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A common form of moral hypocrisy occurs when people blame others for moral violations that they themselves commit. It is assumed that hypocritical blamers act in this manner to falsely signal that they hold moral standards that they do not really accept. We tested this assumption by investigating the neurocognitive processes of hypocritical blamers during moral decision-making. Participants (62 adult UK residents; 27 males) underwent functional MRI scanning while deciding whether to profit by inflicting pain on others and then judged the blameworthiness of others' identical decisions. Observers (188 adult U.S. residents; 125 males) judged participants who blamed others for making the same harmful choice to be hypocritical, immoral, and untrustworthy. However, analyzing hypocritical blamers' behaviors and neural responses shows that hypocritical blame was positively correlated with conflicted feelings, neural responses to moral standards, and guilt-related neural responses. These findings demonstrate that hypocritical blamers may hold the moral standards that they apply to others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) efforts of brands impact consumers' willingness to support them, yet consumers are generally skeptical about CSR communication. This empirical work uses three experimental studies to show that framing CSR messages in values-based terms ("It is our duty to engage in this CSR initiative") enhances consumers' brand attitudes by increasing perceived moralization and perceived commitment to the initiative. More interestingly, we show that this effect is reversed for highly formalistic consumers (those motivated by the duty to follow values, principles, and rules) who are opposed to the CSR initiative. We also show that in the long term, values-based frames can lead to higher perceived hypocrisy in the eyes of highly formalistic people if the firm does not live up to its lofty principles. This is the first paper to establish the link between values-based CSR communication, perceived moralization, perceived commitment, and brand attitudes. It also brings together the research streams on CSR communication and consumer ethical systems to show that though values-based framing of CSR is a high-return strategy for brands in terms of improved brand attitudes, it is also a high-risk strategy for firms targeting highly formalistic consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines tensions in the climate movement between solutions that involve individual consumption and behaviour changes and those involving more transformative systemic change. Although they are demanding system change, activists in Fridays for Future and Extinction Rebellion face accusations of hypocrisy based on their personal choices. This neoliberal appeal to hypocrisy is used to discredit, divide, and undermine the climate movement. Focusing specifically on Extinction Rebellion (XR), I examine how accusations of hypocrisy take form, how XR activists and supporters respond to accusations of hypocrisy, and how XR activists justify living a low-carbon lifestyle despite a strong belief that only system change can adequately address the climate crisis. Then I explore the disconnect between XR's focus on system change and their lack of specific goals that would drive forward the systemic changes necessary. While many activists call for 'system change' what is missing is an understanding of what kind of system change is necessary and how it might be achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Religion has been a part of sociopolitical movements from the dawn of history. With a strong emphasis on morality, religion and religious people were expected to live an exemplary life in society. Thus, religion is a veritable tool for shaping and stirring of the human society. However, religion has placed immense stress on public discourse as the literature on the manipulation of religion by religious leaders for their personal gain and aggrandisement is scanty. This research intends to fill this gap. The theoretical framework of this study is functionalism. It adopts a qualitative research approach. The data was derived mainly from primary and secondary sources. The discussions in this article expose the religious impropriety in Nigerian society, which includes intolerance, hypocrisy, commercialisation of religion, manipulation and exploitation of the adherents, subjecting them to laziness, frustration, desperation and poverty. This alters individual rights and personal development, which are deterrents to progress and oppose the religious tenets of holiness, truthfulness and sacredness. This article advocates good religious values for good behaviour to enhance the social structure and boost societal development. Contribution: This contemporary time in Nigeria is the era of religious explosion, where there are uncountable new religious faiths and groups. Religious practices in Nigeria are commercialised. Church leaders have abandoned the precepts on which the Church and other religious practices are founded to pursue economic or commercial-oriented interests and tendencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on 24 interviews with policy professionals in 10 Swedish member-based civil society organizations (CSOs), and observations of policy professionals in three of these, we investigate CSOs from the perspective of their policy teams. The article theoretically addresses how policy professionals relate to the members in whose name they work. This article extends the literature on civil society professionalization by conceptualizing the conflicts pertaining to policy professionals' work in CSOs and ways of managing these conflicts. We argue that, ordinarily, CSO policy professionals working to influence public policy respond to conflicting logics and myth-like institutional demands for strong and direct influence of member interests by maintaining face and investing in the myth of member centrality. Based on how policy professionals address these issues, we suggest that organizations respond to conflicting institutional pressures and myths via decoupling strategies, discreetly avoiding member concerns while investing in the membership myth, ultimately fostering organizational hypocrisy. Conceptually, the article contributes by connecting the literatures of civil society professionalization and new institutional theory to the burgeoning literature on policy professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corporate hypocrisy refers to the phenomenon of inconsistency between words and deeds of a firm in the process of fulfilling its social responsibility. Despite the fact that the literature related to corporate hypocrisy has made some progress, there have been very few attempts to scrutinize the topic systematically. In the light of egoistic and altruistic motivations, and capitalizing on social network theory, this study classifies corporate hypocrisy into three types: direct corporate hypocrisy, indirect corporate hypocrisy, and interactive corporate hypocrisy. Considering the differences in the identification of pro‐social motivation attributes between companies and the public in releasing/analyzing hypocritical information, a 2 (companies vs. the public) × 2 (egoism vs. altruism) framework of the formation mechanism of corporate hypocrisy was constructed. Nine differentiated manifestations were defined from the perspective of preevent, during the event, and postevent time dimensions of corporate social responsibility (CSR) behaviors and the type of corporate hypocritical behavior. Based on stakeholder theory, the contagion effect of corporate hypocrisy was also analyzed from the perspective of primary and secondary stakeholders, the "immunity‐infection" dual‐pathway analysis model of the contagion effect of corporate hypocrisy was constructed, and the intervention measures were proposed. A novel framework to understand corporate hypocrisy in the mode of "sending–receiving" was proposed, which can enrich and deepen our understanding of corporate hypocrisy and possible causes and mitigation measures. Conclusions obtained through our study can help the public, governments, and firms to better understand, track, and oversee the phenomenon of corporate hypocrisy and evolve proper guidelines to minimize hypocritical behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines an increasingly pervasive aspect of neoliberal research funding regimes, namely the expectation that academic research should influence non-academic policy and practice. More specifically, it explores the reaction of British academic researchers with an interest in sustainable tourism to what has become known as the impact agenda. How do they conceptualise impact? Do they moralise impact (perhaps in relation to the limits of their expertise or the veracity of their claims)? Does this aspect of research policy affect their approach to academic work? The findings of a qualitative study reveal a constituency of academic researchers primarily concerned with their own performativity. There is seemingly limited moral framing of research impact and a suggestion of moral hypocrisy. Widespread affective subjectivation provides a plausible explanation for current academic behaviour. The paper concludes by arguing that without a collective re-thinking of how sustainable tourism research might gain influence beyond academia, it is probable that performative practices will continue to characterise academic responses to the impact agenda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subject of the study is the hypocrisy and its reasons and the ways to prohibit it. The author aims in this study to verify the definition of hypocrisy and the linguistic derivation of the hypocrisy Word also verify the idiomatic meaning of it. In this paper, the concept of hypocrisy has been searched and its prosperities which mentioned by Qur'an and its reasons and the ways to prevent it. The author confirm that the new material in this study was the verification of the reasons which lead to the hypocrisy and explaining the methods that can prevent the hypocrisy. also the way of dealing with the hypocrisy according the Qur'an's concept. As a result, the author shows that there is a misdemeanant reasons and actional reasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most basic concepts in the religious literature is undoubtedly the concept of ikhlas. In hadiths, religion is expressed as sincerity. This situation basically means that religion cannot be thought of without sincerity (ikhlas) and sincerity. Therefore, when the Qur'an and hadith sharifs are considered, it is seen that sincerity corresponds to a true belief away from polytheism and a sincere servitude that is protected from hypocrisy. In the formation period of Sufism, which we mention to as the internal or inner dimension of religion, the Sufis tried to reinterpret sincerity within the framework of their own doctrines as well as general acceptance. In this respect, from the point of view of the early sufis, sincerity is both a method in terms of sufi education and an influence on the formation of malamah thought. In addition, sincerity is discussed in connection with other mystical concepts. In the article, these issues are mentioned and the meanings attributed to the concept of ikhlas by the sufis in the formation period of sufism are emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues that the retort 'easy for you to say' is a complaint about the target's standing, but that it invokes a standing norm that is unjustified. Moreover, I argue that in many cases the person for whom it is 'easy to say' should speak. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to explore the effect of inclusive leadership and trust in principal on organizational hypocrisy in schools. We employed a quantitative methodology and used a cross-sectional survey design and Structural Equation Modelling to determine the relationships between inclusive leadership, trust in principal, and organizational hypocrisy. The research sample consisted of 408 teachers working in preschool, primary, secondary and high schools in different regions of Türkiye. We collected the data of the study through "Inclusive Leadership Scale," "Organizational Hypocrisy Scale," and "Trust in Principal Scale." The results showed that inclusive leadership, directly and indirectly, affected organizational hypocrisy. According to the total effect, inclusive leadership had a significant, negative, and large impact on organizational hypocrisy and explained 75% of the variance in organizational hypocrisy. Results also indicated a direct effect of inclusive leadership on trust in principal and of trust in principal on organizational hypocrisy. In addition, trust in principal had a mediator effect between inclusive leadership and organizational hypocrisy. Consequently, inclusive leadership and trust in principal were important variables in reducing organizational hypocrisy in schools. In this context, principals need to increase trust in principal by displaying inclusive leadership behaviors to reduce organizational hypocrisy that causes negative consequences in schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When making consumption choices, people often fail to meet their own standards of both ethics and frugality. People also generally tend to demand more of others than they do of themselves. But little is known about how these different types of hypocrisy interact, particularly in relation to attitudes toward ethical consumption. In three experiments, we integrate research methods using anchoring and hypocrisy within the context of ethical consumption. Across three experiments, we find a default expectation that people (particularly people other than ourselves) should spend less on consumer items than they actually do. This default position can be inverted by making the ethical context of consumption salient, whereby the expectation is then that people (particularly other people) should spend more on consumer items than they actually do. Experiments 2 and 3 show that a moderate price anchor for ethical consumption is sufficient to shift expected standards for other people, but a higher price anchor is required to shift expected standards in personal behaviour. We discuss the countervailing roles of frugality and ethical consumption in understanding hypocrisy and ethical decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Athlete advocacy is recognized as an important method of persuading the public on social issues, and it demonstrates the role of athletes in achieving racial justice. However, how athlete advocacy can gain the persuasiveness to encourage public involvement remains unclear. This study investigates how the evaluation of an advocate athlete functions to encourage public issue involvement, focusing on Naomi Osaka's racial advocacy. In particular, driven by balance theory and attribution theory, this study examines the effects of five sociopsychological factors on public involvement in racial issues: perceived credibility, hypocrisy, cause fit, effort expended, and role model status of advocate athletes. Data were collected from a cross-sectional online survey of 855 Japanese adults who were aware of Osaka's advocacy. The findings highlight that public involvement in racial issues is significantly associated with the evaluations of the athlete's credibility and hypocrisy. These evaluations are further influenced by perceptions of the athlete's cause fit and role model status. This study enriches the literature on the management of sports for social change by demonstrating the importance of source evaluation in athlete advocacy in achieving advocacy outcomes. Our evidence implies that athletes looking to promote racial justice issues should effectively be seen as credible, knowledgeable, and non-hypocritical in their issue advocacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Purpose: This paper aims to investigate a new predictor of knowledge hiding, namely, employee perceptions of corporate hypocrisy (PCH). Based on the social cognitive theory, this study constructs a moderated mediation model linking PCH and knowledge hiding. The theoretical model concentrates on the mediating role of moral identity and the moderating role of organization-based self-esteem (OBSE). Design/methodology/approach: Two studies with different samples and designs were used. In Study 1, the experimental method explored whether PCH could elicit knowledge hiding under the condition of OBSE (H1 and H4). Study 2, an empirical method with three stages, tested the full mediated moderation model by adding to the mediating role of moral identity (H1–H4). Findings: The results showed: PCH was positively related to knowledge hiding, moral identity mediated the influence of PCH on knowledge hiding and OBSE not only moderated the relationship between PCH and moral identity but also moderated the indirect effect of PCH on knowledge hiding (via moral identity). The present research sheds valuable light on the processes (how) and contingencies (when) whereby PCH affects knowledge hiding for the first time, thus extending prior research and encouraging further explorations on the topic of PCH and knowledge hiding. It informs practitioners that taking measures to decrease corporate hypocrisy plays a vital role in preventing workers from hiding knowledge. Originality/value: The study's distinctive contribution is to examine the mediating effect of moral identity and the moderating role of OBSE on the relationship between corporate hypocrisy and knowledge hiding, which through the lens of social cognitive theory. Thus, it furthers a deeper understanding of knowledge hiding and helps the organization understand the dynamics of knowledge management, such as prohibiting employee counterproductive behaviors in the workplace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With widespread democratic backsliding globally, people's support for democracy-eroding leaders is receiving overdue attention. But existing studies have difficulty disentangling contextual effects (such as who is in power at the time of the survey) from individual differences (like which party one supports and how strongly). Moreover, we lack evidence on the causal antecedents of these attitudes. We propose a novel survey experimental design to strip away the political context through hypothetical scenarios, allowing us to identify citizens' differential support for democratic norms when their own party is in versus out of power. Our findings indicate a large degree of democratic hypocrisy among the American public, whose support for norm-eroding policies increases when their own party is in power, an effect further amplified by two indicators of polarization: strong expressive partisanship and threat perceived from the opposing party. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the double standard of Western media in their coverage of the conflicts in Ukraine and Gaza. It highlights the media's hypocrisy in praising the Ukrainian resistance and supporting the sending of weapons, but not showing the same sympathy for the Palestinian resistance in Gaza. Furthermore, it criticizes the media's lack of impartiality in not questioning the ethics of sending weapons to Ukraine. The article also criticizes the BBC's lack of impartiality in its coverage of Ukraine and points out the tendency of Western media to amplify the claims of the United States, Europe, and Israel without questioning their veracity. The author argues that Western media is promoting war and criticizes the media's hypocrisy in not questioning political figures like Condoleezza Rice. The article also criticizes the hypocritical stance of the United States in labeling Vladimir Putin as a war criminal, while American politicians like Joe Biden do not accept responsibility for the war crimes committed by their country. [Extracted from the article]

Children make choices between generosity and greed every day. Often they must also choose between confession or denial of antisocial acts like greed, thereby displaying either honesty or hypocrisy. Such choices pose cognitive challenges that, in theory, might reflect children's developing social-cognitions and affect their daily social lives and developmental opportunities. Individual differences in altruism and hypocrisy were examined in relation to theory of mind (ToM) in 102 school-age children (44 autistic; 58 typically developing) using ecologically valid altruism and hypocrisy tests where generosity had lasting real-life costs and hypocrisy was self-serving. Selfless altruism was abundant for autistic and nonautistic children alike and was significantly predicted by ToM over and above other predictors like age, gender, and language. More nonautistic (74%) than autistic children (41%) displayed hypocrisy, although individual ToM differences among ASD children were not significantly correlated with it. Findings extend to new instances (altruism and hypocrisy) evidence of ToM's importance for everyday social behaviors that impact upon peer relations while also extending past evidence that: (a) unexpected sociomoral strengths can coexist with ToM delays, (b) attention to individual differences is crucial, and (c) autistic children's capacity to develop sociomoral reasoning should not be underestimated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article assesses Molière's strategies to triumph and survive as a playwright, comic genius, favored and then disgraced by the King. My point of view is that Molière not only exercised his comic genius, but that he contributed to two revolutions in the seventeenth century: in the moral order of the time and in the theatrical practice. If these have been the subject of in-depth analyses over time, what has been less analyzed is that Molière uses comic theater not only to revolutionize comic form, but also to argue with his opponents, again using theatrical means. And he does it like a genius navigator on rough seas who knows how to survive in extremely difficult conditions. Hypocrisy and imposture are the human substance, the material from which Molière constructed the mask of a character that crosses the centuries. Between the morals of his time and theatrical practices, there is still room for reflection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Adab Al-Kufa is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Philosophers analyzing standing to blame have argued (a) that in view of a blamer's own fault she can lack standing to blame another for an act even if the act is blameworthy and (b) that standingless, hypocritical blame is pro tanto morally wrongful. The bearing of these conclusions on standing to praise is yet to receive the attention it deserves. I defend two claims. The first is the conditional claim that if (a) and (b) are true, so are (a*) and (b*). The latter are: (a*) a praiser can lack the standing to praise herself for an act even if that act is praiseworthy and (b*) standingless, hypocritical praise is pro tanto morally wrongful. So I am suggesting that facts about standing to blame reflect more general facts about standing to hold responsible. The second is the claim that (a*) and (b*) are true. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The EU Global Strategy puts 'principled pragmatism' at the core of EU foreign and security policy. This has also been promoted as away of closing the gap between talk and action. Still, the concept has been widely criticized and interpreted as away of making the Union's 'organized hypocrisy' less glaring. By exploring key EU foreign and security policy strategies and policies implemented over the past decade, this article suggests that a certain pattern for when the EU acts normatively and when it acts strategically can be identified. While the overall ambition is still to promote a more normative policy, also when it comes at a considerable economic cost, there is a limit to how it is willing to go. Evidence suggests that when faced with a situation perceived as urgent, the EU becomes more prone to implement policies that are at odds with its own principles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International organisations (IOs) have increasingly resorted to private military and security companies (PMSCs) as providers of armed protection, training, intelligence, and logistics. In this article, we argue that IOs, seeking to reconcile conflicting international norms and member states' growing unwillingness to provide the manpower required for effective crisis management, have decoupled their official policy on and actual use of PMSCs, thereby engaging in organised hypocrisy. Due to its stricter interpretation of norms like the state monopoly of violence, the United Nations (UN) has showcased a more glaring gap between talk and action than the European Union (EU) and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), which display a more pragmatic, but not entirely consistent, approach to the use of PMSCs. By examining the decoupling between UN, EU, and NATO official contractor support doctrines and operational records, this article advances the debate on both security privatisation and organised hypocrisy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Justice is like a machine that rolls on itself when someone has once given it the starting. In the discussion of justice, the term social problem has been used many times in modern social tragedy, known as problem plays for their concerns with social problems. These plays reveal the awful forces of society against a man that caused his suffering and death. They overemphasize the social dilemma and social consequences. The absence of justice leads to the failure of the legal system that gives severe punishments to the poor without taking into consideration the circumstances behind their crimes. The unfair practices of the judicial system never punish the upper class for their crimes in time and put wretched poor people in prison for committing unimportant or trivial acts. In the modern world, a man, especially the poor, is crushed under the wheel of justice. The hypocrisy, intolerance, ignorance, tyranny, and the false values of the world heap injustice on man and make him find peace only in death. Man is inherently good, but the social institutions have often victimized him and hindered his subsistence and development. The absence of justice is the main reason that causes all man's depression, out of which is born disappointment, disillusionment, and death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Of all the pilgrims in Geoffrey Chaucer’s epic poem “The Canterbury Tales,” it is the Prioress who has been the subject of the most critical analysis, and it is her tale that has caused the greatest angst among both critics and casual readers of the Tales. We study the literature devoted to the nun and her tale and conclude that Madame Eglantine is a hypocrite, posing as a passionate follower of the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth while violating the spirit of those teachings and the vows she took: vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience. Her clothing and her manners are less those of a humble nun and more those of the noblewoman of her past. If her condition has changed, her attitudes and behavior have not. The tale she tells bespeaks of the hatred she has for the Jewish people even while she regularly—ironically and in public—worships Jesus and Mary, both Jews. As we search for the elements of the character of the Prioress, we discover that she is a hybrid woman, having left the worldly life of the nobility and not yet accommodated herself to the severely cloistered life demanded of her by strict monastic rules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Management & Organization Review is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This editorial examines current collimation and cropping practices in general radiography. We critically reflect on whether we are concerned by the practice of collimation creep amongst radiographers. Discussions around policy, evidence‐based practice and potential hypocrisies are outlined in this editorial piece. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When making consumption choices, people often fail to meet their own standards of both ethics and frugality. People also generally tend to demand more of others than they do of themselves. But little is known about how these different types of hypocrisy interact, particularly in relation to attitudes toward ethical consumption. In three experiments, we integrate research methods using anchoring and hypocrisy within the context of ethical consumption. Across three experiments, we find a default expectation that people (particularly people other than ourselves) should spend less on consumer items than they actually do. This default position can be inverted by making the ethical context of consumption salient, whereby the expectation is then that people (particularly other people) should spend more on consumer items than they actually do. Experiments 2 and 3 show that a moderate price anchor for ethical consumption is sufficient to shift expected standards for other people, but a higher price anchor is required to shift expected standards in personal behaviour. We discuss the countervailing roles of frugality and ethical consumption in understanding hypocrisy and ethical decision-making.

Although previous hospitality studies investigated the impact of CSR directed at various stakeholders, these studies have largely overlooked the impact of perceived inconsistent CSR (ICSR) strategies on unexpected employee outcomes. To fill the gap, this study investigates how perceived ICSR strategies affect employee deviant behavior through perceived corporate hypocrisy and symbolic CSR attributions (SCSRAs). Survey data were collected 472 employees working in four- and five-star hotels in Antalya, Turkiye and analyzed using PLS-SEM. The findings indicate that perceived ICSR strategies has a positive impact on perceived corporate hypocrisy and SCSRAs. Corporate hypocrisy and SCSRAs play a serial mediating role between perceived ICSR strategies and employee deviant behavior. This research enriches our understanding of the challenges faced by hospitality organizations in coping with CSR issues effectively. • The study focuses on employees' negative reactions to CSR in the current micro-level research agenda • The study investigates the impact of the employee perceived inconsistent CSR (ICSR) strategies on employee deviant behavior • ICSR has a positive impact on both perceived corporate hypocrisy and symbolic CSR attributions (SCSRAs) • Corporate hypocrisy and SCSRAs play a serial mediating role between ICSR strategies and deviant behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Charges of hypocrisy are usually thought to be to be damning. Yet when a hypocrisy charge is made, there often remains disagreement about whether or not its target really is a hypocrite. Why? Three pre-registered experiments (N = 2599) conceptualize and test the role of perceived comparability in evaluating hypocrisy. Calling someone a hypocrite typically entails invoking a comparison—one meant to highlight internal contradiction and cast moral character into question. Yet there is ambiguity about which sorts of comparisons are valid in the first place. We argue that disagreements about moral hypocrisy often boil down to disagreements about comparability. Although the comparability of two situations should not depend on whose behavior is being scrutinized, observers shift comparability judgments in line with social motives to criticize or defend. In short, we identify a cognitive factor that can help to explain why, for similar patterns of behavior, people see hypocrisy in their enemies but consistency in themselves and their allies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumers may sense hypocrisy in corporate social responsibility (CSR) if they note inconsistency in enterprises' words and deeds related to CSR. This inconsistency originates from the intentional selfish actions and unintentional actions of enterprises. Studies have revealed that consumers' perception of hypocrisy has a negative influence on enterprise operation. However, studies have not examined how corporate responses to consumers' hypocrisy perception affect consumers' attitude and behavior. Therefore, the present study attempted to determine the measures that should be undertaken by enterprises to reduce consumers' negative response to them when consumers perceive them to be hypocritical. We conducted a situational simulation experiment to explore the effect of the match between corporate hypocrisy manifestation (moral hypocrisy vs. behavioral hypocrisy) and the corporate response strategy (reactive CSR communication vs. proactive CSR communication) on consumers' negative behaviors toward an enterprise and to test the mechanism influencing this effect. The results indicated that the interaction between the type of corporate hypocrisy and the corporate response strategy has a significant effect on consumers' negative behaviors toward an enterprise. Consumers' negative emotions have a mediating influence on the aforementioned effect. This study explored the response strategies of enterprises during a corporate hypocrisy crisis, classified corporate hypocrisy crises into two types (moral hypocrisy vs. behavioral hypocrisy) according to the different manifestations of corporate hypocrisy, and introduced situational crisis communication theory (SCCT) into research on corporate hypocrisy. The present results help expand knowledge on corporate hypocrisy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the potential for a new area of corporate social responsibility (CSR) washing: gender equality. Companies are increasingly recognized for advertisements promoting gender equality, termed "femvertisements." However, it is unclear whether companies that win femvertising awards actually support women with an institutionalized approach to gender equality. A quantitative content analysis was performed assessing company leadership team listings, annual reports, CSR reports, and CSR websites of 61 US-based companies (31 award winners and 30 non-winning competitors) to compare the prevalence of internal and external gender-equality CSR activities of companies that have (versus have not) won femvertising awards. When controlling for number of employees and annual revenue, award-winning companies committed to more internal efforts that support women than non-award-winning companies. However, no significant differences were found in the number of external efforts or representation in female leadership between companies with and without award-winning femvertisements. Overall, a majority of award-winning companies (81%) engaged in less than ten of the possible 23 gender-equality CSR activities, suggesting these companies' female empowerment commercials were often not in line with their broader CSR activities. While more research is needed in this area, we propose the term "fempower-washing" to describe CSR-washing in the context of gender equality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]