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G-10 AVO FRIENDLY PROCESSING BEFORE MIGRATION Introduction 1 AVO friendly processing requires an integrated processing sequence that is specifically focused on both structural fidelity and primary amplitude preservation. Among the many vital components of such a flow are pre-stack (partial) migration coherent and incoherent noise removal and consistent amplitude recovery. In this paper we discuss an AVO friendly integrated processing sequence with particular emphasis on the following aspects important to present day 3D massive marine seismic processing: AVO friendly Radon de-multiple and high fidelity (HiFi) DMO for improving the amplitude behavior at near offsets. Other processes in the sequence are

One considers the questions of increase of accuracy of processing of the video measurements, connected with the organization of the integrated processing of navigating measurements of unmanned aerial vehicles in a land complex of management, and also with working out of methods of a co-ordinate binding of images under the navigating data and reference points.

In retrospect, the issues of monitoring the population of wild reindeer using ground observation and small aircraft. The possibility of using aero-space systems and satellite radio collars to track the animals, determine the size and demographic structure of herds. Presents modern methods geobotanical mapping pastures using multispectral satellite imagery and field work in key areas, and the method zooklimatic monitoring model based on the heat balance of the animal. Shows how the monitoring arrangements, integrated processing and reporting of heterogeneous data based intelligent interface

Algorithms for allocating CPU bandwidth to soft real-time processes exist, yet best-effort scheduling remains an attractive model for both application developers and users. Best-effort scheduling is easy to use, provides a reasonable trade-off between fairness and responsiveness, and imposes no extra overhead for specifying resource demands. However, best-effort schedulers provide no resource guarantees, limiting their ability to support processes with timeliness constraints. Reacting to the need for better support of soft real-time multimedia applications while recognizing that the best-effort model permeates desktop computing for very good reasons, we have developed BEST, an enhanced best-effort scheduler that combines desirable aspects of both types of computing. BEST provides the well-behaved default characteristics of best-effort schedulers while significantly improving support for periodic soft real-time processes. BEST schedules using estimated deadlines based on the dynamically detected periods of processes exhibiting periodic behavior, and assigns pseudo-periods to non-periodic processes to allow for good response time. This paper discusses the BEST scheduling model and our implementation in Linux and presents results demonstrating that BEST outperforms the Linux scheduler in handling soft real-time processes, outperforms real-time schedulers in handling best-effort processes, and sometimes outperforms both, especially in situations of processor overload.

This article gives an overview of the Integrated Processing module that realises the multi-parsing-engine for the Verbmobil parsing modules HPSG, statistical parsing, chunk parsing. The Integrated Processing module implements an A* search on a word hypotheses graph and interface functions to the different parsing approaches.

In the determination of the reference system satellite orbit determination plays an important role. With purely geometric techniques it is not possible to determine e.g. the position of the Earth’s centre of mass. However, the introduction of dynamic techniques, such as satellite tracking, is accompanied by a range of parameter definitions and assumptions. These make the determination of the reference system and related parameters dependent on the assumed parameter values, but also on the type of tracking data that is used.

One of the most striking aspects of the primate visual cortex is the remarkable extent of internal structure and organization within V 1, and the second visual area, V2. Architecturally, V2 is composed of an interleaved series of bands specialized for the processing of the visual submodalities of form, color, and depth, known as the V2 stripes. The unique position of V2 in the visual hierarchy at the juncture of the higher visual pathways suggests that its segregated functional architecture facilitates the channeling of visual input into these pathways for handling “what” and “where” visual information. Thus the organization and connectivity of V2 perhaps most clearly embodies the notion of parallel and integrated processing of form, color, motion, and stereopsis, as observed psychophysically in studies of human visual performance. In comparison to primary visual cortex V 1, the architecture and functional role of V2 has only recently been studied in earnest. This chapter reviews the current understanding of the modular organization within stripes, the functional properties of V2 stripes, the visual map with respect to the stripes, and the functional connectivity of V2 stripes with other cortical areas.

A full-scale integrated technology demonstration of a polyethylene encapsulation process, sponsored by the US Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Technology Development (OTD), was conducted at the Environmental & Waste Technology Center at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL.) in September 1994. As part of the Polymer Solidification National Effort, polyethylene encapsulation has been developed and tested at BNL as an alternative solidification technology for improved, cost-effective treatment of low-level radioactive (LLW), hazardous and mixed wastes. A fully equipped production-scale system, capable of processing 900 kg/hr (2000 lb/hr), has been installed at BNL. The demonstration covered all facets of the integrated processing system including pre-treatment of aqueous wastes, precise feed metering, extrusion processing, on-line quality control monitoring, and process control.

The amount of energy and nutrients that herbivorous mammals extract from a diet depends upon the amount of food eaten (intake) and its digestibility, but intake and digestibility do not vary independently. Apparent digestibility for any particular diet depends upon its chemical constituents, its retention time in the gastro-intestinal (GI) tract and the absorptive capacity of the GI tract. The last is a function of epithelial surface area and nutrient transport rates across the epithelium (Karasov and Diamond, 1988). Within limits, forage intake increases as the digestibility of the food decreases; retention time of food within the GI tract decreases as intake increases; and digestibility decreases as retention time decreases (Sibley, 1981; van Soest, 1982; Robbins, 1983). Retention time also decreases as the volume of the GI tract decreases. All of these variables (intake, retention time, GI size and digestibility) can change in response to changes in energy demand or fibre content of the diet (Hammond and Wunder, 1991). We call the relationships among these changes, and their effect on digestible energy (or nutrient) intake, the integrated processing response (IPR) . A wide variety of birds and mammals show an IPR, as indicated by changes in size, morphology and nutrient absorption rates of their GI tract with changes in diet quality (Gross et al., 1985; Karasov and Diamond, 1988; Brugger, 1991 and references therein). The IPR of small mammals is particularly interesting because a considerable body of theory, primarily based on ruminants, argues that small mammals (adult mass less than 1 kg) should not be able to meet their energy requirements on high fibre diets, such as mature grass (Demment and van Soest, 1985).

Rapid thermal chemical vapor deposition (RT-CVD) technology is strategically important for deep submicron ULSI manufacturing because of trends towards reduced thermal budget and tightened process control requirements on large diameter Si wafers, and has thus received considerable attention. In this paper, we will review the significant benefits provided by a novel in-situ multi-processing RT-CVD for IC manufacturing and the considerable progress made in developing RT-CVD as a integrated processing module capable of meeting the stringent requirements of ULSI device fabrication.

This article describes a plan to upgrade colliery spoils to construction materials. The plan is based on the idea that the mineral composition of which colliery spoils are made of are similar to the composition of construction materials. However, colliery spoils also contain carbon and sulfides whilst construction materials mostly do not. By thermal treatment, i.e. burning out the carbon and oxidation of sulfides, the mineral part can be upgraded into a form, suitable for production of construction materials. An optimized Fluidized Bed Combustion (FBC) technology in combination with treatment of coarser particles in a shaft-furnace, is regarded the most suitable method for this purpose. An integrated processing facility based on proven technologies will be able to upgrade colliery spoils into (1) basic minerals to be used for the production of construction materials (a high valued re-use), simultaneously recovering the remaining energy-content, i. e. (2) electricity and (3) heat. The facility itself can very likely be a basis or crystallization point for innovative building material industry, thus causing an economic stimulus for the region. Furthermore, the removal of colliery spoil deposits will prevent groundwater contamination caused by percolate which may contain sulphuric acid resulting from the oxidation of sulfides. A feasibility check for this project has been carried out for FBC capacities up to 200 MW-fuel, aimed at the removal of an uncovered colliery spoil deposit of about 30 million tonnes in Limburg, the southernmost province of The Netherlands. Production of ceramic limestone as an end-product was found to be a very interesting option.

ULSI device manufacturing requires capital equipment manufacturers to deliver state of the art performance, particle-free process environments, and high uptime. With critical dimensions of 0.5 ? and below, essentially perfect etching results are required to meet device requirements. Gate structures, once simple poly-si types, are now multiple films of poly-si plus silicide. Contact hole etching to silicon requires damage free and polymer free surfaces following etch. Metallizations, once single aluminum alloy films, are now complex refractory metal/aluminum/refractory metal sandwiches. Multiple etch steps are required to successfully process these layers. Drytek has manufactured integrated process equipment for the past six years. To meet the demand for ULSI, Drytek has developed the ASIQ™, or Application Specific Integrated Quad. Our paper will discuss the benefits of the ASIQ™ system concept for complex etch applications, where the use of different plasma sources on the same integrated process platform is required for near perfect etching results of ULSI devices.

This paper highlights a number of basic science issues related to wafer cleaning in silicon technology. Particle removal techniques, metal contamination, surface passivation, and integrated processing are used as key examples of areas of active research related to wafer cleaning. It is highlighted that wafer cleaning plays a far more significant role in device processing than just for contamination removal. However, even contamination removal faces formidable challenges such as the determination of safe contamination limits and the detection of trace amounts of contamination, all of which go well beyond the traditional realm of contamination control.

Vapor phase cleaning of silicon wafers is reviewed. Particular emphasis is placed on oxide etching and removal, including the mechanisms involved in vapor HF etching of silicon oxides. Other items discussed include native oxide formation, impurity removal, and device applications. Future directions involving other chemistries and integrated processing are summarized.

Quartz sand samples from alluvial deposits in Khanty-Mansiiskii Autonomous District are studied. It is proposed to build a concentration enterprise using the principles of integrated processing of initial loose masses.

Manufacturing of advanced integrated circuits requires extreme control of ''wafer processing" induced defects from process tools manufacturing environment and manufacturing disciplines. In order to minimize handling induced defects several processing steps can be clustered into one central wafer handler with environmentally isolated wafer transfer between process modules. Unique features of Rapid Thermal Chemical Vapor Deposition (RTCVD) technology can be utilized to perform more than one processing step in a single process chamber. A number of process steps can also be clustered together to provide an application specific tool. Each process module must be effectively isolated from the wafer transfer area to eliminate cross contamination. In this paper the applications of integrated processing technology using RTCVD for MOS and bipolar based devices are discussed. The technological and economical advantages of integrated processing with a cluster tool approach are addressed. Finally the equipment requirements for such a tool in a production environment are defined. 2.

A cluster tool is a single integrated processing tool which incorporates two or more process modules. Further, in an open cluster tool, the process modules may not all be supplied by the same vendor. This article is aimed at equipment vendors/suppliers faced with revising their control systems to meet the requirements for communications in an open cluster tool. Standards for these communications are being developed by the SEMI's MESC committee [1] (see Table 1 for a full list of acronyms used in this article). One goal of the cluster tool movement is to allow the equipment vendor to focus on their process. MESC (formerly MESA) has developed mechanical and utilities standards that are fairly well developed and reasonably simple. The proposed communications standards, on the other hand, seem neither complete nor simple. So what's going on! The fact is that the problem is complex. The cluster tool is itself a mini factory. The problem therefore is analogous to General Motor's MAP which defines communications and control required by an entire factory. The guiding principle has been to reference existing standards, rather than invent new ones, to allow equipment vendors to purchase off-the-shelf hardware and software for faster development, higher performance and better reliability. That is easy to say but equipment suppliers are still faced with supplying a control system that is compatible with open architecture cluster tools. Few have the luxury to scrap what they have and start afresh. Worse yet, cluster tool compatibility is, as yet, not well defined or understood. This article is intended to provide information to ease the burden on the equipment supplier in the transition toward full open architecture cluster tools. First of all the status of the current standards will be reviewed. This is followed by what you might look for in the way of off-the-shelf control and networking software. Finally the thorny issue of "how do you get there from here?" will be addressed.

A report is presented on the biodetection capabilities of plasmonic terahertz detectors. Large changes in the terahertz response of plasmonic detectors loaded with solutions of globulin-free bovine serum albumin, arginine and heparin were measured for concentrations that did affect the device transfer characteristics. The consistent change of the response characteristics with specimen type and concentration can be used to identify and quantify biological and chemical substances. The device structure makes it suitable for use as a building block of a biochip with integrated processing capabilities.

An ultraclean and integrated processing laboratory for Si technology is described whose purpose is to explore (1) the fundamental chemistry and physics of thermal processes, (2) the potential of ultraclean growth conditions for obtaining good materials properties, and (3) the integration of related process sequences in-situ. In-situ analysis and monitoring plays a key role in all three. Defect formation is analyzed by surface analytical techniques, based mostly on electron spectroscopies, and consequences for film growth are discussed. An important distinction is made between molecular contamination on the level of sub-monolayer coverages (of order 1014cm -2 ) and individual point defects caused by particles (of order 103cm -2 ). Different analytical techniques and detection schemes are required to deal with such vastly different contamination densities.

The York University CLIPS Student Administrator (YUCSA), an expert database system implemented in C Language Integrated Processing System (CLIPS), for monitoring the academic performance of undergraduate students at York University, is discussed. The expert system component in the system has already been implemented for two major departments, and it is under testing and enhancement for more departments. Also, more elaborate user interfaces are under development. We describe the design and implementation of the system, problems encountered, and immediate future plans. The system has excellent maintainability and it is very efficient, taking less than one minute to complete an assessment of one student.

Processing of information and data in construction of equipment and plant. Computers are playing an everincreasing role in plant construction. Partly integrated programming solutions have meanwhile become available for many sectors of the engineering and commercial sides of plant design. The design and construction of larger plants, which because of the necessity to save on energy and raw material consumption and to conform with ecologically unobjectionable standards are becoming more and more complex, is virtually impossible without the aid of computers. And this development trend is still continuing. At present efforts are mainly directed at the use of computers in the preparation of engineering drawings and to the assembly of partly integrated processing steps of larger integrated complexes. Projects of this nature are often beyond the capabilities of individual firms and demand cooperative development. Apart from a few exceptions, electronic data processing has not been exploited in plant construction beyond the commercial side. Even NC machines are frequently not employed in plant construction, mainly because of the custom-built nature of the components. Essential rationalization even in this area poses the question of the extent to which a wider use of electronic data processing might be helpful.

ORION is UCLA's online integrated processing and public access system. The system and its development are described briefly. The principal portion of the discussion centers round the serials component which includes ordering, check-in. claiming, binding, payment processing and fund accounting. UCLA's serials data conversion activities are also summarized.

An ultrahigh vacuum, in vacuo wafer transfer system has been completed for development of integrated wafer processing. Design decisions which determined the structural layout and the interior design of the vacuum transfer vessel are elucidated in this paper. Among the criteria considered were (i) the areal floor space occupied by the transfer device, (ii) the average travel distance per transfer, and (iii) an awareness that mechanical function must be incorporated without leading to wafer particulate contamination. Of these criteria, the first two influenced the structural arrangement of the transfer system while the last criterion influenced the interior design. Elementary calculations are presented for a simple rotary and linear transfer tube design. These calculations show that, for integration of more than four nodes, the linear transfer design occupies less floor space than a rotary design would occupy. Calculations show that the rotary design does offer a shorter average transfer distance. However, ...

This article presents the project “Document Processing in Open Systems Environment.” This project is one endeavor of the German Research Network (Deutsches Forschungsnetz DFN). The document processing system designed for DFN is based on proposals for international standards in the area of document and graphics processing. The functionality and user interface of this system are described, as well as a proposal for including graphics into documents.

It is shown that metal powder and particle technology extends beyond conventional Powder Metallurgy to include the hot working of metal powders and several integrated processing routes to semi-finished products involving metal powder or particles. The salient features of the processes are examined and an assessment is made of likely future developments in each case.

Bench-scale experiments were carried out on the processing of peanut by a new method. The decuticled kernels were pasted, and the paste was subjected to the Skipin process to recover approximately 30% oil; the residual paste was made into a dispersion at 10.0 pH and clarified to get a carbohydrate meal (15.7% moisture-free); the clarified dispersion was centrifuged to obtain another 12% fat and the remaining dispersion was acidified to get the protein (21.9% moisture-free).

Highlights • Biomass is generated during management of low input high diversity (LIHD) landscapes. • Samples of LIHD biomass were subjected to fast pyrolysis. • Demineralization through washing and pressing was associated with higher oil yields. • Oil yields were within the range following fast pyrolysis of Miscanthus and Willow. • Gross estimates of 4 × 105 tonne per year of oil could be displaced using Welsh LIHD biomass., Waste biomass is generated during the conservation management of semi-natural habitats, and represents an unused resource and potential bioenergy feedstock that does not compete with food production. Thermogravimetric analysis was used to characterise a representative range of biomass generated during conservation management in Wales. Of the biomass types assessed, those dominated by rush (Juncus effuses) and bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) exhibited the highest and lowest volatile compositions respectively and were selected for bench scale conversion via fast pyrolysis. Each biomass type was ensiled and a sub-sample of silage was washed and pressed. Demineralization of conservation biomass through washing and pressing was associated with higher oil yields following fast pyrolysis. The oil yields were within the published range established for the dedicated energy crops miscanthus and willow. In order to examine the potential a multiple output energy system was developed with gross power production estimates following valorisation of the press fluid, char and oil. If used in multi fuel industrial burners the char and oil alone would displace 3.9 × 105 tonnes per year of No. 2 light oil using Welsh biomass from conservation management. Bioenergy and product development using these feedstocks could simultaneously support biodiversity management and displace fossil fuels, thereby reducing GHG emissions. Gross power generation predictions show good potential.

There is now a great deal of evidence that information processing differences between the left and right cerebral hemispheres can have important consequences for information processing in neu- rologically normal humans. Until recently, the emphasis has been on learning as much as possible about the processing abilities and propensities of each hemisphere and not so much on the manner in which the two hemispheres interact to form an integrated processing system. As humans look around their world, hear sounds and touch objects it is the case that most information is presented to both hemispheres and it is often the case that both hemispheres are capable of generating a behavioral response to the stimulation. We have only limited knowledge about the nature of interhemispheric interactions in such situations. With these things in mind, the present chapter examines some of the ways that interhemispheric interaction might be studied by comparing performance in situations involving only one hemisphere to performance in similar situations involving both hemispheres. Specifically, consideration will be given to dual-task studies of interference, to studies demanding cross-hemispheric integration of information and to investigation of the effects of simultaneous presentation of the same stimulus information to both hemispheres.

This paper describes the key process steps in the low temperature, 2 interfaces employing oxide deposition by Remote Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor-Deposition (Remote PECVD). The quality of the Si/SiO2 interface correlates with the degree of surface reconstruction that is controlled by ex-situ wet cleaning and in-situ Rapid Flash Heating. Electronic properties of the MOS structure also vary with the deposited oxide thickness, independent of the initial surface quality.

Both Centralized and Distributed approaches are being evaluated for the installation of Environmental Control and Life Support (ECLS) equipment in the Space Station. In the Centralized facility concept, integrated processing equipment is located in two modules with plumbing used to circulate ECLS services throughout the Station. The Distributed approach locates the ECLS subsystems in every module of the Space Station with each subsystem designed to meet its own module needs. This paper defines the two approaches and how the advantages and disadvantages of each are tied to the choice of Space Station architecture. Other considerations and evaluations include: crew movement, Station evolution and the ducting impact needed to circulate ECLS services from centrally located processing equipment.

A process has been developed where multiple yarns of commingled glass and polypropylene are heated and placed to a desired geometry. The placed unidirectional (UD) tow is then encapsulated by over-moulding with glass mat thermoplastics (GMTs). The effects of both force (20–80 N), with an equivalent pressure range of 8–46 bar, and the displacement rate (20–100 mm/s) during tow placement on void content and flexural modulus were investigated for nine placement conditions. Placement rate affected the tow quality measured before overmoulding. Void contents were reduced after over-moulding. The volume fraction of UD tow (vol. O8 composite/vol. total composite) in the manufactured multi-material structure was 21.5%. Corresponding tensile tests showed a factor of 2 increase in modulus and a factor of 3 increase in strength relative to GMT. Tow placement rate had no significant effect on tensile properties after over-moulding. Tensile behaviour as a function of the UD tow volume fraction was modelled and predicted values agreed with the experimental results. Additionally, the predicted tensile performance of UD tow reinforced GMT has been compared with possible competitive materials using merit indices.

Reimbursement pressures have resulted in an increased awareness of the importance of estimating and improving manufacturing costs for cell therapy products. This work describes the development and application of a decisional tool capable of computing the manufacturing costs for an allogeneic CAR-T cell bioprocess. The tool was used to facilitate a comparison of the impact on cost of goods (COG) from the use of different process technologies including T-flasks, gas permeable vessels, rocking motion bioreactors, an integrated processing platform, MACS purification and spinning membrane filtration technology. Seven different process flowsheets were compared and the economic drivers of manufacturing costs were analysed. COG per dose values were compared against a specified target selling price (TSP) to understand the feasibility of achieving a target COG as % TSP. Finally, a multi-attribute decision-making (MADM) analysis was conducted in order to allow preference of process design to be determined on the basis of qualitative and quantitative operational attributes, rather than COG alone. The flowsheet containing rocking motion bioreactors, spinning membrane filtration technology and a MACS purification platform was found to result in the lowest COG value. The MADM analysis indicated that this was also the preferred flowsheet when qualitative operational attributes were also considered. Furthermore, process attributes such as viral transduction efficiency and electroporation efficiency were found to be key process economic drivers.

The foregoing has been set forth in an effort to point out possible ways and means by which an oil mill may broaden its horizons or scope of operation. We have tried to show economic advantages to be gained by having these operations performed at the mill site rather than having some-one somewhere else do them with the attendant increase in price to the ultimate consumer. In other words, it has been our aim to show how an oil mill may become more integrated in its operation and not simply add on certain features for addition's sake. Where possible, savings have been shown by using common components, common labor, and common power, all necessary to operate the oil mill in its regular state without the additional benefits and revenues derived from integrated processing.