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Textural features calculated from various segmental fluences of volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) plans were optimized to enhance its performance to predict plan delivery accuracy.Twenty prostate and twenty head and neck VMAT plans were selected retrospectively. Fluences were generated for each VMAT plan by summations of segments at sequential groups of control points. The numbers of summed segments were 5, 10, 20, 45, 90, 178 and 356. For each fluence, we investigated 6 textural features: angular second moment, inverse difference moment, contrast, variance, correlation and entropy (particular displacement distances, d = 1, 5 and 10). Spearman's rank correlation coefficients (rs) were calculated between each textural feature and several different measures of VMAT delivery accuracy.The values of rs of contrast (d = 10) with 10 segments to both global and local gamma passing rates with 2%/2 mm were 0.666 (p 0.001) and 0.573 (p 0.001), respectively. It showed rs values of -0.895 (p 0.001) and 0.727 (p 0.001) to multi-leaf collimator positional errors and gantry angle errors during delivery, respectively. The number of statistically significant rs values (p 0.05) to the changes in dose-volumetric parameters during delivery was 14 among a total of 35 tested parameters.Contrast (d = 10) with 10 segments showed higher correlations to the VMAT delivery accuracy than did the conventional modulation indices.

Narrowband power line communications (NB-PLC) operating in the 3–500 kHz frequency band is proposed as a solution to support the emerging Smart Grid applications that aim to optimize the efficiency and reliability of the power grids. PLC is attractive for Smart Grid communications as it can be deployed over the existing power grids without any additional infrastructure. However, PLC suffers from impulsive noise and frequency-selective channels which degrade the system's reliability and data rate. Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) PLC is a promising technology to increase the data rate and provide robustness against the PLC interference. In this paper, we consider the design of a MIMO frame and preamble structure that can be efficiently used to perform initial receiver synchronization while ensuring backward compatibility with current NB-PLC standards.

Current generation narrowband power-line communication systems are OFDM based. They are especially susceptible to narrowband interference (NBI) which is generated by switching power supplies and legacy communication systems. In this paper we propose a novel method for mitigating the effect of NBI. The method exploits a well-known characteristic of NBI spectral leakage in that it is frequency dependent. The method involves intentionally introducing inter-carrier interference at the receiver in a controlled manner in order to mitigate the NBI effect with low computational complexity. A simple NBI frequency estimator is also proposed. The combined receiver solution is shown to be within 0.5 dB of the AWGN performance bound for the current G3-FCC standard in the presence of a single NBI.

This paper describes the development of the framework and the algorithm for large scale automatic speech recognition systems. Technical advances include the acceleration of decoding speed by leveraging the computational power of many-core graphic processing units (GPU), in order to solve the issue of training data sparseness, improvement in the accuracy by Subspace Gaussian Mixture Models (SGMM), and employing novel methods of language models such as the Instant Language Model Adaptation (ILMA) method. We present the effectiveness of each technique by evaluating it with actual usage data collected from television sets. It is shown that the proposed engine can recognize speech at real time with high accuracy.

Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDI) are emerging as potentially useful components of the anticancer armamentarium and as useful tools to dissect mechanistic pathways. HDIs that globally inhibit histone deacetylases (HDAC) have radiosensitizing effects, but the relative contribution of specific HDAC classes remains unclear. Newly characterized HDIs are now available that preferentially inhibit specific HDAC classes, including SK7041 (inhibits class I HDACs) and splitomicin (inhibits class III HDACs). We investigated in human cancer cells the relative radiosensitizations that result from blocking specific HDAC classes. We found that trichostatin A (TSA; inhibitor of both class I and II HDACs) was the most effective radiosensitizer, followed by the class I inhibitor SK7041, whereas splitomicin (inhibitor of class III) had least effect. Interestingly, radiosensitization by TSA in cell lines expressing p53 was more pronounced than in isogenic lines lacking p53. Radiosensitization of cells expressing p53 by TSA was reduced by pifithrin-α, a small-molecule inhibitor of p53. In contrast, the radiosensitization by TSA of cells expressing low levels of p53 was enhanced by transfection of wild-type p53–expressing vector or pretreatment with leptomycin B, an inhibitor of nuclear export that increased intracellular levels of p53. These effects on radiosensitization were respectively muted or not seen in cells treated with SK7041 or splitomicin. To our knowledge, this may be among the first systematic investigations of the comparative anticancer effects of inhibiting specific classes of HDACs, with results suggesting differences in the degrees of radiosensitization, which in some cell lines may be influenced by p53 expression.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Subependymal enhancement and DWI have been reported to be useful MR imaging markers for identifying true progression. Our aim was to determine whether the subependymal enhancement pattern and ADC can differentiate true progression from pseudoprogression in patients with glioblastoma multiforme treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy by using temozolomide. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-two patients with glioblastoma multiforme with newly developed or enlarged enhancing lesions on the first follow-up MR images obtained within 2 months of concurrent chemoradiotherapy completion were included. Subependymal enhancement was analyzed for the presence, location, and pattern (local or distant relative to enhancing lesions). The mean ADC value and the fifth percentile of the cumulative ADC histogram were determined. A multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent factors associated with true progression. RESULTS: Distant subependymal enhancement (ie, extending >1 cm or isolated from the enhancing lesion) was significantly more common in true progression ( n = 24) than in pseudoprogression ( n = 18) ( P = .042). The fifth percentile of the cumulative ADC histogram was significantly lower in true progression than in pseudoprogression ( P = .014). Both the distant subependymal enhancement and the fifth percentile of the cumulative ADC histogram were independent factors associated with true progression ( P = .041 and P = .033, respectively). Sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of true progression were 83% and 67%, respectively, by using both factors. CONCLUSIONS: Both the distant subependymal enhancement and the fifth percentile of the cumulative ADC histogram were significant independent factors predictive of true progression. CCRT : concurrent chemoradiotherapy GBM : glioblastoma multiforme TMZ : temozolomide RANO : Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology

Thioredoxin 1 (Trx1) and haptoglobin (Hp) are known to be involved in pathophysiology. This study was conducted to evaluate their diagnostic significance. We employed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to determine the concentrations of both Trx1 and Hp in sera from female patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and those with lung cancer. The Trx1 levels remarkably decreased in cases of female patients with CAP, while the Hp levels increased in both female patients with lung cancer and CAP. In addition, the serum levels of Trx1 were not significantly changed in patients with lung cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, and cardiovascular diseases compared to healthy controls. At the cut-off point of 0.396 at A450 nm on the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, Trx1 could discriminate between patients with CAP from normal female controls with a sensitivity of 72.5%, a specificity of 89.8%, and area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.877 ± 0.040. The serum levels of Trx1 in female CAP patients were inversely correlated with the levels of Hp (p < 0.05). The characteristic reduction in serum Trx1 levels, especially in female CAP patients, indicates that Trx1 could be used as a diagnostic marker for CAP. The advantage of serum Trx1 over Hp in discriminating female CAP patients among female patients who have a positive serum level of Hp suggests the use of Trx1 as an excellent combination marker with Hp for the specific diagnosis of CAP and lung carcinoma, because serum Hp levels increase in female patients with lung cancer and those with CAP without selectivity.

Textural features of edge-enhanced fluence were analysed to quantify modulation degree of volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) plans. Twenty prostate and twenty head and neck VMAT plans were retrospectively selected. Fluences of VMAT plans were generated by integration of monitor units shaped by multi-leaf collimators (MLCs) at each control point. When generating fluences, the values of pixels representing MLC tips were doubled to prevent smearing out of small or irregular fields (edge-enhancement). Six kinds of textural features, including angular second moment, inverse difference moment, contrast, variance, correlation and entropy, were calculated with particular displacement distances (d) of 1, 5 and 10. Plan delivery accuracy was evaluated by gamma-index method, mechanical parameter differences between plan and delivery and differences in dose-volumetric parameters between plan and delivery. Spearman’s correlation coefficients (r s ) were calculated between the values of textural features and VMAT delivery accuracy. The r s values of contrast (d = 1) with edge-enhancement to global gamma passing rates with 2%/2 mm, 1%/2 mm and 2%/1 mm were 0.546 (p

Texture analysis on fluence maps was performed to evaluate the degree of modulation for volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) plans.A total of six textural features including angular second moment, inverse difference moment, contrast, variance, correlation, and entropy were calculated for fluence maps generated from 20 prostate and 20 head and neck VMAT plans. For each of the textural features, particular displacement distances (d) of 1, 5, and 10 were adopted. To investigate the deliverability of each VMAT plan, gamma passing rates of pretreatment quality assurance, and differences in modulating parameters such as multileaf collimator (MLC) positions, gantry angles, and monitor units at each control point between VMAT plans and dynamic log files registered by the Linac control system during delivery were acquired. Furthermore, differences between the original VMAT plan and the plan reconstructed from the dynamic log files were also investigated. To test the performance of the textural features as indicators for the modulation degree of VMAT plans, Spearman's rank correlation coefficients (rs) with the plan deliverability were calculated. For comparison purposes, conventional modulation indices for VMAT including the modulation complexity score for VMAT, leaf travel modulation complexity score, and modulation index supporting station parameter optimized radiation therapy (MISPORT) were calculated, and their correlations were analyzed in the same way.There was no particular textural feature which always showed superior correlations with every type of plan deliverability. Considering the results comprehensively, contrast (d = 1) and variance (d = 1) generally showed considerable correlations with every type of plan deliverability. These textural features always showed higher correlations to the plan deliverability than did the conventional modulation indices, except in the case of modulating parameter differences. The rs values of contrast to the global gamma passing rates with criteria of 2%/2 mm, 2%/1 mm, and 1%/2 mm were 0.536, 0.473, and 0.718, respectively. The respective values for variance were 0.551, 0.481, and 0.688. In the case of local gamma passing rates, the rs values of contrast were 0.547, 0.578, and 0.620, respectively, and those of variance were 0.519, 0.527, and 0.569. All of the rs values in those cases were statistically significant (p0.003). In the cases of global and local gamma passing rates, MISPORT showed the highest correlations among the conventional modulation indices. For global passing rates, rs values of MISPORT were -0.420, -0.330, and -0.632, respectively, and those for local passing rates were -0.455, -0.490 and -0.502. The values of rs of contrast, variance, and MISPORT with the MLC errors were -0.863, -0.828, and 0.795, respectively, all with statistical significances (p0.001). The correlations with statistical significances between variance and dose-volumetric differences were observed more frequently than the others.The contrast (d = 1) and variance (d = 1) calculated from fluence maps of VMAT plans showed considerable correlations with the plan deliverability, indicating their potential use as indicators for assessing the degree of modulation of VMAT plans. Both contrast and variance consistently showed better performance than the conventional modulation indices for VMAT.

Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors (AT/RT) are among the most malignant pediatric brain tumors.1 Although AT/RT are an uncommon disease, the incidence in children under 3 years of age is remarkably high, up to 20% of malignant brain tumors.2 This high prevalence of AT/RT in young children may lead to a poor prognosis due to limited treatment options. To improve outcomes, many clinical studies have been attempted, including high dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell rescue,3 early radiation therapy,2 and proton therapy.4 However, there is no optimal treatment regimen for AT/RT to date, making AT/RT a rarely curable disease. Brain tumor initiating cells (BTICs) are a type of cancer stem cell (CSC), retaining stem cell–like properties.5 Recent studies revealed that these BTICs and chemo- or radioresistance are closely interrelated, even though BTICs represent a small percentage of the tumor cell population.6 Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) is a polymorphic enzyme responsible for the oxidation of aldehydes to carboxylic acids, and this reaction is dependent on nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), producing NADH. ALDH activity, which can be easily measured using an Aldefluor assay, is now used as one of the CSC markers for many cancers.7,8 We previously reported that primary brain tumors contain distinct subpopulations of cells that have high expression levels of ALDH and BTIC characteristics.8 In that study, the ALDH+ fraction tended to be higher in aggressive tumors, such as AT/RT. Furthermore, we found that the targeted knockdown of ALDH1 by short hairpin RNA in BTICs potently disrupted their self-renewing ability.8 Disulfiram (DSF) has been used for decades to treat alcoholism by preventing the conversion of acetaldehyde to acetic acid to irreversibly inhibit ALDH, causing an unpleasant reaction when alcohol is consumed.9 We estimated that DSF might have tumor suppressive effects because DSF inhibits ALDH, which is abundant in CSCs. Indeed, it has been widely reported that DSF has a tumor control effect on several human cancers, such as breast cancer,10 colorectal cancer,11 and brain tumors.12,13 However, DSF treatment for AT/RT, which has a high expression of ALDH, has not been investigated. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of ALDH inhibition using DSF, particularly against BTICs within AT/RT, through both in vitro and in vivo experiments. Furthermore, we proposed the possible mechanism of DSF treatment in AT/RT.

BACKGROUND: Cognitive dysfunction is a characteristic of tumor infiltration and a major morbidity causing functional deterioration in glioblastoma patients. Here we investigated whether pre-operative cognitive function tests can predict early prognosis in glioblastoma. METHODS: Consecutive patients who underwent glioma surgery were evaluated with pre-operative cognitive function tests, including Mini-Mental State Examination, Geriatric Depression Scale, Digit Span Tests (forward and backward), Controlled Oral Ward Association Test, Trail-Making Tests (TMT, type a, b, and c), and Stroop Tests. Pathologically-confirmed glioblastoma were treated with the standard protocol using radiation and temozolomide, and the 6-month progression-free survivals (PFS-6) were analyzed. RESULTS: Among 126 patients who underwent glioma surgery, 55 patients were diagnosed as glioblastoma, and 50 patients were finally eligible for the PFS-6 analysis. Thirty four patients (68%) achieved PFS-6. In the comparison of those without progression (PFS-6) with those with progression (No-PFS-6), there was no difference in the patients' demographics, tumor locations, tumor sizes, performance scores, initial symptoms, and genetic characteristics of tumors. The PFS-6 patients had higher rates of gross total resection, more use of concomitant chemo-radiation, and longer years of total education, than the no-PFS-6 patients. In the cognitive function tests, the PFS-6 patients had better performance in TMT-a, and TMT-b. Other cognitive function tests were not associated with PFS-6. In multivariate logistic regression, TMT-b was the only independent predictor for PFS-6, while age (12 yr), gross total resection, concomitant chemo-radiation, and TMT-a were not. Patients with good performance in TMT-b not only showed better early prognosis in the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, but also had better recursive partitioning analysis classes. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that the early cognitive function test before surgery can predict the early prognosis in glioblastoma. Poor executive function and slow psychomotor speed as detected in TMT suggest early progression of the tumor.

Purpose To assess the prognosis predictability of a measurable enhancing lesion using histogram parameters produced by the normalized cerebral blood volume (nCBV) and normalized apparent diffusion coefficient (nADC) after completion of standard concomitant chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) and adjuvant temozolomide (TMZ) medication in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) patients. Materials and Methods This study was approved by the institutional review board (IRB), and the requirement for informed consent was waived. A total of 59 patients with newly diagnosed GBM who received standard CCRT with TMZ and adjuvant TMZ for six cycles underwent perfusion-weighted and diffusion-weighted imaging. Twenty-seven patients had a measurable enhancing lesion and 32 patients lacked a measurable enhancing lesion based on the Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology (RANO) criteria in the follow-up MRI, which was performed within 3 months after adjuvant TMZ therapy was completed. We measured the nCBV and nADC histogram parameters based on the measurable enhancing lesion. The progression free survival (PFS) was analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method with the use of the log-rank test. Results The median PFS of patients lacking measurable enhancing lesion was longer than for those with measurable enhancing lesions (17.6 vs 3.3 months, P

To explore the role of dynamic contrast material-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in the differentiation of true progression from pseudoprogression in patients with glioblastoma on the basis of findings in entirely newly developed or enlarged enhancing lesions after concurrent radiation therapy and chemotherapy with temozolomide and to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the quantitative pharmacokinetic parameters obtained at dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging, such as the volume transfer constant (K(trans)), the extravascular extracellular space per unit volume of tissue(ve), and the blood plasma volume per unit volume of tissue(vp).This prospective study had institutional review board approval; written informed consent was obtained from all patients. Thirty-three patients with histopathologically proven glioblastoma who had undergone concurrent radiation therapy and chemotherapy with temozolomide were included. Dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging-derived pharmacokinetic parameters, including K(trans), ve, and vp, were calculated for newly developed or enlarged enhancing lesions. Pharmacokinetic parameters were compared between the true progression (n = 17) and pseudoprogression (n = 16) groups by using unpaired t tests and then multivariable analysis.The mean K(trans) and ve were higher in the true progression group than in the pseudoprogression group (mean K(trans), 0.44 min(-1) ± 0.25 [standard deviation] and 0.23 min(-1) ± 0.10 for true progression and pseudoprogression groups, respectively, P = .004; and mean ve, 1.26 ± 0.78 and 0.75 ± 0.49 for true progression and pseudoprogression groups, respectively, P = .034). Multivariable analysis showed that mean K(trans) was the only independently differentiating variable (P = .004).Dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging-derived pharmacokinetic parameters, including K(trans) and ve, in the entire newly developed or enlarged enhancing lesion may be useful objective diagnostic tools in the differentiation of true progression from pseudoprogression in patients with glioblastoma who have undergone concurrent radiation therapy and chemotherapy with temozolomide.

Objective To determine whether histogram values of the normalized apparent diffusion coefficient (nADC) and normalized cerebral blood volume (nCBV) maps obtained in contrast-enhancing lesions detected on immediate post-operative MR imaging can be used to predict the patient response to concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) with temozolomide (TMZ). Materials and Methods Twenty-four patients with GBM who had shown measurable contrast enhancement on immediate post-operative MR imaging and had subsequently undergone CCRT with TMZ were retrospectively analyzed. The corresponding histogram parameters of nCBV and nADC maps for measurable contrast-enhancing lesions were calculated. Patient groups with progression (n = 11) and non-progression (n = 13) at one year after the operation were identified, and the histogram parameters were compared between the two groups. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to determine the best cutoff value for predicting progression. Progression-free survival (PFS) was determined with the Kaplan-Meier method and the log-rank test. Results The 99th percentile of the cumulative nCBV histogram (nCBV C99) on immediate post-operative MR imaging was a significant predictor of one-year progression (p = 0.033). ROC analysis showed that the best cutoff value for predicting progression after CCRT was 5.537 (sensitivity and specificity were 72.7% and 76.9%, respectively). The patients with an nCBV C99 of < 5.537 had a significantly longer PFS than those with an nCBV C99 of ≥ 5.537 (p = 0.026). Conclusion The nCBV C99 from the cumulative histogram analysis of the nCBV from immediate post-operative MR imaging may be feasible for predicting glioblastoma response to CCRT with TMZ.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae nTPx is a thioredoxin-dependent thiol peroxidase that is localized in the nucleus. nTPx belongs to the C-type atypical 2-Cys peroxiredoxin family members, which are frequently called BCPs or PrxQs. A double mutant (C107S/C112S) of nTPx overexpressed in Escherichia coli was spontaneously degraded upon freezing and thawing and its truncated form (residues 57-215; MW = 17837 Da) was crystallized with PEG 3350 and mercury(II) acetate as precipitants using the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method. Diffraction data were collected to 1.8 A resolution using X-ray synchrotron radiation. The crystals belong to the trigonal space group P3(2), with unit-cell parameters a = b = 37.54, c = 83.26 A. The asymmetric unit contains one molecule of truncated mutant nTPx, with a corresponding VM of 1.91 A3 Da(-1) and a solvent content of 35.5%.

Radiation-induced glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a rare complication of radiotherapy. The authors report such a case occurring 10 years after treatment of cerebellar medulloblastoma. The patient was a 15-year-old boy who had undergone a gross-total removal of a medulloblastoma and received radiation therapy at the age of 5 years. He had experienced no tumor recurrences for 10 years until a new enhancing mass was found at the original site of the medulloblastoma. Following its resection the new lesion was found to be a GBM and there was no evidence of a medulloblastoma. The second tumor developed at the same site as the previous one after a sufficient latent period and fulfilled the criteria for a radiation-induced neoplasm. The original tumor cells expressed synaptophysin without p53 overexpression, a characteristic feature of medulloblastomas. In contrast, cells from the later tumor expressed glial fibrillary acidic protein and p53 but not synaptophysin. A sequence analysis of the p53 gene showed deletion at codon 233 and a C to G transition at codon 278 in the GBM but no mutation in the medulloblastoma. A GBM specimen revealed no amplification of the epidermal growth factor receptor compared with a normal control specimen. In conclusion, the clinical features of a radiation-induced GBM are similar to that of the primary GBM, whereas its genetic alterations render it a secondary GBM. These findings indicate that radiation-induced GBM should be considered a distinct clinical entity.

Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the treatment outcome of angiocentric T-cell and natural killer (NK)/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type. Methods Between February 1989 and March 2001, 53 patients with newly diagnosed angiocentric T-cell and NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type involving the head and neck, were treated with radiation therapy (RT). There were 37 males and 16 females. The median age of the patients was 45 years (range 19-73). Twenty of them were treated with chemoradiotherapy (CRT), while 33 with treated with RT alone. The median follow-up period was 74 months (range 6-173). Results The 5-year overall survival rate of all patients was 69%. CRT appeared to be inferior to RT alone in terms of 5-year overall survival, though the difference was not statistically significant (59 versus 76%, P = 0.27). Conclusions There was no difference in survival between RT and CRT in angiocentric T-cell and NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type.

Thioredoxin-dependent thiol peroxidase (Tpx) from Escherichia coli represents a group of antioxidant enzymes that are widely distributed in pathogenic bacterial species and which belong to the peroxiredoxin (Prx) family. Bacterial Tpxs are unique in that the location of the resolving cysteine (CR) is different from those of other Prxs. E. coli Tpx (EcTpx) shows substrate specificity toward alkyl hydroperoxides over H2O2 and is the most potent reductant of alkyl hydroperoxides surpassing AhpC and BCP, the other E. coli Prx members. Here, we present the crystal structure of EcTpx in the oxidized state determined at 2.2-A resolution. The structure revealed that Tpxs are the second type of atypical 2-Cys Prxs with an intramolecular disulfide bond formed between the peroxidatic (CP, Cys61) and resolving (Cys95) cysteine residues. The extraordinarily long N-terminal chain of EcTpx folds into a β-hairpin making the overall structure very compact. Modeling suggests that, in atypical 2-Cys Prxs, the CR-loop as well as the CP-loop may alternately assume the fully folded or locally unfolded conformation depending on redox states, as does the CP-loop in typical 2-Cys Prxs. EcTpx exists as a dimer stabilized by hydrogen bonds. Its substrate binding site extends to the dimer interface. A modeled structure of the reduced EcTpx in complex with 15-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid suggests that the size and shape of the binding site are particularly suited for long fatty acid hydroperoxides consistent with its greater reactivity.

Previously, we reported that the yeast cytoplasmic thiol peroxidase type II isoform (cTPx II), a member of the TSA/AhpC family, showed a very low peroxidase activity when compared with other cytoplasmic yeast isoforms, and that cTPx II mutant (cTPx II Delta) showed a severe growth retardation compared with that of the wild-type cells. To reveal the physiological function of cTPx II in yeast cell growth, we searched for proteins which react with cTPx II. In this study, we identified a novel interaction between cTPx II and CSR1p using the yeast two-hybrid system. CSR1p (SFH2p) has been known to be one member of Sec14 homologous (SFH2) proteins. SFH2p exhibits phosphatidylinositol transfer protein activity. Interestingly, we found that cTPx II selectively bound to SFH2p among the five types of SFH proteins and Sec14p. The interaction required the dimerization of cTPx II. In addition, SFH2p also specifically bound to cTPx II among the yeast thiol peroxidase isoforms. The selective interaction of the dimer form of cTPx II (the oxidized form) with SFH2p was also confirmed by glutathione S-transferase pull-down and immunoprecipitation assays. The growth retardation, clearly reflected by the length of the lag phase, of cTPx II Delta was rescued by deleting SFH2p in the cTPx II Delta strain. The SFH2 Delta strain did not show any growth retardation. In addition, the double mutant showed a higher susceptibility to oxidative stress. This finding provides the first in vivo demonstration of the specific interaction of cTPx II with SFH2p in an oxidative stress-sensitive manner and a novel physiological function of the complex of cTPx II and SFH2p.

Yeast nucleus-localized thiol peroxidase (nTPx) was characterized as a functional peroxidase. There are two cysteine residues in nTPx. Replacement of Cys-106 or Cys-111 with serine resulted in a complete loss of thioredoxin-linked peroxidase activity. However, when their activities were measured in terms of the ability to inhibit oxidation of glutamine synthetase, C111S showed the same antioxidant activity as the wild type protein. SDS-PAGE gel analysis revealed that only C111S existed as the dimer form. In addition to the identification of Cys-106 as the primary catalytic site, these data suggest the formation of the intradisulfide bond as a part of the catalytic cycle between nTPx and thioredoxin. nTPx preferentially reduced alkyl-hydroperoxides rather than H2O2. Furthermore, a nTPx mutant strain showed higher sensitivity toward alkyl-hydroperoxide than hydrogen peroxide. Also, reduction of the viability of nTPx mutant strain against various oxidants supports an in vivo antioxidant role for nTPx. nTPx transcriptional activity was not significantly detectable in log phase yeast, but the activity was exponentially increased after the diauxic shift. The transcriptional activity was highly induced even in the log phase yeast grown in nonfermentable carbon source. Deletion of Tor1p, Ras1p, and Ras2p resulted in considerable induction when compared with their parent strains, demonstrating the activation of the transcription of nTPx gene at the diauxic shift. Transcription of nTPx gene was induced in response to oxidative stress. Viability of a stationary phase nTPx mutant was considerably reduced compared with the isogenic strain. Collectively, these data demonstrate that nTPx is a thiol peroxidase family acting as alkyl-hydroperoxide reductase in the nucleus during post-diauxic growth.

Purpose: To evaluate the effectiveness of whole brain radiotherapy followed by stereotactic radiotherapy for newly diagnosed brain metastasis. Materials and Methods: Thirty-three metastatic brain tumors received radiotherapy to the whole brain and stereotactic radiotherapy in 25 patients. Lung carcinomas were the most common (17/25) primary tumor. The radiation dose was 30 to 40 Gy for the whole brain, with a 12 to 40 Gy boost to the metastatic foci. Survival and local control rates were determined, and the prognostic factors for survival were evaluated. Results: The overall median survival was 15 months and the actuarial survivals at 1- and 2-year were 67% and 31%, respectively. The local tumor control rate was 79%, with a median follow-up period of 9 months (2-36 months). The prognostic factors associated with survival were age, tumor size and the existence of active extracranial metastasis, with the performance status showing marginal significance. No acute or chronic complications were observed in the patients. Conclusion: From our data, cranial radiotherapy followed by stereotactic radiotherapy was useful in the local control of metastatic tumors, and in the survival of patients with tumor factors, such as small size or the absence of extracranial tumor activity, and host factors, such as young age or good performance status.

We observed that the transcription of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cytoplasmic thiol peroxidase type II (cTPx II) (YDR453C) is regulated in response to various stresses (e.g. oxidative stress, carbon starvation, and heat-shock). It has been suggested that both transcription-activating proteins, Yap1p and Skn7p, regulate the transcription of cTPx II upon exposure to oxidative stress. However, a dramatic loss of transcriptional response to various stresses in yeast mutant strains lacking both Msn2p and Msn4p suggests that the transcription factors act as a principal transcriptional activator. In addition to two Yap1p response elements (YREs), TTACTAA and TTAGTAA, the presence of two stress response elements (STREs) (CCCCT) in the upstream sequence of cTPx II also suggests that Msn2p/Msn4p could control stress-induced expression of cTPx II. Analysis of the transcriptional activity of site-directed mutagenesis of the putative STREs (STRE1 and STRE2) and YREs (TRE1 and YRE2) in terms of the activity of a lacZ reporter gene under control of the cTPx II promoter indicates that STRE2 acts as a principal binding element essential for transactivation of the cTPx II promoter. The transcriptional activity of the cTPx II promoter was exponentially increased after postdiauxic growth. The transcriptional activity of the cTPx II promoter is greatly increased by rapamycin. Deletion of Tor1, Tor2, Ras1, and Ras2 resulted in a considerable induction when compared with their parent strains, suggesting that the transcription of cTPx II is under negative control of the Ras/cAMP and target of rapamycin signaling pathways. Taken together, these results suggest that cTPx II is a target of Msn2p/Msn4p transcription factors under negative control of the Ras-protein kinase A and target of rapamycin signaling pathways. Furthermore, the accumulation of cTPx II upon exposure to oxidative stress and during the postdiauxic shift suggests an important antioxidant role in stationary phase yeast cells.

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of chemotherapy with ACNU (1-(4-amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)-methyl-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosourea) plus cisplatin followed by cranial irradiation in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme.

In this article we present the Intelligent Industrial Internet (I3) Mote, an open hardware platform targeting industrial connectivity and sensing deployments. The I3Mote features the most advanced low-power components to tackle sensing, on-board computing and wireless/wired connectivity for demanding industrial applications. The platform has been designed to fill the gap in the industrial prototyping and early deployment market with a compact form factor, low-cost and robust industrial design. I3Mote is an advanced and compact prototyping system integrating the required components to be deployed as a product, leveraging the need for adopting industries to build their own tailored solution. This article describes the platform design, firmware and software ecosystem and characterizes its performance in terms of energy consumption. En este artículo presentamos Intelligent Industrial Internet (I3) Mote, una plataforma de hardware abierta dirigida a la conectividad industrial y las implementaciones de detección. El I3Mote presenta los componentes de baja potencia más avanzados para afrontar la detección, la informática y la conectividad inalámbrica que exigen las aplicaciones industriales. La plataforma ha sido diseñada para llenar el vacío en el mercado de prototipos industriales y de implementación temprana con un diseño compacto, económico y de bajo coste. I3Mote es un sistema de creación de prototipos avanzado y compacto que integra los componentes requeridos para implementarse como un producto, aprovechando la necesidad de las industrias receptoras para construir su propia solución a medida. Este artículo describe el diseño de la plataforma, el firmware y el ecosistema de software y caracteriza su desarrollo en términos de consumo de energía. En aquest article presentem Intelligent Industrial Internet (I3) Mote, una plataforma de hardware oberta dirigida a la connectivitat industrial i les implementacions de detecció. El I3Mote presenta els components de baixa potència més avançats per afrontar la detecció, la informàtica i la connectivitat sense fils que exigeixen les aplicacions industrials. La plataforma ha estat dissenyada per omplir el buit en el mercat de prototips industrials i d'implementació primerenca amb un disseny compacte, econòmic i de baix cost. I3Mote és un sistema de creació de prototips avançat i compacte que integra els components requerits per implementar-se com a un producte, aprofitant la necessitat de les indústries receptores per construir la seva pròpia solució a mida. Aquest article descriu el disseny de la plataforma, el firmware i l'ecosistema de programari i caracteritza el seu desenvolupament en termes de consum d'energia.

Background In this study, dosimetric aspects of TSEI consisting of a 4 MeV beam with no spoiler were investigated in comparison to a nominal 6 MeV beam with spoiler, and the potential for clinical applications was evaluated. Methods The TSEI technique is based on the Stanford technique, which utilizes a beam configuration of six-dual fields. MOSFETs were used to measure the optimal gantry angle, profile uniformity, and absolute dose at the calibration point. The depth dose curve of the central axis was measured in the treatment plane using EBT2 film. Photon contamination was measured as the dose at 5 cm depth in a solid water phantom relative to the maximum dose using a parallel plate ion chamber. A MOSFET dosimeter placed on the surface of a humanoid phantom, and EBT2 films inserted into a humanoid phantom were used to verify the TSEI commissioning. Results Dosimetric aspects of the 4 MeV TSEI beam, such as profile uniformity (±10%) and relative photon contamination (

Ocular adnexal lymphoma (OAL) has been associated with Chlamydophila psittaci infection, for which doxycycline has been suggested as a treatment option. We conducted this study to evaluate the long-term results of first-line doxycycline treatment in patients with OAL. Ninety patients with histologically confirmed OAL with marginal zone B cell lymphoma were enrolled. Each patient received one or two cycles of doxycycline (100 mg bid) for 3 weeks. After a median follow-up period of 40.5 months (8-85), the 5-year progression-free survival (PFS) rate was 60.9 %. All patients were alive at the last follow-up date. Thirty-one patients (34 %) showed local treatment failure without systemic spread. However, PFS rate in these patients was 100 % after salvage chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. PFS was independently predicted in multivariate analysis by the tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) staging (hazard ratio [HR], 4.35; 95 % confidence interval [CI], 2.03-9.32; P

// Chul-Kee Park 1,7 , Se-Hoon Lee 2,8 , Ji Young Kim 1,7 , Ja Eun Kim 1,7 , Tae Min Kim 2,8 , Soon-Tae Lee 3,7 , Seung Hong Choi 4,7 , Sung-Hye Park 5,9 , Il Han Kim 6,8 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea 2 Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea 3 Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea 4 Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea 5 Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea 6 Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea 7 Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea 8 Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea 9 Neuroscience Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Correspondence: Chul-Kee Park , email: // Se-Hoon Lee, email: // Keywords : Glioblastoma, hTERT, promoter mutation, hTERT expression, single nucleotide polymorphism, rs2853669 Received : May 8, 2014 Accepted : May 12, 2014 Published : May 14, 2014 Abstract We investigated the role of somatic mutations and a common single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the hTERT promoter region on hTERT expression and clinical outcomes. The hTERT promoter region was sequenced from 48 glioblastomas. hTERT expression was analyzed by quantitative real time-PCR. The association between hTERT promoter genetic changes and other genomic events and clinical variables common in gliomas were examined. C228T and C250T somatic mutations were found in 60.4% of glioblastomas, and a common SNP (T349C) was found in 66.6%. Somatic mutations and the SNP likely have opposing effects on hTERT expression. hTERT expression was significantly higher in the C228T or C250T mutated tumors. Tumors with the T349C genotype showed lower hTERT expression when C228T or C250T mutations were present. However, no significant survival differences were observed among the groups with or without hTERT promoter mutations and SNP. There was a significant association between genetic changes in the hTERT promoter and patient age as well as MGMT promoter methylation and EGFR amplification. hTERT expression is modulated by somatic mutations in the hTERT promoter as well as a common polymorphism. However, hTERT related genomic changes have limited value as an independent prognostic factor for clinical outcomes in glioblastomas.

This paper presents in detail channel and noise characteristics from 50 kHz to roughly 500 kHz based on the field tests over underground low voltage (LV) power lines in residential and industrial areas in Korean electricity grids. We show that the channel characteristics of narrowband signals over underground LV power lines are decent while from the literature, it is known that broadband signals on 2–30 MHz bands over underground power lines experiences some signal attenuations [1–3]. We first describe methodology of channel characteristic measurements including channel magnitude response, noise and line impedance, and obtain channel characteristics over the underground LV lines in the residential and industrial areas. From the channel characteristics results, we show that the narrowband power line communications (PLC) is appropriate over underground LV power lines for automated metering infrastructure (AMI) applications that cover upto 300 m distance with direct connection without any help of other meters in-between. Also based on the measurement results, we adopt appropriate frequency bands for PLC, and bring up power line communication network.

We must solve several ongoing problems that our journal Cancer Research and Treatment, the official journal of the Korean Cancer Association, the Korean Association for Clinical Oncology, and the Korean Association for the Study of Lung Cancer has faced since our journal was indexed by SCI(E) on September 2012. The current IF is 1.962. The number of submitted articles has rapidly increased; consequently an increasing backload of articles has accumulated to be published after final acceptance. We already increased the number of articles in each issue from ten to thirteen. The publication date will be moved up from the last day of March, June, September, and December to the 15th day of January, April, July, and October starting with volume 46. In addition, we plan to establish "Epub ahead of print," mobile App for Android and iPad, QR code for the journal and each articles, Cross Mark, and FundRef in the near future. These initiatives have common objectives of reducing time between acceptance and publication and disseminating insights and new ideas included in the articles as promptly as possible. We express our continuing gratitude to our society members and contributing authors. We affirm that their commitment to our journal is indispensable, and more important than the aforementioned changes for the sustained progress of Cancer Research and Treatment in quality and influence. We must always bear in mind that the future of our journal depends entirely upon support from our members and authors.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate treatment patterns, outcome and prognosticators for patients with leptomeningeal metastases from solid tumor. Medical records of 80 patients from January 1, 2004 to May 31, 2011 were retrospectively reviewed. Most frequent site of origin was the lung (59%) followed by the breast (25%). Most patients were treated with intrathecal chemotherapy (90%) and/or whole brain radiotherapy (67.5%). Systemic therapy was offered to 27 patients (33.8%). Percentage of patients treated with single, dual, and triple modality were 32.5%, 43.8%, and 23.8%, respectively. Median survival was 2.7 months and 1 yr survival rate was 11.3%. Multivariate analysis showed that negative cerebrospinal fluid cytology, fewer chemotherapy regimen prior to leptomeningeal metastases, whole brain radiotherapy, systemic therapy, and combined modality treatment (median survival; single 1.4 vs. dual 2.8 vs. triple 8.3 months, P

Background The human cytosolic thioredoxin (Trx) contains a redox-active dithiol moiety in its conserved active-site sequence. Activation by a wide variety of stimuli leads to secretion of this cytoplasmic protein. Function of Trx1 has been implicated in regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. The aim of this study was to assess the clinical significance of serum Trx1 level in patients with breast carcinoma. Results To clarify whether serum levels of Trx1 could be a serum marker for breast carcinoma, we measured the serum levels of Trx1 in patients with various carcinomas (breast, lung, colorectal, and kidney cancers) using an ELISA, and investigated its associations with the tumour grading from I to III. At the cut-off point 33.1725 ng/ml on the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) Trx1 could well discriminate breast carcinoma from normal controls with a sensitivity of 89.8%, specificity 78.0%, and area under the ROC (AUC) 0.901 ± 0.0252. The serum level was well correlated with the progress of the breast carcinoma. We also investigated the diagnostic capacity of CEA and CA15-3 for the early detection of metastatic breast cancer comparing that of Trx1. In contrast to the serum CEA and CA15-3 tumour markers, the serum Trx1 levels of the early cancer (grade I) patients were significantly higher than those of normal control subjects, showing a high diagnostic sensitivity and selectivity (89.4% sensitivity, and 72.0% specificity). The serum levels of Trx1 in various patients with lung, colorectal, and kidney carcinomas indicate that the level of Trx1 is significantly higher than those of other cancer patients. Combinational analysis of CEA or CA15-3 with Trx1 for the detection of breast cancer suggest that the diagnostic capacity of CEA or CA15-3 alone for the early detection of breast cancer, especially regarding sensitivity, is significantly improved by its combination with Trx1. Conclusions Taken together, we conclude that serum Trx1 is useful for the early diagnosis of breast cancer or the early prediction prognosis of breast cancer, and therefore has a valuable use as a diagnostic marker and companion marker to CEA and CA15-3 for breast cancer.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the plan qualities of various treatment modalities for the radiotherapy of cutaneous Kaposi's sarcoma developed on the skin of the foot. A total of six virtual targets were generated on the skin of the foot in CT images. Five types of treatment plans were generated using photon beams (PB), electron beams (EB), high‐dose‐rate (HDR) brachytherapy with a Freiburg flap applicator, intensity‐modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), and volumetric‐modulated arc therapy (VMAT) techniques. Plans for each of the six targets (single‐target plans) and also for the combined target consisting of the six single targets combined (multitarget plans) were generated. Dose‐volumetric analysis was performed for the targets and normal tissues. The averaged conformity index (CI) and homogeneity index (HI) values for each single target using PB, EB, HDR, IMRT, and VMAT techniques were 1.97, 2.39, 1.60, 4.60, and 0.80 and 1.05, 1.11, 1.52, 1.04, and 1.04, respectively. For the multitarget, the CI values were 3.99, 5.08, 1.38, 1.95, and 0.84, and the values of HI were 1.10, 1.36, 1.43, 1.06, and 1.04, respectively. The averaged mean doses to normal tissue were 2.5, 2.7, 3.6, 1.7, and 2.9 Gy for single‐target plans, and 21.3, 14.6, 14.2, 14.3, and 13.0 Gy for the multitarget plans, respectively. The VMAT demonstrated dosimetric advantages and better treatment efficiency over other techniques for the radiotherapy of multifocal skin disease of the feet. PACS number: 87.55.dk

Intramedullary spinal cord astrocytomas are relatively rare and usually low-grade lesions with a long natural history. The rarity of the condition and its indolent clinical course has made the evaluation of treatment efficacy difficult. To clarify postoperative outcome and prognostic factors, we performed a retrospective analysis of intramedullary spinal cord astrocytomas in a single institute. Twenty-eight patients were surgically treated between 1978 and 1999; of median age 36 years (range, 19-68 years); nineteen patients were males and nine females. All patients presented with pain and neurological deficits. The cervical cord was involved in fifteen patients, cervico-thoracic in five, thoracic in six and thoraco-lumbar in two. Gross total removal was performed in three patients, subtotal removal in six, partial removal in fourteen and biopsy only in five. Nineteen patients received radiation therapy postoperatively. The mean follow-up period was 31.9 months (range, 0.5-184 months). Low-grade astrocytomas were found in 18 cases, anaplastic astrocytoma in three cases and glioblastomas in seven cases. The median survivals of patients with low- and high-grade astrocytoma were 184 months and 8 months, respectively (p < 0.05). The median survivals of irradiated and non-irradiated patients with low-grade astrocytoma were 184 months and 102 months. Neither the extent of resection, nor radiation influenced the survival rate. In summary, the histological grade was the most significant predictor of survival in patients with astrocytoma of the spinal cord.

The name of the 14th author was incorrect in the original publication. It is correct in this erratum (Young-Shin Ra).

A new type of peroxidase (“thiol peroxidase”; TPx) having cysteine as the primary site of catalysis has been discovered from prokaryotes to eukaryotes. In addition to two yeast TPx isoforms (TSA I and TSA II/AHPC1) previously described, three additional TPx homologues were identified by analysis of the open reading frame data base for Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Three novel isoforms showed a distinct thiol peroxidase activity supported by thioredoxin, and appeared to be distinctively localized in cytoplasm, mitochondria, and nucleus. Each isoform was named after its subcellular localization such as cytoplasmic TPx I (cTPx I or TSA I), cTPx II, cTPx III (TSA II/AHPC1), mitochondrial TPx (mTPx), and nuclear TPx (nTPx). Their transcriptional activities suggest that cTPx I and cTPx III are the most predominant isoforms among the five type isoforms. Transcriptional activities of TPx isoenzymes during yeast life span were quite different from each other. Unlike other TPx null mutants, cTPx I null mutant was hypersensitive to various oxidants except for 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide. The null mutant was more resistant toward 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide and acidic culture than its wild type. The severe growth retardation of cTPx II mutant resulted in accumulation of G1-phased cells. Based on kinetic properties of five isoforms, their subcellular localizations, and distinct physiology of each null mutant, we discussed the physiological functions of five types of TPx isoenzymes in yeast throughout the full growth cycle.

To explore the oxygen response regulators involved in thiol peroxidase gene (tpx) expression in Escherichia coli, we constructed a single-copy tpx-lacZ operon fusion and monitored tpx-lacZ expression in various genetic backgrounds. Expression of the tpx-lacZ fusion was increased 4-fold by aerobic growth. Anaerobic expression of tpx-lacZ in either (delta)arcA or delta(fnr) strains was 2.5-fold depressed compared with that of the wild-type strain. The results of immunoblotting experiments also demonstrated that ArcA and Fnr regulatory proteins repressed thiol peroxidase gene expression during anaerobic growth. Inspection of the tpx promoter region revealed putative binding sites for ArcA and Fnr. It thus appears that ArcA and Fnr function as repressors by blocking the binding of RNA polymerase to the tpx promoter in E. coli under anaerobic growth conditions.

A novel processing sequence for the formation of gated diamond field emitter array (triode system) is proposed and the feasibility is tested by investigating the field emission property. The processing scheme is based on the selective deposition of diamond by using the well established nucleation enhanced process on substrate, so callled bias enhanced nucleation (BEN). The structure of substrate was patterned [SiO 2 /Mo(gate)SiO 2 (insulator)Si(100). Our preliminary results show that the diamond field emitter is turned on at around 87 V/μm with the current level of about several μA.

Purpose Malignant rhabdoid tumor (MRT) is a rare and highly aggressive tumor that affects young children. Due to its extreme rarity, most of the available data are based on retrospective case series. To add to the current knowledge of this disease, we reviewed the patients treated for extra-cranial MRT in our institute. Materials and Methods A retrospective medical record review was conducted on children treated for pathologically confirmed extra-cranial MRT at Seoul National University Children’s Hospital between January 2003 and May 2013. Results Eleven patients (7 boys, 4 girls) were diagnosed with extra-cranial MRT at a median age of 9 months old. INI1 staining was important in the pathological confirmation. Six patients (55%) had renal MRT and five (45%) had soft tissue MRT. Five patients (45%) had metastases at diagnosis. All patients underwent chemotherapy, eight patients (73%) underwent surgery, six patients (55%) received therapeutic radiotherapy, and four patients (36%) underwent high dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell rescue (HDCT/ASCR) with melphalan, etoposide, and carboplatin. Five patients (45%) died of disease following progression (n=3) or relapse (n=2), however, there was no treatment related mortality. The overall survival of the cohort was 53.0% and the event-free survival was 54.5% with a median follow-up duration of 17.8 months (range, 2.3 to 112.3 months). Conclusion Extra-cranial MRT is still a highly aggressive tumor in young children. However, the improved survival of our cohort is promising and HDCT/ASCR with melphalan, etoposide, and carboplatin may be a promising treatment option.

To explore the role of histogram analysis of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps obtained at standard- and high-b-value (1000 and 3000 sec/mm(2), respectively) diffusion-weighted (DW) imaging in the differentiation of true progression from pseudoprogression in glioblastoma treated with radiation therapy and concomitant temozolomide.This retrospective study was approved by the institutional review board of Seoul National University Hospital, and informed consent requirement was waived. Thirty patients with histopathologically proved glioblastoma who had undergone concurrent chemotherapy and radiation therapy (CCRT) with temozolomide underwent diffusion-weighted MR imaging with b values of 1000 and 3000 sec/mm(2), and corresponding ADC maps were calculated from entire newly developed or enlarged enhancing lesions after completion of CCRT. Histogram parameters of each ADC map between true progression (n = 15) and pseudoprogression (n = 15) groups were compared by using the unpaired Student t test. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to determine the best cutoff values for predictors in the differentiation of true progression from pseudoprogression. Results were validated in an independent test set of nine patients by using the best cutoff value to predict differentiation of true progression from pseudoprogression. The accuracy of the selected best cutoff value in the independent test set was then calculated.In terms of cumulative histograms, the fifth percentile of both ADC at b value of 1000 sec/mm(2) (ADC1000) and the ADC at b value of 3000 sec/mm(2) (ADC3000) were significantly lower in the true progression group than in the pseudoprogression group (P = .049 and P.001, respectively). In contrast, neither the mean ADC1000 nor the mean ADC3000 was significantly different between the two groups. The diagnostic values of the parameters derived from ADC1000 and ADC3000 were compared, and a significant difference (0.224, P = .016) was found between the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the fifth percentile for ADC1000 and that for ADC3000. The accuracies were 66.7% (six of nine patients) and 88.9% (eight of nine patients) based on the fifth percentile of both ADC1000 and ADC3000 in the independent test set, respectively.The fifth percentile of the cumulative ADC histogram obtained at a high b value was the most promising parameter in the differentiation of true progression from pseudoprogression of the newly developed or enlarged enhancing lesions after CCRT with temozolomide for glioblastoma treatment. Online supplemental material is available for this article.