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202. Comparisons of small ELM H-Mode regimes on the Alcator C-Mod and JFT-2M tokamaks

Author

Hubbard, A E, Kamiya, K, Oyama, N, Basse, N, Biewer, T, Edlund, E, Hughes, J W, Lin, L, Porkolab, M, Rowan, W, Snipes, J, Terry, J, and Wolfe, S M

Abstract

Comparisons of H-mode regimes were carried out on the Alcator C-Mod and JFT-2M tokamaks. Shapes were matched apart from aspect ratio, which is lower on C-Mod. The high recycling steady H-mode on JFT-2M and enhanced D-alpha (EDA) regime on C-Mod, both of which feature very small or no ELMs, are found to have similar access conditions in q95? ?* space, occurring for pedestal collisionality ?*1. Differences in edge fluctuations were found, with lower frequencies but higher mode numbers on C-Mod. In both tokamaks an attractive regime with small ELMs on top of an enhanced D?baseline was obtained at moderate ?*and higher pressure. The JFT-2M shape favoured the appearance of ELMs on C-Mod and also resulted in the appearance of a lower frequency component of the quasicoherent mode during EDA.

Published
2006
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203. Local threshold conditions and fast transition dynamics of the L–H transition in Alcator C-Mod

Author

Hubbard, A E, Carreras, B A, Basse, N P, del-Castillo-Negrete, D, Hughes, J W, Lynn, A, Marmar, E S, Mossessian, D, Phillips, P, and Wukitch, S

Abstract

Edge profiles during the L–H transition and pedestal evolution in the Alcator C-Mod tokamak have been measured with high spatial and time resolution. For input power near the threshold, periodic ‘dithering’ cycles are seen, and the sustained transition occurs in a series of steps that appear related to this oscillatory behaviour. Even at a higher power, there is evidence of non-smooth Te evolution, and the pedestal Te shows a double break-in-slope at the transition. Calculations with a fluctuation-shear flow model, for parameters typical of this experiment, reproduce much of the observed behaviour. Profiles just before the L–H transition, averaged over steady or dithering periods, are compared with an analytic criterion based on shear suppression by zonal flows (Guzdar P N et al 2002 Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 265004). The experimental values of are about 50% below the theoretical threshold, for a range of BT.

Published
2004

204. A LIQUID SYNTHETIC MEDIUM SUITABLE FOR THE DIFFERENTIATION OF MICROSPORUM AUDOUINI GRUBY 1843, AND OF MICROSPORUM CANIS BODIN 1902.

Author

Hughes, J. W.

Subjects
MICROSPORUM, CULTURES (Biology), BIOLOGY methodology, MONILIACEAE, FUNGI, PARASITIC plants, BIOLOGY
Abstract

Cites a study about the liquid synthetic medium culture for the differentiation of microsporum audouini and microsporum canis bodin. Method used on the identification of the two fungi; Weakness of the hybridization method; Discussion of the result of the experiment for identifying the two fungi.

Published
1952
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212. Efficient generation of energetic ions in multi-ion plasmas by radio-frequency heating

Author

Kazakov, Y. O., Ongena, J., Wright, J. C., Wukitch, S. J., Lerche, E., Mantsinen, M. J., Van Eester, D., Craciunescu, T., Kiptily, V. G., Lin, Y., Nocente, M., Nabais, F., Nave, M. F. F., Baranov, Y., Bielecki, J., Bilato, R., Bobkov, V., Crombé, K., Czarnecka, A., Faustin, J. M., Felton, R., Fitzgerald, M., Gallart, D., Giacomelli, L., Golfinopoulos, T., Hubbard, A. E., Jacquet, Ph., Johnson, T., Lennholm, M., Loarer, T., Porkolab, M., Sharapov, S. E., Valcarcel, D., Van Schoor, M., Weisen, H., Marmar, E. S., Baek, S. G., Barnard, H., Bonoli, P., Brunner, D., Candy, J., Canik, J., Churchill, R. M., Cziegler, I., Dekow, G., Delgado-Aparicio, L., Diallo, A., Edlund, E., Ennever, P., Faust, I., Fiore, C., Gao, C., Greenwald, M., Hartwig, Z. S., Holland, C., Hughes, J. W., Hutchinson, I. H., Irby, J., Labombard, B., Lipschultz, B., Loarte, A., Mumgaard, R., Parker, R. R., Reinke, M. L., Rice, J. E., Scott, S., Shiraiwa, S., Snyder, P., Sorbom, B., Terry, D., Terry, J. L., Theiler, C., Vieira, R., Walk, J. R., Wallace, G. M., White, A., Whyte, D., Wolfe, S. M., Wright, G. M., Wright, J., Xu, P., Abduallev, S., Abhangi, M., Abreu, P., Afzal, M., Aggarwal, K. M., Ahlgren, T., Ahn, J. H., Aho-Mantila, L., Aiba, N., Airila, M., Albanese, R., Aldred, V., Alegre, D., Alessi, E., Aleynikov, P., Alfier, A., Alkseev, A., Allinson, M., Alper, B., Alves, E., Ambrosino, G., Ambrosino, R., Amicucci, L., Amosov, V., Andersson Sundén, E., Angelone, M., Anghel, M., Angioni, C., Appel, L., Appelbee, C., Arena, P., Ariola, M., Arnichand, H., Arshad, S., Ash, A., Ashikawa, N., Aslanyan, V., Asunta, O., Auriemma, F., Austin, Y., Avotina, L., Axton, M. D., Ayres, C., Bacharis, M., Baciero, A., Baião, D., Bailey, S., Baker, A., Balboa, I., Balden, M., Balshaw, N., Bament, R., Banks, J. W., Baranov, Y. F., Barnard, M. A., Barnes, D., Barnes, M., Barnsley, R., Baron Wiechec, A., Barrera Orte, L., Baruzzo, M., Basiuk, V., Bassan, M., Bastow, R., Batista, A., Batistoni, P., Baughan, R., Bauvir, B., Baylor, L., Bazylev, B., Beal, J., Beaumont, P. S., Beckers, M., Beckett, B., Becoulet, A., Bekris, N., Beldishevski, M., Bell, K., Belli, F., Bellinger, M., Belonohy, E., Ben Ayed, N., Benterman, N. A., Bergsåker, H., Bernardo, J., Bernert, M., Berry, M., Bertalot, L., Besliu, C., Beurskens, M., Bieg, B., Biewer, T., Bigi, M., Bílková, P., Binda, F., Bisoff, A., Bizarro, J. P. S., Björkas, C., Blackburn, J., Blackman, K., Blackman, T. R., Blanchard, P., Blatchford, P., Boboc, A., Bodnár, G., Bogar, O., Bolshakova, I., Bolzonella, T., Bonanomi, N., Bonelli, F., Boom, J., Booth, J., Borba, D., Borodin, D., Borodkina, I., Botrugno, A., Bottereau, C., Boulting, P., Bourdelle, C., Bowden, M., Bower, C., Bowman, C., Boyce, T., Boyd, C., Boyer, H. J., Bradshaw, J. M. A., Braic, V., Bravanec, R., Breizman, B., Bremond, S., Brennan, P. D., Breton, S., Brett, A., Brezinsek, S., Bright, M. D. J., Brix, M., Broeckx, W., Brombin, M., Broslawski, A., Brown, D. P. D., Brown, M., Bruno, E., Bucalossi, J., Buch, J., Buchanan, J., Buckley, M. A., Budny, R., Bufferand, H., Bulman, M., Bulmer, N., Bunting, P., Buratti, P., Burckhart, A., Buscarino, A., Busse, A., Butler, N. K., Bykov, I., Byrne, J., Cahyna, P., Calabro, G., Calvo, I., Camenen, Y., Camp, P., Campling, D. C., Cane, J., Cannas, B., Capel, A. J., Card, P. J., Cardinali, A., Carman, P., Carr, M., Carralero, D., Carraro, L., Carvalho, B. B., Carvalho, I., Carvalho, P., Casson, F. J., Castaldo, C., Catarino, N., Caumont, J., Causa, F., Cavazzana, R., Cave-Ayland, K., Cavinato, M., Cecconello, M., Ceccuzzi, S., Cecil, E., Cenedese, A., Cesario, R., Challis, C. D., Chandler, M., Chandra, D., Chang, C. S., Chankin, A., Chapman, I. T., Chapman, S. C., Chernyshova, M., Chitarin, G., Ciraolo, G., Ciric, D., Citrin, J., Clairet, F., Clark, E., Clark, M., Clarkson, R., Clatworthy, D., Clements, C., Cleverly, M., Coad, J. P., Coates, P. A., Cobalt, A., Coccorese, V., Cocilovo, V., Coda, S., Coelho, R., Coenen, J. W., Coffey, I., Colas, L., Collins, S., Conka, D., Conroy, S., Conway, N., Coombs, D., Cooper, D., Cooper, S. R., Corradino, C., Corre, Y., Corrigan, G., Cortes, S., Coster, D., Couchman, A. S., Cox, M. P., Cramp, S., Craven, R., Crisanti, F., Croci, G., Croft, D., Crowe, R., Cruz, N., Cseh, G., Cufar, A., Cullen, A., Curuia, M., Dabirikhah, H., Dalgliesh, P., Dalley, S., Dankowski, J., Darrow, D., Davies, O., Davis, W., Day, C., Day, I. E., De Bock, M., De Castro, A., De La Cal, E., De La Luna, E., De Masi, G., De Pablos, J. L., De Temmerman, G., De Tommasi, G., De Vries, P., Deakin, K., Deane, J., Degli Agostini, F., Dejarnac, R., Delabie, E., Den Harder, N., Dendy, R. O., Denis, J., Denner, P., Devaux, S., Devynck, P., Di Maio, F., Di Siena, A., Di Troia, C., Dinca, P., D'Inca, R., Ding, B., Dittmar, T., Doerk, H., Doerner, R. P., Donné, T., Dorling, S. E., Dormido-Canto, S., Doswon, S., Douai, D., Doyle, P. T., Drenik, A., Drewelow, P., Drews, P., Duckworth, Ph., Dumont, R., Dumortier, P., Dunai, D., Dunne, M., Duran, I., Durodié, F., Dutta, P., Duval, B. P., Dux, R., Dylst, K., Dzysiuk, N., Edappala, P. V., Edmond, J., Edwards, A. M., Edwards, J., Eich, Th., Ekedahl, A., El-Jorf, R., Elsmore, C. G., Enachescu, M., Ericsson, G., Eriksson, F., Eriksson, J., Eriksson, L. G., Esposito, B., Esquembri, S., Esser, H. G., Esteve, D., Evans, B., Evans, G. E., Evison, G., Ewart, G. D., Fagan, D., Faitsch, M., Falie, D., Fanni, A., Fasoli, A., Fawlk, N., Fazendeiro, L., Fedorczak, N., Felton, R. C., Fenton, K., Fernades, A., Fernandes, H., Ferreira, J., Fessey, J. A., Février, O., Ficker, O., Field, A., Fietz, S., Figueiredo, A., Figueiredo, J., Fil, A., Finburg, P., Firdaouss, M., Fischer, U., Fittill, L., Flammini, D., Flanagan, J., Fleming, C., Flinders, K., Fonnesu, N., Fontdecaba, J. M., Formisano, A., Forsythe, L., Fortuna, L., Fortuna-Zalesna, E., Fortune, M., Foster, S., Franke, T., Franklin, T., Frasca, M., Frassinetti, L., Freisinger, M., Fresa, R., Frigione, D., Fuchs, V., Fuller, D., Futatani, S., Fyvie, J., Gál, K., Galassi, D., Galazka, K., Galdon-Quiroga, J., Gallagher, J., Galvão, R., Gao, X., Gao, Y., Garcia, J., Garcia-Carrasco, A., García-Muñoz, M., Gardarein, J. -L., Garzotti, L., Gaudio, P., Gauthier, E., Gear, D. F., Gee, S. J., Geiger, B., Gelfusa, M., Gerasimov, S., Gervasini, G., Gethins, M., Ghani, Z., Ghate, M., Gherendi, M., Giacalone, J. C., Gibson, C. S., Giegerich, T., Gil, C., Gil, L., Gilligan, S., Gin, D., Giovannozzi, E., Girardo, J. B., Giroud, C., Giruzzi, G., Glöggler, S., Godwin, J., Goff, J., Gohil, P., Goloborod'Ko, V., Gomes, R., Gonçalves, B., Goniche, M., Goodliffe, M., Goodyear, A., Gorini, G., Gosk, M., Goulding, R., Goussarov, A., Gowland, R., Graham, B., Graham, M. E., Graves, J. P., Grazier, N., Grazier, P., Green, N. R., Greuner, H., Grierson, B., Griph, F. S., Grisolia, C., Grist, D., Groth, M., Grove, R., Grundy, C. N., Grzonka, J., Guard, D., Guérard, C., Guillemaut, C., Guirlet, R., Gurl, C., Utoh, H. H., Hackett, L. J., Hacquin, S., Hagar, A., Hager, R., Hakola, A., Halitovs, M., Hall, S. J., Hallworth Cook, S. P., Hamlyn-Harris, C., Hammond, K., Harrington, C., Harrison, J., Harting, D., Hasenbeck, F., Hatano, Y., Hatch, D. R., Haupt, T. D. V., Hawes, J., Hawkes, N. C., Hawkins, J., Hawkins, P., Haydon, P. W., Hayter, N., Hazel, S., Heesterman, P. J. L., Heinola, K., Hellesen, C., Hellsten, T., Helou, W., Hemming, O. N., Hender, T. C., Henderson, M., Henderson, S. S., Henriques, R., Hepple, D., Hermon, G., Hertout, P., Hidalgo, C., Highcock, E. G., Hill, M., Hillairet, J., Hillesheim, J., Hillis, D., Hizanidis, K., Hjalmarsson, A., Hobirk, J., Hodille, E., Hogben, C. H. A., Hogeweij, G. M. D., Hollingsworth, A., Hollis, S., Homfray, D. A., Horácek, J., Hornung, G., Horton, A. R., Horton, L. D., Horvath, L., Hotchin, S. P., Hough, M. R., Howarth, P. J., Hubbard, A., Huber, A., Huber, V., Huddleston, T. M., Hughes, M., Huijsmans, G. T. A., Hunter, C. L., Huynh, P., Hynes, A. M., Iglesias, D., Imazawa, N., Imbeaux, F., Imríšek, M., Incelli, M., Innocente, P., Irishkin, M., Ivanova-Stanik, I., Jachmich, S., Jacobsen, A. S., Jacquet, P., Jansons, J., Jardin, A., Järvinen, A., Jaulmes, F., Jednoróg, S., Jenkins, I., Jeong, C., Jepu, I., Joffrin, E., Johnson, R., Johnston, J., Joita, L., Jones, G., Jones, T. T. C., Hoshino, K. K., Kallenbach, A., Kamiya, K., Kaniewski, J., Kantor, A., Kappatou, A., Karhunen, J., Karkinsky, D., Karnowska, I., Kaufman, M., Kaveney, G., Kazakov, Y., Kazantzidis, V., Keeling, D. L., Keenan, T., Keep, J., Kempenaars, M., Kennedy, C., Kenny, D., Kent, J., Kent, O. N., Khilkevich, E., Kim, H. T., Kim, H. S., Kinch, A., King, C., King, D., King, R. F., Kinna, D. J., Kiptily, V., Kirk, A., Kirov, K., Kirschner, A., Kizane, G., Klepper, C., Klix, A., Knight, P., Knipe, S. J., Knott, S., Kobuchi, T., Köchl, F., Kocsis, G., Kodeli, I., Kogan, L., Kogut, D., Koivuranta, S., Kominis, Y., Köppen, M., Kos, B., Koskela, T., Koslowski, H. R., Koubiti, M., Kovari, M., Kowalska-Strzeciwilk, E., Krasilnikov, A., Krasilnikov, V., Krawczyk, N., Kresina, M., Krieger, K., Krivska, A., Kruezi, U., Ksiazek, I., Kukushkin, A., Kundu, A., Kurki-Suonio, T., Kwak, S., Kwiatkowski, R., Kwon, O. J., Laguardia, L., Lahtinen, A., Laing, A., Lam, N., Lambertz, H. T., Lane, C., Lang, P. T., Lanthaler, S., Lapins, J., Lasa, A., Last, J. R., Laszynska, E., Lawless, R., Lawson, A., Lawson, K. D., Lazaros, A., Lazzaro, E., Leddy, J., Lee, S., Lefebvre, X., Leggate, H. J., Lehmann, J., Lehnen, M., Leichtle, D., Leichuer, P., Leipold, F., Lengar, I., Lescinskis, A., Lesnoj, S., Letellier, E., Leyland, M., Leysen, W., Li, L., Liang, Y., Likonen, J., Linke, J., Linsmeier, Ch., Litaudon, X., Liu, G., Liu, Y., Lo Schiavo, V. P., Lobel, R. C., Lomanowski, B., Lomas, P. J., Lönnroth, J., López, J. M., López-Razola, J., Lorenzini, R., Losada, U., Lovell, J. J., Loving, A. B., Lowry, C., Luce, T., Lucock, R. M. A., Lukin, A., Luna, C., Lungaroni, M., Lungu, C. P., Lungu, M., Lunniss, A., Lupelli, I., Lyssoivan, A., Macdonald, N., Macheta, P., Maczewa, K., Magesh, B., Maget, P., Maggi, C., Maier, H., Mailloux, J., Makkonen, T., Makwana, R., Malaquias, A., Malizia, A., Manas, P., Manning, A., Manso, M. E., Mantica, P., Mantsinen, M., Manzanares, A., Maquet, Ph., Marandet, Y., Marcenko, N., Marchetto, C., Marchuk, O., Marinelli, M., Marinucci, M., Markovic, T., Marocco, D., Marot, L., Marren, C. A., Marshal, R., Martin, A., Martin, Y., Martín De Aguilera, A., Martínez, F. J., Martín-Solís, J. R., Martynova, Y., Maruyama, S., Masiello, A., Maslov, M., Matejcik, S., Mattei, M., Matthews, G. F., Maviglia, F., Mayer, M., Mayoral, M. L., May-Smith, T., Mazon, D., Mazzotta, C., Mcadams, R., Mccarthy, P. J., Mcclements, K. G., Mccormack, O., Mccullen, P. A., Mcdonald, D., Mcintosh, S., Mckean, R., Mckehon, J., Meadows, R. C., Meakins, A., Medina, F., Medland, M., Medley, S., Meigh, S., Meigs, A. G., Meisl, G., Meitner, S., Meneses, L., Menmuir, S., Mergia, K., Merrigan, I. R., Mertens, Ph., Meshchaninov, S., Messiaen, A., Meyer, H., Mianowski, S., Michling, R., Middleton-Gear, D., Miettunen, J., Militello, F., Militello-Asp, E., Miloshevsky, G., Mink, F., Minucci, S., Miyoshi, Y., Mlynár, J., Molina, D., Monakhov, I., Moneti, M., Mooney, R., Moradi, S., Mordijck, S., Moreira, L., Moreno, R., Moro, F., Morris, A. W., Morris, J., Moser, L., Mosher, S., Moulton, D., Murari, A., Muraro, A., Murphy, S., Asakura, N. N., Y. S., Na, Naish, R., Nakano, T., Nardon, E., Naulin, V., Nedzelski, I., Nemtsev, G., Nespoli, F., Neto, A., Neu, R., Neverov, V. S., Newman, M., Nicholls, K. J., Nicolas, T., Nielsen, A. H., Nielsen, P., Nilsson, E., Nishijima, D., Noble, C., Nodwell, D., Nordlund, K., Nordman, H., Nouailletas, R., Nunes, I., Oberkofler, M., Odupitan, T., Ogawa, M. T., O'Gorman, T., Okabayashi, M., Olney, R., Omolayo, O., O'Mullane, M., Orsitto, F., Orszagh, J., Oswuigwe, B. I., Otin, R., Owen, A., Paccagnella, R., Pace, N., Pacella, D., Packer, L. W., Page, A., Pajuste, E., Palazzo, S., Pamela, S., Panja, S., Papp, P., Paprok, R., Parail, V., Park, M., Parra Diaz, F., Parsons, M., Pasqualotto, R., Patel, A., Pathak, S., Paton, D., Patten, H., Pau, A., Pawelec, E., Paz Soldan, C., Peackoc, A., Pearson, I. J., Pehkonen, S. -P., Peluso, E., Penot, C., Pereira, A., Pereira, R., Pereira Puglia, P. P., Perez Von Thun, C., Peruzzo, S., Peschanyi, S., Peterka, M., Petersson, P., Petravich, G., Petre, A., Petrella, N., Petržilka, V., Peysson, Y., Pfefferlé, D., Philipps, V., Pillon, M., Pintsuk, G., Piovesan, P., Pires Dos Reis, A., Piron, L., Pironti, A., Pisano, Null, Pitts, R., Pizzo, F., Plyusnin, V., Pomaro, N., Pompilian, O. G., Pool, P. J., Popovichev, S., Porfiri, M. T., Porosnicu, C., Porton, M., Possnert, G., Potzel, S., Powell, T., Pozzi, J., Prajapati, V., Prakash, R., Prestopino, G., Price, D., Price, M., Price, R., Prior, P., Proudfoot, R., Pucella, G., Puglia, P., Puiatti, M. E., Pulley, D., Purahoo, K., Pütterich, T., Rachlew, E., Rack, M., Ragona, R., Rainford, M. S. J., Rakha, A., Ramogida, G., Ranjan, S., Rapson, C. J., Rasmussen, J. J., Rathod, K., Rattá, G., Ratynskaia, S., Ravera, G., Rayner, C., Rebai, M., Reece, D., Reed, A., Réfy, D., Regan, B., Regaña, J., Reich, M., Reid, N., Reimold, F., Reinhart, M., Reinke, M., Reiser, D., Rendell, D., Reux, C., Reyes Cortes, S. D. A., Reynolds, S., Riccardo, V., Richardson, N., Riddle, K., Rigamonti, D., Rimini, F. G., Risner, J., Riva, M., Roach, C., Robins, R. J., Robinson, S. A., Robinson, T., Robson, D. W., Roccella, R., Rodionov, R., Rodrigues, P., Rodriguez, J., Rohde, V., Romanelli, F., Romanelli, M., Romanelli, S., Romazanov, J., Rowe, S., Rubel, M., Rubinacci, G., Rubino, G., Ruchko, L., Ruiz, M., Ruset, C., Rzadkiewicz, J., Saarelma, S., Sabot, R., Safi, E., Sagar, P., Saibene, G., Saint-Laurent, F., Salewski, M., Salmi, A., Salmon, R., Salzedas, F., Samaddar, D., Samm, U., Sandiford, D., Santa, P., Santala, M. I. K., Santos, B., Santucci, A., Sartori, F., Sartori, R., Sauter, O., Scannell, R., Schlummer, T., Schmid, K., Schmidt, V., Schmuck, S., Schneider, M., Schöpf, K., Schwörer, D., Scott, S. D., Sergienko, G., Sertoli, M., Shabbir, A., Shaw, A., Shaw, R., Sheikh, H., Shepherd, A., Shevelev, A., Shumack, A., Sias, G., Sibbald, M., Sieglin, B., Silburn, S., Silva, A., Silva, C., Simmons, P. A., Simpson, J., Simpson-Hutchinson, J., Sinha, A., Sipilä, S. K., Sips, A. C. C., Sirén, P., Sirinelli, A., Sjöstrand, H., Skiba, M., Skilton, R., Slabkowska, K., Slade, B., Smith, N., Smith, P. G., Smith, R., Smith, T. J., Smithies, M., Snoj, L., Soare, S., Solano, E. R., Somers, A., Sommariva, C., Sonato, P., Sopplesa, A., Sousa, J., Sozzi, C., Spagnolo, S., Spelzini, T., Spineanu, F., Stables, G., Stamatelatos, I., Stamp, M. F., Staniec, P., Stankunas, G., Stan-Sion, C., Stead, M. J., Stefanikova, E., Stepanov, I., Stephen, A. V., Stephen, M., Stevens, A., Stevens, B. D., Strachan, J., Strand, P., Strauss, H. R., Ström, P., Stubbs, G., Studholme, W., Subba, F., Summers, H. P., Svensson, J., Swiderski, L., Szabolics, T., Szawlowski, M., Szepesi, G., Suzuki, T. T., Tál, B., Tala, T., Talbot, A. R., Talebzadeh, S., Taliercio, C., Tamain, P., Tame, C., Tang, W., Tardocchi, M., Taroni, L., Taylor, D., Taylor, K. A., Tegnered, D., Telesca, G., Teplova, N., Terranova, D., Testa, D., Tholerus, E., Thomas, J., Thomas, J. D., Thomas, P., Thompson, A., Thompson, C. -A., Thompson, V. K., Thorne, L., Thornton, A., Thrysøe, A. S., Tigwell, P. A., Tipton, N., Tiseanu, I., Tojo, H., Tokitani, M., Tolias, P., Tomeš, M., Tonner, P., Towndrow, M., Trimble, P., Tripsky, M., Tsalas, M., Tsavalas, P., Tskhakayajun, D., Turner, I., Turner, M. M., Turnyanskiy, M., Tvalashvili, G., Tyrrell, S. G. J., Uccello, A., Ul-Abidin, Z., Uljanovs, J., Ulyatt, D., Urano, H., Uytdenhouwen, I., Vadgama, A. P., Valentinuzzi, M., Valisa, M., Vallejos Olivares, P., Valovic, M., Van De Morte, M., Van Renterghem, W., Van Rooij, G. J., Varje, J., Varoutis, S., Vartanian, S., Vasava, K., Vasilopoulou, T., Vega, J., Verdoolaege, G., Verhoeven, R., Verona, C., Verona Rinati, G., Veshchev, E., Vianello, N., Vicente, J., Viezzer, E., Villari, S., Villone, F., Vincenzi, P., Vinyar, I., Viola, B., Vitins, A., Vizvary, Z., Vlad, M., Voitsekhovitch, I., Vondrácek, P., Vora, N., Vu, T., Pires De Sa, W. W., Wakeling, B., Waldon, C. W. F., Walkden, N., Walker, M., Walker, R., Walsh, M., Wang, E., Wang, N., Warder, S., Warren, R. J., Waterhouse, J., Watkins, N. W., Watts, C., Wauters, T., Weckmann, A., Weiland, J., Weiszflog, M., Wellstood, C., West, A. T., Wheatley, M. R., Whetham, S., Whitehead, A. M., Whitehead, B. D., Widdowson, A. M., Wiesen, S., Wilkinson, J., Williams, J., Williams, M., Wilson, A. R., Wilson, D. J., Wilson, H. R., Wilson, J., Wischmeier, M., Withenshaw, G., Withycombe, A., Witts, D. M., Wood, D., Wood, R., Woodley, C., Wray, S., Wu, J., Wukitch, S., Wynn, A., Xu, T., Yadikin, D., Yanling, W., Yao, L., Yavorskij, V., Yoo, M. G., Young, C., Young, D., Young, I. D., Young, R., Zacks, J., Zagorski, R., Zaitsev, F. S., Zanino, R., Zarins, A., Zastrow, K. D., Zerbini, M., Zhang, W., Zhou, Y., Zilli, E., Zoita, V., Zoletnik, S., Zychor, I., Fortuna, Luigi, Laboratory for Plasma Physics (LPP), Ecole Royale Militaire / Koninklijke Militaire School (ERM KMS), Barcelona Supercomputing Center - Centro Nacional de Supercomputacion (BSC - CNS), EURATOM/CCFE Fusion Association, Culham Science Centre [Abingdon], Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca = University of Milano-Bicocca (UNIMIB), Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear [Lisboa] (IPFN), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa (IST), Institut de Recherche sur la Fusion par confinement Magnétique (IRFM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] (IAC), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL), Princeton University, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille (CINaM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), York Plasma Institute (YPI), University of York [York, UK], ITER organization (ITER), School of Earth and Environmental Sciences [Seoul] (SEES), Seoul National University [Seoul] (SNU), Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo (UTokyo), School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT), Association EURATOM-TEKES, Association EURATOM-TEKES, Helsinki University of Technology, Finland, Assoc. Euratom-ENEA-CREATE, Universita Mediterranea of Reggio Calabria [Reggio Calabria], University of Naples Federico II = Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik [Garching] (IPP), Università degli studi di Catania = University of Catania (Unict), National Institute for Fusion Science (NIFS), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies (LPNHE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Pharmacology, Division of Neuroscience, Medical School-University of Birmingham [Birmingham], Consorzio RFX, Associazione Euratom/ENEA sulla Fusione (RFX), Agenzia Nazionale per le nuove Tecnologie, l’energia e lo sviluppo economico sostenibile = Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Fusion Development Agreement [Garching bei München] ( EFDA-CSU), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées et de Technologie [Tunis] (INSAT), H. Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polska Akademia Nauk = Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), Laboratoire de recherche en Hydrodynamique, Énergétique et Environnement Atmosphérique (LHEEA), École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Chimie, Ingénierie Moléculaire et Matériaux d'Angers (CIMMA), Université d'Angers (UA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Euratom/UKAEA Fusion Assoc., Magnetic Sensor laboratory [Lviv] (MSL), National Polytechnic University of Lviv (LPNU), The National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute) [Moscow, Russia], Institute of Energy and Climate Research - Plasma Physics (IEK-4), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Centre de recherche de Juliers, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association-Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association, inconnu temporaire UPEMLV, Inconnu, Institute for Problems of Material Science, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NASU), UMR CNRS 8179, Université de Lille, Sciences et Technologies-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Plasma Physics [Praha], Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), Istituto di Fisica del Plasma, EURATOM-ENEA-CNR Association, National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Physique des interactions ioniques et moléculaires (PIIM), Department of Breast Surgery, Wansbeck General Hospital, Département Méthodes et Modèles Mathématiques pour l'Industrie (3MI-ENSMSE), École des Mines de Saint-Étienne (Mines Saint-Étienne MSE), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre G2I, Culham Centre for Fusion Energy (CCFE), Department of Hydraulics, Transportations and Roads, Laboratoire de microbiologie et génétique moléculaires - UMR5100 (LMGM), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion [Warsaw] (IPPLM), Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research [Eindhoven] (DIFFER), Mullard Space Science Laboratory (MSSL), University College of London [London] (UCL), Astrophysics Research Centre [Belfast] (ARC), Queen's University [Belfast] (QUB), Département de Recherche sur la Fusion Contrôlée (DRFC), Institut fur Theoretische Physik, D-93040, Universitat Regensburg - Germany, Universität Regensburg (UR), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives - Laboratoire d'Electronique et de Technologie de l'Information (CEA-LETI), Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Australian Antarctic Division (AAD), Australian Government, Department of the Environment and Energy, Associazone EURATOM ENEA sulla Fusione, EURATOM, Laboratoire de physique des plasmas de l'ERM, Laboratorium voor plasmafysica van de KMS (LPP ERM KMS), Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik (PDI), Institut für Physik, University of Basel (Unibas), Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research [Nieuwegein] (DIFFER), Laboratoire de Mécanique de Lille - FRE 3723 (LML), Université de Lille, Sciences et Technologies-Centrale Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Plasma Physics, Association Euratom/IPP.CR (IPP PRAGUE), UKAEA Fusion, Optimisation Métabolique et Cellulaire, Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), CEA Cadarache, Fondazione Bruno Kessler [Trento, Italy] (FBK), NIPNE -Bucharest-Magurele (NIPNE), NIPNE, Dept of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, University of Évora [Portugal], Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics [Livermore] (IGPP), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica Elettronica e dei Sistemi, MARine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation (UMR MARBEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Physics [Stockholm], Stockholm University, Laboratoire de Mécanique, Modélisation et Procédés Propres (M2P2), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Dept. of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Tsinghua University [Beijing] (THU), CEntre Technique des Industries Mécaniques - Cetim (FRANCE), Institut universitaire des systèmes thermiques industriels (IUSTI), Sygen International Plc, A.F. Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Association EURATOM-CEA (CEA/DSM/DRFC), Australian Tsunami Research Centre, Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet (LLR), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier - Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux de Montpellier (ICGM), Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier (ENSCM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, European Project: 633053,H2020,EURATOM-Adhoc-2014-20,EUROfusion(2014), Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, Kazakov, Y. O., Ongena, J., Wright, J. C., Wukitch, S. J., Lerche, E., Mantsinen, M. J., Van Eester, D., Craciunescu, T., Kiptily, V. G., Lin, Y., Nocente, M., Nabais, F., Nave, M. F. F., Baranov, Y., Bielecki, J., Bilato, R., Bobkov, V., Crombã©, K., Czarnecka, A., Faustin, J. M., Felton, R., Fitzgerald, M., Gallart, D., Giacomelli, L., Golfinopoulos, T., Hubbard, A. E., Jacquet, P. h., Johnson, T., Lennholm, M., Loarer, T., Porkolab, M., Sharapov, S. E., Valcarcel, D., Van Schoor, M., Weisen, H., Marmar, E. S., Baek, S. G., Barnard, H., Bonoli, P., Brunner, D., Candy, J., Canik, J., Churchill, R. M., Cziegler, I., Dekow, G., Delgado-Aparicio, L., Diallo, A., Edlund, E., Ennever, P., Faust, I., Fiore, C., Gao, C., Greenwald, M., Hartwig, Z. S., Holland, C., Hughes, J. W., Hutchinson, I. H., Irby, J., Labombard, B., Lipschultz, B., Loarte, A., Mumgaard, R., Parker, R. R., Reinke, M. L., Rice, J. E., Scott, S., Shiraiwa, S., Snyder, P., Sorbom, B., Terry, D., Terry, J. L., Theiler, C., Vieira, R., Walk, J. R., Wallace, G. M., White, A., Whyte, D., Wolfe, S. M., Wright, G. M., Wright, J., Xu, P., Abduallev, S., Abhangi, M., Abreu, P., Afzal, M., Aggarwal, K. M., Ahlgren, T., Ahn, J. H., Aho-Mantila, L., Aiba, N., Airila, M., Albanese, R., Aldred, V., Alegre, D., Alessi, E., Aleynikov, P., Alfier, A., Alkseev, A., Allinson, M., Alper, B., Alves, E., Ambrosino, G., Ambrosino, R., Amicucci, L., Amosov, V., Andersson Sundén, E., Angelone, M., Anghel, M., Angioni, C., Appel, L., Appelbee, C., Arena, P., Ariola, M., Arnichand, H., Arshad, S., Ash, A., Ashikawa, N., Aslanyan, V., Asunta, O., Auriemma, F., Austin, Y., Avotina, L., Axton, M. D., Ayres, C., Bacharis, M., Baciero, A., Baiã£o, D., Bailey, S., Baker, A., Balboa, I., Balden, M., Balshaw, N., Bament, R., Banks, J. W., Baranov, Y. F., Barnard, M. A., Barnes, D., Barnes, M., Barnsley, R., Baron Wiechec, A., Barrera Orte, L., Baruzzo, M., Basiuk, V., Bassan, M., Bastow, R., Batista, A., Batistoni, P., Baughan, R., Bauvir, B., Baylor, L., Bazylev, B., Beal, J., Beaumont, P. S., Beckers, M., Beckett, B., Becoulet, A., Bekris, N., Beldishevski, M., Bell, K., Belli, F., Bellinger, M., Belonohy, E., Ben Ayed, N., Benterman, N. A., Bergsã¥ker, H., Bernardo, J., Bernert, M., Berry, M., Bertalot, L., Besliu, C., Beurskens, M., Bieg, B., Biewer, T., Bigi, M., Bã­lkovã¡, P., Binda, F., Bisoff, A., Bizarro, J. P. S., Bjã¶rkas, C., Blackburn, J., Blackman, K., Blackman, T. R., Blanchard, P., Blatchford, P., Boboc, A., Bodnã¡r, G., Bogar, O., Bolshakova, I., Bolzonella, T., Bonanomi, N., Bonelli, F., Boom, J., Booth, J., Borba, D., Borodin, D., Borodkina, I., Botrugno, A., Bottereau, C., Boulting, P., Bourdelle, C., Bowden, M., Bower, C., Bowman, C., Boyce, T., Boyd, C., Boyer, H. J., Bradshaw, J. M. A., Braic, V., Bravanec, R., Breizman, B., Bremond, S., Brennan, P. D., Breton, S., Brett, A., Brezinsek, S., Bright, M. D. J., Brix, M., Broeckx, W., Brombin, M., Broslawski, A., Brown, D. P. D., Brown, M., Bruno, E., Bucalossi, J., Buch, J., Buchanan, J., Buckley, M. A., Budny, R., Bufferand, H., Bulman, M., Bulmer, N., Bunting, P., Buratti, P., Burckhart, A., Buscarino, A., Busse, A., Butler, N. K., Bykov, I., Byrne, J., Cahyna, P., Calabro, G., Calvo, I., Camenen, Y., Camp, P., Campling, D. C., Cane, J., Cannas, B., Capel, A. J., Card, P. J., Cardinali, A., Carman, P., Carr, M., Carralero, D., Carraro, L., Carvalho, B. B., Carvalho, I., Carvalho, P., Casson, F. J., Castaldo, C., Catarino, N., Caumont, J., Causa, F., Cavazzana, R., Cave-Ayland, K., Cavinato, M., Cecconello, M., Ceccuzzi, S., Cecil, E., Cenedese, A., Cesario, R., Challis, C. D., Chandler, M., Chandra, D., Chang, C. S., Chankin, A., Chapman, I. T., Chapman, S. C., Chernyshova, M., Chitarin, G., Ciraolo, G., Ciric, D., Citrin, J., Clairet, F., Clark, E., Clark, M., Clarkson, R., Clatworthy, D., Clements, C., Cleverly, M., Coad, J. P., Coates, P. A., Cobalt, A., Coccorese, V., Cocilovo, V., Coda, S., Coelho, R., Coenen, J. W., Coffey, I., Colas, L., Collins, S., Conka, D., Conroy, S., Conway, N., Coombs, D., Cooper, D., Cooper, S. R., Corradino, C., Corre, Y., Corrigan, G., Cortes, S., Coster, D., Couchman, A. S., Cox, M. P., Cramp, S., Craven, R., Crisanti, F., Croci, G., Croft, D., Crowe, R., Cruz, N., Cseh, G., Cufar, A., Cullen, A., Curuia, M., Dabirikhah, H., Dalgliesh, P., Dalley, S., Dankowski, J., Darrow, D., Davies, O., Davis, W., Day, C., Day, I. E., De Bock, M., De Castro, A., De La Cal, E., De La Luna, E., De Masi, G., De Pablos, J. L., De Temmerman, G., De Tommasi, G., De Vries, P., Deakin, K., Deane, J., Degli Agostini, F., Dejarnac, R., Delabie, E., Den Harder, N., Dendy, R. O., Denis, J., Denner, P., Devaux, S., Devynck, P., Di Maio, F., Di Siena, A., Di Troia, C., Dinca, P., D'Inca, R., Ding, B., Dittmar, T., Doerk, H., Doerner, R. P., Donnã©, T., Dorling, S. E., Dormido-Canto, S., Doswon, S., Douai, D., Doyle, P. T., Drenik, A., Drewelow, P., Drews, P., Duckworth, P. h., Dumont, R., Dumortier, P., Dunai, D., Dunne, M., Duran, I., Durodiã©, F., Dutta, P., Duval, B. P., Dux, R., Dylst, K., Dzysiuk, N., Edappala, P. V., Edmond, J., Edwards, A. M., Edwards, J., Eich, T. h., Ekedahl, A., El-Jorf, R., Elsmore, C. G., Enachescu, M., Ericsson, G., Eriksson, F., Eriksson, J., Eriksson, L. G., Esposito, B., Esquembri, S., Esser, H. G., Esteve, D., Evans, B., Evans, G. E., Evison, G., Ewart, G. D., Fagan, D., Faitsch, M., Falie, D., Fanni, A., Fasoli, A., Fawlk, N., Fazendeiro, L., Fedorczak, N., Felton, R. C., Fenton, K., Fernades, A., Fernandes, H., Ferreira, J., Fessey, J. A., Fã©vrier, O., Ficker, O., Field, A., Fietz, S., Figueiredo, A., Figueiredo, J., Fil, A., Finburg, P., Firdaouss, M., Fischer, U., Fittill, L., Flammini, D., Flanagan, J., Fleming, C., Flinders, K., Fonnesu, N., Fontdecaba, J. M., Formisano, A., Forsythe, L., Fortuna, L., Fortuna-Zalesna, E., Fortune, M., Foster, S., Franke, T., Franklin, T., Frasca, M., Frassinetti, L., Freisinger, M., Fresa, R., Frigione, D., Fuchs, V., Fuller, D., Futatani, S., Fyvie, J., Gã¡l, K., Galassi, D., Galazka, K., Galdon-Quiroga, J., Gallagher, J., Galvã£o, R., Gao, X., Gao, Y., Garcia, J., Garcia-Carrasco, A., García-Muñoz, M., Gardarein, J. -. L., Garzotti, L., Gaudio, P., Gauthier, E., Gear, D. F., Gee, S. J., Geiger, B., Gelfusa, M., Gerasimov, S., Gervasini, G., Gethins, M., Ghani, Z., Ghate, M., Gherendi, M., Giacalone, J. C., Gibson, C. S., Giegerich, T., Gil, C., Gil, L., Gilligan, S., Gin, D., Giovannozzi, E., Girardo, J. B., Giroud, C., Giruzzi, G., Glã¶ggler, S., Godwin, J., Goff, J., Gohil, P., Goloborod'Ko, V., Gomes, R., Gonã§alves, B., Goniche, M., Goodliffe, M., Goodyear, A., Gorini, G., Gosk, M., Goulding, R., Goussarov, A., Gowland, R., Graham, B., Graham, M. E., Graves, J. P., Grazier, N., Grazier, P., Green, N. R., Greuner, H., Grierson, B., Griph, F. S., Grisolia, C., Grist, D., Groth, M., Grove, R., Grundy, C. N., Grzonka, J., Guard, D., Guã©rard, C., Guillemaut, C., Guirlet, R., Gurl, C., Utoh, H. H., Hackett, L. J., Hacquin, S., Hagar, A., Hager, R., Hakola, A., Halitovs, M., Hall, S. J., Hallworth Cook, S. P., Hamlyn-Harris, C., Hammond, K., Harrington, C., Harrison, J., Harting, D., Hasenbeck, F., Hatano, Y., Hatch, D. R., Haupt, T. D. V., Hawes, J., Hawkes, N. C., Hawkins, J., Hawkins, P., Haydon, P. W., Hayter, N., Hazel, S., Heesterman, P. J. L., Heinola, K., Hellesen, C., Hellsten, T., Helou, W., Hemming, O. N., Hender, T. C., Henderson, M., Henderson, S. S., Henriques, R., Hepple, D., Hermon, G., Hertout, P., Hidalgo, C., Highcock, E. G., Hill, M., Hillairet, J., Hillesheim, J., Hillis, D., Hizanidis, K., Hjalmarsson, A., Hobirk, J., Hodille, E., Hogben, C. H. A., Hogeweij, G. M. D., Hollingsworth, A., Hollis, S., Homfray, D. A., Horã¡cek, J., Hornung, G., Horton, A. R., Horton, L. D., Horvath, L., Hotchin, S. P., Hough, M. R., Howarth, P. J., Hubbard, A., Huber, A., Huber, V., Huddleston, T. M., Hughes, M., Huijsmans, G. T. A., Hunter, C. L., Huynh, P., Hynes, A. M., Iglesias, D., Imazawa, N., Imbeaux, F., Imrã­å¡ek, M., Incelli, M., Innocente, P., Irishkin, M., Ivanova-Stanik, I., Jachmich, S., Jacobsen, A. S., Jacquet, P., Jansons, J., Jardin, A., Jã¤rvinen, A., Jaulmes, F., Jednorã³g, S., Jenkins, I., Jeong, C., Jepu, I., Joffrin, E., Johnson, R., Johnston, J., Joita, L., Jones, G., Jones, T. T. C., Hoshino, K. K., Kallenbach, A., Kamiya, K., Kaniewski, J., Kantor, A., Kappatou, A., Karhunen, J., Karkinsky, D., Karnowska, I., Kaufman, M., Kaveney, G., Kazakov, Y., Kazantzidis, V., Keeling, D. L., Keenan, T., Keep, J., Kempenaars, M., Kennedy, C., Kenny, D., Kent, J., Kent, O. N., Khilkevich, E., Kim, H. T., Kim, H. S., Kinch, A., King, C., King, D., King, R. F., Kinna, D. J., Kiptily, V., Kirk, A., Kirov, K., Kirschner, A., Kizane, G., Klepper, C., Klix, A., Knight, P., Knipe, S. J., Knott, S., Kobuchi, T., Kã¶chl, F., Kocsis, G., Kodeli, I., Kogan, L., Kogut, D., Koivuranta, S., Kominis, Y., Kã¶ppen, M., Kos, B., Koskela, T., Koslowski, H. R., Koubiti, M., Kovari, M., Kowalska-Strzeciwilk, E., Krasilnikov, A., Krasilnikov, V., Krawczyk, N., Kresina, M., Krieger, K., Krivska, A., Kruezi, U., Ksiazek, I., Kukushkin, A., Kundu, A., Kurki-Suonio, T., Kwak, S., Kwiatkowski, R., Kwon, O. J., Laguardia, L., Lahtinen, A., Laing, A., Lam, N., Lambertz, H. T., Lane, C., Lang, P. T., Lanthaler, S., Lapins, J., Lasa, A., Last, J. R., Laszynska, E., Lawless, R., Lawson, A., Lawson, K. D., Lazaros, A., Lazzaro, E., Leddy, J., Lee, S., Lefebvre, X., Leggate, H. J., Lehmann, J., Lehnen, M., Leichtle, D., Leichuer, P., Leipold, F., Lengar, I., Lescinskis, A., Lesnoj, S., Letellier, E., Leyland, M., Leysen, W., Li, L., Liang, Y., Likonen, J., Linke, J., Linsmeier, C. h., Litaudon, X., Liu, G., Liu, Y., Lo Schiavo, V. P., Lobel, R. C., Lomanowski, B., Lomas, P. J., Lã¶nnroth, J., Lã³pez, J. M., López-Razola, J., Lorenzini, R., Losada, U., Lovell, J. J., Loving, A. B., Lowry, C., Luce, T., Lucock, R. M. A., Lukin, A., Luna, C., Lungaroni, M., Lungu, C. P., Lungu, M., Lunniss, A., Lupelli, I., Lyssoivan, A., Macdonald, N., Macheta, P., Maczewa, K., Magesh, B., Maget, P., Maggi, C., Maier, H., Mailloux, J., Makkonen, T., Makwana, R., Malaquias, A., Malizia, A., Manas, P., Manning, A., Manso, M. E., Mantica, P., Mantsinen, M., Manzanares, A., Maquet, P. h., Marandet, Y., Marcenko, N., Marchetto, C., Marchuk, O., Marinelli, M., Marinucci, M., Markovic, T., Marocco, D., Marot, L., Marren, C. A., Marshal, R., Martin, A., Martin, Y., Martín De Aguilera, A., Martã­nez, F. J., Martín-Solís, J. R., Martynova, Y., Maruyama, S., Masiello, A., Maslov, M., Matejcik, S., Mattei, M., Matthews, G. F., Maviglia, F., Mayer, M., Mayoral, M. L., May-Smith, T., Mazon, D., Mazzotta, C., Mcadams, R., Mccarthy, P. J., Mcclements, K. G., Mccormack, O., Mccullen, P. A., Mcdonald, D., Mcintosh, S., Mckean, R., Mckehon, J., Meadows, R. C., Meakins, A., Medina, F., Medland, M., Medley, S., Meigh, S., Meigs, A. G., Meisl, G., Meitner, S., Meneses, L., Menmuir, S., Mergia, K., Merrigan, I. R., Mertens, P. h., Meshchaninov, S., Messiaen, A., Meyer, H., Mianowski, S., Michling, R., Middleton-Gear, D., Miettunen, J., Militello, F., Militello-Asp, E., Miloshevsky, G., Mink, F., Minucci, S., Miyoshi, Y., Mlynã¡r, J., Molina, D., Monakhov, I., Moneti, M., Mooney, R., Moradi, S., Mordijck, S., Moreira, L., Moreno, R., Moro, F., Morris, A. W., Morris, J., Moser, L., Mosher, S., Moulton, D., Murari, A., Muraro, A., Murphy, S., Asakura, N. N., Na, Y. S., Naish, R., Nakano, T., Nardon, E., Naulin, V., Nedzelski, I., Nemtsev, G., Nespoli, F., Neto, A., Neu, R., Neverov, V. S., Newman, M., Nicholls, K. J., Nicolas, T., Nielsen, A. H., Nielsen, P., Nilsson, E., Nishijima, D., Noble, C., Nodwell, D., Nordlund, K., Nordman, H., Nouailletas, R., Nunes, I., Oberkofler, M., Odupitan, T., Ogawa, M. T., O'Gorman, T., Okabayashi, M., Olney, R., Omolayo, O., O'Mullane, M., Orsitto, F., Orszagh, J., Oswuigwe, B. I., Otin, R., Owen, A., Paccagnella, R., Pace, N., Pacella, D., Packer, L. W., Page, A., Pajuste, E., Palazzo, S., Pamela, S., Panja, S., Papp, P., Paprok, R., Parail, V., Park, M., Parra Diaz, F., Parsons, M., Pasqualotto, R., Patel, A., Pathak, S., Paton, D., Patten, H., Pau, A., Pawelec, E., Paz Soldan, C., Peackoc, A., Pearson, I. J., Pehkonen, S. -. P., Peluso, E., Penot, C., Pereira, A., Pereira, R., Pereira Puglia, P. P., Perez Von Thun, C., Peruzzo, S., Peschanyi, S., Peterka, M., Petersson, P., Petravich, G., Petre, A., Petrella, N., Petrå¾ilka, V., Peysson, Y., Pfefferlã©, D., Philipps, V., Pillon, M., Pintsuk, G., Piovesan, P., Pires Dos Reis, A., Piron, L., Pironti, A., Pisano, Null, Pitts, R., Pizzo, F., Plyusnin, V., Pomaro, N., Pompilian, O. G., Pool, P. J., Popovichev, S., Porfiri, M. T., Porosnicu, C., Porton, M., Possnert, G., Potzel, S., Powell, T., Pozzi, J., Prajapati, V., Prakash, R., Prestopino, G., Price, D., Price, M., Price, R., Prior, P., Proudfoot, R., Pucella, G., Puglia, P., Puiatti, M. E., Pulley, D., Purahoo, K., Pã¼tterich, T., Rachlew, E., Rack, M., Ragona, R., Rainford, M. S. J., Rakha, A., Ramogida, G., Ranjan, S., Rapson, C. J., Rasmussen, J. J., Rathod, K., Rattã¡, G., Ratynskaia, S., Ravera, G., Rayner, C., Rebai, M., Reece, D., Reed, A., Rã©fy, D., Regan, B., Regaã±a, J., Reich, M., Reid, N., Reimold, F., Reinhart, M., Reinke, M., Reiser, D., Rendell, D., Reux, C., Reyes Cortes, S. D. A., Reynolds, S., Riccardo, V., Richardson, N., Riddle, K., Rigamonti, D., Rimini, F. G., Risner, J., Riva, M., Roach, C., Robins, R. J., Robinson, S. A., Robinson, T., Robson, D. W., Roccella, R., Rodionov, R., Rodrigues, P., Rodriguez, J., Rohde, V., Romanelli, F., Romanelli, M., Romanelli, S., Romazanov, J., Rowe, S., Rubel, M., Rubinacci, G., Rubino, G., Ruchko, L., Ruiz, M., Ruset, C., Rzadkiewicz, J., Saarelma, S., Sabot, R., Safi, E., Sagar, P., Saibene, G., Saint-Laurent, F., Salewski, M., Salmi, A., Salmon, R., Salzedas, F., Samaddar, D., Samm, U., Sandiford, D., Santa, P., Santala, M. I. K., Santos, B., Santucci, A., Sartori, F., Sartori, R., Sauter, O., Scannell, R., Schlummer, T., Schmid, K., Schmidt, V., Schmuck, S., Schneider, M., Schã¶pf, K., Schwã¶rer, D., Scott, S. D., Sergienko, G., Sertoli, M., Shabbir, A., Shaw, A., Shaw, R., Sheikh, H., Shepherd, A., Shevelev, A., Shumack, A., Sias, G., Sibbald, M., Sieglin, B., Silburn, S., Silva, A., Silva, C., Simmons, P. A., Simpson, J., Simpson-Hutchinson, J., Sinha, A., Sipilã¤, S. K., Sips, A. C. C., Sirã©n, P., Sirinelli, A., Sjã¶strand, H., Skiba, M., Skilton, R., Slabkowska, K., Slade, B., Smith, N., Smith, P. G., Smith, R., Smith, T. J., Smithies, M., Snoj, L., Soare, S., Solano, E. R., Somers, A., Sommariva, C., Sonato, P., Sopplesa, A., Sousa, J., Sozzi, C., Spagnolo, S., Spelzini, T., Spineanu, F., Stables, G., Stamatelatos, I., Stamp, M. F., Staniec, P., Stankunas, G., Stan-Sion, C., Stead, M. J., Stefanikova, E., Stepanov, I., Stephen, A. V., Stephen, M., Stevens, A., Stevens, B. D., Strachan, J., Strand, P., Strauss, H. R., Strã¶m, P., Stubbs, G., Studholme, W., Subba, F., Summers, H. P., Svensson, J., Swiderski, L., Szabolics, T., Szawlowski, M., Szepesi, G., Suzuki, T. T., Tã¡l, B., Tala, T., Talbot, A. R., Talebzadeh, S., Taliercio, C., Tamain, P., Tame, C., Tang, W., Tardocchi, M., Taroni, L., Taylor, D., Taylor, K. A., Tegnered, D., Telesca, G., Teplova, N., Terranova, D., Testa, D., Tholerus, E., Thomas, J., Thomas, J. D., Thomas, P., Thompson, A., Thompson, C. -. A., Thompson, V. K., Thorne, L., Thornton, A., Thrysã¸e, A. S., Tigwell, P. A., Tipton, N., Tiseanu, I., Tojo, H., Tokitani, M., Tolias, P., Tomeå¡, M., Tonner, P., Towndrow, M., Trimble, P., Tripsky, M., Tsalas, M., Tsavalas, P., Tskhakayajun, D., Turner, I., Turner, M. M., Turnyanskiy, M., Tvalashvili, G., Tyrrell, S. G. J., Uccello, A., Ul-Abidin, Z., Uljanovs, J., Ulyatt, D., Urano, H., Uytdenhouwen, I., Vadgama, A. P., Valentinuzzi, M., Valisa, M., Vallejos Olivares, P., Valovic, M., Van De Morte, M., Van Renterghem, W., Van Rooij, G. J., Varje, J., Varoutis, S., Vartanian, S., Vasava, K., Vasilopoulou, T., Vega, J., Verdoolaege, G., Verhoeven, R., Verona, C., Verona Rinati, G., Veshchev, E., Vianello, N., Vicente, J., Viezzer, E., Villari, S., Villone, F., Vincenzi, P., Vinyar, I., Viola, B., Vitins, A., Vizvary, Z., Vlad, M., Voitsekhovitch, I., Vondrã¡cek, P., Vora, N., Vu, T., Pires De Sa, W. W., Wakeling, B., Waldon, C. W. F., Walkden, N., Walker, M., Walker, R., Walsh, M., Wang, E., Wang, N., Warder, S., Warren, R. J., Waterhouse, J., Watkins, N. W., Watts, C., Wauters, T., Weckmann, A., Weiland, J., Weiszflog, M., Wellstood, C., West, A. T., Wheatley, M. R., Whetham, S., Whitehead, A. M., Whitehead, B. D., Widdowson, A. M., Wiesen, S., Wilkinson, J., Williams, J., Williams, M., Wilson, A. R., Wilson, D. J., Wilson, H. R., Wilson, J., Wischmeier, M., Withenshaw, G., Withycombe, A., Witts, D. M., Wood, D., Wood, R., Woodley, C., Wray, S., Wu, J., Wukitch, S., Wynn, A., Xu, T., Yadikin, D., Yanling, W., Yao, L., Yavorskij, V., Yoo, M. G., Young, C., Young, D., Young, I. D., Young, R., Zacks, J., Zagorski, R., Zaitsev, F. S., Zanino, R., Zarins, A., Zastrow, K. D., Zerbini, M., Zhang, W., Zhou, Y., Zilli, E., Zoita, V., Zoletnik, S., Zychor, I., Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca [Milano] (UNIMIB), Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Università degli studi di Catania [Catania], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lille, Sciences et Technologies, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] (CNR), Laboratoire de microbiologie et génétique moléculaires (LMGM), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier - Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux de Montpellier (ICGM ICMMM), Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier (ENSCM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Division of Applied Nuclear Physics, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Wright, John C, Wukitch, Stephen James, Lin, Yijun, Golfinopoulos, Theodore, Hubbard, Amanda E, Porkolab, Miklos, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université de Lille, Sciences et Technologies-Ecole Centrale de Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Kazakov, Y, Ongena, J, Wright, J, Wukitch, S, Lerche, E, Mantsinen, M, Van Eester, D, Craciunescu, T, Kiptily, V, Lin, Y, Nocente, M, Nabais, F, Nave, M, Baranov, Y, Bielecki, J, Bilato, R, Bobkov, V, Crombã©, K, Czarnecka, A, Faustin, J, Felton, R, Fitzgerald, M, Gallart, D, Giacomelli, L, Golfinopoulos, T, Hubbard, A, Jacquet, P, Johnson, T, Lennholm, M, Loarer, T, Porkolab, M, Sharapov, S, Valcarcel, D, Van Schoor, M, Weisen, H, Crombé, K., Jacquet, Ph., Andersson Sundén, E., Baião, D., Bergsåker, H., Bílková, P., Björkas, C., Bodnár, G., Donné, T., Duckworth, Ph., Durodié, F., Eich, Th., Février, O., Gál, K., Galvão, R., García-Muñoz, M., Gardarein, J. -L., Glöggler, S., Gonçalves, B., Guérard, C., Horácek, J., Imríšek, M., Järvinen, A., Jednoróg, S., Köchl, F., Köppen, M., Linsmeier, Ch., Lönnroth, J., López, J. M., López-Razola, J., Maquet, Ph., Martín De Aguilera, A., Martínez, F. J., Martín-Solís, J. R., Mertens, Ph., Mlynár, J., Pehkonen, S. -P., Petržilka, V., Pfefferlé, D., Pütterich, T., Rattá, G., Réfy, D., Regaña, J., Schöpf, K., Schwörer, D., Sipilä, S. K., Sirén, P., Sjöstrand, H., Ström, P., Tál, B., Thompson, C. -A., Thrysøe, A. S., Tomeš, M., Vondrácek, P., Materials Physics, Department of Physics, Applied Physics and Science Education, Elementary Processes in Gas Discharges, Science and Technology of Nuclear Fusion, Magneto-Hydro-Dynamic Stability of Fusion Plasmas, JET Contributors, and Alcator C-Mod Team

Subjects
Astrophysical plasmas, Tokamak, radio-frequency heating, Cyclotron, Joint European Torus, Plasma heating, General Physics and Astronomy, FREQUENCY, 114 Physical sciences, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Magnetically confined plasmas, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Ion, PHYSICS, Physics and Astronomy (all), FUSION, MODE CONVERSION, law, Physics::Plasma Physics, 0103 physical sciences, Dielectric heating, 010306 general physics, Physics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], ta114, Solar flare, Física [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], Plasma dynamics, multi-ion plasmas, Settore FIS/01 - Fisica Sperimentale, Magnetic confinement fusion, Plasma, HE-3-RICH SOLAR-FLARES, Tècniques de plasma, JET, CYCLOTRON RANGE, TOKAMAK, Physics::Space Physics, Atomic physics
Abstract

We describe a new technique for the efficient generation of high-energy ions with electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves in multi-ion plasmas. The discussed ‘three-ion’ scenarios are especially suited for strong wave absorption by a very low number of resonant ions. To observe this effect, the plasma composition has to be properly adjusted, as prescribed by theory. We demonstrate the potential of the method on the world-largest plasma magnetic confinement device, JET (Joint European Torus, Culham, UK), and the high-magnetic-field tokamak Alcator C-Mod (Cambridge, USA). The obtained results demonstrate efficient acceleration of 3He ions to high energies in dedicated hydrogen–deuterium mixtures. Simultaneously, effective plasma heating is observed, as a result of the slowing-down of the fast 3He ions. The developed technique is not only limited to laboratory plasmas, but can also be applied to explain observations of energetic ions in space-plasma environments, in particular, 3He-rich solar flares. This paper is dedicated to the late P. E. M. Vandenplas, founder and first director of LPP-ERM/KMS, in recognition of his lifelong outstanding commitment to fusion research, in particular to ICRH. The support from the JET and Alcator C-Mod Teams is warmly acknowledged. We are grateful to A. Cardinali, C. Castaldo, R. Dumont, J. Eriksson, T. Fülöp, C. Giroud, C. Hellesen, S. Menmuir and M. Schneider for fruitful discussions. This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium and has received funding from the Euratom research and training programme 2014–2018 under grant agreement no. 633053. The views and opinions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the European Commission. This work was also supported by the US DoE, Office of Science, Office of Fusion Energy Sciences, SciDAC Center for Simulation of Wave Plasma Interactions under DE-FC02-01ER54648 and the User Facility Alcator C-Mod under DE-FC02-99ER54512. The Alcator C-Mod Team author list is reproduced from ref. 12. The JET Contributors author list is reproduced from ref. 33.

213. Factorial Ecologies: Oblique and Orthogonal Solutions. A Case Study of the New York SMSA

Author

Hughes, J W and Carey, G W

Abstract

The utilization of factor analytic methods in the investigation of the spatial structure of urban areas has raised several methodological concerns. Two of these issues are examined in this study: the validity of the orthogonal model, and the possibility of bias through boundary drawing.This paper thus focuses on the effect of the choice of rotational technique upon the derived factor structures at three levels of metropolitan delineation—metropolitan area, city, and inner city sub-area. The rotational techniques are examined specifically in regard to dimensional interpretation and dimensional interrelationships at the three scales of observation. The findings have important methodological implication for the investigation of microregion structural variations.

Published
1972
Full Text
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217. Receipt for payment from J. H. Woodward to J. W. Hughes, Birmingham, Alabama, January 3, 1898

Author

Hughes, J. W. and Hughes, J. W.

Abstract

A document from an extensive collection spanning four generations of the Woodward family that operated merchant pig iron companies in West Virginia and Alabama. The collection begins with Stimpson Harvey Woodward (S. H. Woodward), a native of Massachusetts, who moved from Pittsburgh to Wheeling, West Virginia in 1852. He had interests in an iron company as early as 1852 in West Virginia and began Alabama operations in 1869. The family business continued in Alabama until the death of S. H. Woodward's great-grandson in 1965.

Published
1898

218. Receipt for payment from J. H. Woodward to J. W. Hughes, Postmaster, Birmingham, Alabama, November 1, 1897

Author

Hughes, J. W. and Hughes, J. W.

Abstract

A document from an extensive collection spanning four generations of the Woodward family that operated merchant pig iron companies in West Virginia and Alabama. The collection begins with Stimpson Harvey Woodward (S. H. Woodward), a native of Massachusetts, who moved from Pittsburgh to Wheeling, West Virginia in 1852. He had interests in an iron company as early as 1852 in West Virginia and began Alabama operations in 1869. The family business continued in Alabama until the death of S. H. Woodward's great-grandson in 1965.

Published
1897

219. Receipt for payment from J. H. Woodward to J. W. Hughes, Postmaster, Birmingham, Alabama, October 1, 1898

Author

Hughes, J. W. and Hughes, J. W.

Abstract

A document from an extensive collection spanning four generations of the Woodward family that operated merchant pig iron companies in West Virginia and Alabama. The collection begins with Stimpson Harvey Woodward (S. H. Woodward), a native of Massachusetts, who moved from Pittsburgh to Wheeling, West Virginia in 1852. He had interests in an iron company as early as 1852 in West Virginia and began Alabama operations in 1869. The family business continued in Alabama until the death of S. H. Woodward's great-grandson in 1965.

Published
1898

220. Receipt for payment from J. H. Woodward to J. W. Hughes, Birmingham, Alabama, January 1, 1891

Author

Hughes, J. W. and Hughes, J. W.

Abstract

A document from an extensive collection spanning four generations of the Woodward family that operated merchant pig iron companies in West Virginia and Alabama. The collection begins with Stimpson Harvey Woodward (S. H. Woodward), a native of Massachusetts, who moved from Pittsburgh to Wheeling, West Virginia in 1852. He had interests in an iron company as early as 1852 in West Virginia and began Alabama operations in 1869. The family business continued in Alabama until the death of S. H. Woodward's great-grandson in 1965.

Published
1891

221. Receipt for payment from J. H. Woodward to J. W. Hughes, Birmingham, Alabama, January 1, 1892

Author

Hughes, J. W. and Hughes, J. W.

Abstract

A document from an extensive collection spanning four generations of the Woodward family that operated merchant pig iron companies in West Virginia and Alabama. The collection begins with Stimpson Harvey Woodward (S. H. Woodward), a native of Massachusetts, who moved from Pittsburgh to Wheeling, West Virginia in 1852. He had interests in an iron company as early as 1852 in West Virginia and began Alabama operations in 1869. The family business continued in Alabama until the death of S. H. Woodward's great-grandson in 1965.

Published
1892

222. Multi-device studies of pedestal physics and confinement in the I-mode regime

Author

Hubbard, A. E., Osborne, T., Ryter, F., Austin, M., Orte, L. Barrera, Churchill, R. M., Cziegler, I., Fenstermacher, M., Fischer, R., Gerhardt, S., Groebner, R., Gohil, P., Happel, T., Hughes, J. W., Loarte, A., Maingi, R., Manz, P., Marinoni, A., Marmar, E. S., Mcdermott, R. M., Mckee, G., Rhodes, T. L., Rice, J. E., Schmitz, L., Theiler, C., Viezzer, E., Walk, J. R., White, A., Whyte, D., Wolfe, S., Wolfrum, E., Yan, Z., Alcator C-Mod Team, ASDEX Upgrade Team, and DIII-D Team

Subjects
Physics::Plasma Physics, FEC 2014, I-mode, threshold, tokamak, pedestal
Abstract

This paper describes joint ITPA studies of the I-mode regime, which features an edge thermal barrier together with L-mode-like particle and impurity transport and no edge localized modes (ELMs). The regime has been demonstrated on the Alcator C-Mod, ASDEX Upgrade and DIII-D tokamaks, over a wide range of device parameters and pedestal conditions. Dimensionless parameters at the pedestal show overlap across devices and extend to low collisionality. When they are matched, pedestal temperature profiles are also similar. Pedestals are stable to peeling-ballooning modes, consistent with lack of ELMs. Access to I-mode is independent of heating method (neutral beam injection, ion cyclotron and/ or electron cyclotron resonance heating). Normalized energy confinement H-98,H-y2 >= 1 has been achieved for a range of 3 5 T. Issues for extrapolation to ITER and other future fusion devices are discussed.

223. Overview of the Alcator C-Mod Research Program

Author

Marmar, E., Bader, A., Bakhtiari, M., Barnard, H., Beck, W., Bespamyatnov, I., Binus, A., Bonoli, P., Bose, B., Bitter, M., Cziegler, I., Dekow, G., Dominguez, A., Duval, B., Edlund, E., Ernst, D., Ferrara, M., Fiore, C., Fredian, T., Graf, A., Granetz, R., Greenwald, M., Grulke, O., Gwinn, D., Harrison, S., Harvey, R., Hender, T. C., Hosea, J., Hill, K., Howard, N., Howell, D. F., Hubbard, A., Hughes, J. W., Hutchinson, I., Ince-Cushman, A., Irby, J., Izzo, V., Kanojia, A., Kessel, C., Ko, J. S., Koert, P., Labombard, B., Lau, C., Lin, L., Lin, Y., Lipschultz, B., Liptac, J., Ma, Y., Marr, K., May, M., Mcdermott, R., Meneghini, O., Mikkelsen, D., Ochoukov, R., Parker, R., Phillips, C. K., Phillips, P., Podpaly, Y., Porkolab, M., Reinke, M., Rice, J., Rowan, W., Scott, S., Schmidt, A., Sears, J., Shiraiwa, S., Sips, A., Smick, N., Snipes, J., Stillerman, J., Takase, Y., Terry, D., Terry, J., Tsujii, N., Valeo, E., Vieira, R., Wallace, G., Whyte, D., Wilson, J. R., Wolfe, S., Wright, G., Wright, J., Wukitch, S., Wurden, G., Xu, P., Zhurovich, K., Zaks, J., and Zweben, S.

Subjects
Plasma-Facing Components, Ion-Cyclotron, Asdex Upgrade, Physics::Plasma Physics, Toroidal Rotation, Transition, Jet Disruption Mitigation, Transport, Electrons, Tokamaks, Operation
Abstract

This paper summarizes highlights of research results from the Alcator C-Mod tokamak covering the period 2006-2008. Active flow drive, using mode converted ion cyclotron waves, has been observed for the first time in a tokamak plasma, using a mix of D and He-3 ion species; toroidal and poloidal flows are driven near the location of the mode conversion layer. ICRF induced edge sheaths are implicated in both the erosion of thin boron coatings and the generation of metallic impurities. Lower hybrid range of frequencies (LHRF) microwaves have been used for efficient current drive, current profile modification and toroidal flow drive. In addition, LHRF has been used to modify the H-mode pedestal, increasing temperature, decreasing density and lowering the pedestal collisionality. Studies of hydrogen isotope retention in solid metallic plasma facing components reveal significantly higher retention than expected from ex situ laboratory studies; a model to explain the results, based on plasma/neutral induced lattice damage, has been developed and tested. During gas-puff mitigation of disruptions, induced MHD instabilities cause the magnetic field to become stochastic, resulting in reduction of halo currents, spreading of plasma power loading and loss of runaway electrons before they cause damage. Detailed pedestal rotation profile measurements have been used to infer E-r profiles, and correlation with global H-mode confinement. An improved L-mode regime, obtained at q(95)

224. Radial localization of edge modes in Alcator C-Mod pedestals using optical diagnostics

Author

Theiler, C, Terry, J L, Edlund, E, Cziegler, I, Churchill, R M, Hughes, J W, LaBombard, B, Golfinopoulos, T, and Alcator C-Mod Team

Subjects
edge transport barrier, H-mode, gas puff imaging, spc_edge, Physics::Plasma Physics, I-mode, plasma instabilities, optical plasma diagnostics
Abstract

Dedicated experiments in ion cyclotron range heated enhanced D-alpha (EDA) H-mode and I-mode plasmas have been performed on Alcator C-Mod to identify the location of edge fluctuations inside the pedestal and to determine their plasma frame phase velocity. For this purpose, measurements from gas puff imaging (GPI) and gas puff charge exchange recombination spectroscopy (GP-CXRS) have been collected using the same optical views. The data suggest that the EDA H-mode-specific quasi-coherent mode (QCM) is centered near the radial electric field (Er) well minimum and propagates along the ion diamagnetic drift direction in the plasma frame. The weakly coherent mode (WCM) and the geodesic acoustic mode observed in I-mode, on the other hand, are found to be located around the outer shear layer of the Er well. This results in a weak plasma frame phase velocity mostly along the electron diamagnetic drift direction for the WCM. The findings in these EDA H-mode plasmas differ from probe measurements in ohmic EDA H-mode (LaBombard et al 2014 Phys. Plasmas 21 056108), where the QCM was identified as an electron drift-wave located several mm outside the Er well minimum in a region of positive Er. To explore if instrumental effects of the optical diagnostics could be the cause of the difference, a synthetic diagnostic for GPI is introduced. This diagnostic reproduces amplitude ratios and relative radial shifts of the mode profiles determined from poloidally and toroidally oriented optics and, if instrumental effects related to GP-CXRS are also included, indicates that the measured location of the QCM and WCM relative to the Er well reported here is only weakly affected by instrumental effects.

225. The physics mechanisms of the weakly coherent mode in the Alcator C-Mod Tokamak

Author

Liu, Z.X., Xu, X.Q., Gao, X., Hubbard, A.E., Hughes, J. W., Walk, J.R., Theiler, C., Xia, T.Y., Baek, S.G., Golfinopoulos, T., Whyte, D., Zhang, T., and Li, J.G.

Subjects
Physics::Plasma Physics
Abstract

The weakly coherent mode (WCM) in I-mode has been studied by a six-field two-fluid model based on the Braginskii equations under the BOUT++ framework for the first time. The calcula- tions indicate that a tokamak pedestal exhibiting a WCM is linearly unstable to drift Alfven wave (DAW) instabilities and the resistive ballooning mode. The nonlinear simulation shows promis- ing agreement with the experimental measurements of the WCM. The shape of the density spec- tral and location of the spectral peak of the dominant toroidal number mode n = 20 agrees with the experimental data from reflectometry. The simulated mode propagates in electron diamag- netic direction is consistent with the results from the magnetic probes in the laboratory frame, a large ratio of particle to heat diffusivity is consistent with the distinctive experimental feature of I-mode, and the value of the simulated chi_e at the edge is in the range of experimental errors of chi_eff from the experiment. The prediction of the WCM shows that free energy is mainly provided by the electron pressure gradient, which gives guidance for pursuing future I-mode studies.

228. Poloidal asymmetries in edge transport barriers

Author

Churchill, R. M., Theiler, C., Lipschultz, B., Hutchinson, I. H., Reinke, M. L., Whyte, D., Hughes, J. W., Catto, P., Landreman, M., Ernst, D., Chang, C. S., Hager, R., Hubbard, A., Ennever, P., Walk, J. R., and Alcator C-Mod Team

Subjects
Physics::Plasma Physics
Abstract

Measurements of impurities in Alcator C-Mod indicate that in the pedestal region, significant poloidal asymmetries can exist in the impurity density, ion temperature, and main ion density. In light of the observation that ion temperature and electrostatic potential are not constant on a flux surface [Theiler et al., Nucl. Fusion 54, 083017 (2014)], a technique based on total pressure conservation to align profiles measured at separate poloidal locations is presented and applied. Gyrokinetic neoclassical simulations with XGCa support the observed large poloidal variations in ion temperature and density, and that the total pressure is approximately constant on a flux surface. With the updated alignment technique, the observed in-out asymmetry in impurity density is reduced from previous publishing [Churchill et al., Nucl. Fusion 53, 122002 (2013)], but remains substantial (n(z,H)/n(z,L) similar to 6). Candidate asymmetry drivers are explored, showing that neither non-uniform impurity sources nor localized fluctuation-driven transport are able to explain satisfactorily the impurity density asymmetry. Since impurity density asymmetries are only present in plasmas with strong electron density gradients, and radial transport timescales become comparable to parallel transport timescales in the pedestal region, it is suggested that global transport effects relating to the strong electron density gradients in the pedestal are the main driver for the pedestal in-out impurity density asymmetry. (C) 2015 AIP Publishing LLC.

229. KINETIC MODELING OF H-MODE PEDESTAL WITH EFFECTS FROM ANOMALOUS TRANSPORT AND MHD STABILITY

Author

Pan Kin, A. Y., Park, G. Y., Cummings, J., Chang, C. S., Bateman, G., Bunner, D., Groebner, R. J., Hughes, J. W., Labombard, B., Terry, J. L., Kritz, A. H., Seung-Hoe Ku, Rafiq, T., and Snyder, P. B.

Subjects
Магнитное удержание
Abstract

Scaling of the H-mode pedestal in tokamak plasmas with type I ELMs and dependence of the pedestal properties and the resulting divertor head load width with the plasma elongation and plasma current are investigated using the kinetic neoclassical XGC0 code for DIII-D and Alcator C-Mod tokamaks. The simulations in this study use realistic diverted geometry and are self-consistent with the inclusion of kinetic neoclassical physics, theory-based anomalous transport models with the E×B flow shearing effects, as well as an MHD ELM triggering criterion. Scalings for the pedestal width and height are developed as a function of the scanned plasma parameters. The nonlinear interplay between anomalous and neoclassical effects motivates the development of a self-consistent simulation model that includes neoclassical and anomalous effects simultaneously. It is demonstrated that the divertor heat load width depend on the plasma currents. In the development of this dependence, effects of neutral collisions and anomalous transport are taken into account. Changes in the neoclassical divertor heat load fluxes associated with the introduction of the neutral collision and anomalous transport effects are described. За допомогою кінетичного неокласичного коду XGC0 для розрядів в токамаках DIII-D і Alcator C-Mod досліджено скейлінг п’єдесталу в плазмі, що перебуває в режимі поліпшеного утримання, з прикордонними локалізованими модами (ПЛМ) першого типу, властивості п’єдесталу і потоку тепла на дивертор в залежності від витягнутості плазми та струму плазми. У розрахунках використовуються: реалістична геометрія дивертора, кінетична модель для неокласичних ефектів, модель аномального транспорту, яка враховує ефекти шира (ExB)-потоків, і умови збудження ПЛМ-нестійкостей. У результаті розрахунків отримані скейлінгі для ширини і висоти п’єдесталу як функції параметрів плазми. Нелінійна взаємодія неокласичних ефектів і ефектів, пов'язаних з аномальним транспортом, є мотивацією для розробки самоузгодженої чисельної моделі, яка одночасно включає ефекти аномального і неокласичного транспорту. Показано, що потоки тепла на дивертор залежать від плазмових струмів. Також представлено результати дослідження залежності напівширини профілів тепла на дивертор від ефектів, пов'язаних з аномальним транспортом і зіткненнями з нейтральними частинками. С помощью кинетического неоклассического кода XGC0 для разрядов в токамаках DIII-D и Alcator C-Mod исследованы скэйлинг пьедестала в плазме, находящейся в режиме улучшенного удержания, с приграничными локализованными модами (ПЛМ) первого типа, и зависимость свойств пьедестала и потока тепла на дивертор от вытянутости плазмы и тока плазмы. В расчетах используются: реалистичная геометрия дивертора, кинетическая модель для неоклассических эффектов, модель аномального транспорта, которая учитывает эффекты шира (ExB)-потоков, и условия возбуждения ПЛМ-неустойчивостей. В результате расчетов получены скэйлинги для ширины и высоты пьедестала как функции параметров плазмы. Нелинейное взаимодействие неоклассических эффектов и эффектов, связанных с аномальным транспортом, является мотивацией разработки самосогласованной численной модели, которая одновременно включает эффекты аномального и неоклассического транспорта. Показано, что потоки тепла на дивертор зависят от плазменных токов. Также представлены результаты исследования зависимости полуширины профилей тепла на дивертор от эффектов, связанных с аномальным транспортом и столкновениями с нейтральными частицами.

231. Observations of core toroidal rotation reversals in Alcator C-Mod ohmic L-mode plasmas

Author

Rice, J. E., Duval, B. P., Reinke, M. L., Podpaly, Y. A., Bortolon, A., Churchill, R. M., Cziegler, I., Diamond, P. H., Dominguez, A., Ennever, P. C., Fiore, C. L., Granetz, R. S., Greenwald, M. J., Hubbard, A. E., Hughes, J. W., Irby, J. H., Ma, Y., Marmar, E. S., McDermott, R. M., Porkolab, M., Tsujii, N., and Wolfe, S. M.

Subjects
Turbulence, Physics::Plasma Physics, Transport, Shear, No Momentum Input, Tokamaks
Abstract

Direction reversals of intrinsic toroidal rotation have been observed in Alcator C-Mod ohmic L-mode plasmas following modest electron density or toroidal magnetic field ramps. The reversal process occurs in the plasma interior, inside of the q = 3/2 surface. For low density plasmas, the rotation is in the co-current direction, and can reverse to the counter-current direction following an increase in the electron density above a certain threshold. Reversals from the co- to counter-current direction are correlated with a sharp decrease in density fluctuations with k(R) >= 2 cm(-1) and with frequencies above 70 kHz. The density at which the rotation reverses increases linearly with plasma current, and decreases with increasing magnetic field. There is a strong correlation between the reversal density and the density at which the global ohmic L-mode energy confinement changes from the linear to the saturated regime.

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