gas conditions at 1680 °C and 1770 °C for 1 h. The microstructural and mechanical characterizations of the sintered samples were carried out by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Vickers Hardness analyses. The addition of SiC remarkably increases the hardness of the composites. Hardness is also increased with decreasing grain size and increasing amount of MA. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved., TÜBİTAK project number 105M065 and DPT project number 2001K120750

In this study, the total heatfunction equation which includes diffusion and convection transport is divided into the corresponding heatfunction equations. The superposition rule is used to obtain the mathematical definitions of diffusion and convection heatfunctions and corresponding boundary conditions. It is observed that the separate visualization of diffusion and convection heatlines provides significant information on understanding of the mechanism of heat transfer in a convective flow. The direction of the diffusion and convection heat transport as well as the strength of convection compared to the conduction in entire or in a portion of a domain can be visualized. The diffusion heatlines demonstrate a potential flow like behavior while convective heat flow rotates due to the source term of the convection heatfunction equation, similar to the rotation of fluid flow generated by fluid flow vorticity. The similarity between the streamfunction and the total heatfunction yields a concept of heat flow vorticity, Omega(t). The obtained results show that the maximum absolute value of the convection heatfunction may be an appropriate parameter for determination of the convection strength. The diffusion and convection heatfunction equations for natural convection in a differentially heated square cavity for four different length of the heated surface on the right vertical wall as s(p) = L/4, L/2, 3L/4 and L and a fixed length of the cooled surface on the right vertical wall as L/4 are obtained and corresponding heatlines are drawn. The values of the conduction heatfunction are positive while the sign of convection heatfunction values is negative for the studied cases. Based on the distribution of total heatlines, two regions are detected in the cavity, an active region with the positive values of heatlines signifying dominant conduction heat transfer and a passive region with the negative heatfunction values in where convection heat flow is dominant and heat only rotates in a closed contour pattern. The variations of average Nusselt number, average of heat flow vorticity. maximum absolute values of convection heatfunction and streamfunction at different Rayleigh numbers and lengths of the heated surface are presented. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. (Less)

In this paper, the corrosion behaviour of aluminosilicate type refractories in frit melts is studied in an isothermal corrosion test setup. A refractory brick of largely andalusite and sillimanite composition was compared to another refractory brick of mullite and sillimanite composition, both of which were made by different manufacturers for use in different frit furnaces. The industrial frit used for corrosion tests was a commercial product used in a wall tile glaze formulation. Corrosion tests conducted under isothermal conditions provide quantitative and reproducible data about the corrosion performance of refractories. In this study, tests were performed by partially immersing a 15 mm × 15 mm × 115 mm refractory specimen into a frit melt at temperatures between 1404 and 1504 °C. The effects of temperature, duration of exposure and the refractory brick type were investigated using a statistically designed set of experiments. The ANOVA (analysis of variance) table indicated that temperature and test duration were the most important factor effects, as expected. Increasing both temperature and exposure duration led to an increased amount of corrosion as measured by the cross-sectional area loss of the corroded refractory specimen. Postmortem microstructural analysis was also done on the specimens, with extensive amount of ZnO·Al2O3 precipitation observed along the frit-refractory interface, where crystals of mullite and alumina were also found to precipitate. Increasing the amount of exposure time and temperature produced more ZnO·Al2O3 precipitation. As identified by SEM-EDS analysis, mullite crystals were in the needle-like morphology, while alumina crystals were generally cubic. Additional experiments were conducted by rotating the specimens in the melt at 50 rpm of rotational speed. Due to the reduction of boundary layer thickness, more dissolution was observed from the rotated specimens. In all specimens, corrosion was more pronounced in the bond phase than through the large filler grains of mullite and andalusite., TÜBİTAK project number 104M403

WOS: 000270632900014, This study aims to investigate the tensile mechanical behavior and fracture toughness of vinyl-ester/polyester hybrid nanocomposites containing various types of nanofillers, including multi- and double-walled carbon nanotubes with and without amine functional groups (MWCNTs, DWCNTs, MWCNT-NH2 and DWCNT-NH2). To prepare the resin suspensions, very low contents (0.05, 0.1 and 0.3 wt.%) of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were dispersed within a specially synthesized styrene-free polyester resin, conducting 3-roll milling technique. The collected resin stuff was subsequently blended with vinyl-ester via mechanical stirring to achieve final suspensions prior to polymerization. Nanocomposites containing MWCNTs and MWCNT-NH2 were found to exhibit higher tensile strength and modulus as well as larger fracture toughness and fracture energy compared to neat hybrid polymer. However, incorporation of similar contents of DWCNTs and DWCNT-NH2 into the hybrid resin did not reflect the same improvement in the corresponding mechanical properties. Furthermore, experimentally measured elastic moduli of the nanocomposites containing DWCNTs, DWCNT-NH2, MWCNTs and MWCNT-NH2 were fitted to Halphin-Tsai model. Regardless of amine functional groups or content of carbon nanotubes, MWCNT modified nanocomposites exhibited better agreement between the predicted and the measured elastic moduli values compared to nanocomposites with DWCNTs. Furthermore, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were used to reveal dispersion state of the carbon nanotubes within the hybrid polymer and to examine the CNT induced failure modes that occurred under mechanical loading, respectively. Based on the experimental findings obtained, it was emphasized that the types of CNTs and presence of amine functional groups on the surface of CNTs affects substantially the chemical interactions at the interface, thus tuning the ultimate mechanical performance of the resulting nanocomposites, TUBITAK of Turkey; JULICH of Germany, The authors acknowledge TUBITAK of Turkey and JULICH of Germany for financial support.

Geothermal fluids contain non-condensable gases (NCGs) at various amounts. NCGs flow to a conventional geothermal power plant (GPP) with steam phase and should be withdrawn from the condenser by a gas removal system to prevent increase in condenser pressure and consequently decrease in power generation. Therefore, to remove NCGs from the system is critical especially at high NCG fractions. In this study, the net power output and specific steam consumption of a single-flash GPP is evaluated depending on the separator pressure, NCG fraction and wet bulb temperature of the environment, and three different conventional gas removal options which are two-stage steam jet ejector system, two-stage hybrid system and two-stage compressor system. A simulation code is written in EES to model the plant for each option. The model uses the data of Kizildere Geothermal Power Plant (KGPP) – Turkey, which is a single-flash plant with extremely high NCG fraction, to allow a comparison between the results of the modelling and the operational data of an actual single-flash GPP. Under given conditions, thermodynamic analysis resulted that NCG fraction is the most significant factor on GPP performance and the compressor system is the most efficient and robust option where the influence of the NCG fraction is limited.

Production of porous and light-weight bricks with reduced thermal conductivity and acceptable compressive strength is accomplished. Paper processing residues were used as an additive to an earthenware brick to produce the pores. SEM-EDS, XRD, XRF and TG-DTA analysis of the paper waste and brick raw material were performed. Mixtures containing brick raw materials and the paper waste were prepared at different proportions (up to 30 wt%). The granulated powder mixtures were compressed in a hydraulic press, and thegreen bodies were dried before firing at 1100 8C. Dilatometric behaviours, drying and firing shrinkages were investigated as well as the loss on ignition, bulk density, apparent porosity, water absorption and thermal conductivity values of the fired samples. Their mechanical and microstructural properties were also investigated. The results obtained showed that the use of paper processing residues decreased the fired density of the bricks down to 1.28 g/cm 3 . Compressive strengths of the brick samples produced in this study were higher than that required by the standards. Thermal conductivity of the porous brick produced in this study (

WOS: 000268032200008, This study aims to investigate the curing behavior of a vinyl ester-polyester resin suspensions containing 0.3 wt % of multiwalled carbon nanotubes with and without amine functional groups (MWCNTs and MWCNT-NH2). For this purpose, various analytical techniques, including Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman Spectroscopy, and Thermo Gravimetric Analyzer (TGA) were conducted. The resin suspensions with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were prepared via 3-roll milling technique. DSC measurements showed that resin suspensions containing CNTs exhibited higher heat of cure (Q), besides lower activation energy (E-a) when compared with neat resin. For the sake of simplicity of interpretation, FTIR investigations were performed on neat vinyl ester resin suspensions containing the same amount of CNTs as resin. As a result, the individual fractional conversion rates of styrene and vinyl ester were interestingly found to be altered dependent on MWCNTs and MWCNT-NH2. The findings obtained from RS measurements of the cured samples are highly proportional to those obtained from FTIR measurements. TGA measurements revealed that CNT modified nanocomposites have higher activation energy of degradation (E-d) compared with the cured polymer. The findings obtained revealed that CNTs with and without amine functional groups alter overall thermal curing response of the surrounding matrix resin, which may probably impart distinctive characteristics to mechanical behavior of the corresponding nanocomposites achieved

This paper is an investigation of completely mechanical quick changeable joints for multipurpose explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) robots. With the assistance of a quick changeable joint, an ordinary EOD robot becomes a multipurpose robot with an end effector which can be switched during the task. This exchangeable end effector permits the robot to perform more complex duties. Making the joint completely mechanical increases its capacity and decreases its complexity of control and risk of failure. In this paper, the design, manufacturing, and testing stages are explained for four quick changeable joints each possessing different physical working principles. The test results reveal the best design for a multipurpose EOD robot and give ideas for other uses of quick changeable joints. Employing the quick changeable joints in other mobile robot applications can increase a robot's capacity and efficiency., State Planning Agency of Turkey contract number 2005DPT13

A well-verified and validated numerical model was used to investigate stress wave propagation in a multilayer material subjected to impact loading. The baseline material consisted of a ceramic faceplate and composite backing plate separated by a rubber or teflon foam interlayer: several variants were investigated in which the number, type, and total thicknesses of the interlayers were altered. Comparison of the variants showed that the use of multiple teflon foam interlayers could drastically reduce the average stress in the multilayer material. Based on the numerical results, further experimental work was undertaken upon one of the variants. Very large and unexpected tensile stress oscillations were observed in the ceramic layers, leading to a refinement of the numerical model which successfully reproduced the oscillations and also demonstrated that separation of the sample layers led to trapping of the stress wave within the layers. Use of the validated numerical model allowed detailed analysis of the processes of wave transmission and demonstrates the important synergy that can exist between experimental and modeling studies. The current study provides a valuable starting point for designing future multilayer materials with specific, controlled properties.

A sintered porous Ti6Al4V powder compact with a mean pore size of 63 µm and an average porosity of 37±1% was dip-coated at soaking times varying between 1- and 5-minute using a sol-derived calcium Hydrooxyapatite (HA) powder. The coated compacts were heat-treated at 840 °C. The coating thickness was found to increase with increasing soaking time, from 1.87 µm at 1-minute soaking to 9 µm at 5-minute soaking on the average. It was shown that at increasing soaking times, the originally open pores started to close, while at low soaking times the Ti6Al4V particles were partially coated. The coating layer was shown to be nano porous and the depth of coating was observed to be relatively shallow: only few particles near the compact surface were HA-coated., Hipokrat Medical Devices Manufacturing and Marketing Inc.

Open cell Ti6Al4V foams (60% porosity) were prepared at sintering temperatures between 1,200 and 1,350 °C using ammonium bicarbonate particles (315–500 μm) as space holder. The resulting cellular structure of the foams showed bimodal pore size distribution, comprising macropores (300–500 μm) and micropores (1–30 μm). Compression tests have shown that increasing sintering temperature increased the elastic modulus, yield and compressive strength, and failure strain of foams. The improvements in the mechanical properties of foams prepared using smaller size Ti64 powder with bimodal particle distribution were attributed to the increased number of sintering necks and contact areas between the particles. Finally, the strength of foams sintered at 1,350 °C was found to satisfy the strength requirement for cancellous bone replacement., Technology Development Foundation of Turkey (TTGV) for the grant #TTGV-102/T13

This study developed a variant of genetic algorithm (GA) model called the trait-based heterogeneous populations plus (TbHP+). The developed TbHP+ model employs a memory concept in the form of immunity and instinct to provide the populations with a more efficient guidance. Also, it has an ability to vary the number of individuals during the search process, thus allowing an automatic determination of the size of the population based on the individual qualities such as character fitness and credit for immunity. The algorithm was tested against the classical GA model in convergence and minimum error performance. For this purpose, 5 different mathematical functions from the literature were employed. The selected functions have different topological characteristics, ranging from simple convex curves with 2 variables to complex trigonometric ones having several hilly shapes with more than 2 variables. The developed model and the classical GA model were applied to finding the global minima of the functions. The comparison of the results revealed that the developed TbHP+ model outperformed the classical GA in faster convergence and minimum errors, which may be explained by the adaptive nature of the new paradigm.

SUMMARYThis paper presents an adaptive actuator failure compensation method, which compensates for uncertainties due to unknown actuator failures for redundant manipulator systems. The method is first developed for manipulators whose joints are concurrently actuated. While physical realization of concurrently actuated manipulators and the advantages of their use have been understood before, in this paper failure modeling, controller structure, and adaptive update rules for handling uncertainties from the actuator failures are studied. The adaptive actuator failure compensation method is then expanded for a cooperating multiple manipulator system with uncertain actuator failures. Dynamic equations of such a multiple manipulator system in the task space are derived and the adaptive actuator failure compensation problem is formulated in the task space, for which a compensation controller structure is proposed with stable adaptive parameter update laws. The adaptive control scheme is able to compensate for the uncertainties of system parameters and actuator failures in a more general sense. For both cases, closed-loop system stability and asymptotic tracking are proved, despite uncertain system failures.

The effect of various types of end constraining on the deformation and load–displacement behavior of a 3003-H14 Al tube were experimentally and numerically studied. No effect of single-end constraining of tubes was found. Few conditions of double-end constraining tended to revert the deformation mode to mixed and/or diamond mode of deformation. Double-end constraining of tube ends further resulted in an increase in initial drop-load values, widening the initial overshot region in average load–displacement curves. The agreement between numerical and experimental results showed the capabilities of the used numerical model in order to predict end-condition effects in tubular structures.

In this study, mode I and mode II interlaminar fracture toughness, and interlaminar shear strength of E-glass non-crimp fabric/carbon nanotube modified polymer matrix composites were investigated. The matrix resin containing 0.1 wt.% of amino functionalized multi walled carbon nanotubes were prepared, utilizing the 3-roll milling technique. Composite laminates were manufactured via vacuum assisted resin transfer molding process. Carbon nanotube modified laminates were found to exhibit 8% and 11% higher mode II interlaminar fracture toughness and interlaminar shear strength values, respectively, as compared to the base laminates. However, no significant improvement was observed for mode I interlaminar fracture toughness values. Furthermore, Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were utilized to monitor the distribution of carbon nanotubes within the composite microstructure and to examine the fracture surfaces of the failed specimens, respectively. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved., TÜBİTAK and JULICH of Germany for financial support (under Julich 5 Project, 103M048)

Anorthite ceramics were synthesized starting from mixtures prepared by using mechanochemical methods with boron oxide addition. The raw materials used in this study were Sivas Kaolin, calcined alumina/Al(OH)3 and calcite. Statistical experimental design techniques (SED) were used in order to determine and analyze the more important process variables for synthesizing anorthite ceramics. Phase characterizations of synthesized powders were performed by XRD using Cu Ka radiation. Microstructural characterization was performed by SEM. The results of screening experimental design clarified that the temperature was the most important process variable. Second most important process variable was grinding speed of starting mixture which was followed by additive amount and additive type. The effect of both additive use and grinding on anorthite synthesis helped decrease the synthesis temperature down to 900 8C. # 2007 Elsevier Ltd and Techna Group S.r.l. All rights reserved.

In the present study, entropy generation in rectangular cavities with the same area but different aspect ratios is numerically investigated. The vertical walls of the cavities are at different constant temperatures while the horizontal walls are adiabatic. Heat transfer between vertical walls occurs by laminar natural convection. Based on the obtained dimensionless velocity and temperature values, the distributions of local entropy generation due to heat transfer and fluid friction, the local Bejan number and local entropy generation number are determined and related maps are plotted. The variation of the total entropy generation and average Bejan number for the whole cavity volume at different aspect ratios for different values of the Rayleigh number and irreversibility distribution ratio are also evaluated. It is found that for a cavity with high value of Rayleigh number (i.e., Ra = 10(5)), the total entropy generation due to fluid friction and total entropy generation number increase with increasing aspect ratio, attain a maximum and then decrease. The present results are compared with reported solutions and excellent agreement is observed. The study is performed for 10(2) < Ra < 10(5), 10(-4) < 0 < 10(-2), and Pr = 0.7. (Less)

Strain rate dependent compression mechanical behavior of an SiC-particulate reinforced Al (2024-O) metal matrix composite (MMC) with different particle volume fractions was numerically investigated at various strain rates. Calculations were performed using axisymmetric finite element unit cell model, in which an elastic SiC particle was embedded inside a strain rate sensitive viscoplastic Al matrix. Stress–strain curves of Al matrix material were derived from Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar experiments at various strain rates and used as inputs in the FEM model. Numerically computed stress–strain curves and strain rate sensitivity were compared with those of experiments for a 15% SiC-particulate reinforced MMC. Computed strain rate sensitivity of the MMC was found to be higher than that of the matrix alloy and increased with increasing strain contrary to the strain independent matrix strain rate sensitivity. The strain rate sensitivity of the MMC was also found to increase with increasing particle volume fraction at the same particle size. Finally, several possible reasons including assumptions used in the model, adiabatic heating, microstructural variations between the composite matrix and matrix alloy, particle shape and distribution and damage accumulation for the small discrepancy found between computed and experimental stress–strain curves and strain rate sensitivity of the composite were discussed.

This study is concerned with the fracture of an infinite thick-walled cylinder. The inner surface of the cylinder is stress free and the outer is rigidly fixed. The cylinder having a ring-shaped crack located at the symmetry plane is subjected to distributed compressive load on its surfaces. The Hankel and Fourier transform techniques are used for the solution of the field equations. By applying the boundary conditions, the singular integral equation in terms of crack surface displacement derivative is derived. By using an appropriate quadrature formula, the integral equation is reduced to a system of linear algebraic equations. Numerical results are obtained for the stress intensity factors at the edges of the crack, surfaces of which are subjected to uniform, linear and parabolic load distributions.

In this study, layered clay/polymer nanocomposites were developed based on epoxy resins and montmorillonite as the nanoplatelet reinforcement. Clay particles were treated with hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride (HTCA) through an ion exchange reaction. In this way, Na+ interlayer cations of the clay is exchanged with onium cation of the surfactant that turns the hydrophilic clays (MMT) to organophilic (OMMT) characteristics. Thermal analysis results revealed that the glass transition temperature (Tg) and the dynamic mechanical properties including the storage and loss modulus of the neat epoxy resin increases by the incorporation of clay particles. It was also found that flame resistance of the polymer is improved by the addition of the clay particles. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008

The objective of this study is to create a dynamic model representing a transient three-dimensional passive thermal model of the human body. The model is a multi-segmental, multi-layered representation of the human body with spatial subdivisions which simulates the heat transfer phenomena within the body and at its surface. In order to represent the mechanisms of heat transfer within the body, energy balance equations including conduction with adjacent tissue, heat storage, metabolic heat generation, and convective heat transfer due to the blood flow in the capillaries are taken into consideration for each tissue. The present model of the passive system accounts for the geometric and anatomic characteristics of the human body and considers the thermo-physical and the basal physiological properties of tissue materials. It is assumed that the body is exposed to combination of the convection, evaporation and radiation which are taken into account as boundary conditions when solving the passive thermal system equation. The model is capable of predicting human body temperature in any given environmental conditions. Finite difference solution scheme is used to find out the temperature distribution of human body. The results are compared with the experimental data of previous studies present in the literature. Consequently, the numerical results of present model show good agreement with the experimental data.

In this work, we discuss fabrication and characterization of MgB2 thin films obtained by sequential deposition and annealing of sandwich like Mg/B/Mg thin films on glass substrates. Mg and B films were prepared using DC magnetron sputtering and thermionic vacuum arc techniques, respectively. The MgB2 thin films showed superconducting critical transition at 33 K after annealing at 650 °C., TÜBİTAK (Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey) project number MAG-105M368 and DPT 2002K120390

The behavior of a multi-layer material at high strain rate and the effect of plastic deformation on stress wave propagation were investigated by a combination of experimental and numerical techniques. Plastic deformation effects were studied in multi-layer materials consisting of ceramic, copper and aluminum subjected to large strains under high strain rate loading. First, stress wave propagation behavior for the monolithic metals was studied, and then extended to multilayer combinations of these metals with each other and with a ceramic layer. The axial stress distributions were found to be non-uniform in the elastic deformation range of the specimen. The degree of non-uniformity was much more pronounced in the multi-layer samples consisting of different materials. The presence of a ceramic layer increased the magnitudes of stress gradients at the interfaces. It was also found that a major effect of plastic deformation is a tendency to produce a more homogeneous stress distribution within the components. The implications of these observations for practical systems are discussed., Army Research Office under Contract Number 47335-EG and National Science Foundation under Grant INT-0242772

Facile precipitation of CaCO3 was performed using aqueous solutions of CaCl2 with Na2CO3 over a wide range of mixing and aging temperatures. The precipitation process was then repeated in the presence of PDDA, CTAB, and EDTA at the mixing temperatures of 30 °C, 50 °C, 70 °C, and 90 °C. The presence of these additives was seen to greatly suppress the formation of aragonite. Among these additives, EDTA was the one that showed the most prominent effects on particle morphology of CaCO3. The sequence of pH adjustment appeared to be a critical factor for the additive functionality., TÜBİTAK (Project No. 104T089)

The aim of this study is to investigate temperature dependence of electrical conductivity of carbon nanotube (CNT)/polyester nanocomposites from room temperature to 77 K using four-point probe test method. To produce nanocomposites, various types and amounts of CNTs (0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 wt.%) were dispersed via 3-roll mill technique within a specially formulized resin blend of thermoset polyesters. CNTs used in the study include multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNT) with and without amine functional groups (-NH2). It was observed that the incorporation of carbon nanotubes into resin blend yields electrically percolating networks and electrical conductivity of the resulting nanocomposites increases with increasing amount of nanotubes. However, nanocomposites containing amino functionalized carbon nanotubes exhibit relatively lower electrical conductivity compared to those with non-functionalized carbon nanotubes. To get better interpretation of the mechanism leading to conductive network via CNTs with and without amine functional groups, the experimental results were fitted to fluctuation-induced tunneling through the barriers between the metallic regions model. It was found that the results are in good agreement with prediction of proposed model., TÜBİTAK-JÜLİCH 5 Project

The aim of the present work is the preparation of PMMA based porous nanocomposites that contain clay (montmorillonite, MMT) platelets as reinforcements within the cell walls of the porous structure. To render the clay layers organophilic, MMT was surface treated by an ion exchange reaction between interlayer cations of the clay and ammonium ions of a surfactant. Clay/PMMA based porous nanocomposites were prepared by polymerization of water-in-oil emulsions with and without clay addition. The microstructure and compressive mechanical behavior of the nanocomposites were investigated. The results of mechanical tests showed that the porous systems with the addition of 1 wt.% of organoclay (OMMT) exhibited a 90% and 50% increase of collapse stress and elastic modulus values, respectively, as compared to neat porous PMMA.

A multilayer feed forward backpropagation (MFFB) learning algorithm was used as an artificial neural network (ANN) tool to predict packing of fused alumina powder mixtures of three different sizes in green state. The data used in model construction were collected by mixing and pressing powders with average particle sizes of 350, 30 and 3 μm and with narrow particle size distributions. The data sets that were composed of green densities of cylindrical pellets were first randomly partitioned into two for training and testing of the ANN models. Based on the training data an ANN model of the packing efficiencies was created with low average error levels (3.36%). Testing of the model was also performed with successfully good average error levels of 3.39%.

II. Makine Malzemesi ve İmalat Teknolojisi Sempozyumu, 7-9 Kasım 2001, Celal Bayar Üniversitesi, Manisa, Preslenmiş tabletlerin ısıtılması yöntemi ile hazırlanan kapalı hücreli SiC-parçacık takviyeli alüminyum kompozit köpüğün köpükleşme ve basma mekanik testi özellikleri belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu özellikler aynı yöntemle hazırlanan saf alüminyum köpüğün özellikleri ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Sonuçlar, SiC-parçacık takviyeli köpüklerde köpükleşmenin ve plato gerilmesinin daha yüksek olduğunu göstermiştir., Foaming and compression mechanical properties of SiC-particulate composite closed-cell aluminum foams prepared by heating of powder compacts have been studied. These properties were compared with those of pure aluminum foams prepared by the same route. Results have shown that SiCparticulate addition increased foaming and plateau stress.

In this paper, we present an approach for predicting nanoscale capillary imbibitions using the Lucas-Washburn (LW) theory. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were employed to investigate the effects of surface forces on the viscosity of liquid water. This provides an update to the modified LW equation that considered only a nanoscale slip length. An initial water nanodroplet study was performed to properly elucidate the wetting behavior of copper and gold surfaces. Intermolecular interaction strengths between water and corresponding solid surfaces were determined by matching the contact angle values obtained by experimental measurements. The migration of liquid water into copper and gold capillaries was measured by MD simulations and was found to differ from the modified LW equation. We found that the liquid layering in the vicinity of the solid surface induces a higher density and viscosity, leading to a slower MD uptake of fluid into the capillaries than was theoretically predicted. The near-surface viscosity for the nanoscale-confined water was defined and calculated for the thin film of water that was sheared between the two solid surfaces, as the ratio of water shear stress to the applied shear rate. Considering the effects of both the interface viscosity and slip length of the fluid, we successfully predicted the MD-measured fluid rise in the nanotubes.

The solution of extended Graetz problem for micro-scale gas flows is performed by coupling of rarefaction, axial conduction and viscous dissipation at slip flow regime. The analytical coupling achieved by using Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization technique provides interrelated appearance of corresponding effects through the variation of non-dimensional numbers. The developing temperature field is determined by solving the energy equation locally together with the fully developed flow profile. Analytical solutions of local temperature distribution, and local and fully developed Nusselt number are obtained in terms of dimensionless parameters: Peclet number, Knudsen number, Brinkman number, and the parameter Kappa accounting temperature-jump. The results indicate that the Nusselt number decreases with increasing Knudsen number as a result of the increase of temperature jump at the wall. For low Peclet number values, temperature gradients and the resulting temperature jump at the pipe wall cause Knudsen number to develop higher effect on flow. Axial conduction should not be neglected for Peclet number values less than 100 for all cases without viscous dissipation, and for short pipes with viscous dissipation. The effect of viscous heating should be considered even for small Brinkman number values with large length over diameter ratios. For a fixed Kappa value, the deviation from continuum increases with increasing rarefaction, and Nusselt number values decrease with an increase in Knudsen number. (C)2015 Published by Elsevier Ltd., Financial support from the Turkish Scientific and Technical Research Council (TUBITAK), Grant No. 106M076, is greatly appreciated.

Overconstrained mechanisms prove useful in applications where high stiffness and low weight is required against high amount of forces while keeping high precision. This study issues a planar two degrees-of-freedom overconstrained parallel manipulator for positioning the end-effector with high acceleration values (>5g) with a positioning precision in the order of 30 micrometers. Since the manufacturing errors were compatible with the end-effector positioning errors, it was required to perform some system identification before the precision and repeatability tests. For the system identification, the end-effector position and motor input values are recorded. However, since the mechanism is overconstrained, the link lengths could not be obtained due to the lack of analytical inverse kinematics solution. In order to cope with this problem, the hidden robot concept is utilized in order to fit a simple kinematic model between the task space and the joint space of the manipulator. Further calibration studies are carried out using the error correction matrix. The test results are presented.

Kinematic redundancy in robots provide the control designer with infinite number of possibilities for improving the process for a selected target optimization criterion. A special type of kinematic redundancy is devised by using kinematically different two mechanisms with different advantages. In this case, the control design including the trajectory planning should be devised taking into account the distinct advantages of both mechanisms. In this work, a macro mechanism with larger workspace is used along with a micro mechanism that has higher dynamics and lower inertia. A trajectory planning algorithm integrated with the control structure making use of the previously defined advantages of both mechanisms is explained in this paper. A case study is provided to validate the developed algorithm.

Thesis (Master)--Izmir Institute of Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Izmir, 2015, Includes bibliographical references (leaves: 109-114), Text in English; Abstract: Turkish and English, xiii, 114 leaves, In this study, the static and dynamic crushing behavior of combined geometry shells consisting of hemi-spherical and cylindrical segments were studied both experimentally and numerically. The proposed geometries were manufactured by deep drawing. Due to the nature of the deep drawing process, specimens inherited significant amount of residual stress/strain and thickness variation along the cross-section was observed. Thus, the manufacturing process was also numerically modeled explicitly. Quasi-static compression and dynamic drop weight tests were conducted both experimentally and numerically. The plastic deformation of the combined geometry shells started with the inward dimpling of the hemi-spherical segment and progressively continued deforming with the asymmetric or axisymmetric folding in cylindrical segment depending on the radius to thickness ratios and strain rates. The failure/fracture was observed in the thicker specimens at dynamic strain rates and that caused decreases in specific absorbing energy (SAE) levels. In addition, the energy partitions between the hemi-spherical segments increased at higher loading rates. Furthermore, the inertia and rate sensitivity influenced the crushing response of cylindrical segment more than that of hemi-spherical segment and inertia effect was more pronounced than the rate sensitivity at higher loading rates. Considering the thermal effects in the crushing behavior of the combined geometry shells, it was shown that the mean crushing load lowered as the temperature increased. Additionally, the percentages of increase in the crushing load were limited at lower temperatures for varying loading rates. It was shown that as the absolute temperature increased the percentage of increase in crushing load was significantly increased due to the change in deformation mode., Bu çalışmada, yarı küresel ve silindirik geometriden meydana gelen kombine geometrili kabuk yapıların ezilme davranışları deneysel ve nümerik olarak incelenmiştir. Söz konusu geometriler derin çekme metodu kullanılarak elde edilmiştir. Derin çekme işleminin doğasından dolayı, numuneler üzerinde artık gerilme/gerinim ve kesit alanı boyunca kalınlık değişimi gözlemlenmiştir. Bu sebeple üretim prosesi de nümerik olarak ayrıca modellenmiştir. Statik ezilme ve dinamik düşen ağırlık testleri deneysel ve nümerik olarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Kombine geometrili kabuk yapılar plastik deformasyonlarına yarı-küresel bölgelerinin içe doğru çukurlaşması ile başlamaktadır ve sonrasında yarıçapın kalınlığa oranına ve şekil değiştirme hızına bağlı olarak silindrik bölgelerinde asimetrik veya eksenel simetrik katlanma yaparak deformasyonunu sürdürmektedir. Dinamik şekil değiştirme hızlarında kalın numunelerin üzerinde kırılmalar görülmektedir ve bu numunelerin özgül enerji emme kapasitesinde azalmaya sebep olmaktadır. Buna ek olarak, numunelerin yarı-küresel bölgelerinin enerji emilimine katılımları yüksek yükleme hızlarında artmaktadır. Buna ek olarak, atalet ve şekil değiştirme hızı hassasiyetinin silindirik bölgelerin ezilme tepkilerine yarı-küresel bölgelere nazaran daha etkili olduğu görülmektedir ve yüksek deformasyon hızlarında atalet etkisinin şekil değiştirme hızı hassasiyetine göre daha baskın olduğu bulunmuştur. Sıcaklığın, kombine geometrili kabuk yapıların ezilme davranışlarına etkisi düşünüldüğünde, ortalama kuvvet değerinin sıcaklığın artması ile azaldığı görülmüştür. Ayrıca, ezilme kuvvetinin yüzdelik artışı düşük sıcaklık değerlerinde değişen yükleme hızları için sınırlıdır. Mutlak sıcaklığın artması ile ezilme kuvvetinin yüzdelik artışı deformasyon modunun değişmesinden dolayı önemli ölçüde artmaktadır., TÜBİTAK project 112M141

İki serbestlik dereceli düzlemsel 5R (R: döner mafsal) mekanizmasının uç noktasının işlevsel çalışma alanına göre mekanizma tasarımı çok farklı başarım ölçütlerine göre yapılabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada uç noktasının yerleşimi nedeni ile kinematik yapısı ve çalışma alanı bakışımsız olan bir 5R mekanizmasının bağlama açısının dik açıya yakın tutulması ölçütü uyarınca işlevsel çalışma alanının tespiti ve de istenilen çalışma alanına boyutuna göre uzuv boyutlarının seçimi ele alınmıştır. Mekanizmanın çalışma alanının tespiti için gerekli kinematik model oluşturulmuş, bağlama açısına göre işlevsel çalışma alanı tespiti irdelenmiş, çalışma alanına gör uzuv boyutlarının belirlenmesi açıklanmış ve de bağlama açısının kuvvet iletimine etkisi tartışılmıştır., There are many performance indices defined for the design of two degrees-of-freedom planar 5R (R: revolute joint) mechanisms according to the dexterous workspace of the end effector. In this study, the performance index was chosen as the transmission angle in order to determine the dexterous workspace of an asymmetric planar 5R mechanism. Also design of link lengths according to a desired dexterous workspace is explained. First, the necessary kinematic model for determining the workspace of the mechanism is constructed. Then the formulation is presented for determining the dexterous workspace according to transmission angle. Finally the effect of the transmission angle on force transmission characteristics is discussed.

Bu çalışmada iki serbestlik dereceli düzlemsel beş-kol mekanizması için işlev sentez problemi en küçük kareler yöntemi ile ele alınmıştır. Çok serbestlik dereceli mekanizmanın sentez problemi, analitik olarak ifade edilmiş ve mekanizmanın görev fonksiyonu belirlenmiştir. Tek serbestlik dereceli mekanizmaların işlev sentezi probleminde yaklaşım işlevi polinom şeklinde olmadığı halde Çebişev aralıklandırmasının diğer aralıklandırma seçeneklerine nispeten daha iyi sonuç verdiği bilinmekte ve işlev sentezinde tasarım noktalarının seçimi bir girdi değişkenli problemler için Çebişev aralıklandırması kullanılmaktadır. Bu sebeple bu çalışmada çok serbestlik dereceli mekanizmaların işlev sentezinde de Çebişev aralıklandırmasının etkisi araştırılmıştır. İki serbestlik dereceli düzlemsel beş-kol mekanizması ile iki girdili bir fonksiyonun aynı tanım kümesi için eşit aralıklandırma ve Çebişev aralıklandırması ile seçilen aynı sayıdaki tasarım noktaları ile iki ayrı çözüm yapılmış ve hata değerleri üzerine etkileri araştırılmıştır.

Bu çalışmada düzlemsel iki serbestlik dereceli beş ve yedi uzuvlu düzlemsel mekanizmalar ile en küçük kareler toplamı yöntemi kullanılarak işlev sentezi uygulanmaktadır. Beş uzuvlu mekanizmalar tek devreli iken yedi mafsallı mekanizmalar iki devre birleştirilerek oluşmaktadır. R döner mafsal, P ise kayar mafsal olmak üzere RPRRR, RRRRR, 2RPR-RRR, RPR-RRR-RRR, 2RRR-RRR, PRRRR, PPRRR, PRR-RRR-RRR, PRR-PRR-RRR mekanizmaları için sentez formülasyonu türetilmiş ve bilgisayar ortamında sayısal model oluşturulmuştur. Sayısal çalışmalardan bir tanesi çalışmada örnek olarak sunulmuştur.