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The acceptability of a jet injector compared with disposable syringes for insulin injections was assessed in 10 people with Type 1 diabetes. The majority considered disposable syringes easier to use and either less painful or no more painful than jet injections. Given the choice only 1 of the 8 people completing the study would continue using the jet injector.

An injector gun of the type developed for vaccinations was used to perform intercostal nerve blocks. Analgesia was achieved in all patients to some degree, but the effectiveness of the technique was limited by the currently available local anaesthestics.

The relationship between pressure, ejection duration and volume ejected was experimentally determined in vitro for micropipettes with different external tip diameters. The relationship between ejection duration and ejected volume is linear in the steady state (i.e. with ejection durations of 1 s or longer) and at sufficiently high pressures (above about 100 kPa) and for pipettes with a sufficiently high hydrodynamic conductance (larger than 1 pl s-1 kPa-1 at 230 kPa). In this range, flows were found with low Reynolds numbers (smaller than 10), which is consistent with laminar flows. For all but the largest micropipettes, the relationship between pressure and ejected volume is alinear: the pipettes' apparent hydrodynamic conductances increase with increasing pressure. Micropipettes with apparent hydrodynamic conductances between 0.04 and 1400 pl s-1 kPa-1 (at 230 kPa) were tested. Duration-pressure combinations could be defined where the duration-volume relationship was either linear or monotonic. such duration-pressure combinations were different for pipettes with different apparent hydrodynamic conductances. A quick method is described to measure the pipette's apparent hydrodynamic conductance at the pressure used, corrected for the fluid's viscosity. Measurement of this conductance permits predictable injections of known volumes of fluid in the range of 100 pl to 1 microliter with a precision of 10-20%.

A comparison has been made between the traditional needle and syringe technique of injection and two differing types of needleless injector in the intralesional treatment of keloids with triamcinolone. This most reliable method of delivering a known quantity of drug into a keloid is by syringe and needle. However, the CO2-powered injector is far more reliable than the spring-powered injector in the reliability of the dose administered and its intralesional penetration and distribution.

The safety and efficacy of high-pressure injection through a stopcock was tested using a disposable flow switch model. Multiple catheters, contrast agents, injection rates, and pressure combinations were used. These demonstrated that, after insuring the adequacy of the stopcock connections, there will be no leakage, decrease in injection rate, or increase in required pressure when injecting through the flow switch stopcock even at levels appropriate for aortic and pulmonary arteriography.

A pneumatic vaccinator has been successfully used to administer cell-associated turkey herpesvirus (HVT) vaccine without a loss in titer due to the pressure required to administer the vaccine. Laboratory studies have also shown that chickens vaccinated with graded doses of the HVT vaccine using doses as low as 41 PFU offered protection against Marek's disease (MD) when compared to the unvaccinated controls. The pneumatic vaccinator has also been successful in administering a combination of HVT vaccine and tissue culture fowl pox vaccine. Vaccinated birds were protected against challenge with virulent MD virus as well as fowl pox virus. Antibiotics such as spectinomycin pentahydrate or lincomycin hydrochloride monohydrate and spectinomycin sulfate tetrahydrate were used in combination with the HVT and fowl pox vaccine and none of the antibiotics appear to have an adverse effect on the efficacy of either vaccine.

Unlabelled: To avoid soreness and psychic stress following insulin injections by needle and syringe, the new jet injector DG-77 was used. It is a portable percutaneous pressure device with a spring, simple to operate which can be used to apply two different types of insulin. Thirty type 1 and type 2a diabetic patients participated in the study (10 females, 20 males). Insulin was applied using a needle and the DG-77 device in the same region of the body. A standardized questionnaire was compiled concerning simplicity of application, soreness, wish to possess the device and the possibility of acquiring it. The results obtained regarding the type of application were as follows: traditional way: glycemia: at 07(00)-8.5, 10(00)-10.5, 13(00)-7.4 mmol/l; insulinemia: at 07(00)-7.5, 10(00)-20.2, 13(00)-21.0 mU/l; jet injector: glycemia - at 07(00)-8.4, 10(00)-10.4, 13(00)-8.4 mmol/l; insulinemia: at 07(00)-2.8, 10(00)-12.3, 13(00)-20.0 mU/l, which was not statistically significant; for glycemia: at 10(00), t = 0.110, p greater than 0.05, at 13(00), t = 1.88, p greater than 0.05, and for insulinemia at 10(00), t = 0.82, p greater than 0.05, and at 13(00), t = 1.23, p greater than 0.05., In Conclusion: 1) blood glucose and insulin control with the jet injector administration of insulin was equally successful as with the standard insulin application; 2) incidence of hematoma was not significant; 3) eighty-five percent of patients prefer the injector due to its simplicity of application, reduced soreness and would wish to possess the device.

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the feasibility of using a jet injector in a split and mixed regular and NPH insulin regimen and to compare serum glucose and free-insulin profiles obtained with the injector and the conventional syringe and needle. Twelve insulin-dependent diabetic patients were hospitalized for 5 days. After a stabilization day, six patients received their insulin injection with the injector for 2 days and with the syringe and needle for the following 2 days; the regimen was reversed for the other six patients. Diet, exercise, and insulin dosage remained constant. The serum glucose levels with the injector were consistently lower than those obtained with the syringe at all times of the day except at 5:00 a.m. and 7:30 a.m., when mean values were similar for both treatments. Free-insulin levels were higher with the injector from 10:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. These findings suggest that insulin absorption is faster and possibly greater with the injector than with the syringe. When switching from a syringe to an injector insulin program, insulin dose adjustment may be necessary.