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This work investigated physic-chemical pre-treatments aimed at improving anaerobic digestion (AD) of cosmetic industrial waste produced by a plant belonging to L'Oréal Group. A mixture designed according to relative abundances of waste was considered: sludge from internal wastewater treatment plant (54%-wt), residues of shampoo/conditioner (31%-wt), mascara sludge (13%-wt), food waste (2%-wt). The mixture had 80% VS/TS and COD equal to 1240 mg O2/gVS; soluble fraction of COD was 22%. Investigated pre-treatments were: chemical, thermal, sonication and various combinations; their performances were assessed through the disintegration rate (DR, the increment of soluble COD due to the pre-treatment compared to the unaltered sample). Best results were achieved from TA - thermo-alkaline (120min at 50°C) with DR 64.4% and TAS - thermo-alkaline-sonication (15min at 80°C and 40kHz) with DR 66.1%. The benefits of AD on pre-treated waste mixture were: 50% increase in methane yield (0.14Nm³/kgVS) and 5-7%-wt reduction of waste amount. From technical, energy and economic viewpoints, the proposed technical solution can provide an interesting perspective, fully consistent with Circular Economy principles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal energy storage (TES) system is greatly used in concentrated solar power (CSP) plants to collect energy for later need. It is proposed that slag is suitable for energy storage in CSP plants, however, little has been studied in this field. In this paper, the thermal stability, specific heat capacity, thermal conductivity and microstructures of two electric arc furnace (EAF) slag samples were studied. In TES system, as heat storage material, slag will meet with high temperature and low temperature environment. The wear resulted from heat expansion and cold contraction of slag with storaging and releasing energy process was addressed. The results revealed that slag is a good candidate to be used as heat storage material for TES system. Revalorization of slag into TES material is a cost-effective solution to the CSP plants and the industry waste recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current study, the possibility of incorporating various industrial wastes into fireproofing materials was investigated. It was found that the newly developed materials showed excellent air sealing and fireproofing performance, with air permeability coefficients 3 to 4 orders of magnitude smaller than traditional fire prevention materials. The influence of different parameters on the air permeability was investigated, and the air sealing mechanisms were clarified through microstructure analysis. In addition, the workability and mechanical properties of the fireproofing materials for practical application in coal mine were studied. The new materials derived from industrial wastes had a compact and monolithic structure, and the excellent air tightness could be attributed to the pozzolanic activity of the industrial wastes and the film-forming property of organic polymers. Among the industrial wastes examined, a special coal fly ash with high pozzolanic activity and little free calcium oxide derived the best product with air permeability coefficient, tensile strength and breaking elongation of 4.17 × 10 −8  m 2 /s, 2.14 MPa and 48.90%, respectively. This study provides an economical, environmentally friendly and promising approach for industrial wastes recycling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Utilization of alkali rich bauxite residue in cementitious materials - review. • Strength test results indicate replacement levels of 10–20% OPC is advantageous. • Summary of the variations in the microstructure on addition of Red Mud. • Efficacious usage of Red Mud can help achieve sustainable development goals. Concrete is the second most consumed material on our planet. However, traditional concrete production releases much CO 2 and is not eco-friendly. Cement, one of the prime concrete-making materials, is manufactured using an energy-intense process and is not eco-friendly. Researchers have been investigating using certain materials to replace cement in concrete, retaining its strength simultaneously. Red Mud (RM) is a waste the alumina industry generates, and its disposal is a huge challenge. It consumes a lot of space, and its high alkali content makes it unsafe for the environment. Several types of research are being carried out to find how RM can effectively alleviate the use of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) in concrete, thus providing a greener construction material. This review highlights the effect of using RM in varying proportions on the fresh, mechanical, thermal, durability, and microstructural properties of cementitious materials. Using RM up to certain levels positively impacts the compressive strength of the mixes. The durability properties, such as the resistance to chloride migration, freezing-thawing action, and alkali-silica reactions, also improve using RM. The microstructural studies reveal the formation of a higher amount of hydration products and densification of the matrix upon RM addition. In terms of the leaching characteristics, RM has a good potential to stabilize and solidify heavy metals, majorly cadmium. The review has calculated and summarized the overall environmental, mechanical, and economic performance. This review shows that RM can effectively replace around 10–20% of cement, where the replacement levels also depend on the RM source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A composite admixture (CA) with great gradation was prepared. • The filling effect of CA optimizes the microstructure of mortar. • CA reduces the early hydration heat of cement. • CA improves the later strength of mortar. Based on the Fuller distribution theory, a composite admixture (CA2) with a ratio of lithium slag, water slag, and coal ash of 2: 0.5: 0.5 was prepared by adjusting the ratio of cement to composite admixture. CA2 was used to replace cement in different dosages, and the properties of mixed admixtures mortar (MAM) were verified by mechanical properties analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), mercury intrusion test, and hydration heat test. The results show that CA2 can effectively inhibit the early hydration heat, reduce the porosity of the matrix, optimize the microstructure morphology of cement hydration products, and ensure the later strength of mortar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Electric arc furnace dust (EAFD) has high ZnO content, up to 46.2%. • EAFD showed high photocatalytic efficiency (up to 84%) to discolor Remazol Black. • EAFD reuse did not show losses in efficiency over 40 h of reaction. • EAFD showed high potential for application in photocatalytic processes. • EAFD removed 58% and 38% of color and chemical oxygen demand of a textile effluent. In this study, waste from electric arc furnace dust (EAFD) was characterized and used as a photocatalyst for discoloration of the textile dye Remazol Black (RB) and an effluent sample collected at a textile industry. The results of X-ray fluorescence and EDS showed that the main oxides were ZnO (46.2 %), MgO (41.4 %) and Fe 2 O 3 (6.4 %). Scanning electron microscopy and mapping images showed irregular particles with agglomerates of zinc and magnesium, in addition to spherical iron particles. The results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis showed that the waste contained organic matter in addition to the oxides already identified. The response surface and Pareto graphs showed that variations in photocatalyst mass and the power of UV radiation have a greater effect than RB solution pH on photocatalytic efficiency. The best result was obtained with 120 mg EAFD, a 51 W Hg lamp, and a pH of 10, which resulted in 84 % RB discoloration efficiency. The results of the reaction carried out with a real sample of textile effluent showed that EAFD removed 58 and 38 % of the color and chemical oxygen demand, respectively. The results of EAFD reuse tests showed that the photocatalyst presented no significant losses in efficiency over 40 h of reaction. The high potential of EAFD for application in photocatalytic processes adds value to waste that is usually destined for landfills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We discuss various issues involved in processing of ferrous metallurgical waste, specifi cally blast-furnace and converter waste, using the ArcelorMittal Temirtau experience as an example. We study the methods currently used for disposition of these materials by the company and by the ferrous metallurgy industry as a whole, as well as potential reprocessing methods proposed by researchers in the CIS and other foreign countries. The analysis performed here indicates that blast-furnace slag is appropriate for use as a material in sub-bases for roads. We propose a method for improving the physical and mechanical characteristics of blast-furnace slag, including filling the pores in the slag with a cement/microsilica mixture and making the slag water-repellent with used motor oil. We describe the results of experimental studies performed on the resulting material. Given that the company produces 600,000 metric tons of blast furnace slag per year, using this approach for complete reprocessing and subsequent sale of the slag will reduce the production costs for ArcelorMittal Temirtau end products by 1.725 million US dollars per year, provide an alternative raw material for users, reduce environmental impacts, and conserve natural resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A design for a neutralizer of industrial wastewaters that complemented power-, heat-, and water-supply systems of oil and gas enterprises was proposed. A scheme of a neutralizer with thermal destruction of effluents and gaseous and liquid combustible wastes and container disposal of the resulting dry residue was presented. Technical solutions that made it possible to achieve the lowest specific fuel consumption among known designs and to increase the energy efficiency and environmental safety of oil and gas enterprises were described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work the decolourization of Direct Blue 2 dye (DB2) using an industrial soybean waste as a source of peroxidases was studied. Temperature, pH, amount of H2O2 and concentration of dye were evaluated to determine the maximum catalytic activity of the enzyme during the dye degradation process. It was observed that a temperature of 40°C, a pH of 5 and a concentration of 40 mg/L for the dye in aqueous phase, play a significant role in the overall enzyme-mediated reaction. The maximum decolourization efficiency achieved under optimal conditions was 70% ± 4%. HPLC studies were carried out to confirm dye degradation and analyse the intermediate metabolites. The oxidation products quantified during the reaction were benzidine and 4 aminobiphenyl. Also, an increase in toxicity, determined by Vibrio fisheri, was observed after the enzymatic oxidation of the dye. Results suggest that the oxidation of DB2 with peroxidases can be recommended as a pretreatment step before a conventional treatment process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

That at process of formation of a composite covering of optimum temperatures hardening the developed composition should consider 120-140 ° C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of waste has increased over the years and, lacking a recycle or recovery solution, it is forwarded to landfill. The incorporation of wastes in cement-based materials is a solution to reduce waste deposition. In this regard, some researchers have been studying the incorporation of wastes with different functions: aggregate, binder and addition. The incorporation of wastes should take advantage of their characteristics. It requires a judicious analysis of their particles. This research involves the analysis of seven industrial wastes: biomass ashes, glass fibre, reinforced polymer dust, sanitary ware, fluid catalytic cracking, acrylic fibre, textile fibre and glass fibre. The main characteristics and advantages of each waste are enunciated and the best type of introduction in mortars is discussed. The characterization of the wastes as particles is necessary to identify the most suitable incorporation in mortars. In this research, some wastes are studied with a view to their re-use or recycling in mortars. Thus, this research focuses on the chemical, physical and mechanical characterization of industrial wastes and identification of the potentially most advantageous type of incorporation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vermicompost is the final product of the vermicomposting process involving the collective action of earthworms and microbes. During this process, the waste is converted into useful manure by reducing the harmful effects of waste. Toxicity of industrial wastes is evaluated by plant bioassays viz. Allium cepa and Vicia faba test. These bioassays are sensitive and cost-effective for the monitoring of environmental contamination. The valorization potential of earthworms and their ability to detoxify heavy metals in industrial wastes is because of their strong metabolic system and involvement of earthworm gut microbes and chloragocyte cells. Most of the studies reported that the vermicompost produced from organic wastes contains higher amounts of humic substances, which plays a major role in growth of plants. The present article discusses the detoxification of industrial wastes by earthworms and the role of final vermicompost in plant growth and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bauxite residue (Red mud) is one of the industrial caustic waste materials obtained from alumina production. Because of high annual production, it requires high costs and vast landfills to dispose it. In addition, due to high alkalinity, disposal of red mud (RM) may cause serious environmental problems. Considering use of concrete beside economic and environmental issues of cement production, replacing cement by industrial waste seems inevitable. In this study, RM has been used as high as 25% replacement of cement mass in order to study the performance of this waste material on lightweight concrete (LWC) in terms of their mechanical properties, global warming potential (GWP), cumulative energy demand (CED) and major criteria air pollutants (CO, NO X , Pb, SO 2 ). For the quantification of overall environmental impacts of LWC production, a life-cycle assessment (LCA) approach has been conducted. The results indicated that RM can be used to produce LWC with convenient mechanical properties and densities of 1685–1789 (kg/m 3 ). Moreover, the environmental impacts of LWC incorporating 25% of RM reduced in terms of CED, GWP, CO, NO X , Pb and SO 2 . Consequently, reusing RM waste which is otherwise disposed in landfills is an environmental-friendly alternative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study involved the use of industrial waste water from northern Baiji region after treatment by filtration to irrigate the Maize. This experiment carried out in plastic pots according to randomized complete design with three replications. Results showed that contaminated water affect the germination percentage of the seeds amounted to 60% in comparison with control , which amounted to 100%, also contaminated water have prevented the natural growth of the maize plant in the dry weight of the root system as is was 13.9 g and shoot as 38.7 g respectively. The results also recorded that highest rate of accumulation of cadmium in the roots of plants irrigated with water polluted with petroleum waste was 0.14ppm, while the results recorded that the highest rate of accumulation of cadmium , was 0.10ppm , and lead was 0.20ppm respectively in plants leg irrigated with untreated water , and recorded the highest concentration of the cadmium in leaves of plants irrigated with petroleum waste water was 0.26ppm compared with control group, which reached to 0.03 ppm. We can conclude from the study that the possibility of use industrial water for irrigation agricultural crops after conducting processed using various treatment methods . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing global competitiveness, increasing demand for operational efficiency, social and environmental regulations, stakeholder pressure and rapid technological change are increasingly challenging companies to innovate with environmental focus. The objective of the study was the elaboration of a technical report to analyze the potential of eco-innovation projects applied in a sugar-energy plant with a view to the adequate management of the process of abstraction, reuse and disposal of water, aiming at reducing operational costs and improving environmental aspects. The research method used was a single, qualitative and applied case study. The research had as study a sugarcane industry, located in the Northwest region of the state of Minas Gerais. Regarding operational efficiency and cost reduction, the company aims to reduce water resources costs by 20%, which represents savings of approximately R$ 7.4 million per year, despite the investments totaling R $ 1.18 million in structural adjustments for the total implementation of the project. The intention is to improve this project more and more, seeking to expand the eco-innovation in other organizational processes of the company. This study aimed to advance the eco-innovation discussions in agroindustry, since it is a representative sector for the Brazilian economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proteins are specific for the specific task associated with the cell. The metal extracting bacteria, Thiobacillus ferrooxidans and Pseudomonas fluorescens have two different mechanisms for the metal extraction. One extracts the metals by donating electrons and by doing self-oxidation and another is accumulating the metals onto its cell surface which is negatively charged. Therefore to differentiate the task of metal extraction protein profiling was done and compared. The water soluble proteins were analyzed through SDS-PAGE. There was no significant difference in the profiles of both. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work investigates the catalytic potential of a Ni-promoted Fe/Mg containing metallurgical waste for sustainable hydrogen production by glycerol steam reforming (GSR). The catalyst (Ni-UGS) was prepared through solid-state impregnation of Ni into the structure of metallurgical residue. Ni incorporation led to the formation of (Ni,Mg)O solid solution, (NiFe 2 O 4 ) and/or a nickel iron mixed oxide (Ni x Fe 1-x O). GSR performed in a fixed bed reactor at T = 580 °C, P = 1 atm, steam to carbon ratio (S/C) of 3, and gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) of 20,600 cm 3 (STP) g cat −1 h −1 led to a glycerol conversion to gaseous (X g ) of 87%, H 2 yield (Y H2 ) of 79%, and H 2 /CO molar ratio of 5.5. The catalytic performance of Ni-UGS containing 11.7 wt.% Ni was found to be superior to that of an alumina supported Ni-based commercial steam reforming catalyst with higher Ni content (29.8 wt.%): X g = 86%, Y H2 = 71%, and H 2 /CO molar ratio of 4.1. A stable performance during 48 h on stream was also obtained by using the Ni-UGS catalyst. Characterization of the used catalyst confirmed the low formation rate (∼2.7 mg coke g cat −1 h −1 ) of filamentous type carbon. The promising obtained results were mainly attributed to (i) superior dispersion of Ni particles due to the formation of (Ni,Mg)O solid solution and (ii) the presence of active magnesium and iron oxide species (e.g., MgO, Fe 3 O 4, MgFe 2 O 4 and (MgO)(FeO) solid solution) in the Ni-UGS catalyst which stimulate the water gas shift reaction and coke gasification. Regeneration by an oxidative treatment of the used catalyst in air was examined and analysis of the regenerated catalyst revealed complete coke removal together with recovery of initial crystalline phases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the amelioration of pressmud (PM) and bagasse (BG) wastes by the vermiremediation process. The wastes were spiked with cattle dung (CD) in different concentrations to find out the best proportion supporting maximum earthworm growth and nutrients availability. The highest growth rate was observed in PMBG 50 (282.2 mg/d/worm) feed mixture. Response surface design of earthworm growth parameters enumerated best concentration of wastes in CD with maximum value of 21.81% for earthworm number, 30.86% for earthworm weight, 27.09% for cocoons, 29.71% for hatchlings and 34.0% for hatchlings weight. Vermicomposting enhanced nutrient parameters like pH (6–8%), total kjeldahl nitrogen (19–48%), total phosphorus (9–67%), total calcium (13–111%), while decrease in total organic carbon (14–32%), electrical conductivity (21–30%), C:N ratio (36–51%), total potassium (9–19%) and total sodium (3–21%). Heavy metals in the final products were found to be under safe limits. SEM micrographs were more fragmented which indicated maturity and stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The introduced work aims to systematic optimize detailed short-term scheduling for industrial waste incineration to support daily decision-making processes. The overall objective is to reduce the utilization of auxiliary fuel used to overcome waste related energy in the incineration process. The reduction is achieved through adequate mixing and scheduling of waste streams with different energy content and improved logistic strategies. With it, regulatory and technical constraints are fulfilled and holdups in production processes derived from bottlenecks in the waste treatment are avoided. The considered system consists of storage tanks, a piping network, tank wagons for waste transportation, unloading pumps and incineration lances. The optimization model is formulated as a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problem with a discrete time representation based on a single uniform grid. It consists of two blocks: i) waste transfer and mixing, and ii) the incineration process itself including energy calculations and constraints. The industrial case study of this work shows a saving potential of auxiliary fuel of up to 90%, leading to a reduction of CO 2 emissions of up to 13%. Hence, the systematic scheduling of industrial waste incineration leads to an important reduction of auxiliary fuel consumption, resulting in economic and environmental benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world has become dependent on petroleum as a feedstock for most products that we use in our daily lives. As an alternative, bio-refineries that transform biomass into biofuels and primary chemicals are emerging. Actually, many wastes are not fully recycled. For instance, potato peel is a cheap residue available from the potato industry. Up to now, potato peel has been used mostly for livestock feeding. Here, potato peel waste was subjected to direct acid liquefaction at 160 °C in 2-ethylhexanol and diethylene glycol using p-toluene sulfonic acid as catalyst. The product was characterized by infrared spectroscopy, chemical analysis, hydroxyl number and acid value. Results show that liquefaction was achieved in yields higher than 80%. The reactional profile shows two time zones, one comprising the process of liquefaction and one corresponding to the process of decomposition. Kinetics indicate that the liquefaction process occurs 1.9 times faster than the decomposition process. Overall, our findings show for the first time that, despite the water content, potato peel waste can be used to produce bio-oil. The products can be further used as fuels or refined chemicals such as levulinic acid, furfural, 5-hydroxyfurfural, dimethyl furfural and sugars in fermentation processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microwave liquefaction of precipitated Kraft lignin was carried out in polyethylene glycol (PEG) and glycerol (G) mixed with or without H2SO4as catalyst. The influences of some independent variables on the yield and hydroxyl index were discussed. The viscosity, molecular distribution (GPC), and the types of volatiles measured by gas chromatography–Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) of all the liquefied products were determined. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize liquefaction conditions. Based on the results, lignin/solvents (wt%), catalyst/solvents (wt%), and reaction time were chosen as independent variables for a central composite design (CCD). The optimal liquefaction conditions were as: 20 wt% of lignin, 3 wt% of catalyst at 5 min with yield and hydroxyl number of 95.27% and 537.95 mg KOH.g−1, respectively. Functional groups (measured by ATR-IR [attenuated total reflectance – infrared]) and the thermal degradation (TGA) of optimized bio-polyol and precipitated kraft lignin were determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The large amount of solid wastes generated in the Brazilian urban centers is a concern to the society. One solution is the incorporation of such wastes in cement matrices, in order to foster some improvement to their properties and saving raw materials. The purpose of this paper is to study the influence of wastes from the wastewater treatment plant of the glass polishing process in the rheological properties of adhesive mortar with partial replacement of cement and fine aggregate. The glass powder was used in different percentages of Portland cement and fine aggregate (sand). The rheological properties tested in the mortar are increasingly important, due to the need for greater productivity and efficiency at the construction sites for application in a fluid state, avoiding detachment issues in the coatings. The rheological investigation method used in this work is Squeeze Flow. In this method, the flow of the material results from the application of a compression load on the sample in its fresh state causing internal flaking due to the shearing stress. The applied load versus displacement curves shows that the adhesive mortars analyzed have different rheological characteristics, as each of them presented a distinct absorption capacity in the compression load imposed by the moving puncture equipment. None of the mortars studied presented a greater than the reference mortar compression load. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pectin contents of fresh globe artichoke (stem, receptacle, and bract) and waste of artichoke canning industry were investigated. The highest pectin amount was found in the stem part of fresh globe artichoke (6.42%) with the highest amount of anhydrogalacturonic acid (AGA) and anhydrouronic acid (AUA) content. The pectin yields of receptacle and bract parts were found to be 5.31 and 4.55%, respectively. The pectin yield from the industrial waste was the lowest, 4.43%. The highest ash content (5.65%) along with the lowest anhydrouronic acid amount (73.28%) indicated the lowest purity for the industrial waste. The degrees of esterification for the pectin obtained from the stem, receptacle and bract parts were 55.26%, 52.26%, and 56.17%, respectively indicating the presence of high methyl-esterified (HM) pectin. The pectin from the industrial waste had the lowest degree of esterification (46.02%). The FTIR results indicated that acid processing affected the structural properties of pectin from the industrial waste with higher methoxyl content and esterification degree. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study presents a model to evaluate environmental service providers (ESPs) that recycle, recover, transport, and disposal of industrial waste. The model was developed based on the needs of a group of 20 waste generator companies (WGCs) of the metal-mechanic sector in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, as a means to standardize the evaluation of their ESPs. The model uses the house of quality (HOQ) of the Quality Function Deployment (QFD) tool. This tool helps to systematize the identification and prioritization of the WGCs’ requirements as well as the indicators to evaluate and control the performance of the selected ESPs. Four macro-phases compose the developed model, which are divided into 12 steps and 31 activities. Following the QFD precepts, the 61 WGCs’ secondary requirements were organized into nine management areas of primary requirements. A set of 61 indicators complemented the top of the house of quality. In addition, two qualifying criteria were defined to identify ESPs with better performance. The criteria revealed that only five of the 13 ESPs evaluated had complied with both of them. The others complied with one criterion only, while two did not comply with either of the two criteria. Thus, the successive applications of the proposed model contribute to the development of ESPs as well as the improvement of the relationship between WGCs and ESPs. The results of the present study also indicate the potential for consolidation of shared accountability roles in environmental management relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to survey the total waste generation and characterization as well as the related management activities in Arasanj industrial estate. A structured questionnaire was used to obtained data on the industrial processes, the types and quantities of products, waste generation and management and other general data. Then, 15 industries were selected and their wastes were sorted by hand and then weighed. In addition, detailed information about the waste in all industries was identified through interviews and observations. The results showed that the mean generation of solid waste in each industrial unit was 22.3 kg day-1. Organic waste and metals constituted 64% of total waste generated and all other components were responsible for 36% of this amount. It was also indicated that the majority of industrial wastes come from food and beverage industries (46%), metallic industries (26.3%) and chemical industries (10.4%). Based on the results, total hazardous waste accounts for approximately 14.3% of total waste generated. The management of industrial waste in Arasanj industrial estate was weak and a variety of waste management problems were identified. For the best management, recycling and reuse of industrial wastes should be implemented as much as possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chloride dissemination in cementitious materials is one of the key elements influencing the strength execution of mortar and concrete. In this paper the impact of silica and alumina ratio (Si/Al) on strength and chloride resistance in sodium and magnesium chloride solutions on bagasse bottom ash and china clay based geopolymer composites is studied and reported. Nine geopolymer composites with Si/Al ratio of 2.5–3.5 containing thermally activated clay after curing in 5% sodium and magnesium chloride solutions for seven, fifteen and thirty days were studied. It was found that geopolymer with silica to alumina ratio of 2.7 show maximum compressive strength 18.85 N/mm 2 and highest resistance to chloride environment. The X-ray Diffraction pattern showed that chloride does not affect the basic frame of geopolymer when having optimum silica to alumina ratio. Geopolymer was found to be more resistant to magnesium chloride as compared to sodium chloride. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Sound absorbing material using industrial wastes (waste tyre rubber and fly ash) and cement. • Design mix based on engineering, acoustic and morphological characteristics. • Sound absorbance in varied frequency ranges including traffic and honking noise. • Carbon footprint reduction by using less cement, no chemical treatment and utilize recycled wastes. For sound absorbing panels as noise barriers, a research study is carried out to design and develop a composite mix using industrial waste as Fly Ash (FA), Waste Tyre Rubber (WTR) granules with cement. The design mix is prepared in two stages. The first stage involves blending of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) by gradually increasing the WTR percentage in the mixture. In the second stage of the study, the WTR content was kept constant while the percentage of cement and FA varied based on the required binding properties of cement for further acoustical enhancement. Evaluation of engineering and acoustic properties conveyed an increment of 470 % in the void ratio, as well as a 192.7 % and 236 % increase in Average Sound Absorption Coefficient (ASAC) and Noise Reduction Coefficient (NRC) respectively in the first phase of the study. The void ratio is further enhanced by 18.8 % with a mere decrement of 3.6 % in the compressive strength and an observed increase in Sound Absorption Coefficient (SAC) by 18.2 % in the second stage of the study. The optimal design mix prepared by 50 % WTR and 40 % FA with 10 % of cement provides efficient acoustic properties in the frequency range 500–1600 Hz and 2500–6300 Hz. The composite matrix is cost-effective and provides engineering properties for developing sound absorbing panels as noise barriers specially to control traffic noise and honking. The utilization of industrial waste in the composite mix renders threefold environmental advantages i.e. reduction in waste volume by promoting recycling, no chemical treatment and also mitigation of noise pollution through noise barriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A ferric oxide from steel industry is used as precursor material. • Hematite submicron particles were prepared through wet synthesis method. • Structural and optical study was carried out by spectroscopy characterization techniques. • The magnetic characteristic in the samples were carried out using SQUID. Hematite submicron particles were synthesized using oil-contaminated ferric oxide precursor obtained from the hot-rolled steel industry in Colombia. The samples received are difficult to recycle for the steel industry, which, due to their poor disposal, causes irreparable environmental damage. Here we propose a synthetic route to obtain functional magnetic particles with this residue. First, a series of washes with solvent and alcohols were proposed, thus achieving the total removal of the oil. X-ray diffraction and Mössbauer spectroscopy show that the as received sample consists of different iron phases, with wüstite being the majority phase. After the synthesis process, the hematite phase was present as the majority phase with ∼92 wt%. FTIR, UV–Vis, and SQUID measurements was carried out to study the structural, optical and magnetic properties of the samples. This methodology is a viable alternative to give added value to this waste to improve the management of this by-product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, the rapid increase in the human population has given rise to a variety of industries, which have produced a variety of wastes. Due to their detrimental effects on both human and environmental health, pollutants from industry have taken centre stage among the various types of waste produced. The amount of waste produced has therefore increased the demand for effective waste management. In order to create valuable chemicals for sustainable waste management, trash must be viewed as valuable addition. One of the most environmentally beneficial and sustainable choices is to use garbage to make biosurfactants. The utilization of waste in the production of biosurfactant provides lower processing costs, higher availability of feedstock and environmental friendly product along with its characteristics. The current review focuses on the use of industrial wastes in the creation of sustainable biosurfactants and discusses how biosurfactants are categorized. Waste generation in the fruit industry, agro-based industries, as well as sugar-industry and dairy-based industries is documented. Each waste and wastewater are listed along with its benefits and drawbacks. This review places a strong emphasis on waste management, which has important implications for the bioeconomy. It also offers the most recent scientific literature on industrial waste, including information on the role of renewable feedstock for the production of biosurfactants, as well as the difficulties and unmet research needs in this area. [Display omitted] • Microbial biosurfactant production from wastes and wastewaters is sustainable process. • Biosurfactants are less toxic and biodegradable than chemical-based surfactants. • Wastes from food and agro industries were well studied to produce biosurfactants. • Biosurfactant classification and selection criteria were documented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Converting industrial wastes into value-added building products in an environmental management strategy is a challenging yet vital component of the industrial process. Steel slag (SS), an industrial waste by-product from the steel-making process, is typically disposed of in landfill which consumes land resources and pollutes the environment. This paper explores the possibility of a closed-loop system to convert steel slag into a cement material through carbonation activation, thereby significantly reducing the amount of steel slag waste sent to landfills across Canada. The production of this cementing material can occur next to the steel mill, utilizing steel slag and carbon dioxide collected on-site to fabricate carbon-negative products. To save energy and allow production to be feasible on an industrial scale, ambient pressure (AP) carbonation is developed to reduce carbon emissions while improving their performance. High pressure (HP) carbonation curing and normal hydration (NH) references were also implemented at the same time to justify the application of AP carbonation in reducing CO 2 emission. The results of this study found AP carbonation-activated SS compacts have comparable CO 2 uptake (about 7.5 tons CO 2 /100 tons slag) and mechanically compressive strength values as those subjected to HP carbonation, suggesting that AP could be used to replace HP in carbonation curing to ensure a lower energy input. Additionally, AP seemed to possess as effective carbonation as HP. The studies investigated by multiple techniques including X-ray diffractometer (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopic analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) aim to identify the microstructure development of carbonated SS paste to assess carbonation results. Developed with life cycle assessment (LCA), environmental impact evaluation shows that AP presents a smaller global warming potential (GWP) value than HP. The comparable CO 2 sequestration, satisfactory engineering properties, enhanced microstructure and lesser environmental impact in AP carbonation confirm the feasibility of replacing high pressure with extremely low pressure to cure concrete products. The use of AP carbonation for cement material created using steel slag reduces carbon emissions, energy usage, and natural resource consumption. • Ambient pressure can be used to replace high pressure in early carbonation curing. • Ambient pressure carbonation can turn steel slag into a clean cementing material. • The production of carbon-negative products can be set next to the steel mill. • Ambient pressure carbonation presents a relatively uniform and effective reaction. • Life cycle assessment confirms ambient pressure carbonation reduces CO 2 emission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wastewater contaminated by dyes is concerned because of their toxicity to aquatic organisms as well as damaging water source scenery and creating water pollution from the death of aquatic plants from lack of sunlight. Thus, wastewater treatment is highly recommended below water quality standards before discharging to the water body. Eight dye adsorbent materials of bagasse beads (BB), bagasse fly ash beads (BFB), bagasse beads mixed titanium dioxide (BBT), bagasse fly ash beads mixed titanium dioxide (BFBT), bagasse beads mixed magnesium oxide (BBM), bagasse fly ash beads mixed magnesium oxide (BFBM), bagasse beads mixed aluminum oxide (BBA), and bagasse fly ash beads mixed aluminum oxide (BFBA) were synthesized and their sizes of surface area, pore volumes, pore sizes, surface morphologies, chemical compositions, and functional groups were investigated by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Zetasizer Nano, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy and Focus Ion Beam (FESEM-FIB), Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometer (EDX), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. Batch experiments were used to investigate reactive blue 4 (RB4) dye removal efficiencies, and their adsorption isotherms and kinetics were studied. BFBM illustrated the highest surface area and the smallest pore size with comparing to other materials. The pore sizes of all dye adsorbent materials were classified into mesoporous sizes that corresponded to particle size analysis (PSA). All dye adsorbent materials had a spherical shape with coarse surfaces. Five main elements of oxygen, carbon, calcium, chlorine, and sodium, and five main function groups of O–H, C O, N O, C–H, and C–O–C were detected in all materials. For batch tests, they could remove RB4 dye by more than 71%, and BFBM represented the highest RB4 dye removal efficiency at 93.78%. Freundlich model was good explained the adsorbent pattern of almost materials except for BB and BFB, and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model well explained their adsorbent mechanisms. Therefore, the addition of metal oxide is recommended for improving material efficiency, and all dye adsorbent materials are good to offer for further industrial applications. [Display omitted] • Bagasse and bagasse fly ash were used to synthesize dye adsorbent materials. • All dye adsorbent materials had highly RB4 removal efficiency of more than 71%. • The addition of metal oxides of TiO 2 , MgO, and Al 2 O 3 increased material efficiencies. • Almost materials corresponded to Freundlich and pseudo-second-order kinetic models. • Dye adsorbent materials were potential materials for further industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An ion chromatography with post-column derivatization with 1,5-diphenylcarbazide (IC-DPC) analytical method was modified to enable measurement of trace-level hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) in air. One of the difficulties in determining trace levels of Cr(VI) in air with conventional IC-DPC methods is co-elution of the solvent and ion peaks due to high concentrations of ionic compounds in the extract. However, by using gradient elution rather than isocratic elution we were able to fully resolve the Cr(VI) ion peak from the solvent peak without the need for diluting the extract, which would have reduced the minimum quantifiable level of the method. With this method, we were able to detect Cr(VI) in air at concentrations of 5.3 ng/m 3 (assuming a sampling volume of 1 m 3 and a final solution volume of 10 mL). Recovery tests at three different concentrations of Cr(VI) (50, 250, 1000 ng) were performed with or without fly ash; recovery rates at all the concentrations of Cr(VI), with or without fly ash, ranged from 68% to 110% (mean ± relative standard deviation, 96% ± 11%), and there were no differences in recovery rates with respect to the presence or absence of fly ash. Finally, we used the developed method to determine the concentration of Cr(VI) in stack gases collected from eight industrial waste incinerators located in Japan. The concentration of Cr(VI) in the stack gases ranged from below the method quantification limit to 3100 ng/m 3 . The highest concentrations of Cr(VI) detected in the stack gases were two to three orders of magnitude higher than that in ambient air in Japan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fructan-type inulin and fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) are reserve polysaccharides that offer an interesting combination of nutritional and technological properties for food industry. Stevia rebaudiana is used commercially in the sweetener industry due to the high content of steviol glycosides in its leaves. With the proposal of using industrial waste, the objective of the present study was to isolate, characterize and evaluate the prebiotic activity of inulin and FOS from S. rebaudiana stems. The chemical characterization of the samples by GC–MS, NMR and off-line ESI-MS showed that it was possible to obtain inulin molecules from the S. rebaudiana stems with a degree of polymerization (DP) of 12, and FOS with a DP < 6. The in vitro prebiotic assay of these molecules indicates a strain specificity in fermentation capacity of fructans as substrate. FOS molecules with a low DP are preferably fermented by beneficial microbiota than inulin molecules with higher DP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Expansive soils exhibit great volume change with any moisture variation. In this paper, using carpet waste fibers and steel slag as an environmental friendly additives were taken into account to overcome the swelling and weakness of the expansive soil. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to design the experiments, evaluate the results and finally optimize the content of slag-fiber mixture for achieving appropriate values of swell percent, swelling pressure and unconfined compressive strength (UCS). Three independent variables including slag content (0–25% by dry weight of the soil), carpet waste fiber (0.2–3% by dry weight of the soil) and aspect ratio of fibers L/d (5–45) were considered and transformed to coded value, and a second-order polynomial regression equation was then derived to predict responses. The percentage contribution, validity of model and significance of independent variables and their interaction were assessed by analysis of variance (ANOVA). The optimum values of three independent variables was suggested as 14% slag and 0.78% fiber with fiber aspect ratio of 45 to improve swell percent, swelling pressure and UCS 89%, 84%, and 111%, respectively. The results showed that both chemical modification and mechanical reinforcement by adding fibers and slag are efficient methods to improve general properties of expansive clayey soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon bearing industrial/commercial waste is difficult to recycle and a significant fraction is generally landfilled. With an aim to utilize such waste as carbon resources for iron and steelmaking, high temperature pyrolysis investigations are carried out on three waste polymers: waste CDs (compact discs), carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRPs), and Bakelite. These materials are heat treated in the temperature range 1000-1550 °C for 15 min in argon atmosphere and are subsequently quenched. Detailed structural and compositional characterization is carried out on recovered chars using a variety of analytical techniques: LECO, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, and BET surface area measurements. Significant differences are observed in various chars recovered from these three waste polymers under investigation. With carbon contents in chars from 65 to 98%, surface areas from 2.2 to 274 m2 g−1 and structural order from amorphous to graphitic, these chars present a wide spectrum of carbon characteristics. These properties are evaluated toward their utilization during lower temperature carburization of iron. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cement CEM I 42.5 N was used for the investigation. Waste tire crumb rubber classified into fractions 2/4 and 4/6 was used for the tests. Sand in concrete mixes was replaced by crumb rubber at the proportion from 5% to 20%. Compressive strength, water absorption, ultrasonic pulse velocity in concrete modified with crumb rubber were measured in the tests. Structural performance indicators of concrete specimens were calculated. The tests results revealed that compressive strength dropped 68–61.3%. The calculation of structural performance indicators showed that higher content of crumb rubber in the mix reduces the relative pore and capillary wall thickness and the spare pore space. With higher content of crumb rubber in the specimens the spatial inhomogeneity indicator gradually increases because the bigger amount of coarser rubber granule causes uneven distribution of pores and capillaries by their length. When up to 20% of fine aggregate in concrete mixes is replaced by crumb rubber the predicted freeze-thaw resistance increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The surface chemistry and bulk chemical speciation of solid industrial wastes containing 8 wt-% antimony (Sb) were investigated using synchrotron X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) and Time-of-Flight Ion Secondary Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). Leaching experiments were conducted in order to better understand the behavior of Sb in waste streams and to inform regulatory management of antimony-containing wastes. The experiments also demonstrate how a combination of XANES and ToF-SIMS adds value to the field of waste investigations. Leaching treatments (acid and base) were performed at a synchrotron over 24 h time periods. Surface analyses of the wastes before leaching showed the presence of Sb associated with S and O. Bulk analyses revealed Sb to be present, primarily, as trivalent sulfide species. Both acid and base leaching did not change the antimony speciation on the solid. Leaching transferred about 1% of the total Sb into solution where Sb was found to be present as Sb(V). XANES data showed similarities between leachate and FeSbO 4 . During base leaching, the Sb content in solution gradually increased over time, and potential desorption mechanisms are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expediency is demonstrated of using ferrous metallurgy calcium-containing waste as a diluent and flux, and as a clay component, i.e., inter-shale clay (shale oil recovery waste) for reducing brick raw material drying time. The use of this waste in ceramic brick production makes it possible to conserve natural raw material, to reduce the amount of industrial waste, and to reduce environmental contamination. In addition, this usage leads to a reduction in final product cost, provides an alternative raw material for ceramic brick production, conserves unrecoverable resources, and reduces energy requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite environmental pressures and intrinsic recycling potential, spent refractories waste is generally considered an economically unattractive waste stream. This work proposes an upgraded view of the debris recovered from dismantled spinel-bonded high-alumina linings of steel induction furnaces, demonstrating that it can be reused in the form of vibratable and self-flowing castable systems. The recovered material retains the microstructural distribution of in situ spinel formation without the corresponding disruptive expansion, mirroring the use of pre-formed spinel without the onus of a pre-firing. The mechanical performance after firing was found to be always best for the self-flowing system, which is also less affected by changes in added-water content. There is potential for large usages of cleaned waste (50–60 wt%), which helps reducing the supply risk for major refractory primary raw materials as well as landfilling costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The radioactive lead isotope210Pb occurs in waste originating from metal smelting and refining industry, gas and oil extraction and sometimes from underground coal mines, which are deposited in natural environment very often. Radiation risk assessment requires accurate knowledge about the concentration of210Pb in such materials. Laboratory measurements seem to be the only reliable method applicable in environmental210Pb monitoring. One of the methods is gamma-ray spectrometry, which is a very fast and cost-effective method to determine210Pb concentration. On the other hand, the self-attenuation of gamma ray from210Pb (46.5 keV) in a sample is significant as it does not depend only on sample density but also on sample chemical composition (sample matrix). This phenomenon is responsible for the under-estimation of the210Pb activity concentration level often when gamma spectrometry is applied with no regard to relevant corrections. Finally, the corresponding radiation risk can be also improperly evaluated. Sixty samples of coal mining solid tailings (sediments created from underground mining water) were analysed. Slightly modified and adapted to the existing laboratory condition, a transmission method has been applied for the accurate measurement of210Pb concentration . The observed concentrations of210Pb range between 42.2 ÷ 11,700 Bq·kg–1of dry mass. Experimentally obtained correction factors related to a sample density and elemental composition range between 1.11 and 6.97. Neglecting this factor can cause a significant error or underestimations in radiological risk assessment. The obtained results have been used for environmental radiation risk assessment performed by use of the ERICA tool assuming exposure conditions typical for the final destination of such kind of waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of surfactants by microorganisms has become an attractive option in the treatment of oilcontaminated environments because biosurfactants are biodegradable and less toxic than synthetic surfactants, although production costs remain high. With the aim of reducing the cost of biosurfactant production, three strains of Pseudomonas (designated PI, P2, and P3) were cultivated in a low-cost medium containing molasses and corn steep liquor as substrates. Following the selection of the best producer (P3), a rotational central composite design (RCCD) was used to determine the influence of substrates concentration on surface tension and biosurfactant yield. The biosurfactant reduced the surface tension of water to 27.5 mN/m, and its CMC was determined to be 600 mg/L. The yield was 4.0 g/L. The biosurfactant demonstrated applicability under specific environmental conditions and was able to remove 80 to 90% of motor oil adsorbed to sand. The properties of the biosurfactant suggest its potential application in bioremediation of hydrophobic pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concrete is heavily used as a construction material in modern society. With the growth in urbanization and industrialization, the demand for concrete is increasing day by-days. Therefore, raw materials and natural resources are required in large quantities for concrete production worldwide. At the same time, a considerable quantity of industrial waste, agricultural waste and other types of solid material disposal are posing serious environmental issues. To minimize and reduce the negative impact of the concrete industry through the explosive usage of raw materials, the use of artificial wastes as supplementary cementitious materials, the source of which are both reliable and suitable for alternative preventive solutions promotes the environmental sustainability of the industry. This paper reviews the possible use of industrial and agricultural wastes as a supplementary cementitious material in the production of concrete. It aims to exhibit the idea of utilizing these wastes by elaborating upon their engineering, physical and chemical properties. This provides a summary of the existing knowledge about the successful use of artificial wastes such as fly ash, slag, silica fume, rice husk ash, palm oil fuel ash, sugar cane bagasse ash, wood waste ash, bamboo leaf ash, and corn cob ash in the concrete industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a case study conducted as an experiment with the incorporation of different types of industrial waste in brick manufacturing process in laboratory scale. The main objective of this work is to incorporate large amounts of different types of waste as raw material in brick's formulation. Three types of wastes were mixed with clay: automotive industry waste sludge containing heavy metal concentrations; glass waste, from a galvanic plant, mainly consisting of glass microspheres; and wood ash, from the ceramic burning furnace. The formulation's materials were analyzed by X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence and electronic microscopy. The dried samples were milled separately and then dry mixed. Water was added to the mixture in order to contribute to the compaction process. The samples were dried and then burned at temperatures similar to those used for brick firing furnace. The obtained ceramics were analyzed for their retraction and then submitted to flexural strength testing. Samples obtained value above 4 MPa were approved. Among the samples tested, the formulation that showed higher flexural strength was chosen. It was prepared sufficient sample to perform the solubilization and leaching tests. For tests, the samples were reduced to dust. The results of such analyzes did not identify the presence of elements described in the initial samples' formulation. Morphological analysis was performed using scanning electron microscopy. Tested sample showed glassy characteristic of material that has been sintered during the firing process. This effect is also a proof that the waste identified in initial sample's formulation were inerted. Obtained results characterizes that the tested formulation can be considered as an alternative for bricks manufacturing with incorporation of industrial waste and an activity non-hazardous to the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The catalytic effects of eight industrial wastes rich in Na, Fe, Ca and Al on Jincheng anthracite coal combustion were compared. The thermogravimetric experiments showed that Na-rich brine sludge (BS) and salt sludge (SS) exhibited better catalytic effects on coal combustion than Fe-rich iron mud (IM) and steel residue (SR). However, IM and SR exhibited better catalytic effects than Ca-rich white lime mud (WLM) and calcium carbide residue (CCR). Among the eight industrial wastes, Al-rich alumina residue (AR) and aluminium slag (AS) demonstrated the worst catalytic effects. BS, which contains more Na (mainly in the form of NaCl, which was equivalent to Na 2 O with a content of 13.14%) than SS (mainly in the form of NaCl and Na 3 Mg(CO 3 ) 2 Cl, which were equivalent to Na 2 O with a content of 7.64%) does, reduced the ignition temperature of Jincheng coal from 582 °C to 561 °C because of the promoted transfer of oxygen to the carbon surface through the cyclic oxidation and reduction reactions between Na 2 O and Na 2 O 2 . IM, which contains more Fe (mainly in the form of γ-Fe 2 O 3 , which was equivalent to Fe 2 O 3 with a content of 92.22%) than SR (mainly in the form of Fe 2 SiO 4 and α-Fe, which were equivalent to Fe 2 O 3 with a content of 8.29%) does, reduced the ignition temperature of Jincheng coal to 569 °C as a consequence of the enhanced transfer of oxygen to the carbon surface through the cyclic oxidation and reduction reactions between FeO and Fe 2 O 3 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is an empirical investigation of the location of industrial waste disposal sites in Japan. We found some evidence of spatial concentration of industrial waste disposal sites in area with other waste-related facilities. In addition, we found a higher number of industrial waste disposal sites per capita in municipalities that had not experienced conflict relating to the construction of disposal sites. Our results suggest that companies may decide to locate disposal sites in areas in which other waste-related facilities already exist and/or where there is less citizen conflict over their construction. This would explain why there is a spatial concentration of unwanted facilities in some areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors' research on industrial contaminated biotopes in Oltenia have revealed the significant presence of certain physiological groups of organisms (plants, invertebrates) adapted to different living environments, which gained perfect tolerance to the ecological characteristics of the substrates. The results of the performed experiments showed that between the growth and multiplication of bacteria in acidic media there is a close correlation highlighted by their maximum tolerance at different metal ion concentrations under certain pH and temperature conditions. Knowing the diversity of microbiota in industrially contaminated areas is a point of view in determining the influence of physico-chemical conditions on the evolution of planktonic and benthic organisms in Romania industrial areas. The analyzed data emphasized significant differences in the distribution of microbiota in areas contaminated by industrial waste in close correlation with the adaptation of the microorganisms to the presence of salts in the culture medium existing in their sampling sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]