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204. A bi-layer TiO2 photoanode for highly durable, flexible dye-sensitized solar cells

Author

Lin, Jianjian, Peng, Yong, Pascoe, Alexander, Huang, Fuzhi, Cheng, Yi-Bing, Heo, Yoon-Uk, Nattestad, Andrew, Seung, Wanchul, Kim, Sung Kyun, Yoon, Hoon Joon, Kim, Sang Woo, Yamauchi, Yusuke, Dou, S X, Kim, Jung Ho, Lin, Jianjian, Peng, Yong, Pascoe, Alexander, Huang, Fuzhi, Cheng, Yi-Bing, Heo, Yoon-Uk, Nattestad, Andrew, Seung, Wanchul, Kim, Sung Kyun, Yoon, Hoon Joon, Kim, Sang Woo, Yamauchi, Yusuke, Dou, S X, and Kim, Jung Ho

Abstract

Low-temperature processing of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) [B. Oregan, M. Grätzel, Nature, 1991, 353, 737] is crucial to enable their commercialization with low-cost plastic substrates. Much of the previous work in this area has focused on mechanical compression of premade particles on plastic substrates; however, many reported that this technique did not yield sufficient interconnections for high charge carrier transport. Herein, we present bi-layer photoanodes that incorporate microstructured TiO2 sea-urchin-like assemblies, composed of high-aspect-ratio single crystalline nanoribbons, i.e., two-dimensional subunits, which were deposited onto a nanoparticle layer (commercial P25), with a 5.6% conversion efficiency realized. We demonstrate that this Mesoporous Hierarchical Anatase TiO2 (MHAT) nanostructure is beneficial due to its enhanced dye loading as well as enhanced light scattering. Importantly, we also show the benefits of a bi-layer structure where the nanoribbons penetrate into the nanoparticle layer (P25) after cold isostatic pressing (CIP), resulting in improved adhesion between the MHAT top layer and the P25 under layer on the indium tin oxide-coated polyethylene naphthalate (ITOPEN) substrate, leading to improved mechanical stability and durability, efficient electron transfer pathways, and ultimately, higher solar-to-electric conversion efficiencies. This journal is

Published
2015

207. Enhanced Crystallinity of Low‐Temperature Solution‐Processed SnO2 for Highly Reproducible Planar Perovskite Solar Cells.

Author

Li, Jing, Bu, Tongle, Liu, Yifan, Zhou, Jing, Shi, Jielin, Ku, Zhiliang, Peng, Yong, Zhong, Jie, Cheng, Yi‐Bing, and Huang, Fuzhi

Subjects
ELECTRON transport, PEROVSKITE, SOLAR cells, ELECTRON mobility, CRYSTALLINITY, TIN oxides
Abstract

Abstract: Low‐temperature solution‐processed SnO2 as a promising electron‐transport material for planar perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has attracted particular attention because of its outstanding properties such as high optical transparency or high electron mobility. However, low‐temperature sol–gel processes used in the synthesis are inevitably affected by the humidity of the atmosphere, which results in a wide distribution in the performance of the prepared PSCs owing to the inability to control crystallinity and defects. Herein, a highly crystalline SnO2 film is synthesized using a simple water bath post‐treatment, which can remove the surface residuals of SnCl4 on the SnO2 films, which is beneficial for the interface charge transport from the perovskite to the SnO2 electron‐transport layer. An improved performance of the PSCs can be easily obtained applying this treatment, giving rise to a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 19.17 %, much higher than that of the pristine SnO2‐based device (17.59 %). Most importantly, the reproducibility of the devices has been greatly improved, independent of the environmental humidity. Therefore, the enhanced crystallinity of SnO2 has shown promise for future commercial PSC applications: 5 cm×5 cm PSC modules have achieved a PCE of 16.16 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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209. Low‐Cost N,N′‐Bicarbazole‐Based Dopant‐Free Hole‐Transporting Materials for Large‐Area Perovskite Solar Cells.

Author

Yin, Chengrong, Lu, Jianfeng, Xu, Yachao, Yun, Yikai, Wang, Kai, Li, Jiewei, Jiang, Liangcong, Sun, Jingsong, Scully, Andrew D., Huang, Fuzhi, Zhong, Jie, Wang, Jianpu, Cheng, Yi‐Bing, Qin, Tianshi, and Huang, Wei

Subjects
SOLAR cells, CARBAZOLE, DOPING agents (Chemistry), PEROVSKITE, ENERGY consumption
Abstract

Abstract: Despite the recent unprecedented development of efficient dopant‐free hole transporting materials (HTMs) for high‐performance perovskite solar cells (PSCs) on small‐area devices (≤0.1 cm2), low‐cost dopant‐free HTMs for large‐area PSCs (≥1 cm2) with high power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) have rarely been reported. Herein, two novel HTMs, 3,3′,6,6′ (or 2,2′,7,7′)‐tetrakis(N,N′‐di‐p‐methoxyphenylamine)‐N,N′‐bicarbazole (3,6 BCz‐OMeTAD or 2,7 BCz‐OMeTAD), are synthesized via an extremely simple route from very cheap raw materials. Owing to their excellent film‐forming abilities and matching energy levels, 3,6 BCz‐OMeTAD and 2,7 BCz‐OMeTAD can be successfully employed as a perfect ultrathin (≈30 nm) hole transporting layer in large‐area PSCs up to 1 cm2. The 3,6 BCz‐OMeTAD and 2,7 BCz‐OMeTAD based large‐area PSCs show highest PCEs up to 17.0% and 17.6%, respectively. More importantly, high performance large‐area PSCs based on 2,7 BCz‐OMeTAD retain 90% of the initial efficiency after 2000 h storage in an ambient environment without encapsulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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210. Reliable Synthesis of Large‐Area Monolayer WS2 Single Crystals, Films, and Heterostructures with Extraordinary Photoluminescence Induced by Water Intercalation.

Author

Zhang, Qianhui, Lu, Jianfeng, Wang, Ziyu, Dai, Zhigao, Zhang, Yupeng, Huang, Fuzhi, Bao, Qiaoliang, Duan, Wenhui, Fuhrer, Michael S., and Zheng, Changxi

Abstract

Abstract: Two‐dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) hold great potential for future low‐energy optoelectronics owing to their unique electronic, optical, and mechanical properties. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is the technique widely used for the synthesis of large‐area TMDs. However, due to high sensitivity to the growth environment, reliable synthesis of monolayer TMDs via CVD remains challenging. Here a controllable CVD process is developed for large‐area synthesis of monolayer WS2 crystals, films, and in‐plane graphene–WS2 heterostructures by cleaning the reaction tube with hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and aqua regia. The concise cleaning process can remove the residual contaminates attached to the CVD reaction tube and crucibles, reducing the nucleation density but enhancing the diffusion length of WS2 species. The photoluminescence (PL) mappings of a WS2 single crystal and film reveal that the extraordinary PL around the edges of a triangular single crystal is induced by ambient water intercalation at the WS2–sapphire interface. The extraordinary PL can be controlled by the choice of substrates with different wettabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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212. Fatigue stability of CH3NH3PbI3based perovskite solar cells in day/night cycling

Author

Jiang, Liangcong, Lu, Jianfeng, Raga, Sonia R., Sun, Jingsong, Lin, Xiongfeng, Huang, Wenchao, Huang, Fuzhi, Bach, Udo, and Cheng, Yi-Bing

Abstract

The remarkable power conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is overshadowed by concerns about their stability, and its degradation mechanism remains elusive. PSCs are reported to suffer long-term degradation under real working conditions. In this work, we systematically studied the degradation mechanism of PSCs with various device configurations (planar, meso and inverted device structure) by continuous 12-h day/night cycling tests. The fatigue phenomenon, defined in our previous work, was observed both in planar and meso devices. A relationship between the fatigue instability and device-physics of PSCs is established. Through a comparative analysis of results from day/night cycling tests, bulk/interfacial morphology analysis, and transient photocurrent/photovoltage decay measurements, we identify the fatigue behavior in the day/night cycling tests by a cyclic ion movement mechanism, where ions migrate towards the electrode interfaces under illumination and move back to the bulk in the dark. This cyclic migration of ions generates defects in bulk perovskite without destroying the crystal structure. The present study offers a new approach to evaluate the stability of PSCs, contributing to better understanding of degradation mechanisms that are critically important for applications of this novel photovoltaic technology.

Published
2019
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220. A Bi-layer TiO2 photoanode for highly durable, flexible dye-sensitized solar cells

Author

Lin, Jianjian, primary, Peng, Yong, additional, Pascoe, Alexander R., additional, Huang, Fuzhi, additional, Cheng, Yi-Bing, additional, Heo, Yoon-Uk, additional, Nattestad, Andrew, additional, Seung, Wanchul, additional, Kim, Sung Kyun, additional, Yoon, Hoon Joon, additional, Kim, Sang-Woo, additional, Yamauchi, Yusuke, additional, Dou, Shi Xue, additional, and Kim, Jung Ho, additional

Published
2015
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223. Gas-assisted preparation of lead iodide perovskite films consisting of a monolayer of single crystalline grains for high efficiency planar solar cells

Author

Huang, Fuzhi, primary, Dkhissi, Yasmina, additional, Huang, Wenchao, additional, Xiao, Manda, additional, Benesperi, Iacopo, additional, Rubanov, Sergey, additional, Zhu, Ye, additional, Lin, Xiongfeng, additional, Jiang, Liangcong, additional, Zhou, Yecheng, additional, Gray-Weale, Angus, additional, Etheridge, Joanne, additional, McNeill, Christopher R., additional, Caruso, Rachel A., additional, Bach, Udo, additional, Spiccia, Leone, additional, and Cheng, Yi-Bing, additional

Published
2014
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224. Phase Segregation Enhanced Ion Movement in Efficient Inorganic CsPbIBr2 Solar Cells.

Author

Li, Wei, Rothmann, Mathias Uller, Liu, Amelia, Wang, Ziyu, Zhang, Yupeng, Pascoe, Alexander R., Lu, Jianfeng, Jiang, Liangcong, Chen, Yu, Huang, Fuzhi, Peng, Yong, Bao, Qiaoliang, Etheridge, Joanne, Bach, Udo, and Cheng, Yi‐Bing

Subjects
CESIUM compounds, SOLAR cells, ENERGY conversion, ANALYTICAL chemistry, MICROSTRUCTURE
Abstract

Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells with mixed cations and mixed halides have achieved impressive power conversion efficiency of up to 22.1%. Phase segregation due to the mixed compositions has attracted wide concerns, and their nature and origin are still unclear. Some very useful analytical techniques are controversial in microstructural and chemical analyses due to electron beam-induced damage to the 'soft' hybrid perovskite materials. In this study photoluminescence, cathodoluminescence, and transmission electron microscopy are used to study charge carrier recombination and retrieve crystallographic and compositional information for all-inorganic CsPbIBr2 films on the nanoscale. It is found that under light and electron beam illumination, 'iodide-rich' CsPbI(1+ x)Br(2− x) phases form at grain boundaries as well as segregate as clusters inside the film. Phase segregation generates a high density of mobile ions moving along grain boundaries as ion migration 'highways.' Finally, these mobile ions can pile up at the perovskite/TiO2 interface resulting in formation of larger injection barriers, hampering electron extraction and leading to strong current density-voltage hysteresis in the polycrystalline perovskite solar cells. This explains why the planar CsPbIBr2 solar cells exhibit significant hysteresis in efficiency measurements, showing an efficiency of up to 8.02% in the reverse scan and a reduced efficiency of 4.02% in the forward scan, and giving a stabilized efficiency of 6.07%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2017
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226. Optical Probe Ion and Carrier Dynamics at the CH3NH3PbI3 Interface with Electron and Hole Transport Materials.

Author

Wen, Xiaoming, Huang, Shujuan, Chen, Sheng, Deng, Xiaofan, Huang, Fuzhi, Cheng, Yi-Bing, Green, Martin, and Ho-Baillie, Anita

Subjects
PEROVSKITE, SOLAR cells, ION migration & velocity, ELECTRON-hole recombination, PHOTOLUMINESCENCE
Abstract

Ion migration and accumulation in perovskite and interface have recently attracted considerable research interest because it is closely related to carrier extraction and hence to the performance of perovskite solar cells. Here using specific optical probe techniques and perovskite, the authors investigate the effect of light illumination (soaking) at the CH3NH3PbI3/spiro-OMeTAD and CH3NH3PbI3/Phenyl-C61-butyric-acid-methyl ester interfaces, focusing on the dynamics of mobile ions and photoexcited carriers. Time dependent photoluminescence (PL) intensity, electron-hole recombination and optical microscopy images are used to monitor the illumination effects at the interface as a function of light illumination time and intensity. Under continuous illumination, the PL intensity exhibits dynamic quenching in the timescale of seconds to minutes. The authors attribute this PL quenching to the accumulation of mobile ions at the interface during light soaking. Only negative ions cause such PL quenching and the rate at which PL intensity decreases depends on the illumination intensity. The authors found that the accumulated ions also impede the extraction of photogenerated holes from the perovskite layer into spiro-OMeTAD, which increases electron-hole recombination. This investigation provides novel insight into the ion migration mechanism by light soaking and therefore its impact on the operation of a perovskite solar cell. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2016
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238. Stacking n-type layers: Effective route towards stable, efficient and hysteresis-free planar perovskite solar cells

Author

Liu, Xueping, Bu, Tongle, Li, Jing, He, Jiang, Li, Tianhui, Zhang, Jun, Li, Wangnan, Ku, Zhiliang, Peng, Yong, Huang, Fuzhi, Cheng, Yi-Bing, and Zhong, Jie

Abstract

Perovskite solar cell (PSC) has drawn widespread concern for its high efficiency and facile low-temperature solution fabrication, promising for the alternative low-cost photovoltaic energy. However, before commercializing, the problems regarding to the environmental stability and electrical hysteresis of PSCs still need to be tackled. We present a simple route by stacking n-type materials TiO2(spray pyrolysis) and SnO2(aqueous colloidal) for planar devices, and achieve a stable (~91% efficiency >90 days at 30%RH without encapsulation), hysteresis-free (hysteresis index 0.004) and efficient (18.03%) perovskite solar cells. Moreover, we carry out a system stability evaluation for unsealed devices under harsh conditions with intense UV illumination, heat and damp in an environmental chamber. Both TiO2and SnO2devices demonstrate inferior performance compare to the stacked samples in the accelerated stability tests. Photoluminescence, phase and electrical characterizations suggest that the performance enhancement is ascribed to the synergetic optimization from concealing the defective interface and promotion of carriers transfer and blocking. With the optimized n-type layers, a high efficiency of 14.39% is obtained for the 5 × 5cm2sub-module. These results suggest that by stacking n-type layers could enable superior overall performances to common electron transport layers (ETLs) (TiO2, SnO2and etc.), providing facile routes for fabricating efficient PSCs with high stability.

Published
2018
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239. Enhanced open-circuit voltage of p-type DSC with highly crystalline NiO nanoparticles

Author

Zhang, Xiao Li, Huang, Fuzhi, Nattestad, Andrew, Wang, Kun, Fu, Dongchuan, Mishra, Amaresh, Bauerle, Peter, Bach, Udo, Cheng, Yi-Bing, Zhang, Xiao Li, Huang, Fuzhi, Nattestad, Andrew, Wang, Kun, Fu, Dongchuan, Mishra, Amaresh, Bauerle, Peter, Bach, Udo, and Cheng, Yi-Bing

Abstract

Highly crystalline NiO nanoparticles synthesized through a facile thermolysis route were used as photocathode materials in p-type dye-sensitized solar cells resulting in open-circuit voltages exceeding 300 mV with an iodide/triiodide mediator.

Published
2011

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