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The double-low rapeseed contains ≤2% erucic acid in its oil and ≤35μmol/g of dry meal. The oil of double-low rapeseed contains very low levels of saturated fatty acids (6%), high levels of oleic acid (≥60%), and intermediate levels of linoleic and linolenic acids (20 %and 10 %, respectively). Because of its higher oil content and numerous agricultural advantages, double-low rapeseed is getting worldwide attention. The rapeseed oil, which was extracted by a traditional process with pre-press and solvent extraction, is of bad quality. Commercial hexane, which has been used as a solvent for crude edible oil extraction, has toxicological and environmental safety issues. Carbon dioxide in its supercritical state has properties and extraction capacities very similar to liquids. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction is a new technique for oil extraction and is similar to conventional solvent extraction in that the material to be extracted is withdrawn from the substrate by using a solvent. In its supercritical state, carbon dioxide is the most commonly used supercritical solvent due to its nontoxicity, non-flammability, low cost, availability in bulk quantities, ease of removal from the extracted materials, and low critical temperature and pressure (31.06 °C and 7.38 MPa, respectively). To improve the additional value of oils and meals obtained from the cold press cake of double-low dehulled rapeseed, supercritical CO2 is used to extract double-low rapeseed oil and then the quality of the oil and meal obtained is studied. The affection of factors, which includes extraction pressure, temperature, and time effecting on oil yield, is investigated by Box-Behnken's response surface methodology. The model equation for predicting the optimum response values is established by Design Expert software. The adequacy of the model equation for predicting the optimum response values was effectively verified by the validation. The experiment result indicates that affection of extraction pressure and time on oil yield are more significant than extraction temperature. The interaction between extraction pressure and time has a very significant affection on oil yield. The optimum operation parameters of supercritical CO2 extraction are: extraction temperature 40°C, pressure 28MPa, and time 120min.In this optimal condition, the oil yield is 95.08% and is similar to the 95.30% predicted as maximum oil yield by the mathematical model under the condition of temperature 39.66°C and pressure 27.50MPa with extraction time 120 min. The supercritical CO2 extraction of double-low rapeseed oil from dehulled cold press cake has a lighter color and better acid and peroxide value compared to n-hexane extraction. The phospholipid content of oil extracted with supercritical CO2 is 0.051mg/g, which is 1/32 of the n-hexane process, and the vitamin E and total phenolic content are 17.68ug/g and 5.17ug/mL respectively, which are both larger than the n-hexane extraction process. The meal of double-low rapeseed obtained from dehulled cold press cake with supercritical CO2 extraction, which has a superior quality compared to the meal obtained by n-hexane extraction, has lower glucosinolate content, high protein solubility, and better color. These study results can help utilize cold press cake of dehulled double-low rapeseed for high-value purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A biodiesel production process using magnetically stabilized fluidized bed reactor (MSFBR) has been developed based on the refined cottonseed oil. The reactant flow rate and magnetic field intensity effects on the nanometer magnetic catalyst behavior in the column were investigated. Orthogonal experiments (L(2)) were applied to optimize the best transesterification reaction conditions. Reaction temperature, methanol to oil molar ratio, and reactant flow rate were the main factors to influence transesterification conversion efficiency. These three factors chosen for the present investigation were based on the results of single-factor tests. The optimum transesterification reaction conditions of cottonseed oil were determined in MSFBR as follows: methanol to oil molar ratio 8:1, 40 cm min reactant flow rate, 225 Oe magnetic field intensity and reaction temperature of 65 °C, the conversion efficiency reached 97% in 100 min. The cold filter plugging point and kinematic viscosity of cottonseed oil biodiesel were higher than that described by Chinese specifications of biodiesel because of the special fatty acid profiles of cottonseed oil. The activity stability of the nanometer magnetic solid catalyst in MSFBR was much better than that in the autoclave stirred reactor (ASR). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnesium silicate and basic magnesium carbonate were characterized and their application in the low temperature adsorption refining of fragrant rapeseed oil was investigated. The results showed that both materials had a loose porous structure, but their particle size distribution, active functional groups, crystallinity, specific surface area, pore volume, and pore size differed. Under the optimal adsorption refining conditions, magnesium silicate and basic magnesium carbonate reduced the phospholipid content from 4.18 to 0.83 and 1.57 mg/g, acid value from 1.67 to 0.88 and 0.90 mgKOH/g, yellow value from 38.2 to 32.1 and 36.2, and red value from 2.9 to 1.7 and 2.2, respectively. The use of these two magnesium salts did not significantly alter the composition of fatty acids and the content of tocopherol. The retention rates of total phytosterol by magnesium silicate and basic magnesium carbonate were 93.6% and 95.9%, respectively. The retention rates of total phenol were 88.9% and 93.9%, respectively. The adsorption refining process proved to be advantageous in purifying fragrant rapeseed oil while maintaining the dominant flavor components relatively unchanged (P < 0.05). As a result, these two magnesium salts have the potential to be used during the low temperature adsorption refining process of fragrant rapeseed oil. • The two magnesium salts both had good adsorption refining effect on rapeseed oil. • Magnesium silicate showed superior adsorption refining capacity than the other. • Retention rates of micronutrients by the two magnesium salts were very promising. • The refining by the two magnesium salts purified the flavor of the rapeseed oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • DHA improves systemic glucose metabolism disorders. • DHA prevents hippocampal neuroinflammation. • DHA attenuates hippocampal oxidative stress. • DHA inhibits hippocampal amyloid formation and Tau phosphorylation. • DHA ameliorates hippocampal insulin resistance. • DHA improves cognitive function. Diminished brain insulin sensitivity is associated with reduced cognitive function. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is known to maintain normal brain function. This study aimed to determine whether DHA impacts hippocampal insulin sensitivity and cognitive function in aged rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Eight-month-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups (n = 50 each). Rats in the aged group, HFD group, and DHA treatment group received standard diet (10 kcal% fat), HFD (45 kcal% fat), and DHA-enriched HFD (45 kcal% fat, 1% DHA, W/W) for 10 months, respectively. Four-month-old female rats (n = 40) that received a standard diet served as young controls. Neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, amyloid formation, and tau phosphorylation in the hippocampus, as well as systemic glucose homeostasis and cognitive function, were tested. DHA treatment relieved a block in the insulin signaling pathway and consequently protected aged rats against HFD-induced hippocampal insulin resistance. The beneficial effects were explained by a DHA-induced decrease in systemic glucose homeostasis dysregulation, hippocampal neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. In addition, DHA treatment broke the reciprocal cycle of hippocampal insulin resistance, Aβ burden, and tau hyperphosphorylation. Importantly, treatment of model rats with DHA significantly increased their cognitive capacity, as evidenced by their increased hippocampal-dependent learning and memory, restored neuron morphology, enhanced cholinergic activity, and activated cyclic AMP-response element-binding protein. DHA improves cognitive function by enhancing hippocampal insulin sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new method for rapeseed oil preparation named synchronous pressing and refining after solid-phase preadsorption technology was investigated. Rapeseed and adsorbents were first mixed evenly to form premixes, and the product oils were then obtained by direct pressing and filtering. The phospholipid content, acid value, a* value, chlorophyll, carotene, polyphenol contents of crude oil increased, while L* and b* values decreased with increasing squeezing chamber temperature. A moderate adsorbent dosage and temperature could improve the refining effects. Silicon dioxide had the highest dephosphorization and deacidification rates of 95% and 42%, respectively, when the dosage was 30 g/kg at 130 °C. Activated clay decreased the chlorophyll and carotene contents by 75% and 38%, respectively. Sucrose fatty acid ester had dephosphorization and deacidification rates of 67s% and 41%, respectively. Ascorbic palmitate had a dephosphorization rate of 74% and retained polyphenols intactly. This technology would not affect the oil yield and could decrease the peroxide value of rapeseed oil. It realized the simultaneous completion of pressing and refining with the advantages of a short preparation time and environmental sustainability. • The method realized the simultaneous completion of pressing and physical refining. • The new oil preparation method has no significant effect on oil yield. • Silicon dioxide had a better refining effect than other adsorbents in this method. • Ascorbic palmitate had a high dephosphorization rate and polyphenol retention rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preparation of soy proteins with high functionalities is significant for enhancing their utilization. Here, we propose a green and mild weak-base synchronous membrane separation (MS) technique to enrich soy protein isolate (SPI), with two traditional extraction methods, alkali extraction-isoelectric point precipitation (AE) and salt extraction (SE), as the control. The interfacial properties of SPI were investigated by Cryo-SEM, interfacial rheology (dilatational and shear), and Langmuir-Blodgett films combined with AFM. Results showed that MS extraction significantly reduced the disulfide bond content of SPI, which induced partial depolymerization of the protein and exposed the internal hydrophobic groups, and thus leading to the reduction of particle size as well as the increase of surface hydrophobicity (H 0). These structural properties conferred MS-SPI with a faster interfacial adsorption rate, followed by easier unfolding and rearrangement after anchoring to the interface. Finally, the flexible and denser interfacial layers with high mechanical properties were formed through strong in-plane interactions among SPI, which could effectively prevent the rupture of oil droplets and air bubbles. Therefore, the emulsification stability and foamability of MS-SPI could be maintained for up to ∼252 min and ∼232%, which was at least 2.4 times and 1.2 times than that of AE-SPI and SE-SPI, respectively. These findings demonstrated that MS extraction was an effective approach for broadening the applications of soy proteins in the food ingredient field. [Display omitted] • Weak-base synchronized membrane separation extraction method conferred flexible structure to SPI. • MS-SPI formed stiff viscoelastic solid-like interfacial layers by strong in-plane interaction. • MS-SPI exhibits stronger foaming and emulsifying properties compared to commercial SPI and sodium caseinate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have developed a label-free fluorescence sensor for caffeic acid (CA) by the use of CdTe:Zn 2+ quantum dots (CdTe:Zn 2+ QDs) as an output signal. The principle of sensor is based on the fluorescence quenching and binding properties of Fe 2+ toward QDs and CA, respectively. To provide a fluorescence turn-on mode for CA detection, Fe 2+ is first mixed with QDs solution, leading to a low fluorescence emission. With the addition of CA, the fluorescence of QDs is recovered due to the strong binding interaction between CA and Fe 2+ . Thus, a QDs-based label-free fluorescence sensor, designed in a simple mix-and-detect format, is established for CA detection. This study demonstrated here not only offers simple, sensitive and non-enzymatic detection method for CA, but also brings to light a new application of QDs in the food analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A novel method for the continuous enzymatic synthesis of PEs was developed. • The lipase microarrays based on HMSS showed high activity and stability. • The highest productivity for PEs was obtained after 30 days of non-stop operation. • Continuous flow modes can remove the by-product and scale up easily compared with batch reactions. In this study, a continuous-flow bioreactor packed with well-organized lipase microarrays was developed for the sustainable synthesis of functional lipid-phytosterol esters (PEs). Hollow mesoporous silicon spheres with a suitable pore size were prepared for lipase immobilization, and the hydrophobic modification endowed the lipase with excellent catalytic activity and stability. The results showed that the condensely packed lipase microarrays offered large specific surface areas and guaranteed the thorough interaction between the lipase and substrates in the continuous-flow bioreactor. Meanwhile, the substrate could pass through the reactor at 1 mL/min with a high conversion of 93.6% due to the hollow structure of the packing spheres. Moreover, the reactors were able to produce 1564 g PEs/g catalyst in a continuous 30-day processing period, which set the highest records for PEs synthesis. This sustainable and highly-converting flow system provided a feasible path for scale-up production of PEs in the food processing area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sequential process, CO 2 osmotic treatment combined with subcritical fluid defatting was developed to prepare low-fat walnut kernel preserving shape integrity. The influence of operating parameters involving osmotic pressure and subcritical butane defatting repeats on the defatting effect has been investigated. CO 2 osmotic at 25 MPa resulted in defatting rate as 37.12% and minimum perfect kernel rate (81.48%). Increase of defatting repeats from one to three times led to exploding quantities of defatting rate (from 9.98% to 40.61%) but no significant varies of perfect kernel rate (p > 0.5). With the increase of defatting rate, the amount of oil bodies in walnut cells decreased, and defatting rate presented negative correlated with hardness and chewiness of products. Hexanal, nonanal and heptaldehyde were the predominant volatile compounds. After defatting, they may be removed as accompanying components and showed a slight downward trend. However, results of electronic nose revealed that there was no significant difference among flavor of walnut with different defatting rate (p > 0.5). Slight defatting caused significant variations in the taste of walnuts. As the defatting rate exceeded 18.65%, products expressed similar taste. Overall, coupling CO 2 osmotic treatment with subcritical fluid defatting proved to be great potential for application in shape-preserving defatting. • CO 2 osmotic pressure combined with subcritical butane defatting was developed to prepare low-fat and shape-preserving walnut. • Walnuts with different defatting rates revealed no significance overall flavor. • Products with higher defatting rates (above 18.65%) presented similar taste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here, we present highly porous, cellulose-based microspheres using (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl) TEMPO-oxidized cellulose fibers (TOCFs) as starting materials. The TOCFs were first dissolved in a NaOH/urea solvent and transformed into microspheres via an emulsification method. The carboxyl groups on the surface of TOCFs were successfully carried on the cellulose-based microspheres, which provides them numerous reacting or binding sites, allowing them to be easily functionalized or immobilized with biomolecules for multi-functional applications. Furthermore, the introduction of magnetic nanoparticles awards these microspheres magnetic properties, allowing them to be attracted by a magnetic field. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate the application of using these carboxylate cellulose-based microspheres for enzyme immobilization. The cellulose-based microspheres can successfully create stable covalent bonds with enzymes after the activation of carboxyl groups. The enhanced pH tolerance, thermal stability, convenient recovery, and reusability position the emulsified microspheres as promising carriers for enzyme immobilization. [Display omitted] • TEMPO-oxidized cellulose was used as starting material for preparing microspheres. • The microspheres were prepared by emulsification of TOCF solution in paraffin oil. • The microspheres are highly porous with abundant carboxylate groups dispersed. • The microspheres can provide abundant binding sites for enzyme immobilization. • The immobilized enzyme showed improved stability with recyclability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Long‐chain acyl‐CoA synthetases (LACS) play diverse and fundamentally important roles in lipid metabolism. While their functions have been well established in bacteria, yeast and plants, the mechanisms by which LACS isozymes regulate lipid metabolism in unicellular oil‐producing microalgae, including the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum, remain largely unknown.In P. tricornutum, a family of five genes (ptACSL1–ptACSL5) encodes LACS activities. We generated single lacs knockout/knockdown mutants using multiplexed CRISPR/Cas9 method, and determined their substrate specificities towards different fatty acids (FAs) and subcellular localisations.ptACSL3 is localised in the mitochondria and its disruption led to compromised growth and reduced triacylglycerol (TAG) content when cells were bubbled with air. The ptACSL3 mutants showed altered FA profiles in two galactoglycerolipids and phosphatidylcholine (PC) with significantly reduced distribution of 16:0 and 16:1. ptACSL5 is localised in the peroxisome and its knockdown resulted in reduced growth rate and altered molecular species of PC and TAG, indicating a role in controlling the composition of acyl‐CoAs for lipid synthesis.Our work demonstrates the potential of generating gene knockout mutants with the mutation of large fragment deletion using multiplexed CRISPR/Cas9 and provides insight into the functions of LACS isozymes in lipid metabolism in the oleaginous microalgae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Ultrasonic pretreatment lipase-catalyzed synthesis of 4-methoxy cinnamoyl glycerol (4MCG) was studied. [•] The enzymatic method using ultrasonic pretreatment significantly improved overall esterification reaction rate and monoester (4MCG) yield. [•] The ultrasonic pretreatment process did not damage the lipase activity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• Ultrasonic assisted enzymatic degumming (UAED) is developed to refine ARA oil. • UAED is optimized by response surface methodology with Box- Behnken design. • Fatty acid composition of oil by UAED is similar to those of enzymatic degumming (ED) and crude oil. • In addition to oxidation stability, the quality of oil by UAED is superior to that of oil by ED and crude oil. Ultrasound assisted enzymatic method was applied to the degumming of arachidonic acid (ARA) oil produced by Mortierella alpina. The conditions of degumming process were optimized by response surface methodology with Box- Behnken design. A dephosphorization rate of 98.82% was achieved under optimum conditions of a 500 U/kg of Phospholipase A 1 (PLA 1) dosage, 2.8 mL/100 g of water volume, 120 min of ultrasonic time, and 135 W of ultrasonic power. The phosphorus content of ultrasonic assisted enzymatic degumming oil (UAEDO) was 4.79 mg/kg, which was significantly lower than that of enzymatic degumming oil (EDO, 17.98 mg/kg). Crude Oil (CO), EDO and UAEDO revealed the similar fatty acid compositions, and ARA was dominated (50.97 ~ 52.40%). The oxidation stability of UAEDO was equivalent to EDO and weaker than CO, while UAEDO presented the strongest thermal stability, followed by EDO and CO. Furthermore, aldehydes, acids and alcohols were identified the main volatile flavor components for the three oils. The proportions of major contributing components such as hexanal, nonanal, (E)-2-nonanal, (E, E)-2,4-decadienal, (E)-2-nonenal and aldehydes in UAEDO and EDO were all lower than CO. Overall, Ultrasound assisted enzymatic degumming proved to be an efficient and superior method for degumming of ARA oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Different structural flaxseed lignans inhibited FO oxidation in HSPC-emulsions. • SECO and FLEH enhanced the physical stability of emulsions. • The free radical membrane permeation was highly inhibited by SECO and FLEH. • The mechanism mainly related to the interactions between HSPC and flaxseed lignans. • The flaxseed lignans decreased the lipolysis by lipase during simulated digestion. The influences of the different structural flaxseed lignans on flaxseed oil (FO) emulsions during storage and digestion were investigated, focusing on their interfacial behavior. From perspective of interface, more than 60% of secoisolariciresinol (SECO) and the acidic hydrolysates of flaxseed lignan macromolecule (FLEH) were located on the interface of FO emulsions. It improved the stability of FO emulsions both during storage and digestion by inhibiting of free radical penetration and improving their targeted antioxidative activity. By comparison, the secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) and the alkaline hydrolysates of flaxseed lignan macromolecule (FLE) largely located in the aqueous and exerted lower antioxidative efficiency in emulsions. Moreover, SDG, SECO, FLE and FLEH slowed down the digestive rate of FO in emulsions, which might be due to flaxseed lignans inhibited the activity of digestive enzymes. These findings suggested that the different structural flaxseed lignans had the potential as antioxidants in emulsions during storage and digestion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quality properties and antioxidant activities of tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus L.) oil produced using mechanical expression with subcritical n -butane extraction (ME-SBE) and supercritical CO 2 extraction (ME-SCO 2 E) were investigated and compared with mechanical expression or critical fluid extraction. Results showed that the highest extraction yield was obtained by ME-SBE (28.47 ± 0.20 g/100 g) and ME-SCO 2 E (28.56 ± 0.24 g/100 g). The content of tocopherols, β -carotene and total phenolic compound in oil extracted by ME-SBE (30.69 ± 0.15 mg/100 g, 160.56 ± 7.98 μg/100 g and 28.79 ± 0.34 mg sinapic acid/100 g, respectively) were the highest, and followed by ME-SCO 2 E oil, For fatty acid composition, five oils were similar and rich in oleic acid (73.81–74.10%) and linoleic acid (8.75–8.89%). Furthermore, oil extracted by ME-SBE presented the uppermost antioxidant activities and oxidation stability, which were correlated with α-tocopherols, total tocopherols and total phenolic compound content. Thus, mechanical expression with subcritical n -butane extraction appeared to be preferable for tiger nut oil extraction. • Profiles of tiger nut oils obtained by five methods were studied. • ME-SBE was proven to be the most suitable method, and the highest yield was 28.5 g/100 g • Tiger nut oils showed a predominance of oleic acid (73.81–74.10%). • Oil extracted by ME-SBE appeared better qualities and antioxidant activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Natural complex nanoparticles were prepared by co-extraction of soy protein and flaxseed protein. • Adsorbed AE-SFNPs with stronger flexibility formed a compact solid-like interfacial layer. • Interfacial mechanics of soy protein was enhanced by co-extraction with flaxseed protein. • AE-SFNPs exhibited better foaming and emulsifying properties than SPI. Enrichment of plant proteins with functionality is of great importance for expanding their application in food formulations. This study proposed an innovation to co-enrich soy protein and flaxseed protein to act as efficient interfacial stabilizers for generating foams and emulsions. The structure, interfacial properties, and functionalities of the soy protein-flaxseed protein natural nanoparticles (SFNPs) obtained by alkali extraction-isoelectric precipitation (AE) and salt extraction-dialysis (SE) methods were investigated. Overall, the foamability of AE-SFNPs (194.67 %) was 1.45-fold that of SE-SFNPs, due to their more flexible structure, smaller particle size, and suitable surface wettability, promoting diffusion and adsorption at the air–water interface. AE-SFNPs showed higher emulsion stability (140.89 min), probably because the adsorbed AE-SFNPs with smaller size displayed soft particle-like properties and stronger interfacial flexibility, and therefore could densely and evenly arrange at the interface, facilitating the formation of a stiff and solid-like interfacial layer, beneficial for more stable emulsion formation. The findings may innovatively expand the applications of SFNPs as food ingredients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ratio n‐6/n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) has been caused widespread discussion. However, the best ratio and mechanism of n‐6/n‐3 PUFA in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are largely unknown. This study investigated the effects of different ratio of n‐6/n‐3 PUFA diets on brown adipose tissue (BAT) and T2DM in mice. Results showed that compared with high ratio of n‐6/n‐3 PUFA (50:1) diet, lower ratio of n‐6/n‐3 PUFA (1:1 and 5:1) diets significantly increased BAT mass by 67.55% and 60.49%, decreased the fasting blood glucose (24.87% and 20.64%), total cholesterol (32.9% and 23.84%), triglyceride (33.51% and 29.62%), low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (19.23% and 17.38%), and increased glucose tolerance by 21.99% and 15.52%. Further, qRT‐PCR analyses indicated that lower ratio of n‐6/n‐3 PUFA diets activated BAT, increased the expression of Ucp1, β‐3AR, PPAR‐γ, cAMP, GLU1, HSL, LPL, and PGC‐1α, further improved lipid and glucose metabolism in T2DM mice. In conclusion, this study substantiated that the lower ratio of n‐6/n‐3 PUFA (1:1 and 5:1) improve symptoms associated with T2DM via activating BAT. Practical Application: Dietary ratio of n‐6/n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is essential for the improvement of chronic diseases. Our current study showed that 1:1 or 5:1 ratio of n‐6/n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids had better efficiency for type 2 diabetes mellitus via activating brown adipose tissue when compared with 1:50. This finding provided useful guidance for the daily diet of patients with diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an emerging and rapidly growing omics field derived from metabolomics, lipidomics focuses on comprehensive analysis of lipid molecules in biological matrices. In recent years, the rapid development of lipidomics approaches using mass spectrometry (MS) has shown great potential in food lipids analysis and dietary lipid nutrition research within foodomics, which brings different strategies that manage to face the complex challenges existed in global food chains and provides comprehensive insights into lipid nutrition and health. This review presents a profile of MS-based lipidomics, from sample preparation to data processing. Analytical strategies, MS-based platforms and chemometric tools that are widely employed in lipidomics researches are summarized. The feasibility of MS-based lipidomics approaches in the field of foodomics has been demonstrated with their recent applications in food traceability, quality, safety, as well as revealing the health benefits of dietary lipids. MS-based lipidomics analysis in foodomics discipline can provide compositional and structural information about lipid components in a food matrix or alteration of lipid metabolism in organisms after diet intervention. When combined with chemometric tools, this powerful platform enables sensitive and robust detection of food fraud, assessment of food safety problems concerning lipid molecules and in-depth investigation of the functional roles of dietary lipids. The advances of MS and progresses in separation techniques will further expand the application of MS-based lipidomics in foodomics research, and thus offering us more new knowledge of food lipids. Image 1 • Mass spectrometry-based lipidomics provides abundant information regarding lipids for foodomics research. • A typical workflow comprising all steps in mass spectrometry-based lipidomics research was summarized. • Applications of mass spectrometry-based lipidomics in foodomics research were comprehensively reviewed. • Advances in analytical techniques and bioinformatic strategies will expand the applications of lipidomics in food science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The digestion of flaxseed polysaccharides (FSP) in simulated saliva, gastric and small intestine conditions was assessed, as well as in vitro fermentation of FSP by human gut microbiota. FSP was not degraded in the simulated digestive systems (there was no change in molecular weight or content of reducing sugars), indicating that ingested FSP would reach the large intestine intact. Changes in carbohydrate content, reducing sugars and culture pH suggested that FSP could be broken down and used by gut microbiota. FSP modulated the composition and structure of the gut microbiota by altering the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and increasing the relative abundances of Prevotella, Phascolarctobacterium, Clostridium and Megamonas, which can degrade polysaccharides. Meanwhile, FSP fermentation increased the concentration of short-chain fatty acids, especially propionic and butyric acids. Our results indicate that FSP might be developed as a functional food that benefits gut health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• SP, SG, DSG, QSDG, SM, DDSG were the main SA derivatives in untreated rapeseed. • SG, DSG, SM and DDSG were regarded to be one of the precursor substances of canolol. • Tocopherols and sterols content increased after microwave pretreatment process. • Oils from microwaved rapeseed owned stronger antioxidant ability for canolol formation. Microwave pretreatment has been considered to improve the quality of rapeseed oil for canolol generation. Canolol is assumed to be formed by the decarboxylation of sinapic acid (SA). In this work, sinapic acid derivatives in 39 microwave-pretreated rapeseeds and their roles in the enhanced oxidative stability of rapeseed oils were investigated. The average contents of sinapic acid derivatives in rapeseeds, including (from high to low) sinapine, sinapoyl glucoside (SG), disinapoyl gentiobioside (DSG), quercetin-sinapoyl-di-hexosepentose (QSDG), sinapoyl malate (SM), disinapoyl glucoside (DDSG) and SA, were determined. After microwave pretreatment, the canolol content in rapeseed increased from nil to 6.16–76.1 mg/100 g, while sinapic acid derivatives contents decreased. The degradation rates of SG, DDSG, DSG, SM, SA and sinapine were 59.1%, 40.2%, 33.7%, 27.4%, 14.4% and 11.3%, respectively. There was no correlation relationship between sinapine and canolol. However, SG, DSG, SM and DDSG were regarded to be the precursor substances of canolol. Additionally, the tocopherols, sterols and canolol contents, along with the induction period (IP) of microwaved rapeseed oil increased by 3.79%, 10.0%, 76.8 times and 38.7%, respectively. There was a significant positive correlation between IP and canolol content. These findings clarify the precursor substances of canolol and provide a theoretical support for the development and utilization of canolol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to optimize the microencapsulation method for a functional oil using high amylose corn starch (HACS) and assessed its structure and antioxidant capacity. The results showed that the optimal microencapsulation condition is achieved by using 28.5% of functional oil, 15.75% of HACS, and 57.86% of proportion of monoglyceride in emulsifier with 94.86% microencapsulation efficiency. Scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurement showed that the functional oil microcapsules were uniform size, smooth surface, spherical shape, and without cracks in the wall of the capsules. In vitro oil release of microencapsulates results showed that microencapsulated functional oil containing HACS has a better sustained release effect. The microcapsules containing HACS exhibited a lower lipid oxidation rate during storage. In conclusion, microencapsulation of HACS as wall material improved the stability of functional oil and this formulation of microcapsules was satisfactorily applied in powdered food for diabetic patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flaxseed oligosaccharides (FGOS) were prepared by degradation of flaxseed gum (FG) using enzymatic method. Factors affecting the enzymatic hydrolysis of FG were investigated by single factor and orthogonal tests. In the optimum hydrolysis conditions (reaction time 12 h, temperature 50 °C, pH 4.5, cellulase concentration 100 U/mL), the reducing sugar ratio and extraction yield of FGOS were 33.6 ± 0.35% and 56.8 ± 0.41%, respectively. The average molecular weight of FGOS was about 1.6 kDa, which consists of mannose, galactose, glucose, arabinose, glucuronic acid, xylose, rhamnose, ribose, galacturonic acid. Fourier-transform infrared spectra and NMR indicated that FG was successfully degraded to FGOS. FGOS exhibited better antioxidant activities than FG on scavenging hydroxyl, ABTS and DPPH radicals. In vitro cytotoxicities experiments reveal FGOS acquire the ability of antiproliferation against HepG2 and Hela cells in a dose-dependent manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Rapeseed cake (RSC), as the intermediate by-product of oil extraction from the seeds of Brassica napus, can be converted into rapeseed meal (RSM) by solvent extraction to remove oil. However, compared with RSM, RSC has been rarely used as a raw material for microbial fermentation, although both RSC and RSM are mainly composed of proteins, carbohydrates and minerals. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of using untreated low-cost RSC as nitrogen source to produce the valuable cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic iturin A using Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CX-20 in submerged fermentation. Especially, the effect of oil in RSC on iturin A production and the possibility of using lipases to improve the iturin A production were analyzed in batch fermentation. Results: The maximum production of iturin A was 0.82 g/L at the optimal initial RSC and glucose concentrations of 90 and 60 g/L, respectively. When RSC was substituted with RSM as nitrogen source based on equal protein content, the final concentration of iturin A was improved to 0.95 g/L. The production of iturin A was further increased by the addition of different lipase concentrations from 0.1 to 5 U/mL into the RSC medium for simultaneous hydrolysis and fermentation. At the optimal lipase concentration of 0.5 U/mL, the maximal production of iturin A reached 1.14 g/L, which was 38.15% higher than that without any lipase supplement. Although rapeseed oil and lipase were firstly shown to have negative effects on iturin A production, and the effect would be greater if the concentration of either was increased, their respective negative effects were reduced when used together. Conclusions: Appropriate relative concentrations of lipase and rapeseed oil were demonstrated to support optimal iturin A production. And simultaneous hydrolysis with lipase and fermentation was an effective way to produce iturin A from RSC using B. amyloliquefaciens CX-20. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Physical stability of flaxseed milk was slightly weakened upon microwave on flaxseed. • Microwave raised fluidity of flaxseed milk by stripped of gel structure in bulk phase. • Microwave favored embedding of storage protein-gum polysaccharide on oil body surface. • Microwave accelerated oil body collapse and lipolysis upon digestion of flaxseed milk. • Synergistic α-linolenic acid delivery was achieved for flaxseed milk upon microwave. The current study was to investigate how microwave on flaxseed affected the physicochemical stability and gastrointestinal digestion of oil bodies (OBs) in flaxseed milk. Flaxseed was subjected to moisture adjustment (30-35 wt%, 24 h), and microwave exposure (0–5 min, 700 W). Microwave treatment slightly weakened the physical stability of flaxseed milk indicated by Turbiscan Stability Index, but there were no visual phase separation during 21 days of storage at 4 °C. Upon microwave treatment, OBs experienced the layer-by-layer encapsulation into loose interface embedding by storage protein-gum polysaccharide complex from bulk phase, resulting in lower viscoelasticity of flaxseed milk. The OBs underwent earlier interface collapse and lipolysis during gastrointestinal digestion, followed by synergistic micellar absorption, faster chylomicrons transport within enterocytes of rats fed flaxseed milk. The accumulation of α-linolenic acid and synergistic conversion into docosapentaenoic and docosahexanoic acids in jejunum tissue were achieved accompanied by the interface remodeling of OBs in flaxseed milk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • NanoTiO 2 /chitosan nanocomposite fibers were prepared by a green method. • The fibers present improved mechanical strength and antibacterial efficiency. • The fibers could effectively reduce the acid value of rice bran oil. • The fibers show potential application for the removal of FFA from edible oil. Abstract Here we propose a wet-spinning assembly approach to continuously spin nanoTiO 2 /chitosan (CS) nanocomposite fibers, which are used directly as absorbents to remove free fatty acids (FFA) from edible oils. The morphology of nanoTiO 2 and nanoTiO 2 /CS nanocomposite fibers was observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. The structure of the fibers was studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and wide angel X-ray diffractometry (WAXD). Moreover, the mechanical property, thermal stability, and antibacterial activity of the fibers were evaluated. These fibers were used for the deacidification of rice bran oil and the acid value of the oil was found decreased from 4.53 ± 0.15 to 1.07 ± 0.06 mg KOH/g within 5 h with a 10 wt % load at 50 ℃. The combination of wet-spinning technology and excellent performance of nanoTiO 2 /CS nanocomposite fibers paves the way to eco-friendly and sustainable material for FFA removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An amplified fluorescence strategy is described for the detection of sinapine (SP) by using a cationic conjugated polymer (PFP) and graphene oxide (GO). It is observed that the fluorescein (FAM)-labeled single-stranded DNA (FAM-DNA) is absorbed on the surface of GO if SP is absent. This causes that fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) from PFP to FAM is inefficient when adding PFP into FAM-DNA/GO complex. If SP is added to FAM-DNA/GO complex, FAM-DNA is desorbed from GO surface due to the competitive binding of SP and FAM-DNA toward GO. In this case, FAM-DNA is close to PFP in the presence of PFP through strong electrostatic interaction, leading to the occurrence of efficient FRET. Based on the above phenomenon, we demonstrate a method to amplify fluorescence signal of traditional GO-based SP assay by introducing PFP. In comparison to the use of single GO, the combination of PFP with GO-based strategy displays high turn-on ratio and enhanced sensitivity with a limit of detection as low as 7.3 ng mL −1 for SP detection. Satisfactory results in practical samples are also obtained by the recovery experiments, demonstrating the potential application of cationic conjugated polymer in plant-derived small molecule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Probiotic supplements have been widely employed to change gut microbiome compositions for the treatment of numerous human disorders since gut flora has a tight association with human health and disease. However, the viability of probiotics has been a major barrier to the application of probiotic products. Here, we developed an electrostatically reinforced and sealed nanocellulose-based macrosphere for probiotic encapsulation. The inside porous gel sphere provides abundant and relatively independent porous spaces for probiotics to live in. The introduction of chitosan hydrochloride (CHC) and alginate (ALG) strengthened the gel structure and contributed to the formulation of a multi-layered structure with pH-responsive properties. The mild strengthening and coating processes avoid severe damage to the sensitive probiotics in the processing process, and the synthesized multi-layer macrospheres could protect probiotics from gastric acid and bile salt conditions. In addition, the dissolvability of the outer shell and the stable inner porous skeleton in intestinal conditions allow the gradual release of the entrapped probiotics in targeted environments. Overall, this work suggests the electrostatically reinforced and sealed nanocellulose-based macrospheres are ideal materials for the probiotic delivery application. [Display omitted] • TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers crossed by Ca2+ were designed as inner core. • The inner core can provide abundant porous spaces for probiotics to live in. • Chitosan hydrochloride and alginate were introduced to strengthen gel structure. • Composite macrosphere is of multi-layered structure with pH-responsive properties. • The macrosphere can protect probiotics from gastric acid and bile salt conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The limitation of plant protein adsorbed on the oil/water interface is more rigid than milk protein. Herein, the interfacial rigidity or flexibility of flaxseed protein isolate (FPI) was regulated by ultrasound coupled with weak alkali cycling (pH 7 → 10→7) treatment. The interfacial properties of FPI during the treatment were investigated by interfacial rheology, Lissajous plots, cryo-SEM, and Langmuir-Blodgett films combined AFM tests. Compared with FPI, UFPI-10 (FPI treated by ultrasound coupled with pH 10 cycling) possessed higher emulsification stability (ESI∼308.20 min), increasing by 1.74 times. Three stages of emulsifying property enhancement were obtained. First, FPI aggregates had more disulfide bond (-S-S-). After treated by ultrasound coupled with weak alkali cycling, the protein underwent a deaggregation-reassembly process, resulting in the breakage of -S-S- and the exposure of internal sulfhydryl group (-SH) as well as hydrophobic group on the protein surface. These induced the significant improve of -SH and surface hydrophobicity (H 0) as well as the decrease of particle size and -S-S- (P < 0.05). Second, the above altered structural properties endowed protein faster adsorption rate onto the interface. The -SH on the surface of adsorbed proteins could convert to -S-S-, leading to form an interfacial flexible layer with high viscoelastic modulus and mechanical behavior. Third, this tight and solid-like interfacial film affirmed by the cryo-SEM and interfacial dilatational rheological results could protect emulsion droplet against flocculation, coalescence, and disproportionation, thus contributing to good emulsification stability. We conformed that the exchange between -S-S- and -SH played an important role in regulating the interfacial flexibility. [Display omitted] • The exchange between -SH and -S-S- regulated the interfacial flexibility of FPI. • Ultrasound coupled with weak alkali cycling treatment promoted the emulsifying properties of FPI. • FPI treated by ultrasound coupled with weak alkali cycling generated strong and stiff interfacial films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a series of functional oils rich in feruloylated structured lipids (FSLs) was prepared by enzymatic transesterification of ethyl ferulate (EF) with triglycerides under ultrasound pretreatment. A conversion of more than 92.7% and controllable FSLs (3.1%–26.3%) can be obtained under the following conditions: 16% enzyme, substrate ratio 1:5 (oil/EF, mol/mol), 85 °C, ultrasound 1 h, pulse mode 3 s/3s (working/waiting), and 17.0 W/mL. Compared to conventional mechanical stirring, the activation energy decreased from 50.0 kJ/mol to 40.7 kJ/mol. The apparent kinetic constant increased by more than 13 times, and the time required for the maximum conversion reduced sharply from 20–60 h to 4–6h, which was the fastest rate for enzymatic synthesis of FSLs. The antioxidant activities of the functional oil significantly increased 1.0- to 8.1-fold more than that of the raw oil. The functional oil could be widely applied in various fields of functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An easy and fluorescent strategy is developed for the detection of cancer cells and cellular imaging. This assay relies on the quenching of Ru complex toward quantum dots (QDs) and the amplification of hybridization chain reaction (HCR). In the presence of target cancer cells, folate-modified single-stranded DNA (F-DNA) links on the cell membranes through high affinity of folate and receptors. Hybridization reaction between pre-prepared HCR products and F-DNA immobilizes HCR products on the surfaces of target cells, resulting in large amount of Ru complex into HCR products and strong red fluorescence on the surfaces of target cells. Meanwhile, QDs-Ru complex assembling dyads in supernate are reduced, leading to the fluorescence restoration of QDs. Taking human cells lines HeLa as a model analyst, the linear response for HeLa cells in a concentration range from 100 to 10 5 cells mL −1 is obtained with a detection limit of 100 cells mL −1 . The specificity of this assay for the detection of cancer cells is demonstrated against several cell competitors. Additionally, this assay is successfully applied to inhibitor screening for cancer cells in combination with cellular imaging, demonstrating the university of this design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibacterial and antioxidant chitosan-xylan/cellulose nanowhiskers (CNW) nanocomposite films were successfully prepared using CNW as nanofillers. The structure and morphology of the nanocomposite films were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The optical transmittance, thermal stability, mechanical property, and swelling property of the nanocomposite films were also evaluated. These results revealed the microstructure of the films and confirmed the good miscibility between chitosan-xylan and CNW. The improvements of tensile strength and elongation at break of the nanocomposite films confirmed the reinforcement effects of CNW. Moreover, the inhibitory effects against S . aureus and E . coli and the ABTS + scavenging activity indicated antibacterial and antioxidant functions of the nanocomposite films. In this work, the prepared chitosan-xylan/CNW nanocomposite films, combined the antibacterial property of chitosan, the antioxidant property of xylan, and good mechanical property of CNW, could be potentially applied in food and health-related areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monoglyceryl phenolic acids (MPAs) were known as the natural hydrophilic antioxidants which could be used in different fields such as food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic etc. A novel enzymatic route of MPAs synthesis by the alcoholysis of phenolic acid ethyl esters with glycerol under ultrasound irradiation in solvent free system was developed. Optimization of reaction parameters shows that a high conversion of above 97.4% can be obtained under the following conditions: phenolic acid ethyl esters to glycerol molar ratio of 1:10, with 6% catalyst (Novozym 435), at 60 °C and 200 rpm, with ultrasound input of 250 W, at 20 kHz frequency. Compared to the conventional stirring method, the activation energy for phenolic acid ethyl esters conversion was decreased from 65.0 kJ/mol to 32.1 kJ/mol under ultrasound promotion; the apparent kinetic constant (V m /K m ) increased above 1.2-folds; the lipase amount decreased to 50%; the time required for the maximum conversion reduced up to 3-folds without damaging the lipase activity, which is the fastest report for enzymatic synthesis of MPAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sensitive and selective protein biosensor was proposed based on cationic conjugated polymer (PFP)-induced signal amplification with the aid of terminal protection of small molecule-linked DNA (TPSMLD) and graphene oxide (GO). The DNA probe labeled with fluorescein (FAM, P2) had a complementary sequence to the small molecule modified single-stranded DNA (P1). Taking streptavidin (SA) as the target protein, P1 labeled with biotin was digested to small nucleotide fragments by exonuclease I (Exo I) without SA. Upon adding PFP to P2-GO complex, weak fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) from PFP to FAM-induced fluorescence signal was observed owing to the equal affinity for P2 and PFP toward GO. In the presence of SA, P1 was protected from the digestion of Exo I due to the specific binding between SA and biotin, releasing P2 from GO surface by hybridization to form double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). In this case, the addition of PFP led to obvious FRET signal because of strong electrostatic interactions between dsDNA and PFP. By monitoring the change of FRET signal, SA could be quantified. Compared to the strategy without PFP, the introduction of PFP showed an enhanced sensitivity with a detection limit of 1.6 ng mL −1 for SA detection. Also, folate reporter was detected based on this platform with a good linear relationship, demonstrating the generality of this design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to develop transparent maghemite/cellulose nanocomposite membranes with high porosity, high adsorption capacity and controlled release of doxorubicin to be used as a candidate for wound dressing. The membranes were fabricated by a tape casting method through blending a homogeneous dispersion of citrate coated maghemite nanoparticles and cellulose in the NaOH/urea aqueous solution system. The prepared membranes were characterized by Light transmittance measurements, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray Diffractometry (XRD), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Tensile tests and Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). Furthermore, porosity, swelling behavior, water loss ratio and Bovine serum albumin adsorption capacity were evaluated. Drug loading and release was investigated using doxorubicin hydrochloride as a model drug. In vitro cytotoxicity and cells morphology assays of cells growth and proliferation were also studied. This study served as a demonstration of the feasibility of maghemite/cellulose nanocomposite membranes for loading and release of bioactive compounds as a candidate for wound dressing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, Candida lipolytica lipase ( CLL ) was immobilized on magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotubes (mMWCNTs) via hydrophobic and cation-exchange interaction. The resultant immobilized CLL showed much better thermal stability, biocatalyst activity and easier recycling than the free form. A method for efficient enzymatic acidolysis of tripalmitin (PPP) with oleic acid (OA), to produce OPO-rich TAGs, was developed, using the immobilized CLL as the biocatalyst. Under optimized conditions (2% water, 20 mg/ml enzyme, 1:6 PPP/OA, 50 °C, 2 h), the content of OPO in the final product reached 46.5%. CLL @mMWCNTs had a better activity and manipulative stability than commercial lipases. More importantly, the feasibility of CLL @mMWCNTs was also validated in the practical production of OPO-rich TAGs, using lard and restructured palm oil as the raw material. These results suggest that CLL @mMWCNTs is a promising biocatalyst for the OPO-rich TAGs production and will be helpful for the infant formula industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sinapine (SP) has attracted extensive attention in food and medical field because it is a crucial component in many plants with unique physiological activities. Here, we reported a fluorescent sensor based on the unique properties of graphene oxide (GO) for rapid, sensitive detection of SP concentration. In this strategy, GO has stronger affinity toward SP and can be also served as a quencher for DNA fluorescence probe. The fluorescence can make a recovery by the addition of SP, which can competitively desorb probe from the surface of GO, and the SP can thus be monitored by recording the fluorescence change. Because of the low background assays and high quenching ability offered by GO, the developed method provides a great potential for plant-derived molecules research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although Burkholderia cepacia lipase ( BCL ) has been proved to be a potential catalyst for chiral resolution, it is rarely applied in industry because of the low catalysis activity and poor stability of the free form. In this article, BCL was immobilized on the phenyl-modified ordered mesoporous silica (Ph-OMMs) to obtain a novel immobilized lipase. Benefits from the bottle-neck mesoporous structure, high loading of BCL could be completed within only 15 min. When BCL @Ph-OMMs was used as a catalyst for the resolution of 1-phenylethanol, up to 50% conversion with more than 99% ee s was obtained within only 25 min, which is about 65-folds faster than that of the free lipase. Stabilized BCL @Ph-OMMs was successfully used for the ultrafast resolution of six secondary alcohols by selectivity transesterification, which reached high conversion (50%) and high enantioselectivity (≥99%) within 20–180 min. The activity of BCL @Ph-OMMs was kept relatively constant in 50 consecutive cycles, which is the best result among the reported immobilized lipases. The study suggests that BCL @Ph-OMMs is an attractive catalyst in industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Thermal treatment methods including explosion-puffing, microwave and roasting were used. • Explosion-puffed oil had higher content of tocopherols, lignans and phytosterols. • Microwaved oil contained maximum value for sesamol. • Explosion-puffing achieved the least effect on content of protein and most amino acids. This study investigated the impact of multiple thermal treatments (explosion-puffing, microwave, and roasting) on the processing qualities of sesame seeds and cold-pressed oil. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed fissures and cavities of sesame seed surface upon thermal treatments. The microwave treatment promoted the maximum conversion of sesamolin into sesamol in the sesame oil. Compared with other treatments, explosion-puffing treatment resulted in most significant increases in the multiple beneficial phytochemicals, as well as in vitro antioxidant properties determined by 2,2-dipheny1-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and oxidative stability index (OSI). Additionally, thermal treatment processing caused varying degrees of damage of crude protein, total amino acids (TAA) and protein structure (tertiary and second structure). In which, explosion-puffing achieved minimal reduction in the first two indicators. Collectively, explosion-puffing might be a preferable thermal treatment method for industrial sesame processing with improved quality specifications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aging is a principal risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases and especially shares similar pathologic mechanisms to Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques deposition and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) are the prominent age-dependent pathologies implicated in the cognitive deficits. Accumulation of mis-folded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum triggers a cellular stress response called the unfolded protein response (UPR), the activation of which is increased in AD patients. However, the UPR relates to the pathological hallmarks of aging is still elusive. In this study, we report that long-term supplement of α-linolenic acid (ALA), starting before the onset of disease symptoms (6 month-old), prevents the age-related memory deficits during natural aging. The amelioration of the memory impairment is associated with a decrease in UPR related markers [glucose regulated protein 78 (GRP78), protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), eukaryotic Initiation Factor 2α (eIF2α)]. ALA suppressed the PERK/eIF2α signaling, which may be responsible for multifaceted memory-deteriorating and neurodegenerative mechanisms, including inhibition of Aβ production by suppressing β-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) expression, enhancement of cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) function via down-regulating activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), and suppression of Tau phosphorylation by inhibiting glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) pathway. Taken together, our findings provide new insights into the link between ALA and PERK/eIF2α signaling, which could contribute to a better understanding of an ALA-mediated protective effect in aging-associated neuropathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The optimal extraction parameters of Dendranthema indicum extract using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction were organized by response surface methodology (RSM) with Box - Behnken design (BBD). The peak extraction yield (9.37%) was obtained in the condition of 750 W of microwave power, 40 °C of extraction temperature, 26 MPa of extraction pressure, and 105 min of extraction time. Subsequently, molecular distillation was applied to separate essential oil from D. indicum extract. The separation yield of D. indicum essential oil obtained at 80 (DIEO80) and 90 °C (DIEO90) were 0.21 g/100 g and 0.44 g/100 g, respectively, which was lower than those of 100, 110 and 120 °C, while they presented transparent with no precipitate. DIEO90 possessed the strongest antioxidant activities (16.08 μmol TE/g for 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity, 46.05 μmol TE/g for ferric reducing antioxidant power, respectively). Furthermore, alkenes, alcohols and esters were identified the main volatile flavor components for D. indicum extract and essential oils. The proportions of major contributing components such as 1,8-cineol (6.45%–15.04%), isopinocarveol (6.02%–11.78%), (E)-α-bergamotene (3.02%–5.62%), (E)-β-famesene (2.80%–12.92%), germacrene D (2.83%–8.23%), 6-ethenyl-2,2,6-trimethyloxan-3-ol (5.86%–6.88%), (6-Ethenyl-2,2,6-trimethyl-oxa- n-3-yl) acetate (9.11%–10.51%) and β-elemene (4.16%–6.44%). Though molecular distillation, compounds with low boiling points were enriched in DIEO80 and DIEO90, and compounds with high boiling points were in other oils. Overall, the sequential green process based on supercritical carbon dioxide extraction with molecular distillation is an efficient method for extraction and separation of essential oil. • Supercritical CO 2 extraction combined with molecular distillation is developed to extract and separate essential oil. • Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction is optimized by response surface methodology (RSM) with Box- Behnken design (BBD). • Molecular distillation at lower temperature obtained lower yield but superior properties. • Dendranthema indicum essential oil obtained at 90 °C presented the strongest antioxidant activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-assembled core/shell nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized from water-soluble alginate substituted by hydrophobic phytosterols. Folate, a cancer-cell-specific ligand, was conjugated to the phytosterol-alginate (PA) NPs for targeting folate-receptor-overexpressing cancer cells. The physicochemical properties of folate-phytosterol-alginate (FPA) NPs were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance, transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, electrophoretic light scattering, and fluorescence spectroscopy. Doxorubicin (DOX), an anticancer drug, was entrapped inside prepared NPs by dialysis method. The identification of prepared FPA NPs to folate-receptor-overexpressing cancer cells (KB cells) was confirmed by cytotoxicity and folate competition assays. Compared to the pure DOX and DOX/PA NPs, the DOX/FPA NPs had lower IC 50 value to KB cells because of folate-receptor-mediated endocytosis process and the cytotoxicity of DOX/FPA NPs to KB cells could be competitively inhibited by free folate. The cellular uptake and internalization of pure DOX and DOX/FPA NPs was confirmed by confocal laser scanning microscopy image and the higher intracellular uptake of drug for DOX/FPA NPs over pure DOX was observed. The FPA NPs had the potential as a promising carrier to target drugs to cancer cells overexpressing folate receptors and avoid cytotoxicity to normal tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study aimed to explore the potential influences of microwave exposure to flaxseed (150 g samples, 700 W for 1–5 min) on the several techno-functional properties of flaxseed gum (FG), focusing on the changes in composition, surface morphology and multiscale structure. The results showed that microwave exposure to flaxseed actually resulted in evident etching effect on seed coat and favorable release of gum polysaccharides evaluated by higher yields (+51.11%, p < 0.05). The polysaccharide cross-linking and depolymerization were successively induced upon 1–5 min of microwave exposure to flaxseed, accompanying by the tremendously altered surface morphology, relative molecular weight and monosaccharide profiles of FG. Concurrently, flaxseed exposed to microwave for 1–5 min led to firstly augmenting and then weakening rheological behavior and viscoelastic properties of FG. Notably, the emulsifying potential of lamellar FG was confirmed by the dynamic light scattering, cryo-SEM imaging and Turbiscan Stability Index, relying on both the interface layer formation and movement restriction of emulsion droplets. Importantly, the dispositional retention of phenolic compounds, including lignans and specific phenolic acids ascended the antioxidant activities of FG (for DPPH: +1.55-fold, for FRAP: +2.38-fold, for ABTS: + 80.54%; p < 0.05), offset the decreasing enthalpy values, but differentiated thermogravimetric and thermogravimetric derivative curves upon microwave exposure. Notably, the removal of phenolic compounds differently affected the rheological, viscoelastic, gel and emulsifying properties of FG. Our findings elucidated that microwave exposure to flaxseed achieved to tailor the techno-functionality of FG based on the in situ structural modifications. [Display omitted] • Microwave exposure initiated polysaccharide chain cross-linking and then degradation. • Rheological behavior of FG was raised and then weakened when exposed to microwave. • Microwave exposure impaired the potential of FG to restrict emulsion droplet movement. • DSC-TG-DTG curves were affected by both molecular weight of FG and phenolic compounds. • Removing phenolic compounds improved the rheological and emulsifying properties of FG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The double-low rapeseed contains ≤2% erucic acid in its oil and ≤35μmol/g of dry meal. The oil of double-low rapeseed contains very low levels of saturated fatty acids (6%), high levels of oleic acid (≥60%), and intermediate levels of linoleic and linolenic acids (20 %and 10 %, respectively). Because of its higher oil content and numerous agricultural advantages, double-low rapeseed is getting worldwide attention. The rapeseed oil, which was extracted by a traditional process with pre-press and solvent extraction, is of bad quality. Commercial hexane, which has been used as a solvent for crude edible oil extraction, has toxicological and environmental safety issues. Carbon dioxide in its supercritical state has properties and extraction capacities very similar to liquids. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction is a new technique for oil extraction and is similar to conventional solvent extraction in that the material to be extracted is withdrawn from the substrate by using a solvent. In its supercritical state, carbon dioxide is the most commonly used supercritical solvent due to its nontoxicity, non-flammability, low cost, availability in bulk quantities, ease of removal from the extracted materials, and low critical temperature and pressure (31.06 °C and 7.38 MPa, respectively). To improve the additional value of oils and meals obtained from the cold press cake of double-low dehulled rapeseed, supercritical CO2 is used to extract double-low rapeseed oil and then the quality of the oil and meal obtained is studied. The affection of factors, which includes extraction pressure, temperature, and time effecting on oil yield, is investigated by Box-Behnken's response surface methodology. The model equation for predicting the optimum response values is established by Design Expert software. The adequacy of the model equation for predicting the optimum response values was effectively verified by the validation. The experiment result indicates that affection of extraction pressure and time on oil yield are more significant than extraction temperature. The interaction between extraction pressure and time has a very significant affection on oil yield. The optimum operation parameters of supercritical CO2 extraction are: extraction temperature 40°C, pressure 28MPa, and time 120min.In this optimal condition, the oil yield is 95.08% and is similar to the 95.30% predicted as maximum oil yield by the mathematical model under the condition of temperature 39.66°C and pressure 27.50MPa with extraction time 120 min. The supercritical CO2 extraction of double-low rapeseed oil from dehulled cold press cake has a lighter color and better acid and peroxide value compared to n-hexane extraction. The phospholipid content of oil extracted with supercritical CO2 is 0.051mg/g, which is 1/32 of the n-hexane process, and the vitamin E and total phenolic content are 17.68ug/g and 5.17ug/mL respectively, which are both larger than the n-hexane extraction process. The meal of double-low rapeseed obtained from dehulled cold press cake with supercritical CO2 extraction, which has a superior quality compared to the meal obtained by n-hexane extraction, has lower glucosinolate content, high protein solubility, and better color. These study results can help utilize cold press cake of dehulled double-low rapeseed for high-value purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • HS-SPME and GC-SCD method established for rapeseed thiol determination. • Four new thiols detected in microwaved rapeseed oil. • Odor activity values determined for the detected thiols. • Additive effects were explored to understand the underlying thiol behavior. • Novel insights into microwaved rapeseed oil established. Volatile thiols are important aroma components of rapeseed oil. This study established an identification and quantification method of volatile thiols via headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-sulfur chemiluminescence detection. Four thiols (phenylmethanthiol, 3-sulfanyl-1-hexanol, 2-methyl-3-furanthiol, and 2-furylmethanthiol) were newly identified in microwaved rapeseed oil, and cause sesame, roasted meat, and garlic odors. The total concentration of the four thiols in rapeseed oil obtained from 13 rapeseed varieties ranged from 11.47 to 153.72 μg/kg. Determination of the threshold revealed that 3-sulfanyl-1-hexanol possessed the highest odor active value (7565), followed by phenylmethanthiol (3589), 2-furylmethanthiol (626), and 2-methyl-3-furanthiol (28). Further, perceptual interactions between volatile thiols and characteristic odor (3-butenyl isothiocyanate) of rapeseed oil were evaluated by Feller's addition model and S-curve method, which revealed that 2-methyl-3-furanthiol, 2-furylmethanthiol, phenylmethanthiol, and 3-sulfanyl-1-hexanol present a positive effect with 3-butenyl isothiocyanate. This study provides deep insights into the impact of sulfur-containing compounds on the aroma of rapeseed oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, different oil extraction technologies were used to obtain flaxseed oil with different lipid concomitants, and the influences of endogenous lipid concomitants on the stability and digestion properties of flaxseed oil emulsions were investigated. Compared with cold-press (CP), microwave pretreatment coupled with cold-press (MPCP) and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) contributed to the accumulation of hydrophilic and lipophilic lipid concomitants, respectively. Subcritical fluid extraction (SFE) and supercritical CO 2 extraction (SCO 2 E) were conducive to the accumulation of amphipathic lipid concomitants. After emulsification, ASE-flaxseed oil emulsions had the lowest initial particle size due to the high content of amphiphilic lipid concomitants phospholipids. Phospholipids are spontaneously adsorbed on the interface of flaxseed oil and water. Antioxidative lipid concomitants (phenols, phytosterols, carotenoids, flavonoids, and cyclolinopeptides (CLs)) in MPCP-flaxseed oil improved the oxidative stability of emulsions. After digestion, ASE-flaxseed oil emulsion presented the highest FFAs% (∼78%) owing to smaller particle size. The release of FFAs decreased by 5%–10% in MPCP-, SCO 2 E-, and SFE-flaxseed oil emulsions ascribed to the high content of phenols. In conclusion, MPCP and ASE are powerful flaxseed oil extraction technologies for improving the stability and digestion of emulsions, respectively. [Display omitted] • The methods of CP, MPCP, ASE, SCO 2 E and ASE were used to extract flaxseed oil. • Oil extraction methods influenced the content of lipid concomitants in flaxseed oil. • SCO 2 E-flaxseed oil emulsions were unstable for the prooxidative activity of FFAs. • MPCP-flaxseed oil emulsion was stable for high content of tocopherols, flavonoids. • ASE-flaxseed oil emulsions promoted FFAs release for its lower diameter size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Microwave exposure to flaxseed for 1 min effectively led to rupture of OBs. • Microwave exposure weakened stability and rheological behavior of OBs. • Defective and beaded morphology were successively observed for flax OBs. • Desorption and degradation of intrinsic and remodeled OB proteins were induced. • Favorable migration of phenolics restrained lipid and protein oxidation in OBs. This study aimed to investigate the influences of microwave (MV) exposure to flaxseed on the physicochemical stability of oil bodies (OBs) focused on the interface remodeling. The results showed that the intracellular OBs subjected to absolute rupture and then partial dispersion by protein bodies visualized by TEM following MV exposure (1–5 min; 700 W). After aqueous extraction, native flax OBs manifested excellent spherical particles with completely intact surface and wide particle size distribution (0.5–3.0 μm) examined by cryo-SEM. Upon 1–5 min of MV exposure, the defective interface integrity and beaded morphology were successively observed for flax OBs, accompanied by the impaired physical stability and rheological behavior due to the newly assembled phospholipid/protein interface. Notably, the profitable migration of phenolic compounds effectively suppressed the lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation in flax OBs. Thus, MV exposure (1–5 min; 700 W) was unfavorable for improving the physical stability of flax OBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]