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The origin of enriched mantle 1 (EM1) component in the mantle has long been debated. EM1 source of basalts has been variously attributed to recycled sub-continental lithosphere, recycled lower continental crust, or recycled oceanic crust plus pelagic sediments. Molybdenum stable isotope systematics has the potential to resolve this debate, because of the significant isotopic differences between mantle and crustal reservoirs. Here we present molybdenum isotope data for EM1-type continental intraplate basalts from Nuominhe (NMH), Northeast China. The NMH basalts display significant variations in both δ98/95Mo (98Mo/95Mo ratio relative to NIST SRM 3134, −0.49 to −0.15‰) and Mo/Ce (0.009–0.037), and strong correlations between δ98/95Mo, Mo/Ce and Hf isotope and trace elements. EM1 end-member of the NMH basalts shows the lightest δ98/95Mo and lowest Mo/Ce values. The involvement of continental crust and sub-continental lithospheric mantle cannot account for the light Mo isotopic compositions of the basalts. By contrast, the recycled oceanic crust with pelagic sediments, characterized by low δ98/95Mo and Mo/Ce values, is the satisfactory candidate for the EM1 component in the NMH basalts. Our results also suggest a residual slab reservoir with light δ98/95Mo values (<−0.5‰) in the mantle beneath Northeast China, representing the complementary reservoir to heavy Mo isotope continental crust. Identification of this reservoir makes the Mo isotope system a powerful tracer of crust-mantle interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel strain AL-6, which was identified as Acinetobacter baumannii , presented an efficient ability to remove ammonium. Nitrogen balance indicates that 55.8% of the initial NH 4 +–N was ultimately converted to N 2 through heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification, while 30.6% was contributed to assimilation. More interestingly, efficient ammonium removal could be achieved in the presence of Cr(VI) of 0–10 mg L−1 by strain AL-6. Meanwhile, Cr(VI) reduction was observed. The Cr(VI) was mainly reduced to less toxic Cr(III) by strain AL-6 in the culture, while a small part of Cr(VI) might be accumulated in bacterial cells in the formation of Cr(III). The optimal conditions for ammonium removal as well as Cr(VI) reduction was pH of 7 and C/N ratio of 10–15. This study provided a potential prospect for the treatment of Cr(VI)-containing ammonium wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapakivi-type granites not only document magmatic processes but also archive subsolidus interactions between granitic rock and fluid, and thereby provide crucial information about fluid infiltration in the Earth's crust. However, the key process to generate rapakivi texture is still debated. Here, we report comprehensive mineralogical, geochemical and Hf isotopic compositions of the Dupangling rapakivi granites (210.4–214.9 Ma) in the South China Block to investigate the effect of fluid-rock interaction on the origin of rapakivi feldspar. Dupangling rapakivi granites have high SiO 2 (72.63–78.21 wt%) and alkali contents (Na 2 O + K 2 O = 6.14–9.06 wt%) with high K 2 O/Na 2 O ratios (1.37–2.64), characteristic of weakly peraluminous (A/CNK = 1.04–1.10) high-K calc-alkaline granites. Samples have weakly fractionated REE patterns with negative Eu anomalies (δEu = 0.05–0.38). They have negative whole-rock ε Nd (t) (−8.45 to −7.91), variable zircon ε Hf (t) (−9.7 to −1.0) and two-stage Hf isotope model ages (1.32–1.84 Ga), due to their derivation from a major early Mesoproterozoic crustal source with a subordinate late Paleoproterozoic component. Rapakivi feldspars in Dupangling granites are composed of an alkali-feldspar core and a plagioclase mantle. Fractures, pores and secondary inclusions (biotite, sericite, epidote and hematite) are closely associated with the mantles and oligoclase patches within alkali-feldspar cores. These pervasive microtextural features and variations of Be, Rb, Ba, Sr and LREE within rapakivi feldspars are interpreted to have formed through subsolidus fluid-induced dissolution-reprecipitation replacement processes. This study highlights that fluid-rock interaction plays an important role in generating rapakivi texture. Microtextural features of Dupangling rapakivi feldspars (a-d), and illustrations of fluid-rock interaction and formation of rapakivi feldspar (e-g). [Display omitted] • Partial melting of basement rocks formed Dupangling rapakivi-type granites. • A subsolidus replacement process produces Dupangling rapakivi feldspar. • Fluid-rock interaction plays an important role in generating rapakivi texture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The Miyi pegmatite is coeval with felsic magmatism of the Emeishan LIP (ELIP) • The Miyi pegmatite was derived from magma resembling A-type granites in the ELIP. • Excess sodium in the melt enhances the further enrichment of Nb, Y and REE. • Hydrothermal fluids facilitate the transport and precipitation of Nb and REEs. The metallogenic mechanism of Nb and rare earth elements (REEs) during the magmatic-hydrothermal evolution of alkaline rocks remains ambiguous. Zircon is a common accessory mineral occurring in both barren aplite and the Nb-Y-F mineralized pegmatite (NFY-type) in Miyi County of the Pan-Xi area, the central zone of the Permian Emeishan large igneous province (ELIP) in SW China. Here, we present in situ geochemical analyses on these zircons to reveal the Nb-REE mineralization processes during magmatic-hydrothermal evolution, as well as the prospecting potential of plume-related NYF-type pegmatites. Four types of zircons are identified in the Miyi aplite and pegmatite. Zrn-I with well-developed oscillatory zoning (OZ) represents magmatic zircons in the aplite. Zrn-II and Zrn-III are magmatic zircons in the pegmatite. Zrn-II is closely associated with albite and is restricted to the center of an individual crystal, indicating early crystallization. There are abundant nanoscale britholite and thorite inclusions in Zrn-II, indicating that the primary melt is enriched in Ca, Y, REEs, Nb, Th, and F. Zrn-III presents as the rim of Zrn-II, with a sharp boundary between them. Zrn-IV is a metamict zircon formed through hydrothermal alteration after its structure was destroyed due to high Th and/or U contents. In situ zircon U-Pb dating of both Zrn-I and Zrn-III yields concordant ages of ca. 258 Ma, coeval with the felsic magmatism in the ELIP. For positive ε Hf (t) values of Zrn-I and Zrn-III (1.8–5.8 and 1.5–9.1, respectively), the Miyi pegmatite is also plume-related and might be derived from magma resembling A-type granite in the ELIP. Both Zrn-I and Zrn-III show negative Eu anomalies, and there is a decrease in Sc contents from Zrn-I to Zrn-III, indicating that the Miyi pegmatite formed from a highly evolved magma. Furthermore, the synchronous increases in Na, Nb, Y and total REEs from Zrn-I to Zrn-III indicate that excess Na in the melt plays an essential role in the further enrichment of Nb, Y, and REEs. In addition, a dramatic decrease in Nb, Y and total REE contents and LREE (light REE)/HREE (heavy REE) ratios from Zrn-III to Zrn-IV illustrates that Na- and F-rich hydrothermal fluids can leach and facilitate the precipitation of these elements, particularly LREEs. Therefore, there are two-stage Nb and REE mineralization processes related to magmatic-hydrothermal evolution in the Miyi pegmatite, which may be a general model for the mineralization of plume-related NFY-type pegmatites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Recent analytical advances have made the high precision (2SD, ±≤1‰) determination of boron (B) isotopic ratios in silicate rocks a possibility, but few such data are as yet available, especially for low B (<2 ppm) samples like oceanic basalts, where issues related to cryptic seawater alteration are a concern. This study carefully assesses the reproducibility of B isotope measurement via MC-ICPMS on silicate rocks. Based on repeated measurements of the standard reference materials B-5, B-6, JB-2, JR-2, AGV-2 and JB-3 and nature samples, the external reproducibility of MC-ICPMS measurements on the same solution is generally between 0.1‰ and 0.5‰ (2SD), a similar level of accuracy to that obtained based on long-term measurement of solution standard NIST SRM 951 of 0.4‰ (2SD). For different digestions, the average external reproducibility is 0.6‰ (2SD), which represents the whole procedure reproducibility, including chemical treatment. We have tested an acid leaching experimental procedure for its effects on the B isotope compositions of ~50 Ma boninites collected from a deep ocean setting. Fresh and moderately altered boninite samples were subjected to cold HCl leaching treatments for 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 h, using 2 N and 6 N HCl, respectively. δ11B values for the fresh sample remained unchanged within error after leaching, suggesting that leaching did not lead to any B isotopic fractionation. δ11B values for different aliquots of an altered boninite sample show lower and uniform δ11B values after 1 h of 6 N HCl leaching, while aliquots leached in 2 N HCl show similar δ11B to the unleached altered sample. These results suggest that changes in B isotopes caused by at least moderate degrees of alteration, and/or adsorption effects in volcanic rocks preserved on the ocean floor can be effectively eliminated through short-duration 6 N HCl leaches before digestion and analysis. B isotope measurements on three documentably fresh, low-B N-type mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) glass samples from the Southwest Indian Ridge yield δ11B values from −6.62‰ to −7.39‰, within the range of the recommended global MORB value of ≈−7.1 ± 0.9‰, determined via SIMS methodologies (2SD at ±1.5‰; Marschall and Monteleone, 2015), and the range of four fresh glass samples from the Eastern Pacific Ridge of −7.3 ± 0.8‰, measured by in-situ laser-ablation ICP-MS (2SD at ±0.7–1.0‰; Le Roux et al., 2004). Highlights • Repeated analyses on reference materials reveal the external reproducibility of B isotope analyses by MC-ICPMS is 0.6‰ (2σ). • New B isotopic compositions for the reference materials B-5, B-6 and AGV-2 are recommended to the geochemical community. • Moderate degree alteration effects on the B isotope composition of volcanic rock can be eliminated by 6 M HCl leaching. • Measurements on MORB glass samples from the SIR yield δ11B values within the range of the recommended global MORB value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) as a non-communicable disease imposes heavy disease burdens on society. Limited studies have been conducted to assess the effects of short-term air pollution exposure on T2DM, especially in Asian regions. Our research aimed to determine the association between short-term exposure to ambient nitrogen dioxide (NO 2) and outpatient visits for T2DM in Chongqing, the largest city in western China, based on the data collected from November 28, 2013 to December 31, 2019. A generalized additive model (GAM) was applied, and stratified analyses were performed to investigate the potential modifying effects by age, gender, and season. Meanwhile, the disease burden was revealed from attributable risk. Positive associations between short-term NO 2 and daily T2DM outpatient visits were observed. The strongest association was observed at lag 04, with per 10 μg/m3 increase of NO 2 corresponded to increased T2DM outpatient visits at 1.57% [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.48%, 2.65%]. Stronger associations were presented in middle-aged group (35–64 years old), male group, and cool seasons (October to March). Moreover, there were 1.553% (8664.535 cases) of T2DM outpatient visits attributable to NO 2. Middle-aged adults, males, and patients who visited in cool seasons suffered heavier burdens. Conclusively, short-term exposure to NO 2 was associated with increased outpatient visits for T2DM. Attention should be paid to the impact of NO 2 on the burden of T2DM, especially for those vulnerable groups. • Short-term NO 2 exposure was related to increased outpatient T2DM visits. • The association was more obvious in middle-aged adults, males, and cool seasons. • New evidence of positive associations between short-term NO 2 and T2DM in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the thrust of air-breathing pulse detonation engine, the air-breathing pulse detonation engines with central cone-scales valve (CCSY) and central cone-blunt valve (CCBV) are investigated, and the force condition of multi-cycle air-breathing pulse detonation engine during working is analyzed. The results show that the average thrust of multi-cycle air-breathing pulse detonation engine can be accurately measured by using the piezoelectric force sensor. Furthermore, the average thrust of airbreathing pulse detonation engine with CCSV is 2. 05 times as high as that of the engine with CCBV at 10 Hz. For this point of view, the results are significant to the direct measurement of the thrust of multi-cycle air-breathing pulse detonation engine and the improvement of the propulsion performance of airbreathing pulse detonation engine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Considerable progress has recently been made regarding temporal and spatial distribution of magmatism in the Lhasa Terrane. However the eastward and southeastward correlation of these Tibetan magmatic suites in western Yunnan and Burma remains poorly constrained. This paper reports zircon U–Pb dating and Hf isotopic compositions of granites in the Gaoligong–Tengliang–Yingjiang area, west Yunnan. It reveals three episodes of plutonism, and more importantly a southwestward magmatic migration. The Gaoligong batholiths in the northeast were mainly emplaced during early Cretaceous (126–121Ma) and comprised predominantly S-type granites with negative zircon εHf values (εHf =−2∼−12). The Tengliang granites, situated southwest of the Gaoligong belt, were emplaced in late Cretaceous (68–76Ma) and also displayed a strong peraluminous affinity and negative εHf (−5∼−14), indicating a provenance from a Proterozoic sedimentary source with little mantle contribution. The youngest phase of magmatism (52–66Ma) occurred in Yingjiang, southwestmost of the study area. It is composed of S-type granites (εHf=−2∼−12) in east Yingjiang and I-type granites (εHf =−4∼+6) in west Yingjiang, near the China–Burma border. The late Cretaceous–early Cenozoic plutons in the Tengliang and Yingjiang area are thus considered as the northern continuation of the late Cretaceous magmatic arc (west), which comprises I-type granites and andesitic rocks, and of the belt of predominant S-type granites (east) in Burma, Thailand and Malaysia. Such a chemical polarity of the dual I-type and S-type granites is strongly reminiscent of the northern American Cordillera, indicating a Cordilleran-style continental margin during the late Cretaceous–early Cenozoic. While the magmatic arc was related to eastward subduction of the Neo-Tethys beneath the Asian continent, the S-type granites represented the melting products of thickened crust in the hinterland, in response to subduction-induced decrease in lithospheric strength and compressive plate-convergence forces and to a less degree to the collision between Burma and Sundaland blocks. The Gaoligong early Cretaceous granites, which bear strong similarities in lithology, geochemistry and emplacement age to those in the northern magmatic belt in the Lhasa Terrane, are also the magmatic expression of crustal thickening. This crustal thickening may have stemmed from the collision between the Lhasa Block and the Qiangtang Block in late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous. The magmatism in western Yunnan thus recorded a long-term subduction of the Neo-Tethyan plate, enhanced by continental collisions at different time. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Gram-negative micro-flora dysbiosis occurs in multiple digestive tumors and is found to be the dominant micro-flora in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) micro-environment. The continuous stimulation of G- bacterium metabolites may cause tumorigenesis and reshape the micro-immune environment in ESCC. However, the mechanism of G- bacilli causing immune evasion in ESCC remains underexplored. We identified CC Chemokine receptor 1 (CCR1) as a tumor-indicating gene in ESCC. Interestingly, expression levels of CCR1 and PD-L1 were mutually up regulated after G- bacilli metabolites lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Firstly, we found CCR1 high expression level to be associated with poor overall survival in ESCC. Importantly, we found that high level expression of CCR1 up-regulated PD-L1 expression by activating MAPK phosphorylation in ESCC and induced tumor malignant behavior. Finally, we found that T cells exhaustion and cytotoxicity suppression were associated with CCR1 expression in ESCC, which were decreased after CCR1 inhibiting. Our work identifies CCR1 as a potential immune check point regulator of PD-L1 and may cause T cell exhaustion and cytotoxicity suppression in ESCC micro-environment and highlights the potential value of CCR1 as therapeutic target of immunotherapy. Implications: The esophageal microbial environment and its metabolites significantly affect the outcome of immunotherapy for ESCC.

Photoexcitation electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complexes provide an effective approach to produce radicals under mild conditions, while the catalytic version of EDA complex photoactivation remains scarce. Herein, we report a visible-light-induced organophotocatalytic pathway for the cyanoalkylation of azauracils using inexpensive and readily available 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) as a catalytic electron donor. This synthetic method exhibits exceptional compatibility with various functional groups and presents 34 examples in high yields. The efficient cyanoalkylation offers an environmentally friendly and sustainable route toward enhancing the structural and functional diversity of azauracils.

Objective: This study explored the potential molecular mechanisms of ursolic acid (UA) in bladder cancer treatment using network pharmacology and molecular docking., Methods: The Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology and UniProt databases were used to screen potential targets of UA. Relevant bladder cancer target genes were extracted using the GeneCards database. All data were pooled and intercrossed to obtain common target genes of UA and bladder cancer. Gene Ontology functional annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analyses were performed. Molecular docking was conducted to verify the possible binding conformation between UA and bladder cancer cells. Then, in vitro experiments were performed to further validate the predicted results., Results: UA exerts anti-tumor effects on bladder cancer through multiple targets and pathways. Molecular docking indicated that UA undergoes stable binding with the proteins encoded by the top six core genes ( STAT3, VEGFA, CASP3, TP53, IL1B, and CCND1 ). The in vitro experiments verified that UA can induce bladder cancer cell apoptosis by regulating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway., Conclusions: Our study illustrated the potential mechanism of UA in bladder cancer based on network pharmacology and molecular docking. The results will provide scientific references for follow-up studies and clinical treatment., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Many researches have reported the air pollution impacts, either long term or short term, on inflammatory skin diseases, but there are few studies on the relation between PM 2.5 and acne vulgaris. To determine the correlation between short-term PM 2.5 exposure and acne outpatient visits, data for 120,842 acne vulgaris outpatient visits between December 2013 and December 2019 were obtained from three large hospitals in Chongqing, China. Both single-pollutant models and two-pollutant models were established to explore the relationship between PM 2.5 exposure and acne outpatient visits. The stratified analyses were conducted through two-sample z-tests to investigate the possible gender (male or female) and age (< 25 years or ≥ 25 years) differences in PM 2.5 effects. The results demonstrated positive correlations between PM 2.5 concentrations and acne outpatient visits. A 10 μg/m 3 increase in PM 2.5 concentration was associated with a 1.71% (95% CI: 1.06-2.36%) increase in acne outpatient visits at lag 0-7 day. Stratified analyses showed that PM 2.5 effects were greater in individuals aged ≥ 25 years than those aged < 25 years, but no gender difference was found. In conclusion, short-term PM 2.5 exposure was positively associated with the risk of acne outpatient visits, especially for people ≥ 25 years old., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) with an average aerodynamic diameter of &lt;2.5 µm can cause severe lung injury. Oxidative stress and inflammation are considered the main outcomes of PM 2.5 exposure. Curcumin is a well‑known antioxidant; however, its effect on PM 2.5 ‑induced oxidative injury in airway epithelial cells remains unclear. In the present study, it was demonstrated that pre‑treatment with curcumin significantly reduced the PM 2.5 ‑induced apoptosis of BEAS‑2B human bronchial epithelial cells by decreasing the level of intercellular reactive oxygen species. Western blot analysis revealed that curcumin increased the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2‑related factor 2 (NRF2) and regulated the transcription of downstream genes, particularly those encoding antioxidant enzymes. Moreover, curcumin reduced the PM 2.5 ‑induced expression and production of inflammatory factors, and induced the expression of the anti‑inflammatory factors, interleukin (IL)‑5 and IL‑13. Taken together, the present study demonstrates that curcumin protects BEAS‑2B cells against PM 2.5 ‑induced oxidative damage and inflammation, and prevents cell apoptosis by increasing the activation of NRF2‑related pathways. It is thus suggested that curcumin may be a potential compound for use in the prevention of PM 2.5 ‑induced tissue injury.

Atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition could affect various ecological processes in forest ecosystems, including plant litter decomposition and nutrient cycling. However, the mechanism of underlying litter decomposition and nutrient cycling of Cinnamomum migao under N deposition remains unclear. Therefore, we conducted a simulated N deposition experiment including four onsite treatments to assess the effects of N input on C. migao leaf litter decomposition, nutrient release, and soil enzyme activity. The results showed that simulated N deposition significantly increased the amount of total residual mass and lignin and cellulose, decreased the decomposition rate, and suppressed net nutrient release. N input increased C, N, and P ratios as decomposition progressed, and the proportion of mass remaining was positively correlated with the proportions of lignin and cellulose remaining at the later stage of decomposition. The differences in soil enzyme activity were primarily due to enzyme type and sampling time. We conclude that simulated N deposition significantly suppressed the leaf litter decomposition of C. migao by mainly altering the chemical properties and suppressing the decomposition of the organic matter in leaf litter. Lignin might have played an important role in the loss of leaf litter biomass at the later stage of decomposition.

Objective: To establish the rat model of acute spinal cord injury, followed by aprimary study on this model with ¹H NMR based on metabonomics and to explore the metabonomics and biomarkers of spinal cord injury rat., Methods: Twenty eight-week-old adult male SD rats of clean grade, with body weight of (200±10) g, were divided into sham operation group and model group in accordance with the law of random numbers, and every group had 10 rats. The rats of sham operation group were operated without damaging the spinal cord, and rats of model group were made an animal model of spinal cord incomplete injury according to the modified Allen's method. According to BBB score to observate the motor function of rats on the 1th, 5th, and 7th days after surgery. Postoperative spinal cord tissue was collected in order to pathologic observation at the 7th day, and the metabolic profilings of serum and spinal cord from spinal cord injury rats were studied by ¹H NMR spectroscopy., Results: The hindlimb motion of rats did not obviously change in sham operation group, there was no significant difference at each time point;and rats of model group occurred flaccid paralysis of both lower extremities, there was a significant difference at each time; there was significant differences between two groups at each time. Pathological results showed the spinal cord structure was normal with uniform innervation in shame group, while in model group, the spinal cord structure was mussy, and the neurons were decreased, with inflammatory cells and necrotic tissue. Analysis of metabonomics showed that concentration of very low density fat protein (VLDL), low density fat protein (LDL), glutamine, citric acid, dimethylglycine (DMG) in the serum and glutathione, 3-OH-butyrate, N-Acetyl-L-aspartic acid (NAA), glycerophosphocholine (GPC), glutamic acid, and ascorbate in spinal cord had significant changes( P <0.05)., Conclusions: There are significant differences in metabolic profile from serum and spinal cord sample between model group and sham operation group, it conduces to explain the changes of small molecular substances in serum and spinal cord tissue after spinal cord injury, this provides the research basis for targeted research on the role of metabolic markers in patients with acute spinal cord injury., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose.

Objective: To study the quality difference among Citrus grandis 'Tomentosas' of different cultivars, in order to provide scientific basis for seeking for fine breeds., Method: The HPLC fingerprints were established for C. grandis 'Tomentosa' of different cultivars in the GAP base of Huazhou Green Life Co., Ltd. The software of similarity evaluation system of traditional Chinese medicine HPLC fingerprints 2004A edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission was adopted for the similarity analysis and judgment of cultivars., Result: The fingerprints showed similar general characteristics of samples of different cultivars. Specifically, the similarity of areas of the 18 common peaks ranged between 0.938-0.998. The success rate of judging cultivars using similarity software stood at 92%., Conclusion: This method can be applied to better identify quality and source of cultivars of C. grandis 'Tomentosa', and provide technical measures and scientific basis for seeking for fine breeds of Citri Grandis Exocarpium.