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Calling for the government to rethink its security strategies, they explain 'Nigeria's internal security management posture has been predominantly reactive and ineffective' (p. 672). This anthology successfully explores issues surrounding the management of rural and urban internal security in Nigeria with attention to threats, actors and challenges. [Extracted from the article]

Latin American scholars often maintain that militaries should be kept out of internal security operations. Soldiers, they claim, are ill suited for these assignments, inevitably placing innocent civilians in harm’s way. This study instead argues that not all counternarcotic missions are the same. When a specific operation coincides with a military’s capabilities and proclivities, it can be conducted effectively and humanely. When there is a disconnect between the operation and the institution, there is a greater chance for mission failure and civilian casualties. Those differences are revealed in a comparative case study of the Mexican military’s crime patrols versus its targeted operations against cartel kingpins. It finds that while there are justifiable doubts about transforming soldiers into cops, it is also the case that soldiers can conduct themselves professionally and with restraint when they are tasked with assignments that conform more closely to their skills sets.

Increasing internal state security requires an understanding of the factors that influence the commission of repetitive crimes (recidivism) since the crime is not caused by public danger but by the criminal person. Against the background of informatization of the information activities of law enforcement agencies, there is no doubt about the expediency of using artificial intelligence algorithms and blockchain technology to predict and prevent crimes. The prediction machine-learning models for identifying significant factors (individual characteristics of convicts), which affect the propensity to commit criminal recidivism, were applied in this article. For predicting the probability of propensity for criminal recidivism of customers of Ukrainian penitentiary institutions, a Decision Tree model was built to suggest the probability of repeated criminal offenses by convicts. It was established that the number of convictions to the actual punishment and suspended convictions is the main factors that determine the propensity of customers of penitentiary institutions to commit criminal recidivism in the future. Decision Tree models for the classification of convicts prone or not prone to recidivism were built. They can be used to predict new cases for decision-making support in criminal justice. In our further research, the possibility of using the technology of distributed registers/blockchain in predictive criminology will be analyzed.

It is well established that exposure to threats causes citizens to prioritize security considerations and accept restrictions on civil liberties. Yet most studies on which these findings are based come from longstanding democracies and do not distinguish among types of threat. This article argues that the effects of internal and external threats are conditional on regime type. It tests the argument via an experiment embedded in an original survey of Georgia and Kazakhstan, countries that vary in regime type but face similar levels of threat. In authoritarian Kazakhstan, there is no difference in attitudes by threat type, whereas external threats produce greater support for security than internal ones in more pluralistic Georgia. Contrary to previous research, security preferences are not mediated by the triggering of anxiety. The findings contribute to literatures on the link between threats and authoritarian preferences, the rally-round-the-flag effect, and the ways that political institutions mediate psychological processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We employ the non-linear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) approach to examine if the oil price and public expenditure relationship are dependent on the level of corruption using Nigeria's quarterly data during the 1996-2019 period. The result of the NARDL-bounds test to co-integration demonstrates that there is a long-run relationship between the variables, and we found evidence of long-run asymmetry in this relationship. The estimation results indicate that both positive and negative shocks to oil price have a significant positive effect on public expenditure in the long run, and the impact of oil price on public expenditure depends on the level of corruption. In addition, the marginal effect of oil price on public expenditure varies at different levels of corruption. Other important factors that drive public expenditure in Nigeria, in the long run, include spending on internal security and debt service. Based on these outcomes, we proffer some policy recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista CES Derecho is the property of Universidad CES and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The results of developing post-quantum algorithms of McEliece and Niederreiter crypto-code constructs based on LDPC (Low-Density ParityCheck) codes are presented. With the rapid growth of computing capabilities of mobile technologies and the creation of wireless mesh and sensor networks, Internet of Things technologies, and smart technologies on their basis, information security is becoming an urgent problem. At the same time, there is a need to consider security in two circuits, internal (directly within the network infrastructure) and external (cloud technologies). In such conditions, it is necessary to integrate threats to both the internal and external security circuits. This allows you to take into account not only the hybridity and synergy of modern targeted threats, but also the level of significance (degree of secrecy) of information flows and information circulating in both the internal and external security circuits. The concept of building security based on two circuits is proposed. To ensure the security of wireless mobile channels, it is proposed to use McEliece and Niederreiter crypto-code constructs based on LDPC codes, which allows integration into the credibility technology of IEEE 802.15.4, IEEE 802.16 standards. This approach provides the required level of security services (confidentiality, integrity, authenticity) in a full-scale quantum computer. Practical security technologies based on the proposed crypto-code constructs, online IP telephony and the Smart Home system based on the use of an internal server are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

These notes describe the evolution of the EU strategy for the integration of Third Country Nationals since the Tampere Program in 1999 until the second Action Program (2021–2027). It highlights the EU's endeavor to close the gap between migrants and EU citizens in compliance with the EU general anti-discrimination policy and, since the entry of the Lisbon Treaty into force, of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights. Accordingly, the current integration strategy has a much wider legal and financial basis than the one described by art. 79.2 of the TFEU. This new individual-centered and wide-ranging public approach can now be strengthened through the new European Digital Agenda, whose aim is also to reframe and make the relations between the individual and public administration more user friendly. However, in the human mobility domain, the large EU acquis, which is currently focused on internal security, should be re-balanced from a legislative and operational point of view to avoid the risk of infringing on data protection principles and establishing a mass surveillance framework, which could be incompatible with the EU as a democratic society and a rule of law-abiding organization. Within this very complex framework, a promising development is the establishment of a new European Asylum Agency, which may pave the way for more consistent EU asylum and migration policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Israel, traditionally known as a nation-in-arms, has been undergoing processes of securitization and militarization from its inception to the present day. While several countries have employed surveillance technologies to tackle the spread of coronavirus, Israel was the only country in the world to authorize its internal security agency to track citizens' cellphones to deal with this civil-medical crisis. Employing a reflexive thematic analysis to news media outlets, this study examined coverage of Israel Security Agency (ISA) surveillance by four leading Israeli news sites, inquiring into the socio-cultural imageries, and motifs that informed their reports. While two of the sites were mostly supportive and the other two were critical, the coverage as a whole was informed by national security imageries reminiscent of Israel's nation-in-arms tradition. Our discussion contextualizes these findings within a three-decade tension that has prevailed in Israeli society and culture between securitization/militarization and democratization/demilitarization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article outlines the origins, organizational structure and ideological profile of the German milieu of the Citizens of the Reich (Reichsbürger) and self-governors (Selbstvervalter) - a relatively little-known circle, considered by the German security service as a threat to the democratic system. The scientific goal of the publication is also to list the characteristics of the movement that enable its comparison with the right-wing extremism, and those elements that do not allow a simple categorization of the Reichsbürgerbewegung within the far-right scene, as well as to outline the academic discussion on these differentiations. The presented research was based on official documents of the German institutions monitoring the threats to the security of the state, especially the Verfassungsschutz, and on the studies on the subject that have been published so far, predominantly in the German language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the incomplete European Union (EU) legal framework for algorithmically prepared decisions in the field of Internet security and the national legal framework in Germany. It outlines Germany's constitutional general requirements governing the executive use of information and communication technology (ICT), creation of task-specific ICT use, right to informational self-determination, citizens' expanded use of ICT and the right to confidentiality and integrity of IT systems.

Copyright of Journal Of the College of Law /Al-Nahrain University is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Basra Studies Journal is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article analyzes the impact of the changing international order on the subjugation of state citizens. The increased need for security brought on by great power competition has led states to become more authoritarian. Citizen freedom may decrease as states seek security. With the advancement of facial recognition software, data collection and censorship, the state is encroaching on the rights and freedoms of citizens right to privacy. Authoritarianism is a significant part of a state's motivation to remain independent and secure as the international order changes from American unipolarity to a multipolar one given the rise of China and the resurgence of Russia. The three traits described, absolutism, organicism, and irrationalism, point to rising authoritarianism providing useful analysis to understand the zero-sum relationship between liberty and security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peace processes are highly volatile and invite constructive as well as destructive relationship‐shifts. By connecting theories of recognition, ontological security, and conflict transformation, this article displays how a conflict settlement process might enable deep‐ranging conflict transformation in a process ranging from thin to thick recognition, and conversely, how that may spur backlashes whereby parties to conflict resist identity fluctuations in violent ways. By using illustrations from key developments in the Israeli–Palestinian peace process, with its inherent elaborations on recognition and identity, this article showcases promises and pitfalls that may be the result of increased recognition of identity among conflict parties. The analysis unwraps how shifts in relations among parties which may lower ontological insecurities can spur introspection and increased thick recognition of the other party to conflict which also comes with shifts in self‐images. This is a highly volatile trajectory, sensitive to deterioration in relations among parties, which at a later stage can cause immense backlashes, creating furthered rifts between conflict parties as well as among internal actors who have different views on how far it is possible to go in terms of recognizing past wrongdoings in the conflict. By linking relational and internal aspects of ontological security to processes of recognition, understandings on the linkage between negotiation/conflict resolution and historical acknowledgement are furthered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

EUROPEAN ACCESSION WAS A DREAM COMES TRUE FOR MOST OF THE EX-COMMUNIST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES. SO FAR, BALKAN COUNTRIES ARE WISHING FOR THE SAME DREAM, BUT THE CURRENT CONTEXT IS NOT SO FAVOURABLE. TO PARTLY ADDRESS THIS SITUATION, THIS ARTICLE PRESENTS A DISCOURSE ANALYSIS ON JUNCKER'S DECLARATIONS ABOUT FUTURE ENLARGEMENT OF THE EU. THE EMPIRICAL DATA COME FROM STATE OF THE UNION SPEECHES, AND ALSO PUBLIC DECLARATIONS AND PRESS RELEASES. THE RESULTS INDICATE THAT JUNCKER'S SILENCE IS MOSTLY INFLUENCED BY EXTERNAL FACTORS SUCH AS THE GEOPOLITICAL AND GEOSTRATEGIC CONTEXT FROM THE LAST YEARS. FURTHERMORE, 2025 CAN BE AN INDICATION, NOT A PROMISE, AND ACTUAL EUROPEAN COMMISSION IS MORE PREOCCUPIED ABOUT INTERNAL STABILITY AND SECURITY THAN ENLARGEMENT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Railway Signalling & Communication Engineering is the property of Railway Signalling & Communication Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue Académique des Études Sociales et Humaines is the property of Hassif Benbouali University of Chlef and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Policy-making vis-à-vis North Korea has been a major task for successive South Korean presidents. It is related not only to the president's domestic reputation as a leader, but also seriously affects the state of national and international security. The policymaking regarding the North, meanwhile, has changed according to the successive regimes in South Korea. Why does each president produce and conduct the policy in a different way? The present research sees that the president's individual leadership style, philosophy and vision for the policy strongly influence the outcome of his/her policy-making. More specifically, the way of organizing and exercising institutional tools and personnel greatly depends on the president's personal capability and will. The present research compares two cases of policy-making vis-à-vis North Korea, that of Kim Dae-Jung's administration and that of Roh Moo-hyun, to show the considerable power that a president has in his administration, especially when it applies to relations with North Korea, which are closely tied up with national security and internal social issues. The present research finds that, even though these two presidents conducted their policy of engagement within the same policy framework, each president showed a rather different leadership style in implementing it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ataturk Yolu Journal / Atatürk Yolu Dergisi is the property of Ataturk Yolu Journal / Ataturk Yolu Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Forschungsjournal Soziale Bewegungen is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Modern Turkish History Studies / Çagdas Türkiye Tarihi Arastirmalari Dergisi is the property of Journal of Modern Turkish History Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Black Sea / Karadeniz is the property of Black Sea / Karadeniz and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Petrochemical enterprises store and process a large number of flammable, explosive, toxic and harmful chemicals, and their security protection systems are vulnerable. Once damaged by man‐made malicious will cause serious losses and adverse effects. Previous studies on the vulnerability of petrochemical enterprises have insufficient consideration of systematicity and uniqueness, and lack consideration of the correlation and game of vulnerability elements. In this study, from the perspective of system, the elements of the security accident system vulnerability are analyzed, and the vulnerability analysis model of security accident system is put forward by studying the interaction between the elements. Threat and exposure constitute the external vulnerability of security accident system, sensitivity and adaptability constitute the internal vulnerability of security accident system; and the threat plays a counter role with sensitivity and adaptability through exposure, which promotes the evolution of vulnerability; Moreover, the different vulnerability elements of security accident system evolve step by step, with the evolution of security accidents. Finally, an illustrative case proves the feasibility of the vulnerability analysis model proposed in this study. The results of this research enrich the theoretical research on vulnerability, provide a reference for the prevention and control of security accidents in petrochemical enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Belügyi Szemle / Academic Journal of Internal Affairs is the property of Ministry of Interior of Hungary and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract The aim of this article is to identify the main stakeholders of institutions of professional higher education in the field of internal security in selected countries, and the most important collaboration practices, and the factors that affect collaboration. Within the framework of a qualitative phenomenographic study, interviews were conducted with representatives of Estonian, German, Finnish, and Norwegian institutions of professional education in the field of internal security. The results showed that institutions of professional higher education differ from traditional universities in prioritizing their main stakeholders, putting employers first, and not students. In addition, the ministries under whose government they operate, and other higher education institutions were named as the main stakeholders. Collaboration with stakeholders is mostly based on common interests and personal relationships (e.g., mediation, networking, joint reputation building, collaboration councils), on some kind of formal basis (e.g., feedback system, collaboration councils) or subordination (e.g., execution of orders and instructions, trading). The aspects most influencing collaboration were considered to be the aspects related to trust and professionalism, and in particular informal collaboration was valued. The results of this study enabled the author to supplement a framework from a previous study, which originally described the theoretical collaboration of the stakeholders of an institution of higher education in the field of internal security; this was supplemented by adding the dimension of collaboration diversity.

The impact of Brexit is strategic. Several governmental institutions must redefine and revise their relations with the European Union (EU); and consider some critical resolutions to avoid prejudicial fragmentation in the post-Brexit security cooperation model. Focusing on internal security and law-enforcement co-ordination with the EU, the paper argues that the EU’s approach to future security partnerships reflects common concerns, such as the fight against terrorism and other types of trans-national organised crime. On the other hand, the United Kingdom (UK) will no longer be bound by the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights (CFR) after the Brexit transition period. This poses substantial challenges for the EU and the UK, concerning future agreements on judicial co-operation in cross-border policing and trans-national criminal investigations. From this perspective, it is vital to decide how the data exchange regime and operational collaboration between the British authorities and respective EU agencies are organised. It would be rational to expect that the UK will actively search for closer bilateral ties with several EU member states and potential new partners, to maintain its international position and cross-border security interests.

This article aims to present the evolution and further perspectives of the external action by the European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Training (CEPOL). By analysing the legal background in light of the subsequent mandates of the Agency and against various policy documents, the authors demonstrate the impressive evolution of the past 20 years, both in terms of volume and quality, that has made CEPOL a key player in the European Union’s internal-external security nexus. The Agency has managed to engage nearly all countries in the EU’s proximity on the one hand by concluding cooperation instruments, on the other hand by managing dedicated capacity-building projects. Via all these means, the European law enforcement culture is spread among partner countries’ law enforcement communities. CEPOL is thus actively contributing to the high level of internal security of the European Union, serving its primary customers, i.e. the EU Member States, and well beyond the borders of the Union.

Latin American militaries are today in many regards inoperative and obsolete as an instrument of defence. Yet, they seek to maintain their organisational power and privileges. Governments, on the other hand, lack the adequate means to fight criminality, persisting poverty and social inequality. In an apparent win-win situation, Latin American governments have used the military as a wildcard to step in where civilian state capacity falls short, including for urban and border patrols, literacy campaigns and to collect garbage, among many other tasks. The military's manifold internal use has been defended mainly based on pragmatic reasons. We argue instead that the ostensive pareto optimality between militaries and governments has had negative effects for civil-military relations from a democratic governance point of view that takes into consideration the efficiency and effectiveness of how the state delivers basic services across different policy areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid growth in consumers' adoption of social networking sites revolutionized the marketing landscape, transforming the way brands communicate with their customers. At the same time, the widespread popularity of social networking sites raised major concerns about the privacy and security of users' personal information on these platforms. Drawing on social identity, and privacy calculus theories, this study examines the roles of consumer‐social networking site relational dimensions, namely personal information disclosure and social networking sites identification as drivers of consumer brand engagement on social networking sites‐hosted brand pages. We show that the extent of consumer‐social networking site identification and the degree to which consumers disclose personal information on a social networking site affect their engagement with other brands hosted on that platform. Online survey data collected from a nationally representative sample of US consumers (n = 506) and empirically tested through structural equation modeling provide overall support to the proposed model. This study contributes to the literature by being the first to empirically demonstrate the spillover effects of consumer‐social networking site relational attributes to online consumer brand engagement. The findings provide guidance to marketing managers seeking to increase brand engagement on social media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most important instruments available to the European Union to ensure security and the protection of citizens' rights is the Internal Security Strategy. It is an appropriate tool for the development of public security policies in the Member States. Despite the necessary reserve with which they operate, intelligence services play a vital role in protecting national security and helping to ensure that law enforcement authorities respect the rule of law. The article examines the role of intelligence services as defined in the strategies for the fight against organised crime and serious crime, which contain guidelines for internal security in Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How does the notion of state security inform national approaches to managing cross-border in-migration in the increasingly interconnected but volatile Northeast Asian region? This paper explores this question by focusing on the intermestic politics of labor importation. Specifically, it theorizes the multidimensionality and multifunctionality of security fears that inform Japan's and Taiwan's approaches to the admission of low-skilled foreign workers. The paper proposes a comprehensive conceptual framework that explicates these relationships and argues that Northeast Asian labor importation regimes were formed at the intersection of a threefold logic of state security. Whereas economic security acted as an enabling (inclusionary) factor in both Japan and Taiwan and motivated the acceptance of foreign workers, internal security in Japan and external security in Taiwan acted as constraining (exclusionary) factors, which directly and distinctively conditioned the resulting policies. Moreover, ever since their inception in the immediate aftermath of the Cold War, the divergent policy regimes have been interlocked in these economic-internal and economic-external dynamics of state security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study discusses the issues of internal security of the Polish state and protection of the right to privacy. The article also refers to the permitted limit of state interference in the privacy of citizens and presents the scale of the use of surveillance by state services and authorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]