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Fine dust, represented by Fe-based fine particles and emitted from the production process of the iron and steel industry, is the primary factor causing many diseases represented by industrial pneumoconiosis, and ultra-low dust emission has always been a thorny problem to be solved urgently. To explore the magnetic coagulation effect of Fe-based fine particles in the magnetic field when removing them from industrial flue gas by the magnetic field effect in the iron and steel industry, using FLUENT software, magnetic dipole force was added between particles through user defined function (UDF) based on the computational fluid dynamics-discrete phase model (CFD-DPM) method so that the collision process of particles was then equivalent to their mutual trapping process. Next, the effects of particle size, particle volume fraction, external magnetic field strength, and particle magnetic susceptibility on the magnetic coagulation process were comprehensively studied. Meanwhile, the proton balance equation (PBE) was solved using the partition method on the basis of the computational fluid dynamics-population balance model (CFD-PBM) to compare the coagulation removal effect under random and aligned orientations of magnetic dipoles, respectively. The results showed that the magnetic coagulation strength under the random orientation of magnetic dipoles was greater than that under the aligned orientation. When the particle size of Fe-based fine particles increased from 0.5 μm to 1.5 μm, the magnetic coagulation coefficient decreased from 0.5414 to 0.2882, and the difference in the removal efficiency under the two different orientations of magnetic dipoles became smaller. When the particle volume fraction increased from 0.01 to 0.03, the magnetic coagulation coefficient increased from 0.2353 to 0.5061, and the difference in the removal efficiency under two orientations was enlarged. When the applied external magnetic field strength increased from 0.5 T to 1.0 T, the magnetic coagulation coefficient increased from 0.3940 to 0.5288, and the magnetic susceptibility increased from 0.0250 to 0.0500, the coagulation coefficient increased from 0.3940 to 0.5288, and the difference under two orientations basically stayed unchanged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper Zae-Quan Kim’s contribution to Korean industrialization and its contexts. Major findings are as follows. First, he accumulated knowledge and experience concerning iron and steel, and presented the “Proposal for Development of Iron and Steel Industry in Korea” in 1964. Second, he was deeply involved in the transformation of comprehensive steelworks plans in Korea, especially taking the lead in preparing the “New Project Plan” in 1969, which was connected to the construction of the Pohang Steel Works. Third, he advocated the plan for an original model automobile in 1970, and set up the “Long-term Promotion Plan of the Automobile Industry” in 1973, which led to the development of Pony by Hyundai Motors. Fourth, he helped establish national standard research from 1975 to 1980, and then pursued stipulating the national standard system into the Constitution of the Republic of Korea. In conclusion, Zae-Quan Kim was the leading figure in making the basic designs on the iron and steel industry, automobile industry, and national standard during Korean industrialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China has successively put forward ultra-low emission (ULE) transformation plans to reduce the air pollutant emissions of industrial pollutants since 2014. To assess the benefits of the ULE policy on regional air quality for Qinhuangdao, this study developed an emission inventory of nine atmospheric pollutants in 2016 and evaluated the effectiveness of the emission policy in Qinhuangdao's key industries under different scenarios with an air quality model (CALPUFF). The emissions of air pollutants in 2016 were as follows: Sulfur dioxide (SO2) emitted 48.91 kt/year, nitrogen oxide (NOx) emitted 86.83 kt/year, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted 52.69 kt/year, particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) emitted 302.01 and 116.85 kt/year, carbon monoxide (CO) emitted 1208.80 kt/year, ammonia (NH3) emitted 62.87 kt/year, black carbon (BC) emitted 3.79 kt/year, and organic carbon (OC) emitted 2.72 kt/year, respectively. The results showed that at the regional level in 2025, the iron and steel industry under the PPC (Peak Production Capacity) scenario had the highest potential for reducing SO2 and NOx emissions, while the cement industry under the PPC scenario excelled in reducing PM10 emissions. As for the industrial level in 2025, the flat glass industry under the ULE scenario would reduce the most SO2 emitted, while the iron and steel industry and the cement industry under the PPC scenario demonstrated the best reduction in NOx and PM10 emissions, respectively. Furthermore, the average annual contribution concentration of SO2, NOx, and PM10 in the air monitoring stations of Qinhuangdao under the PPC scenario was significantly lower than that under the BAU scenario revealed by air quality simulation. It can be concluded that the emission policy in Qinhuangdao will help improve the air quality. This study can provide scientific support for policymakers to implement the ULE policy in industrial undeveloped cities and tourist cities such as Qinhuangdao in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The different methods of producing Green Hydrogen have been discussed in detail in this article. The implications and significance of employing green hydrogen in the steel and iron industries have been brought to light. Carbon Dioxide (CO 2) is a significant environmental gas pollutant which is released in large quantities by steel mills and other industrial facilities. It is hoped that the appropriate measures would be taken to minimize the emission of hazardous gases, such as CO 2 , from each facility. The green hydrogen idea is a new technology that is being used as an alternative energy source for the sectors listed above. The most important step in reducing CO 2 emissions is to collect it and store it in a secure location. In this article, the main goal and scope is to analyse various methodologies to minimize CO 2 emissions in Iron and Steel Industries as well as compare with noble green hydrogen technology. Here, the state of art for the emission of CO 2 as well as the recommendations of Green Hydrogen Technology are emphasized which is the novelty of this article. • Green Hydrogen can reduce CO 2 emissions in steel and iron industries. • Different methods of producing Green Hydrogen are discussed. • Collecting and storing CO 2 is crucial to reduce emissions. • Green Hydrogen is an alternative source of energy for various sectors. • Recycling waste heat energy can limit energy intake and carbon emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four iron smelting related sites were discovered in Zouma Town, western Chongqing, China. Among these sites, two (Luduizi and Tieshazitu) were dated to the end of the Ming Dynasty in the sixteenth to seventeenth centuries A.D. and the other two (Gaoluchang and Nianmigou) were dated to the Late Qing Dynasty in the nineteenth century. Large amounts of smelting-related materials were excavated from these sites. Ten metallographic samples collected from excavated slags, a furnace wall, and iron ore were prepared and analyzed. This article reports the first scientific analysis of smelting-related materials in the area. The results provide a preliminary understanding of iron production technology in Chongqing in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By the mid-second millennium A.D., Indonesians were already familiar with iron tools. One of Indonesia's main centers of iron production is the Lake Matano area in the hinterland of East Luwu, South Sulawesi, eastern Indonesia, renowned for its nickeliferous iron ore. Research in Lake Matano conducted during 2016-2022 succeeded in documenting a submerged village with remnants of an iron processing industry dating to the late first millennium A.D. In this article, we describe a second submerged site associated with processing iron, which included forged iron implements. Occupation at this site, called Pontada, is dated to between the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries A.D., before the site sank beneath the surface of Lake Matano. Written and archaeological evidence suggests that its antiquity corresponds to when the empire of Majapahit in eastern Java imported nickeliferous iron from Lake Matano and traded it throughout coastal Luwu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy saving and emissions reduction in the iron and steel industry is a significant challenge to achieve carbon neutrality and sustainable development. Many studies focus on the optimization of materials, energy and carbon emissions but lack of optimization strategies in the iron and steel industry. A comprehensive and effective system model is still needed to optimize the CO2 emissions to face the production planning of a company in the future. This article applies industrial metabolism to develop a practical optimization model for improving materials consumption and energy consumption in coking, sintering, pelleting, ironmaking and steelmaking, and the minimum carbon emission is set as the optimization objective. The results show that carbon emissions reduce 148.65 kg/ton crude steel compared with the original data with a yield of 8.4 Mt crude steel. In addition, the optimum material and energy consumption of each production unit under different production plans is studied. If breakthrough technologies are not applied to long-route processes, improving scrap steel ratio is the most promising approach for low-carbon manufacturing in the iron and steel industry in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphorus-containing converter slag is a common waste in the iron and steel industry, and has the characteristics of high generation and low secondary-utilization values; however, the high-phosphorus content in converter slag limits its ability to be recycled during the steelmaking process. In this study, the dephosphorization behavior of converter slag by carbothermal reduction was studied through experiments and thermodynamic calculations. The results showed that the gas product of the converter slag produced by carbothermal reduction was mainly P2, and that part of P2 entered the iron phase to generate iron phosphate compounds. With the increase in Fe content, the amount of P2 also increased, which may provide a suitable new direction for the production of ferrophosphorus. Based on the carbothermal reduction theory, a new "circulating steelmaking process of converter steel slag gasification" was proposed and applied to Chengde Iron and Steel Group Co., Ltd. (Chengde, China). The industrial production practice showed that the process did not affect the dephosphorization effect of the next furnace, and that the average iron, steel, and slagging-material consumption per furnace was reduced by 4.74 kg and 608 kg, respectively. CO2 emissions were reduced by 4.86 kg, thus achieving the goals of energy saving, environmental protection, and efficient dephosphorization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Promoting energy efficiency in iron and steel production provides opportunities for mitigating environmental impacts from this energy-intensive industry. Energy efficiency technologies differ in investment costs, fuel-saving potentials, and environmental performance. Hence the decision-making of the adoption strategy needs to prioritize technological combinations concerning these multi-dimensional objectives. To address this problem, this study proposes a hybrid multi-criteria decision-support model for adopting energy efficiency technologies in the iron and steel industry. The modeling framework integrates a linear programming model that determines the optimal technology adoption rates based on the techno-economic, energy, and environmental performance details and an interactive multi-criteria model analysis tool for diverse modeling environments. A real case study was performed in which a total number of 56 energy efficiency technologies were investigated against various criteria concerning economics, energy, and environmental performances. The results examine the tradeoffs and synergies were examined with regard to seven criteria. A balanced solution shows that a total investment of 13.4 billion USD could save 2.51 Exajoule fuel consumption, cut 67.4 million tons (Mton) CO2 emissions, and reduce air pollution of 1.5 Mton SO2, 1.41 Mton NOx, and 0.86 Mton PM, respectively. The case study demonstrates the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed multi-criteria decision-making support framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The iron and steel industry is the largest carbon emitter in China's manufacturing sector and one of the most important fields in the country's response to climate change. This paper aims to explain the current situation, technological pathways, and future direction of green and low-carbon development of the iron and steel industry. According to the carbon emissions of the iron and steel industry, this paper analyzes the relationship between steelmaking technologies and carbon emissions, as well as the transformation trend of the world's iron and steel industry, finding that China's iron and steel industry faces both opportunities and challenges. Steel scrap recycling and electric furnace steelmaking technologies, re-electrification, hydrogen metallurgy, resource recycling and by-products, and carbon capture and utilization (CCU) are the main technologies tailored to the transformation pathways, and the optimization of energy consumption structure is an important direction for future development. Therefore, this paper believes that clean energy, as a guarantee for carbon mitigation, will play an increasingly important role in the process towards achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals (the "dual carbon" goals), in addition to the transformation of metallurgical technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The iron and steel industry is a large emitter of CO2 globally. This is especially true for the iron and steel industries in China, Japan, and Korea due to their production volumes and the prevalence of carbon-based steel production. With few low-carbon and commercially available alternatives, the iron and steel industry is truly a hard-to-abate sector. Each of the countries of interest have committed to a net-zero future involving the mitigation of emissions from steel production. However, few studies have investigated the means by which to achieve decarbonization beyond the inclusion of price signalling policies (e.g., carbon tax or emission trading schemes). Here, we use E3ME-FTT:Steel to simulate technology diffusion in the ISI under several policy environments and we investigate the likely impacts on the wider economy. The results show that penalizing carbon intensive processes can incentivize a transition towards scrap recycling, but it is relatively unsuccessful in aiding the uptake of low carbon primary steelmaking. A combination of support and penalizing policies can achieve deep decarbonisation (>80% emission reduction compared with the baseline). Mitigating the emissions in the iron and steel industry can lead to economic benefits in terms of GDP (China: +0.8%; Japan: +1.3%; Korea: +0.1%), and employment (Japan: +0.7%; Korea: +0.3%) with China, where job losses in the coal sector would negate job gains elsewhere, as the exception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The degradation efficiency of bisphenol A (BPA) in aqueous solution was investigated in UV 254 nm combined with potassium ferrate [ UV/Fe(VI) ] process・ The main active components for BPA oxidation were identified, and the possible degradation pathways of BPA were also proposed・ The results showed that the synergistic degradation of BPA in UV/Fe(VI) process followed the pseudo second-order kinetics, and its degradation rate was enhanced by 98. 94% and 67. 17% compared with single UV and Fe(VI), respectively・ The removal rate of BPA reached 91 ・ 46% when the BPA concentration was 220 |jimol/L, Fe(VI) concentration was 50 |jimol/L, the system temperature was 25 °C and pH 6. creasing temperature and pH, the presence of humic acid and CO| can enhance the degradation efficiency. The dominated reactive oxidation species in UV/Fe(VI) system were Fe(V), Fe(IV), superoxide radicals and hydroxyl radicaL The degradation of BPA mainly underwent the demethylation, hydroxylation and ring opening reactions in UV/Fe(VI) system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy intensity is an important assessment indicator of energy consumption. Unfortunately, the traditional energy intensity model (TEIM) has obvious limitations when applied to quasi- continuous production process, especially for small time scales (STS). Therefore, a novel energy intensity model (NEIM) has been established in this study. The NEIM includes three main stages. Firstly, the statistical period and time scale have been determined. Secondly, the concept of workpiece valid weight has been proposed for a given time scale. Then the specific calculation method has also been established. Thirdly, a NEIM has been suggested according to the definition of energy intensity. The application results for a reheating furnace show that the NEIM's effectiveness has been verified via comparison with the TEIM for large time scale (LTS) and critical time scale (CTS), whereas the NEIM still has validity at STS. Additionally, calculation results for the NEIM reflect more trend information at LTS and CTS; whereas, more dynamic information has been reflected at STS. The aim of this research was to expand the NEIM application for different time scales. Meanwhile, NEIM can also be applied to various energy-consuming facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molybdenum is one of the most widely used refractory metals, and about 80 pct of molybdenum is used in the iron and steel industries in the form of molybdenum additives. This work proposed a novel green strategy to prepare molybdenum additives with low S and Si contents through Si/C synergistic reduction of molybdenum concentrate, with the assistance of desulfurizer composed of CaO and C. The reaction mechanism as well as the effects of C and Si additions on reduction of molybdenum concentrate (which is one of the most important minerals for Mo extraction) with the main component of MoS2 was studied in detail. After the sample was reacted at 1600 °C for 4 hours, a core–shell-structured product with molybdenum additive wrapped by the desulfurizer layer was obtained. For the raw material with a MoS2:C:Si molar ratio of 6:6:4 reacted at 1600 °C for 4 h, Mo2C with S and Si contents of 0.04 and 0.35 wt pct can be prepared. When the MoS2:C:Si molar ratio was changed to 6:4:3.2, a mixture of Mo and Mo2C can be prepared with C, S, and Si contents of 2.19, 0.13, and 0.23 wt pct, respectively. This work provides a sulfur-free emission method for the industrial production of carbon-containing molybdenum additives directly from molybdenum concentrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste heat recovery from molten blast furnace slag at ≈1500 °C represents new opportunities for slag valorization. This is now gaining the spotlight but still remains a grand challenge in the iron and steel industry (ISI). To address this issue, centrifugal granulation‐assisted thermal energy recovery (CGATER) is proposed and is regarded as the leading slag treatment technology. The CGATER provides a viable alternative to exploiting the waste heat in molten slag. Yet, large‐scale implementation of CGATER is little explored beyond laboratory‐scale tests. The fate of CGATER toward future commercialization is rarely considered and analyzed, either qualitatively or quantitatively. This work intends to provide, for the first time, a paradigm of a commercial‐scale CGATER prototype, which allows for slag treatment with a rated throughput of 36 t‐slag h−1. The feasibility of commercial‐scale CGATER with a comprehensive scrutinization of its energy, resource, and environment flows is analyzed. The CGATER prototype demonstrates attractive attributes of 1) being nearly water free and 2) suppressing sulfur‐related emissions, although with higher energy consumption than the water quenching method. This work provides not only an inclusive figure of CGATER design but also sheds light on the feasibility of CGATER commercialization to decarbonize ISI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's crude steel output has grown rapidly since 1990, accounting for more than half of worldwide production in 2019. Iron and steel industry (ISI) in China's energy consumption and carbon emissions accounted for a higher proportion. In the context of China's "carbon peak, carbon neutrality", the ISI attaches great importance to energy conservation and emission reduction. The BF-BOF long process is far from meeting the China's policy needs in terms of energy-saving and emission-reducing targets. Therefore, the short process of EAF based on scrap steel's recycling and direct reduced iron (DRI)'s production has attracted great attention. The e-p approach and scenarios analysis method were used to research the impact of scrap steel's recycling and DRI's production on energy demand and carbon emissions of China's ISI. By 2050, scenario 4 (30% DRI based on coal gasification–gas plus 70% scrap steel for EAF) will have the lowest energy consumption (1.79 × 1011 kgce) and scenario 3 (30% DRI based on hydrogen plus 70% scrap steel for EAF) will have the lowest carbon emissions (3.42 × 1011 kg). The results show that the short process of EAF based on scrap steel recycling and DRI is an extremely important approach for the sustainable development of China's ISI in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable supplier selection (SSS) is recognized as a prime aim in supply chain because of its impression on profitability, adorability, and agility of the organization. This work introduces a multi-phase intuitionistic fuzzy preference-based model with which decision experts are authorized to choose the suitable supplier using the sustainability "triple bottom line (TBL)" attributes. To solve this issue, an intuitionistic fuzzy gained and lost dominance score (IF-GLDS) approach is proposed using the developed IF-entropy. To make better use of experts' knowledge and fully represent the uncertain information, the evaluations of SSS are characterized in the form of intuitionistic fuzzy set (IFS). To better distinguish fuzziness of IFSs, new entropy for assessing criteria weights is proposed with the help of an improved score function. By considering the developed entropy and improved score function, a weight-determining process for considered criterion is presented. A case study concerning the iron and steel industry in India for assessing and ranking the SSS is taken to demonstrate the practicability of the developed model. The efficacy of the developed model is certified with the comparison by diverse extant models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CO2 has characteristic properties and reactions at the converter smelting temperature, and the chemical reaction between CO2 and elements such as C and Si in the molten pool has bubble proliferation and cooling effects, which can effectively improve the kinetic and thermodynamic conditions of converter smelting. Here, an experimental study and industrial test on the application of CO2 in converter smelting were carried out. The smelting effects of Mode-1 and Mode-2 with total CO2 injection amounts of 229 Nm3 and 196 Nm3, respectively, were compared, and the changes in molten steel and slag compositions, dust removal, and gas were analyzed. The test results show that converter top and bottom blowing CO2 technology (COMI-B) technology had significant metallurgical advantages over the N-Mode; the dephosphorization rate increased by 4.2%, slag (FeO) content was reduced by 2.04%, end point nitrogen content of molten steel was reduced by 20%, gas recovery increased by 8.29 Nm3/t, and soot production was reduced by 14.7%. The results of the study provide a reference for the application of COMI-B technology in converters in the iron and steel industry and develop a new path for resource utilization of CO2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To compare the application of two job posture load assessment methods, the Ovako working posture analysis system (OWAS) and the rapid entire body assessment (RULA), in the iron and steel industry and to understand the ergonomic load of workers, providing the basis for ergonomic intervention measures. Methods Totally 35 main work activities in an iron and steel industry were investigated, and video capture of each activity was carried out. OWAS and RULA were used to assess the postural overloads, and the results derived from the two methods were compared. Results The assessment with the OWAS method showed there were 4 low (11.4%), 20 medium (57.1%), 9 high (25.7%), and 2 extremely high risk activities (5.7%). The assessment with the RULA method evaluated showed there were 4 low (11.4%), 17 medium (48.6%), 10 high (28.6%), and 4 extremely high risk activities (11.4%); 30 work activities were assessed at the same level of risk by these two methods with a consistency rate of 85.7%, and for the remaining 5 activities, OWAS assessed a lower risk level than RULA. The Kappa statistic showed that the two methods had strong consistency (Kappa value = 0.773, P < 0.05). The results showed that the risk grade of iron-making, steel-making, and special steel divisions was higher (P < 0.05). Conclusions These two methods of risk assessment were highly consistent in the iron and steel industries. Compared with OWAS, RULA was more sensitive to the working posture with high biomechanical load on upper limbs and neck-back and could better reflect the risk level of working activities in the iron and steel industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]