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The article aims to assess the effectiveness of providing Intellectual Property Protection (IPP) to the plant genetic resources (PGR) of farmers' varieties in India through the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights (PPV&FR) Act. Topics discussed include the trends in the Receipt of Applications for IPR, and the difficulties encountered upon registration of farmers' varieties such as registration process, and varieties with similar characters or same denomination.

This paper chronicles the formation and development of the Global Alliance for Public Relations and Communication Management (GA) up to 2002. It sets the GA's genesis within the context of other internationalisation initiatives undertaken by the wider public relations practitioner community and draws links between the formation of the GA and the emerging phenomenon of globalisation. The paper's intent is to describe the formation of the GA from a historical perspective, to understand the forces that led to its creation and to appreciate the different drivers and motivation of founding members. These factors provide a springboard to consider some of the issues that currently challenge GA, some of which were inherent in the governance model it chose at its inception. Through the analysis of original documentation, supplemented by associated contemporary materials and in-depth interviews with key players, the paper seeks to address the following questions: why was GA created? What visions and operational models were presented? What challenges emerged and how were they overcome? How do reflections on the early years of GA inform current issues? The paper concludes with a series of topics for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this survey, we discuss how intellectual property rights (IPR) protection in the South affects trade flows, foreign direct investment (FDI) flows, and technology transfers from the North to the South. We also discuss optimal IPR policies and their effect on innovation. Our discussion covers both theoretical studies and empirical evidence. This survey is both comprehensive and critical. It aims to give readers the current state of IPR and globalization literature. Some issues have been studied more thoroughly, whereas for others the surface has only been scratched upon. This survey gives readers a clearer picture of the literature and may help them find future research topics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A mathematical model is proposed which systematically investigates complex calcium oscillations in pancreatic acinar cells. This model is based on calcium-induced calcium release via inositol trisphosphate receptors (IPR) and ryanodine receptors (RyR) and includes calcium modulation of inositol (1,4,5) trisphosphate (IP3) levels through feedback regulation of degradation and production. In our model, the apical and the basal regions are separated by a region containing mitochondria, which is capable of restricting Ca2+ responses to the apical region. We were able to reproduce the observed oscillatory patterns, from baseline spikes to sinusoidal oscillations. The model predicts that calcium-dependent production and degradation of IP3 is a key mechanism for complex calcium oscillations in pancreatic acinar cells. A partial bifurcation analysis is performed which explores the dynamic behaviour of the model in both apical and basal regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India's pharmaceutical sector is currently undergoing unprecedented change. India ratified the agreement establishing the World Trade Organization (WTO). This Agreement, inter-alia, contains an Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) which lays down minimum standards for protection and enforcement of IPR which are required to promote effective and adequate protection of IPR with a view to reducing distortions. Much of this is due to the country's introduction, on January 1, 2005, of a system of product patents; before that, only patents for processes were permitted to be issued. The purpose of this research paper is to study the problems faced by innover in filling patent in Indian pharmaceutical industry. The paper also includes study of problem related to research and development activities, patent filling process etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Indian pharmaceutical company has been built from an industry that copies patent drugs and manufactures them inexpensively. Now it is counted amongst the industries that are fuelling India‘s economic growth and holds enormous potential. Indian-based pharmaceutical companies are also predicted to gain considerable market share in the world. It ranks third world wide, in terms of technology, quality and range of medicines manufactured. Indian Pharma Company fulfils around 70 percent of the country‘s demand all together. Currently, it‘s estimated to be worth US$4.5 billion, and is growing at nearly 8 to 9% annually. Due to amended patent act there are an assortment of changes took place in Indian pharma industry. The primary objective of this paper is to study significance of the amended patent act on pharma industry. The paper also allows study of the scope of amended patent act. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The list of barriers and enablers that influence the use of open educational resources (OER) is extensive. Factors and influences relating to reuse may have been noted within projects, operating within a short time span, or within specific conditions which limit generalizability. Evidence of reuse in practice has often emerged as isolated examples or anecdotes. Which factors are the most significant and which have impact or influence on reuse, and other factors, is largely unexplored. While technical barriers and enablers to reuse have been well addressed in literature on reuse, from reusable learning objects (RLO) to OER, less attention has been given to the purpose of reuse and the motivation of those who choose to share or use reusable learning resources. This paper draws on 222 factors and issues recorded within a longitudinal cross case comparison of five cases within UK HE which collectively address different types of reuse (i.e. sharing and use) facilitation (Pegler, 2011a). Coding and comparison identified three broad and distinctive categories representing the reuse factors noted. These were: Technical (the technical or technological systems supporting reuse, including licensing and rights issues); Quality (the way in which sharers or users may establish or interpret the quality of one resource relative to another); and Motivation (the purpose or motive of the user or sharer of resources). The independent effect of these factors recalls the classic two factor theory of motivation by Herzberg (1968).

Intellectual property rights systems are important policy instruments in the armoury of governments. They have the potential to have favourable or adverse consequences for the relevant national system of innovation, technology transfer, research and development and, eventually, economic growth. Whilst there is a debate related to optimisation of patent systems in the developed world, there is limited debate related to the approaches used in developing countries like South Africa. This article presents an effort to assess whether the South African non-examining patent system makes a contribution or if it is detrimental to the country's development. We found that the current intellectual property rights regime not only fails to support the objectives of the national innovation system but also that it facilitates exploitation by foreign interests and creates substantial social costs. Policy recommendations are provided.

The aim of this paper is to present the findings of a PhD research (Heinzl , Unpublished PhD Thesis) conducted on the Universities of Applied Sciences in Austria. Four of the models that emerge from this research are: Generic Technology Transfer Model (Sect. 5.1); Idiosyncrasies Model for the Austrian Universities of Applied Sciences (Sect. 5.2); Idiosyncrasies-Technology Transfer Effects Model (Sect. 5.3); Idiosyncrasies-Technology Transfer Cumulated Effects Model (Sect. 5.3). The primary and secondary research methods employed for this study are: literature survey, focus groups, participant observation, and interviews. The findings of the research contribute to a conceptual design of a technology transfer system which aims to enhance the higher education institutions' technology transfer performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of stochastic inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IPR) dynamics and their clustering have been extensively investigated to explore the mechanism through which the stochastic molecular event finally shape the intracellular calcium signaling. Most of the previous works employed simplified models which take the concentration of IP instead of that of the agonist as the stimulation intensity. However, the IP level is not linearly dependent on the agonist concentration in stimulus induced signaling systems because there are feedback links in the transduction network. In this work, we include both the IPR dynamics and the typical agonist induced signaling transduction cascade in the model to investigate the essential influence of stochastic IPR dynamics on the coding of the stimulus induced calcium signal. Simulation results reveal two distinct oscillation areas under different stimulation levels. The signal is optimally modulate by the IPR cluster number in the weak stimulated area while affected by the stimulus intensity in the strong stimulated area. Different dependences of coefficient of variance (CV) on the number of clusters are obtained in these two areas, which explains the disagreement in the previous reported results. Besides, the transition between these areas explains the significant CV reduction observed in experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Personal computers (PC) have significantly increased demand for mass market software. Computer software has also now become an enabler for all fields of technology; innovation is inevitable for growth of this fast emerging industry. For economic viability for such innovations, there is an increased advocacy for incorporating software as a patentable subject matter forcing countries to make computer software patentable either completely or in limited form. However, patenting of computer software related inventions have not been without its own set of controversies. Not only software patents globally are being protected under vastly divergent legal perspectives, with varying interpretations of trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights (TRIPS) agreement, but are also still evolving through continued interventions from policy makers and federal courts. This has led to a very broad boundary between patentable and non-patentable subject matter and has resulted in a large number of trivial inventions being accepted as patents in this area. This paper analyzes these varying perceptions as regards to software patents in different jurisdictions like United States, Europe, Japan and India. Linkage between software patents and innovation has also been attempted by taking into account historical perspectives of technological arts and their effect on promoting innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intellectual property rights (IPRs) can be largely defined as the legal rights recognized over innovative or inventive ideas. Establishment of a legal scaffold of IPR signifies to the society that creative and inventive ideas will be waged. As plant varieties have features that build industrial patent protection challenging, they are subject to so-called 'sui generis' ('of its own kind') protection systems. The most widely used sui generis systems for protecting plant varieties are those of the UPOV Conventions. The Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) was established in 1961, as a separate intergovernmental organization and not as "treaty" where most industrialized countries, and a growing number of developing countries, are members of an UPOV Convention. The OAPI system represents a harmonized regional approach to PVP in which one application covers all member countries. This is similar to the service of the European Community Plant Variety Office (CPVO), although separate national PVP systems also exist in member countries. In this review IPR issues related to plant varieties and transgenic crops and its impact on National agricultural research system are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Security is one of the major challenging issues for creative industries all over the world. This paper proposes a technique to provide security to digital song by embedding another strip of song as secret code into original song without affecting its a udible quality. Separating phases and amplitudes of both song signals is precursor to the proposed technique followed by shifting of phases of secret song with modulating amplitude to fabricate the authenticating code. The embedded unique secret audio is use d to detect and identify the originality of song from similar available songs. A comparative study has been made with existing techniques and experimental results are also presented based on Microsoft WAVE (“.wav”) stereo sound file. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were used to predict and rationalize the effect of the modification of the structure of the prototype 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene) (IPr) N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligand. The modification consists in the substitution of the methyl groups of ortho isopropyl substituent with phenyl groups, and here we plan to describe how such significant changes effect the metal environment and therefore the related catalytic behaviour by simple steric maps. Bearing in mind that there is a significant structural difference between IPr and IPr* ligands, that translated in different reactivity for several olefin metathesis reactions, here by means of DFT we characterize where the NHC ligand plays a more active role and where it is a simple spectator, or at least its modification does not significantly change its catalytic role/performance. Furthermore, this communication endeavours to modify further the skeleton of the IPr NHC ligand. The optimization of these bulky new systems go to the limits of the DFT computational method. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) contribute to innovation and economic growth, despite their resource shortages and lack of professional intellectual property (IP) management practices. Drawing on social practice theory and combining insights from recent scholarship on IP strategies and its management, this paper examines the cases of three pharmaceutical SME providing insights into how they appropriate returns on research and development (R&D) investments. It discusses their IP strategies and management practices, examining how the IP management practices are embedded in the firm's organisational structure. Moreover, this paper develops recommendations for SME regarding the professionalisation of their IP management practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital publishing has been considered as a panacea to bridge the gaps between different sized publishing companies: allowing small, independent companies to compete on an equal footing with cross-media conglomerates. However, this research discovered that Scottish publishers are not capitalising on new technology and new platforms for dissemination: this is detrimental to the authors they represent. The empirical research found that the majority of Scottish publishers are not fostering intellectual property rights (IPR) effectively across international markets and new media: The failure to do this means that the operational practices of the Scottish publishing industry are not in harmony with the burgeoning digital publishing environment. If Scottish publishers continue with current practices it will become increasingly difficult for them to compete in the national and international publishing environment. This study concludes that only by better training and knowledge exchange, in matters of rights exploitation and digital publishing, can Scottish publishers compete in the international arena and contribute to, and benefit financially from, the knowledge economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing expectations have been placed on enhancing government-sponsored research and optimizing the potentials of intellectual property (IP) - one of several channels for transferring knowledge and technology - by academic and research institutions for economic development opportunities. This paper presents three case studies from public research universities in developing countries in Asia - China; India; and the Philippines - which offer innovative approaches to managing IP and technology commercialization initiatives for broad societal benefit. Despite variations in research capacity, economic environments, technology and industry relations, these examples suggest that with the right combination of policies, management support, people and partnerships, it is possible to enhance the public mission by careful management of IP and the technology commercialization process. These cases are purposely drawn to acknowledge the effort of the three universities as early examples that IP management and technology commercialization programs can work and can be done by government-funded institutions in developing countries; to share and learn from their success and experiences; and to catalyze similar efforts throughout developing Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The list of barriers and enablers identified as influencing the use of open educational resources (OER) is extensive. However, factors and influences relating to reuse have often been noted within projects operating within a short time span, or subject to other specific conditions which limit generalizability. Evidence of reuse in practice has often emerged as isolated examples or anecdotes independent of context. While technical barriers and enablers to reuse have been well addressed in literature on reuse, from reusable learning objects (RLO) to OER, less attention has been given to the purpose of reuse and the motivation of those who choose to share or use reusable learning resources. Which factors have impact or influence on reuse, and how they relate to each other, is largely unexplored. This paper draws on a longitudinal cross case comparison of five facilitation initiatives within UK HE which represented differing approaches to reuse activity (i.e. sharing and use) (Pegler, 2012). Coding and comparison in that research identified 222 factors related to reuse and suggested three broad and distinctive categories representing the type of factor associated with reuse activity (or lack) within project and other contexts. These were: Technical (the technical or technological systems or processes supporting reuse, including licensing and rights issues); Quality (the way in which sharers or users may establish or interpret the quality of one resource or reuse service relative to another); and Motivation (the purpose or motive underlying engagement with the activity and the conditions that this may suggest). The relatively independent effect of these factors, and the way they appear to influence reuse, recalls the classic two factor theory of motivation by Herzberg (1968). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Internet of Things (IoT) promises widespread connection of sensors and devices such that smart cities, connected transport and other similar visions can be realised. However, to realise this a new wireless technology is required that is optimised for this particular application, providing very low cost, extremely long battery life and excellent coverage. This wireless technology needs to be an open global standard in order to foster a vibrant eco-system of key players. This paper discusses the issues involved in developing standards in the wireless telecommunications space before using a possible new IoT wireless standard as a case study to illustrate the issues with standardisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digitarium is a joint initiative of the Finnish Museum of Natural History and the University of Eastern Finland. It was established in 2010 as a dedicated shop for the large-scale digitisation of natural history collections. Digitarium offers service packages based on the digitisation process, including tagging, imaging, data entry, georeferencing, filtering, and validation. During the process, all specimens are imaged, and distance workers take care of the data entry from the images. The customer receives the data in Darwin Core Archive format, as well as images of the specimens and their labels. Digitarium also offers the option of publishing images through Morphbank, sharing data through GBIF, and archiving data for long-term storage. Service packages can also be designed on demand to respond to the specific needs of the customer. The paper also discusses logistics, costs, and intellectual property rights (IPR) issues related to the work that Digitarium undertakes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the role of copyright in production and labor relations within media institutions. Specifically, it examines China Central Television’s (CCTV’s) copyright reform and argues that developmental strategies and market conditions may diminish or promote copyright’s role in commercial media. In CCTV’s case, two factors contributed to the insignificance of copyright in the 1990s, namely, the reliance on advertising as the major revenue source and CCTV’s centralized power in the television sector. Yet the circumstances changed in the 2000s with the slowdown of advertising growth, which brought copyright to the forefront of CCTV’s market reform. During the process, the dominating role of CCTV vis-à-vis non-unionized media workers resulted in copyright reform that was slanted toward corporate interests. The implications of the path of CCTV’s copyright reform are highly relevant for understanding media and copyright growth in contemporary China and in other media systems undergoing contested processes of marketization. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article discusses the situations where problems in intellectual property rights exist. There are particular activities where intellectual property rights (IPR) are not applicable or where multiple overlapping IPR exist. Topics include copyright of designs, copyright and patents that protect computer programs, and relation between pharmaceuticals and patents, confidential information and regulatory data protection.

Dealing with knowledge intensive business services (KIBS) has become an important strategy for many firms. Services that rely on professional knowledge are needed by Japanese manufacturing corporations (JMCs) for solving different problems. This article explores the needs of JMCs from KIBS in Japan and their relationship during the process of dealing with KIBS. The paper shows that knowledge, including knowledge regarding IPR but not IPR, contributes to the benefit of JMCs when dealing with KIBS. Furthermore, factors such as price of service, location and size of KIBS can help JMCs to find high quality services; JMCs can also eliminate or prevent obstacles in their relationship with KIBS by changing the way of service delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to examine how social capital (or the lack of it) affects the way companies govern their patents. To do so, patent strategies of 31 companies that use different patent governance structures were examined. The research findings suggest that both governance structures and social capital play an important role in the value creation from patents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ayurveda is getting its due recognition as a rationale system of medicine worldwide despite the fact that medical and scientific fraternity of the globe has very strong opposite opinion regarding safety and efficacy of Ayurvedic medicines. Meanwhile, provisions of Intellectual Property Rights under World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) and Patents have attracted many individuals and organizations to explore possibilities of commercial benefits with Ayurvedic traditional knowledge. Although rules are not favoring to grant a patent on prior published knowledge, biopiracy managed grant of Patent on knowledge of Ayurvedic medicinal plants which has been successfully checked with references of data base of Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL). Current provisions of the Patent law of India are obstructive in nature for getting patent on Ayurvedic medicines. If we have to invite researchers from basic science to ensure quality, safety and efficacy of Ayurvedic medicines, there is an urgent need to amend laws of patent with pragmatic promotional policies. This will encourage more patents on numerous pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and cosmaceutical products based on Ayurveda. As every action of today's world is based on economic criteria so why stakeholders of Ayurveda should be deprived of it. New inventions would drive acceptance of Ayurveda as a global system of medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]