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The purpose of this study was to examine the variation in training load and wellness across a season in an elite Gaelic football team. Weekly external and internal load were obtained from thirty elite Gaelic football players (25.7 ± 3.5 years, 183.0 ± 4.7 cm, 84.4 ± 6.5 kg) across a full season (33 weeks, 8 seasonal blocks). External training loads (TL) of total distance and high-speed running distance were measured using 4-Hz GPS units. Internal TL, assessed via s-RPE, was recorded for each training activity and game. Psychometric data were recorded each morning upon rising using an athlete monitoring system, which calculated a readiness to train (RTT) score for each player. Results: Across both external TL variables, independent paired comparisons found a large difference between Pre-Season 2 and In-Season 4 GPS scores relative to In-Season 6. For total s-RPE, large differences were found between Pre-Season 2 and In-Season 4 in comparison to In-Season 2, In-Season 5 and In-Season 6. There were significant differences in RTT across the eight seasonal blocks (p<.001, ES= .363), with mean scores at their lowest during Pre-Season 1, Pre-Season 2 and In-Season 4, reflecting the TL findings above. This study provides valuable information regarding periodised placement of, and volume in, load prescription across a season in elite Gaelic footballers. External and internal load was at its greatest in the pre-competition preparation blocks (Pre-Season 2 and In-Season 4), where RTT was recorded at its lowest, demonstrating that perceptual ratings of wellness are sensitive to changes in both external and internal training load. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Top European soccer teams that play in UEFA competitions often participate in one, two- or three-games per week. Therefore, it is necessary to ensure optimal match-day performance and full recovery. The aim of this study was to quantify internal and external training load (TL) within five microcycles: M1 and M2 – one-game weeks; M3 and M4 – two-game weeks; M5 – three-game week). Thirteen elite soccer players participated in this study. A global positioning system (GPS) was used to measure the total distance covered and distances of different exercise training zones (1–5), the session ratings of perceived exertion (s-RPE) scores and the amount of creatine kinase (CK) created during daily training sessions for the 2015–2016 in-season period. The data were analysed with respect to the number of days prior to a given match. The main results indicate that there was a significant difference in training intensity for zone 1 between M2 and M4 (4010.2 ± 103.5 and 4507.6 ± 133.0 m, respectively); a significant difference in training intensity for zone 3 between M1 and M5 (686.1 ± 42.8 and 801.2 ± 61.2 m, respectively); a significant difference in the duration of the training sessions and matches between M2 and M5 (69.2 ± 2.1 and 79.6 ± 2.3) and M3 and M5 (69.7 ± 1.0 and 79.6 ± 2.3); and finally, there was a significant difference in CK between M3 and M2 (325.5 ± 155.0 and 194.4 ± 48.9). Moreover, there was a significant decrease in TL in the last day prior to a match, for all microcycles and all variables. There was no significant difference with respect to s-RPE. This study provides the first report of daily external and internal TLs and weekly accumulated load (training sessions and match demands) during one, two, and three-game week schedules in a group of elite soccer players. Expected significant differences are found in daily and accumulated loads for within- and between-game schedules. A similar pattern is exhibited for one- and two-game week microcycles regarding the day before the match, which exhibits a decrease in all variables. Despite the different number of games played per week, TL remain similar between microcycles for zone 2 and 5, plus s-RPE. Highlights • Similar s-RPE for one-, two- or three-game weeks microcycles • Lower values in the last day prior to a match, for all microcycles and variables • Higher value of training duration in one- or two-game than three-game weeks • Week with two official matches revealed significantly greater values of CK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While early efforts to reduce external phosphorus (P) loads to Lake Erie eliminated the worst eutrophication symptoms in the 1970s and 1980s, the observed intensification of these symptoms in recent decades is difficult to explain by changes in the external P loading alone. We hypothesized that, in addition to external inputs, in-lake processes that release P to the water column may be contributing to the re-eutrophication of Lake Erie. Directly measuring these internal inputs is challenging and their scaling up to the entire lake system remains fraught with uncertainty. To constrain the magnitude of the net P input associated with in-lake processes, we generated a long-term annual total P (TP) budget for the Lake St. Clair–Lake Erie system, averaged over a 14-year period, from 2003 to 2016. The budget shows that the TP output from the system substantially exceeds the sum of the external TP inputs. To balance the budget, we estimate that in-lake processes add a net internal TP load of 3783 metric tons per year (MTA) to the water column. In comparison, the mean yearly external TP load to the Lake St. Clair–Lake Erie system is 11,703 MTA. Thus, overall, in-lake processes account for about a quarter of the total (external plus internal) TP input. The internal input is not evenly distributed among the system's basins, however, with Lake St. Clair and Lake Erie's western, central, and eastern basins receiving 6, 13, 21 and 60% of the total internal P input, respectively. Our results highlight the importance of accounting for the internal P loading in nutrient cycling modeling and load reduction strategies for large lake systems. [Display omitted] • Net phosphorus (P) output from Lake Erie substantially exceeds external inputs. • Internal P inputs represent about a quarter of Lake Erie's total P input. • Internal inputs include sediment efflux, shoreline erosion and sediment resuspension. • Internal P loading may contribute to the re-eutrophication of Lake Erie. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El objetivo de este estudio fue examinar la carga interna que supone la utilización mediante un parámetro único que engloba los dos componentes básicos de la carga de entrenamiento, volumen, en forma de minutos, e intensidad que a través del porcentaje de la frecuencia cardíaca (FC) como exigencia fisiológica, para así determinar las exigencias físicas a las que están sometidos los jugadores de balonmano en situaciones reducidas de juego en función de la duración de la misma. Los sujetos participaron en tres formatos: un formato continuo de 8 minutos y dos formatos intermitentes fraccionados (2 periodos de 4 minutos y 4 periodos de 2 minutos) con la misma relación trabajo/descanso de recuperación pasiva entre los diferentes periodos (1:1/4). 12 jugadores (edad 22.82 ± 4.77 años) pertenecientes a un mismo equipo participaron en este estudio. Los sujetos fueron evaluados para valorar la frecuencia cardíaca en los tres formatos. Los resultados presentaron que existen diferencias significativas entre los formatos, siendo el formato continuo el que mayor valor de intensidad mostró. La evidencia sugiere que el formato continuo SSG propuesto induce mayores cargas internas (TRIMPS) en comparación con el formato SSG intermitente. Abstract The aim of this study was to examine the internal load of use by a single parameter which includes the two basic components of the training load, volume, in the form of minutes, and intensity by the percentage of heart rate (HR), to determine the physical stresses to which are subject the reduced handball players in small-sided games. Subjects participated in three formats: a continuous format 8 minutes and 2 formats fractionated (2 periods of 4 minutes and 4 periods of 2 minutes) with the same ratio of work / rest of passive recovery between different periods (1: 1 /4). 12 male players (age 22.82 ± 4.77 years) belonging to the same team in the league participated in this study. Subjects were evaluated to assess the heart rate in the three formats. The results showed significant differences between formats, with the biggest beneficiary to continuous format, which seems the most appropriate format to meet the demands of handball. Evidence suggests that continuous format SSG induce greater internal loads in players compared to intermittent SSG format and that should help coaches to establish a better distribution of play according to their objectives.

The aim of this study was to examine the internal load of use by a single parameter which includes the two basic components of the training load, volume, in the form of minutes, and intensity by the percentage of heart rate (HR), to determine the physical stresses to which are subject the reduced handball players in small-sided games. Subjects participated in three formats: a continuous format 8 minutes and 2 formats fractionated (2 periods of 4 minutes and 4 periods of 2 minutes) with the same ratio of work / rest of passive recovery between different periods (1: 1 /4). 12 male players (age 22.82 ± 4.77 years) belonging to the same team in the league participated in this study. Subjects were evaluated to assess the heart rate in the three formats. The results showed significant differences between formats, with the biggest beneficiary to continuous format, which seems the most appropriate format to meet the demands of handball. Evidence suggests that continuous format SSG induce greater internal loads in players compared to intermittent SSG format and that should help coaches to establish a better distribution of play according to their objectives.

Physical interventions are used to increase physical (sports) performance and considered as effective low-cost strategies in the fields of healthcare, disease or injury prevention, and medical treatment. In general, a considerable amount of evidence buttress the application of physical interventions in various fields as it has been demonstrated to contribute to the maintenance and recovery of physical performance, cognitive function, and overall state of health. To implement physical interventions effectively, it is essential to provide an appropriate exercise and training prescription. Exercise and training prescription are key for “dose” specification and for the individualization (personalizing) of physical exercise and training, precisely adjusted and controlled like medication. Since the physiological response to physical interventions is demonstrably individual and dependent on many influencing factors, individualization is an emerging approach aiming to maximize the efficiency of an intervention by accounting for the interindividual heterogeneity. The present brief viewpoint article aims to distinguish and to redefine between the terms dose and response in order to improve the understanding of practitioners, the methodology of study protocols, and to relate future findings to the actual biological (interindividual) variability of acute and chronic responses.

Currently, the number of women involved in sport is increasing. Although, research on their characteristics and performance is scarce. A great amount of research on men's basketball is available, but it is unknown if it can be applied to women's basketball. The objective of this research was to characterize the internal and external load performed by female basketball players during training and sports competition according to playing positions through inertial devices. The participants in the following study were 10 amateur basketball players who competed at regional level (21.7 ± 3.65 years; 59.5 ± 12.27 kg, and 168.5 ± 3.56). Data were collected in games of the final phase (n = 8) and from 5 vs. 5 training tasks (n = 47). All the analyses were run according to playing positions. Each player was equipped with a GarminTM Heart Rate Band and WimuTM inertial device that monitored physical activity and movement in real time. The results obtained showed that the load experienced during competition was significantly higher (p < 0.001) than during training (Heart Rate, Player Load, Steps, Jumps, and Impacts). There were also differences according to playing positions, mainly between the backcourt and frontcourt players (p < 0.001). The players must work in higher areas of heart rate during training, mainly in Z4 and Z5, increasing their HRmáx y HRavg. The training doesn't equal the load supported and the distance performed in competition, so it is necessary to pay more attention during training. This information allows us to develop adequate training protocols adjusted to the specific individual requirements of the sports competition.

The article provides an analysis of the existing methods of identifying the consumer’s contribution to voltage distortion at a point of common coupling. The considered methods do not allow correctly and fairly determining the source of harmonic distortions, or they have limited application and difficulties in implementation. The paper proposes new methods for determining the source of high harmonics. The developed methods and techniques are based on the analysis of the grid operation modes with two connected consumers using compensating devices, such as reactive power compensation devices and passive harmonic filters. It is shown that the most promising method is the application of harmonic filters, which allows determining the share of the consumer’s contribution to the voltage distortion. The present research is carried out using a computer simulation of the existing electrical grid, to which consumers with nonlinear electric load are connected. These methods can be implemented to assess the power quality and the shareholding of different consumers connected at the point of common coupling. Furthermore, such methods appear to be feasible, as almost every enterprise currently has such facilities in operation.

Background: The relation between training load, especially internal load, and the recovery-stress state is of central importance for avoiding negative adaptations in high-performance sports like swimming. The aim of this study was to analyze the individual time-delayed linear effect relationship between training load and recovery-stress state with single case time series methods and to monitor the acute recovery-stress state of high-performance swimmers in an economical and multidimensional manner over a macro cycle. The Acute Recovery and Stress Scale (ARSS) was used for daily monitoring of the recovery-stress state. The methods session-RPE (sRPE) and acute:chronic workload-ratio (ACWR) were used to compare different methods for quantifying the internal training load with regard to their interrelationship with the recovery-stress state.Methods: Internal load and recovery-stress state of five highly trained female swimmers [with a training frequency of 13.6 ± 0.8 sessions per week and specializing in sprint (50 and 100 m), middle-distance (200 and 400 m), or long distance (800 and 1,500 m) events] were daily documented over 17 weeks. Two different types of sRPE were applied: RPE∗duration (sRPEh) and RPE∗volume (sRPEkm). Subsequently, we calculated the ratios ACWRh and ACWRkm (sRPE last week: 4-week exponentially weighted moving average). The recovery-stress state was measured by using the ARSS, consisting of eight scales, four of which are related to recovery [Physical Performance Capability (PPC), Mental Performance Capability (MPC), Emotional Balance (EB), Overall Recovery (OR)], and four to stress [Muscular Stress (MS), Lack of Activation (LA), Negative Emotional State (NES), Overall Stress (OS)]. To examine the relation between training load and recovery-stress state a cross correlation (CCC) was conducted with sRPEh, sRPEkm, ACWRh, and ACWRkm as lead and the eight ARSS-scales as lag variables.Results: A large variation of training load can be observed in the individual week-to-week fluctuations whereby the single fluctuations can significantly differ from the overall mean of the group. The range also shows that the CCC individually reaches values above 0.3, especially with sRPEkm as lead variable. Overall, there is a large range with significant differences between the recovery and stress dimensions of the ARSS and between the training load methods, with sRPEkm having the largest span (Range = 1.16). High inter-individual differences between the athletes lie in strength and direction of the correlation | 0.66|≤ CCC ≥|-0.50|. The time delayed effects (lags 0–7) are highly individual, however, clear patterns can be observed.Conclusion: The ARSS, especially the physical and overall-related scales (PPC, OR, MS, OS), is a suitable tool for monitoring the acute recovery-stress state in swimmers. MPC, EB, LA, and NES are less affected by training induced changes. Comparably high CCC and Ranges result from the four internal load methods, whereby sRPE, especially sRPEkm, shows a stronger relation to recovery-stress state than ACWR. Based on these results and the individual differences in terms of time delay in training response, we recommend for swimming to use sRPE to monitor the internal training load and to use the ARSS, with a focus at the physical and overall-scales, to monitor the recovery-stress state.

The aim of the study was to examine whether the presence/absence of the head coach influenced soccer players´ heart rate (HR), rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and technical performance during a small-sided game (SSG). The participants in the study were 27 young male soccer players (age: 17.0 ± 1.0 years; height: 176.0 ± 5.2 cm; weight: 67.6 ± 7.9 kg; HRmax: 195.1 ± 0.7 bpm). The SSG were practiced with the presence (PHC) or absence (AHC) of the head coach. Each SSG had duration of 6 min followed by a 5 min rest period. Significant differences were observed for HRmax (PHC: 190.4 ± 10.8; AHC: 182.0 ± 11.9), HRmean (PHC: 175.3 ± 9.4; AHC: 167.0 ± 13.1), RPE (PHC: 7.6 ± 0.8; AHC: 5.8 ± 1.1) and >90% HRmax (PHC: 54.09 ± 33.14; AHC: 46.71 ± 35.61). Significant differences in 4 technical actions: % success in passing (PHC: 59.05 ± 23.11; AHC: 71.08 ± 18.69), % Unsuccessful Passes (UP) (PHC: 40.95 ± 23.11; AHC: 28.92 ± 18.69), Number of UP (PHC: 3.19 ± 1.69; AHC: 2.26 ± 1.58) and total number of control-conduction-passes (CCP) + Successful Passes (SP) (PHC: 0.81 ± 0.83, AHC: 0.52 ± 0.64). This study shows that the presence or not of the head coach during SSG significantly influences the intensity of the players and the technical/tactical actions. Resumen El objetivo del estudio fue examinar como la presencia/ausencia del entrenador, influyó sobre la frecuencia cardíaca (FC), percepción subjetiva del esfuerzo (PSE) y rendimiento técnico durante un juego reducido (JR). Participaron 27 jugadores jóvenes (edad: 17.0 ± 1.0 años; altura: 176.0 ± 5.2 cm; peso: 67.6 ± 7.9 kg; FCmax: 195.1 ± 0.7 ppm). El JR fue realizado en presencia (PE) /ausencia (AE) del entrenador. Cada JR tuvo una duración de 6 min seguida de 5 min de recuperación. Se observaron diferencias significativas en la carga interna: PE (FCmax:190.4 ± 10.8; FCmed:175.3 ± 9.4; PSE: 7.6 ± 0.8 y >90% FCmax: 54.09 ± 33.14) AE (FCmax:182.0 ± 11.9; FCmed:167.0 ± 13.1; PSE: 5.8 ± 1.1 y >90% FCmax: 46.71 ± 35.61). Diferencias significativas en acciones técnicas: % Pases correctos (PE: 59.05 ± 23.11; AE: 71.08 ± 18.69) % Pases incorrectos (PE: 40.95 ± 23.11; AE: 28.92 ± 18.69), Número de pases incorrectos (PE: 3.19 ± 1.69; AE: 2.26 ± 1.58) y número total de control-conducción-pase correcto (PE: 0.81 ± 0.83, AE: 0.52 ± 0.64). Este estudio demuestra que la presencia o no del entrenador durante un juego reducido tiene influencia significativa en la intensidad y rendimiento técnico-táctico de los jugadores.

This study evaluated the influence of physical and perceived game demands, menstrual cycle phase, perceived recovery, individual and game-related contextual factors on competitive performance in professional, female basketball players.11 professional female players (age: 20.6 ± 2.7 years) were monitored for game-related statistics (Performance Index Rating, PIR; rebounds, REB; effective field goal %, eFG%; turnovers, TO), objective (PlayerLoad per minute, PL·min -1 ) and subjective (RPE) game loads, pre-game perceived recovery (Total Quality Recovery, TQR pre ), menstrual phase (follicular; luteal) and game-related contextual factors (game location; game outcome; score differential; opponent level) during 12 official games. Separate linear mixed models were used to evaluate the influence of RPE, PL·min -1 , TQR pre , menstrual phase, contextual factors, and individual characteristics (age; playing position) on game-related statistics.Higher PIR and eFG% were found for older players and those who reported higher RPE (all p  < 0.05). Higher age also led to less TO ( p  = 0.042). eFG% was higher when players reported higher TQR pre ;( p  = 0.010). Better shooting (eFG%) and rebounding (REB) performances were found during the follicular menstrual phase ( p  < 0.05). More REB were collected in won games ( p  = 0.002).This study suggests that the co-influences of perceptual, menstrual-related, individual and game-related contextual factors should be considered to optimise female basketball players' performance.

Problem Statement: The rating of perceived exertion has been widely used to quantify training load during a given training session. Athletes of different modalities might differently respond to a given imposed training load. Purpose: The present study compared training load responses between runners, throwers and sprinters/jumpers. Methods: Ten young men (19.1 ± 2.2 years) and eight women (18.6 ± 1.1 years), who were athletes of running (n = 6), throwing (n = 5), and sprint/jump (n = 7) events, participated in this study. The athletes performed their training routine for one week with the rating of perceived exertion registered 30 minutes after each training session. Training impulse, monotony, and strain were calculated from the rating of perceived exertion and training duration. Results: The training impulse score was similar between the groups (p > 0.05). However, training monotony and strain were higher in runners compared to throwers (p <0.05), but similar between runners and sprinters/jumpers and between throwers and sprinters/jumpers (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Even with similar training impulse, athletes of different modalities respond differently to the imposed training load. Our results suggest that runners have a higher training monotony and strain, compared to throwers. This might help coaches to understand the particularities of training modalities and therefore avoid maladapted response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sediments have a significant influence on the cycling of nutrient elements in lake environments. In order to assess the distribution characteristics and estimate the bioavailability of phosphorus and nitrogen in Dianchi Lake, organic and inorganic phosphorus and nitrogen forms were analysed. The 210Pb radiometric dating method was employed to study temporal changes in the phosphorus and nitrogen pools in Dianchi Lake. The result show that the total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN) were both at high concentrations, ranging from 697.5-3210.0 mg/kg and 1263.7-7155.2 mg/kg, respectively. Inorganic phosphorus (IP) and total organic nitrogen (TON) were the main constituents, at percentages of 59%-78% and 74%-95%, respectively, in the sediments. Spatially, there was a decreasing trend in phosphorus and nitrogen contents from the south and north to the lake centre, which is related to the distribution pattern of local economic production. The burial rates of the various phosphorus and nitrogen forms increased in same spatially and over time. Particularly in the past two decades, the burial rates doubled, with that TN reached to 1.287 mg/(cm2·yr) in 2014. As the most reactive forms, nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) and ammonia nitrogen (NH4-N) were buried more rapidly in the south region, implying that the potential for releasing sedimentary nitrogen increased from north to south. Based on their concentrations and burial rates, the internal loads of phosphorus and nitrogen were analysed for the last century. A TP pool of 71 597.6 t and a TN pool of 81 191.7 t were estimated for Dianchi Lake. Bioavailable phosphorus and nitrogen pools were also estimated at 44 468.0 t and 5429.7 t, respectively, for the last century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main topic of our research was to determine the internal load of goalkeepers in the phase of improving game activities. We focused on the analysis of the achieved heart rate values. In this way, we wanted to extend the knowledge of the impact of the various small sided games (SSG) on the internal load on soccer goalkeepers, there by supporting the effort to improve the youth training process. We assumed the goalkeepers reached a significantly different level of heart rate, terms of their individual assumptions and load variability in different small sided games. Four goalkeeper's (U16, U17) internal load were analysed by POLAR Team PRO. To determine statistical significance, we used the Wilcoxon T-test. Then we calculated Cohen r (effect size) and the significance test of two relative values. The selected level of statistical significance was p=0.05. We found different mean heart rate values in selected small sided games, so we confirmed the assumption at least logically. At the same time, we confirmed that both small sided games had the required impact on adaptive changes to the goalkeeper's body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The relation between training load, especially internal load, and the recovery-stress state is of central importance for avoiding negative adaptations in high-performance sports like swimming. The aim of this study was to analyze the individual time-delayed linear effect relationship between training load and recovery-stress state with single case time series methods and to monitor the acute recovery-stress state of high-performance swimmers in an economical and multidimensional manner over a macro cycle. The Acute Recovery and Stress Scale (ARSS) was used for daily monitoring of the recovery-stress state. The methods session-RPE (sRPE) and acute:chronic workload-ratio (ACWR) were used to compare different methods for quantifying the internal training load with regard to their interrelationship with the recovery-stress state. Methods: Internal load and recovery-stress state of five highly trained female swimmers [with a training frequency of 13.6 ± 0.8 sessions per week and specializing in sprint (50 and 100 m), middle-distance (200 and 400 m), or long distance (800 and 1,500 m) events] were daily documented over 17 weeks. Two different types of sRPE were applied: RPE∗duration (sRPEh) and RPE∗volume (sRPEkm). Subsequently, we calculated the ratios ACWRh and ACWRkm (sRPE last week: 4-week exponentially weighted moving average). The recovery-stress state was measured by using the ARSS, consisting of eight scales, four of which are related to recovery [Physical Performance Capability (PPC), Mental Performance Capability (MPC), Emotional Balance (EB), Overall Recovery (OR)], and four to stress [Muscular Stress (MS), Lack of Activation (LA), Negative Emotional State (NES), Overall Stress (OS)]. To examine the relation between training load and recovery-stress state a cross correlation (CCC) was conducted with sRPEh, sRPEkm, ACWRh, and ACWRkm as lead and the eight ARSS-scales as lag variables. Results: A large variation of training load can be observed in the individual week-to-week fluctuations whereby the single fluctuations can significantly differ from the overall mean of the group. The range also shows that the CCC individually reaches values above 0.3, especially with sRPEkm as lead variable. Overall, there is a large range with significant differences between the recovery and stress dimensions of the ARSS and between the training load methods, with sRPEkm having the largest span (Range = 1.16). High inter-individual differences between the athletes lie in strength and direction of the correlation | 0.66|≤ CCC ≥|-0.50|. The time delayed effects (lags 0–7) are highly individual, however, clear patterns can be observed. Conclusion: The ARSS, especially the physical and overall-related scales (PPC, OR, MS, OS), is a suitable tool for monitoring the acute recovery-stress state in swimmers. MPC, EB, LA, and NES are less affected by training induced changes. Comparably high CCC and Ranges result from the four internal load methods, whereby sRPE, especially sRPEkm, shows a stronger relation to recovery-stress state than ACWR. Based on these results and the individual differences in terms of time delay in training response, we recommend for swimming to use sRPE to monitor the internal training load and to use the ARSS, with a focus at the physical and overall-scales, to monitor the recovery-stress state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to assess the efficacy of critical metabolic power derived from variable-speed movement for classifying intensity in team sport activity. Methods: Elite male hockey players (n = 12) completed a series of time trials (100 yards, 400 yards, 1500 yards) and a 3-min all-out test to derive both critical speed (CS) and critical power (CP). Heart rate (HR), blood lactate, and rating of perceived exertion were measured during each protocol. Participants (n = 10) then played two competitive hockey matches. Time spent greater than 85% of maximum HR was compared with time spent above CS (from the time trials) and CP (from the 3-min test). Results: Between protocols, there was a moderate and nonsignificant association for CS (r = 0.359, P = 0.252) and a very large association for CP (r = 0.754, P = 0.005); the association was very large for peak HR (r = 0.866, P < 0.001), large for blood lactate (r = 0.506, P = 0.093), and moderate for rating of perceived exertion (rho = 0.441, P = 0.152). Time trials produced higher CS (4.3 vs 2.0 m·s−1, P < 0.001) and CP (18.3 vs 10.5 W·kg−1, P < 0.001) values than did the 3-min test. In matches, there was a very large association between time spent above 85% of maximum HR and time spent above both CS (r = 0.719, P < 0.001) and CP (r = 0.867, P < 0.001). This relationship was stronger for CP compared with CS (Z = 3.29, P = 0.0007). Conclusions: Speed is not an appropriate parameter for the classification of team sport activity comprising continual changes in speed and direction; however, critical metabolic power derived from variable-speed activity seems useful for this purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Summary: The aim of the study was to extend the knowledge about the internal load of elite young soccer players in small sided games with different parameters in the category under 19 years. The group consisted of 16 elite soccer players under the age of 19. This team competed in the first league of the same age category We have monitored the time spent by players in bio-energy load zones (percentage of maximum heart rate), in small sided games with 2 players against 2, 3 against 3, with the size of the playing field of 25 x 18 meters and 30 x 25 meters. We used basic mathematical and statistical characteristics and Wilcoxon t-test for non-parametric selections. Our study confirmed that in the category under 19 years is valid that the larger number of players (3:3) in small sided games, indicates the players to spend more time in bio-energy zones 4 and 5. Direct correlation also applies to the size of the playing field, depending on the time spent in the load zones 4 and 5. The larger dimension of the pitch indicates to more time the players spend in bio-energy load zones, which is considered to be focal for us. If we want to use them as a way of complex training program (game training), then the small sided games are suitable training strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aims of the present short review were to (i) summarise data relating to the heart rate (HR) response to combat sports matches according to many factors and (ii) determine the cardiovascular demand and intensity of combat sports matches. The present review shows that HR increased significantly across rounds during male taekwondo, boxing and kickboxing matches. HR and maximal heart rate (HRmax) increased significantly across successive karate and judo combat matches in young men and boy athletes. It has also been shown that there are no significant differences between winners and losers and males and females in HR response during official and simulated striking combat sports matches. Furthermore, combat HR intensity as a percentage of HRmax varied from 90% to 94%, from 86% to 100%, from 83% to 94%, and approximately 95% during judo, taekwondo, karate and Muay Thai matches, respectively. Coaches, sports scientists and athletes can also use HR to (i) assess athletes’ cardiovascular demand and (ii) monitor exercise intensity during combat sports matches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte is the property of Cuadernos de Psicologia del Deporte and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this short review was to summarize data pertaining to the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) methods (RPE value and session- RPE) during combat sport-specific activities (i.e., competition and training) based on many factors, including contest type (i. e., official vs. simulated vs. training), combat rounds, age of participants and muscle groups, and their correlation with physiological variables (i.e., blood lactate concentration [La] and heart rate [HR]). The current review shows higher RPE in a match of mixed martial arts (MMAs) than Brazilian jiu-jitsu and kickboxing matches and during the competitive period compared with the precompetitive period. This could be explained by the longer duration of bouts, the higher percentage contribution of aerobic metabolism in MMA than other combat sports and contest type differences (simulated vs. official matches). Thus, this review found significant correlations between RPE or session-RPE, [La] and HR. Particularly, there was a stronger correlation between RPE and [La] during official striking (r = 0.81) than grappling combat sports matches (r = 0.53). In addition, a variation of correlation (moderate to large) between session-RPE and HR- based methods has been reported (i.e., Edwards' training load [r ranged between 0.58 and 0.95] and Banister training impulse [r ranged between 0.52 and 0.86]). Specifically, stronger correlation was apparent in combat sport competition that required a much higher percentage contribution of aerobic metabolism (e.g., karate) and in adult athletes than anaerobic-based combat sports (e.g., taekwondo) and young athletes, respectively. Indeed, the current review highlights that the correlations between session-RPE and HR-based methods were higher during official competition than training sessions. Session-RPE was affected by participants' competitive level, the intensity of session (high vs. low), the training modalities (tactical-technical vs. technical- development vs. simulated competition), and the training volume in combat sports athletes. Rating of perceived exertion is a valid tool for quantifying internal training and combat loads during short- and long-term training and simulated and official competitions in novice and elite combat sport athletes. Furthermore, both RPE methods may be a more reliable measure of intensity or effort when both anaerobic and aerobic systems are appreciably activated. Coaches, sports scientists, and athletes can use session-RPE method to quantify short-term training and combat loads in adult athletes during precompetitive period much more than long-term training and in young athletes during the competitive period. They can also use RPE to monitor combat and short- and long-term training loads to better plan and assist training programs and competitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The purpose of the study was to compare measures of energy expenditure derived from indirect calorimetry and micro-technology, as well as high power and high speed activity during linear and multi-directional running.Design: Repeated measures.Methods: Twelve university standard team sport players completed a linear and multi-directional running condition. Estimated energy expenditure, as well as time at high speed (>14.4kmh-1) and high power (>20Wkg-1) were quantified using a 10Hz micro-technology device and compared with energy expenditure derived from indirect calorimetry.Results: Measured energy expenditure was higher during the multi-directional condition (9.0±2.0 cf. 5.9±1.4kcalmin-1), whereas estimated energy expenditure was higher during the linear condition (8.7±2.1 cf. 6.5±1.5kcalmin-1). Whilst measures of energy expenditure were strongly related (r>0.89, p<0.001), metabolic power underestimated energy expenditure by 52% (95% LoA: 20-93%) and 34% (95% LoA: 12-59%) during the multi-directional and linear condition, respectively. Time at high power was 41% (95% LoA: 4-92%) greater than time at high speed during the multi-directional condition, whereas time at high power was 5% (95% LoA: -17-9%) lower than time at high speed during the linear condition.Conclusions: Estimated energy expenditure and time at high metabolic power can reflect changes in internal load. However, micro-technology cannot be used to determine the energy cost of intermittent running. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solute transport across the sediment-water interface has major implications for water quality and biogeochemical cycling in aquatic ecosystems. Existing measurement techniques, however, are not capable of resolving sediment-water fluxes of most constituents under in situ flow conditions. We investigated whether relaxed eddy accumulation (REA), a micrometeorological technique with conditional sampling of turbulent updrafts and downdrafts, can be adapted to the aquatic environment. We simulated REA fluxes by reanalyzing eddy covariance measurements from a riverine lake. We found that the empirical coefficient that relates mass fluxes to the concentration difference between both REA samples is invariant with scalar and flow and responds as predicted by a joint Gaussian distribution of linearly correlated variables. Simulated REA fluxes differed on average by around 30% from eddy covariance fluxes (mean absolute error). Assessment of the lower quantification limit suggests that REA can potentially be applied for measuring benthic fluxes of a new range of constituents that cannot be assessed by standard eddy covariance methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphorus (P) fractionation and sorption behavior were studied in the sediments of two calcium-sulfate (Ca-SO 4 : Ca 2+ 170 mg L -1 ; SO 4 2- 400 mg L -1 ) water reservoirs in the southern central Argentine Andes - El Carrizal Reservoir (ECR),which stratifies in summer and El Nihuil Reservoir (ENR),which is vertically mixed throughout the year. Sediment size classes reflected the lithology of both basins and the reservoirs relative location: ECR (downstream from a valley adjacent to a mountain environment) had higher clay proportions while the sand fraction was more important in ENR (just next to a mountain environment). In both reservoirs, the chemical composition revealed low alteration and calcium enrichment. Total P content was relatively high (1.1 – 1.6 mg P kg -1 dry weight) as expected from the contribution of marine formations. P fractionation was dominated by Ca-P (ECR, 69% and ENR, 63%) followed by organic-P (23%) in summer-anoxic ECR and by iron/aluminum (Fe/Al)-P (27%) in oxic ENR. Batch experiments showed that sorption behavior in ECR had a typical Langmuir isotherm plot while in ENR that model fitted only at low dissolved P values (<5 mg P L -1 ) and co-precipitation evidence was observed at higher P concentrations. It is proposed that lower Fe/Al-P content in anoxic (ECR) vs . oxic (ENR) sediments results from the P released from iron-bound phosphorus due to sulfate reduction-ferrous sulfide formation in an anoxic environment. This condition should enable ECR sediments to adsorb P into fresh oxidized iron, and ENR sediments to co-precipitate P with calcium due to Fe/Al-P saturation, as observed in batch experiments. This paper constitutes the first description of phosphorus content and dynamics in reservoir sediments in arid central western Argentina, where water sulfate concentrations are naturally high due to basin lithology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis of literature shows that there is no consensus on the volume and intensity of training loads for rowers during the preliminary basic training stage. In addition, the possibility of using various training modes, which take into account gender characteristics of young athletes, to improve the physical and functional preparedness of oarsmen during the preliminary basic training stage has not been sufficiently studied in scientific literature. The purpose of this study is the theoretical substantiation and development of canoeing training programs with different power supply modes, which are aimed at improving the physical and functional preparedness of athletes during the preliminary basic training stage. It is established that there are gender differences in how the aerobic and anaerobic training affects the physical and functional preparedness and the results of rowing competition exercises during the preliminary basic training stage. Training using the aerobic mode of power supply (with an intensity of 60% VO2max) proved to be effective only for females. Training using the stimulation of anaerobic (lactate) energy supply processes proved to be more effective in improving the physical/functional fitness and results in competitive exercises for male adolescents. Regardless of the athlete gender, training using a mixed mode of energy supply (aerobic-anaerobic and anaerobic-aerobic) more effectively improves the physical and functional fitness compared with training using the aerobic energy supply mode. Regardless of the energy supply mode and training method, exercises based on the developed programs, which take into account the internal load, do not disturb the functional state of the body, according to the results of electrocardiography, spirography and sphygmomanometry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to quantify the seasonal perceived respiratory and muscular training loads (i.e., sRPEres-TL and sRPEmus-TL) completed by elite-oriented young professional soccer players. Twenty-four players (20.3 ± 2.0 years) belonging to the same reserve team of a Spanish La Liga club participated in this study. Only the players that were available to train for a whole week with the team and also to play the weekly game were considered: Starters, players that participated in the match for at least 45 min and Non-Starters, players that did not participate or played less than 45 minutes in the match. The competitive period was analysed after the division into 5x6-8 week blocks and 35x1 week microcycles. Data were also analysed with respect to number of days before the immediate match. Weekly TL variation across the in-season blocks was trivial-small for both groups except between Block 2 and Block 3 (ES= moderate). Substantial TL differences (ES= small-very likely) were found between training days, the TL pattern being a progressive increase up to MD-3 followed by a decrease until MD-1. Except for the match, sRPEres-/sRPEmus-TL was very similar between Starters and Non-Starters. In summary, perceived TL across the season displayed limited variation. Coaches periodized training contents to attain the highest weekly TL 72 hours before the match to progressively unload the players between MD-3 and the match day. The data revealed that the TL arising from the weekly game was solely responsible for the observed higher weekly TL of Starters in comparison with Non-Starters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]