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Microbial natural products are a major source of bioactive compounds for drug discovery. Among these molecules, nonribosomal peptides (NRPs) represent a diverse class of natural products that include antibiotics, immunosuppressants, and anticancer agents. Recent breakthroughs in natural product discovery have revealed the chemical structure of several thousand NRPs. However, biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) encoding them are known only for a few hundred compounds. Here, we developed Nerpa, a computational method for the high-throughput discovery of novel BGCs responsible for producing known NRPs. After searching 13,399 representative bacterial genomes from the RefSeq repository against 8368 known NRPs, Nerpa linked 117 BGCs to their products. We further experimentally validated the predicted BGC of ngercheumicin from Photobacterium galatheae via mass spectrometry. Nerpa supports searching new genomes against thousands of known NRP structures, and novel molecular structures against tens of thousands of bacterial genomes. The availability of these tools can enhance our understanding of NRP synthesis and the function of their biosynthetic enzymes.

According to recent security analysis reports, malicious software (a.k.a. malware) is rising at an alarming rate in numbers, complexity, and harmful purposes to compromise the security of modern computer systems. Recently, malware detection based on low-level hardware features (e.g., Hardware Performance Counters (HPCs) information) has emerged as an effective alternative solution to address the complexity and performance overheads of traditional software-based detection methods. Hardware-assisted Malware Detection (HMD) techniques depend on standard Machine Learning (ML) classifiers to detect signatures of malicious applications by monitoring built-in HPC registers during execution at run-time. Prior HMD methods though effective have limited their study on detecting malicious applications that are spawned as a separate thread during application execution, hence detecting stealthy malware patterns at run-time remains a critical challenge. Stealthy malware refers to harmful cyber attacks in which malicious code is hidden within benign applications and remains undetected by traditional malware detection approaches. In this paper, we first present a comprehensive review of recent advances in hardware-assisted malware detection studies that have used standard ML techniques to detect the malware signatures. Next, to address the challenge of stealthy malware detection at the processor’s hardware level, we propose StealthMiner, a novel specialized time series machine learning-based approach to accurately detect stealthy malware trace at run-time using branch instructions, the most prominent HPC feature. StealthMiner is based on a lightweight time series Fully Convolutional Neural Network (FCN) model that automatically identifies potentially contaminated samples in HPC-based time series data and utilizes them to accurately recognize the trace of stealthy malware. Our analysis demonstrates that using state-of-the-art ML-based malware detection methods is not effective in detecting stealthy malware samples since the captured HPC data not only represents malware but also carries benign applications’ microarchitectural data. The experimental results demonstrate that with the aid of our novel intelligent approach, stealthy malware can be detected at run-time with 94% detection performance on average with only one HPC feature, outperforming the detection performance of state-of-the-art HMD and general time series classification methods by up to 42% and 36%, respectively.

Background: Since disabled persons and their families are those who refer to wellbeing organization, staff of such organization requires special education to provide essential capabilities in them. On the other hand, such educations should increase job satisfaction of staff leading to the increasing commitment. The current research aims to find the relation between organizational learning and organizational commitment of staff in wellbeing organization of Yazd province. Methods: This is an analytical-descriptive research and the statistical population is all staff of wellbeing organization of Yazd province (74 persons). Sampling was done by census in 2015. To gather information, Nifa organizational learning questionnaire and Allen & Mayer's organizational commitment questionnaire were used and each includes 24 items. Data were analyzed using SPSS18 software, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation and linear regression tests in significance level of P-value < 0.05. Results: Participants were 34 men (46%) and 40 women (54%). 66% of respondents had bachelor and 35.1% had work experience between 11 and 15 years. There was no significant difference between organizational commitment, organizational learning and gender. There was no significant relation between age and other research variables except for normative commitment. There was a linear significant relation and positive and direct correlation between components of organizational commitment including affective commitment, continuous commitment and normative commitment (P-value < 0.01). Conclusion: there was a positive and direct relation between organizational learning and organizational commitment of staff. Organizational commitment and organizational learning were averagely low in the organization. Therefore, managers of wellbeing organization should identify educational requirements of staff and offer opportunities to meet such needs and to promote abilities, skills, loyalty and commitment of staff to the organization.

Due to accuray of numerical methods and constitutive equations, a comparison of these methods with the classical methods of dynamic analysis of earthfill dams seems necessary. The results of Seed-Makdisi, Sarma and Ambrasys-Sarma analysis of a homogenous dam are compared with those of Quake/W and Slope/W softwares. A code is developed for calculating permanent displacements based on Newmark double integration method. The results of linear and equivalent linear models show that, due to unrealistic linear assumption of the behaviour of the material, the calculated accelerations are high and the analytical methods are overdesign. This is due to realistic constitutive models. Also, in homogenous dam, as the assumed critical wedge in analytical methods is different from that calculated in numerical analyses, the critical acceleration estimated is different too (0.45g in Ambrasys-Sarma method compared to 0.26g in equivalent linear model for a wedge of 0.6h depth). This shows that realistic models must be utilized. In the developed code first the average aceleration of assumed wedge is calculated using acceleration calculated with finite element codes utilizing modern constitutive models and consequently the permanent displacements are calculated. The results show that the current methods are overestimating. Also, the assumed critical wedges are unrealestic and pass through the dam core. While the critical wedges pass through downstream shell. The permanent displacement of a wedge with 0.6h depth is estimated to be 3 cm compared to zero in Sarma method. The developed code was used for dynamic analysis of Balarud earthfill dams.

Technology prognosis is a complex and highly dependent on native structures. The general purpose of technology foresight is a new science that may have many economic, defense and social benefits. The nature of the war is changing and its pace is greater than ever in contemporary history. The 21st-century ground force, in order to be able to attain the highest possible level of strategic and superior maneuverability, should use the ground combat technologies to simultaneously exploit the effects of battlefield, fire and precision maneuvering space awareness. When these changes are fully integrated, the synergy resulting from these various capabilities will make the ground forces in the future battlefields an important factor in national decision making. The Foresight of defensive technologies needed in future wars are a tool that will help senior executives and leaders create a strategic conception of technology for making big decisions. This paper was designed to identify the technology needed by the ground forces in future wars, using the Delphi method. Theoretical foundations of the current research in future wars are based on the Hoffman and Kilcullen theories and in the identification of technology are based on the ideas of Wenwick and Fall; then the views of university professors in the fields of defense, industry and technology were exploited, and the data were analyzed by mixed method. Finally, the identified techniques were presented.

Introduction: Picture Archiving and communication system (PACS) has caused a revolution in radiology performance and has increased efficiency in medicine and radiology. Identifying the important factors influencing the success and failure of PACS is necessary to ensure its successful implementation. This study aimed to determine the success factors of PACS using structural equation modeling approach in educational hospitals of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional, descriptive-correlational study was conducted in 2014. The study population consisted of PACS users (general practitioners, specialists, residents, and radiology experts) in Faghihi and Nemazi Hospitals of Shiraz. The subjects consisted of 250 PACS users, who were selected using stratified random sampling. A questionnaire was used to collect data; its validity was confirmed using confirmatory factor analysis and its reliability was measured using Cronbach's alpha (α = 0.84). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistical methods in SPSS and structural equations modeling technique in LISREL software. Results: Findings showed that the proposed conceptual model for success of PACS in Shiraz University of Medical Sciences has an appropriate fitness in terms of analysis of the constitutive factors. Hypothesis analysis using structural equation modeling showed that 11 hypotheses out of 16 were confirmed and 5 hypotheses w refuted. Factors of individual performance, organizational performance, and perceived usefulness of the system had the greatest impact on the dependence on PACS, respectively. Conclusion: Designing and evaluating health information systems based on standard and well-known models is necessary in order to have quality information, quality systems, and satisfied users. Findings of this study can be a good reference for health care institutions, companies which provide information system services, and information system developers in order to evaluate and promote the quality, usability, and effectiveness of these systems.

Background: With regard to the occurrence of fungal infections, finding new antifungal agents is necessary. Due to its biologic properties Bacillus spp. are suitable sources for this purpose. The aim of this study was to find native bacillus species with potential of antifungal agent production. Material and Methods: In this experimental study, bacillus species were isolated from heat-treated soil samples and following culturing in TSB, anti-fungal effects of their supernatants were determined by disc diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) levels of the selected strains were obtained against two fungal pathogens. Growth curve of the isolate was obtained in different pH and temperatures. The effects of pH, temperature, carbon and nitrogen sources on antibiotic production by the isolate were also investigated. This isolate was identified through biochemical and molecular tests. Results: Three out of six bacillus isolates were able to produce the antifungal agents, among them Bacillus cereus strain SB15 showed the most significant antifungal effects against a wide range of fungi. Optimized conditions for antibiotic production by this isolate were: temperature=37˚C, pH=7, 48 h incubation and manitol and urea as the best carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. The MIC and MFC of the produced antibiotic against Aspergillus niger were: 2 and 4 and against Aspergillus flavus 4 and 16 mg/ml, respectively. Conclusion: Based on the obtained results it may be concluded that this bacillus strain has optimum potential for antifungal agent production. The strain can be used for the control of fungal infections and also fungal growth in food industry and environment.

Background: This study aimed to compare the effects of pantoprazole and ranitidine on serum magnesium level in pediatric patients admitted in pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Methods: In this clinical trial study, 70 patients admitted in pediatric intensive care unit divided into two groups of 35 patients. To prevent gastrointestinal complications, intravenous pantoprazole and ranitidine was prescribed in first and second group, respectively. The serum magnesium level was checked daily for seven days and compared. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. Findings: During the study, 18 patients (51.4%) in pantoprazole group and 21 patients (60%) in ranitidine group showed hypomagnesemia; but the difference between the two groups was not significant (P = 0.47). According to t-test, comparing the daily mean serum magnesium levels did not show significant difference between the groups. Conclusion: The prevalence of hypomagnesemia in both groups was high, but there was no difference between intravenous use of ranitidine or pantoprazole to prevent hypomagnesemia in critically ill pediatric patients.

Drivers of mining trucks are exposed to whole-body vibrations (WBV) and shocks during the various working cycles. These exposures have an adversely influence on the health, comfort and also working efficiency of drivers. Determination and prediction of the vibrational health risk of the mining haul trucks at thevarious operational conditions is the main goal of this study. To this aim, three haul roads with low, medium and poor qualities are considered based on the ISO 8608 standard. Accordingly, the vibration of a mining truck in different speeds, weights and distribution qualities of the materials in the dump body are evaluated for each haul road quality using the Trucksim software. An artificial neural network (ANN) is used to predict the vibrational health risk. The obtained results indicate that the haul road qualities, the truck speeds and the accumulation sides of material in the truck dump body have significant effects on the root mean square (RMS) of vertical vibrations. However, there is no significant relation between the material’s weight and the RMS values. Also, the application of ANN revealed that there is a good correlation between the predicted and simulated RMS values. The performance of the proposed neural network to predict the moderate and high health risk are 88.11% and 93.93% respectively

Introduction Consequent changes of development seriously changes ruling rules of human beings life and causes social, identity and role related deep impacts especially in some kinds of groups. Women are the most important group which their identity, status, role and life quality during development has been transformed. Women have to balance identity, power and status with family roles and responsibilities often in conflict and psychological distancing from the spouse resulting in tension, stress and strain. Knowledge evolution in recent age through new technologies and by changing economic relations has caused women iintellectual development, education level promotion, egalitarianism and their entrance to public arenas. But gender stereotypes and roles still force limitations on women participation and presence. . Material and Methods The method was survey and data gathered using a questionnaire designed by researcher containing 8 question groups. Nearly almost of questions was in Likert scale. Cronbach alpha for scale subgroups were above .70 and acceptable, showing that all subscales have good reliability. Population of study was 102773 women aged at 25-50 in Hamedan. Employed women of this population were 19166 people which 248 sample were selected through multi-stage cluster sampling and by Cochran sampling formula. Based on some theoretical view points such as role conflict theory, feminist theories about women status and socialization and scarcity hypothesis, a theoretical model was created and some variables were identified as independent including: gendered labor division, motherhood role performance, and conjunct and detached family network, positive attitude of women and men about women employment, believing to gender stereotypes. Role conflict feeling, familial, sexual and financial conflicts were as mediate and dependent variables. Study hypothesis includes: There is a relationship between gendered labor division and role conflict feeling of women. Familial relations amount have a positive relation with gendered labor division. Positive attitude toward women employment has a negative impact on role conflict feeling. Number of children and role conflict feeling are statistically related to each other. Role conflict feeling increases family conflicts. Believe to gender stereotypes increases role conflict feeling. Motherhood role performance increases role conflict feeling. Employed women education and income are related with role conflict feeling. Discussion of results and Conclusion Results of descriptive and inferential statistics show that gender labor division has the most percent at lower and higher intermediate level. Motherhood and positive attitude of men toward women job is at upper intermediate level. In contrast, believing to gender stereotypes is at lower intermediate level. There is a positive relationship between gender socialization with gender labor division, attitude of husband and wife to occupation and women believing to gender stereotypes. It also shows that role conflict gender labor division has an important effect on women’s family conflict. Gender labor division of 43.8 percent of women at home was upper intermediate. 41.5 percent had lower intermediate, 8.8 percent high and 5.8 percent had low gender labor division. So, gender labor division has nearly high incidence. Motherhood role performance of 46.5 percent of respondents was at high intermediate level. 31.5 percent had lower intermediate, 14.3 percent high and 7.7 percent low motherhood role performance. So nearly 60 percent of women had higher intermediate or high motherhood role performance. One of conflict sources within family is negative attitude of men toward women employment; Most of our respondents have positive evaluation toward women employment. Results also show that believing to gender stereotypes among respondents is at low level. Role conflict feeling of 44.2 percent of employed women was at lower intermediate level. It was for 40.4 percent at high intermediate, for 8.1 percent high and for 7.3 percent at low level. Therefore, it can be concluded that low role conflict has more incidence among women. Familial conflicts at population were at moderate level, so that low and high family conflicts percents are nearly equal. Sexual conflicts have some different status. So, these conflicts have the least incidence. But results show that financial conflicts have more incidence than others. Familial conflicts are at next order. Pearson correlation test of gender labor division and role conflict feeling is significant and the relation is positive. Positive attitudes of women and their spouses toward women employment with role conflict feeling. The Pearson coefficient of relation between positive attitudes of women toward their employment and role conflict feeling is somewhat greater than for men attitudes. Regression analysis of income impact on role conflict feeling is significant and the relation is positive but weak. Relationship of believing gender stereotypes and role conflict feeling is positive and weak. So that the greater believing gender stereotypes the greater role conflict feeling. Gender labor division is nearly at moderate level among respondents. Motherhood role performance is still high among women and this shows that many occupations have not weakened this role. Men have positive attitudes toward women job. In contrast, believing to gender stereotypes is low. Among all kinds of studied conflicts, financial ones are at top and sexual conflict at end order. So there is a need to provide some kind consultation for families. There is a positive relationship between gender socialization with gender labor division, attitude of husband and wife to occupation and women believing to gender clichés. It also shows that role conflict has an important effect on women’s family conflict. Gender labor division increases role conflict feeling. Families should seriously reconsider this duty within family. Conflicts are contagion from one arena to another. Therefore, weak management of one kind of conflicts can lead to its contagion.

Zarivar region, with about 12,000 km2 area, is located in the west of Iran, neighboaring the Marivan city. This region has a rich floral diversity due to some ecological factors such as: the average annual precipitation (about 997 mm/year), influence of the mediteranean water masses and situation within zagros mountain. The purpose of this study was to introduce floristic list, life forms and chorology of species of zarivar region. plant specimens were collected during years 2014-2016. Totally, 590 plant species belonging to 355 genera and 81 families were determined. Among the studied plants, 472 dicots and 116 monocots and two pteridophytes were recognized. The largest family was Compositae with 46 genera and 72 species, and the largest genus was Trifolium (Papilionaceae) with 10 species. Hemicryptophytes were the dominant life form and comprised 40% of the flora. From chorological point of view, the largest proportion of the flora belonged to the Iran-Turanian elements (38%). Among the 590 species of flora this region 160 species are medicinal plants, 43 species endangered Plants and 50 species endemic in Iran.

The aim of this research was to identify the plant species, introducing the flora, determination of life forms, and geographical distribution of alpine plants of some part of Alvand Mountain, Hamadan province. This area, with 3750 hectares, situated in north-east of Toyserkan city where the amount of annual precipitation is 420 mm and means annual temperature is 13.4°C. The altitude of this mountain is 3450 m (above sea level). The method of plant collection in this region was classical method of regional plant taxonomic studies. 400 plant samples were collected from different parts of the area between 3000-3450 m during two growing seasons 2009-2010 and are conserved in herbarium of Islamic Azad University, Boroujerd Branch and herbarium of Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Hamadan Province. The life form of plant species was determined by using of Raunkiaer’s method. The position of this area within Iran’s phytogeography classification was studied based on geographical distribution data and references. From 108 identified species in high altitude of Alvand Mountain, 1 Pteridophyte, 80 dicotyledons and 27 monocotyledons are present. These species belong to 33 families and 85 genera. The important families are Asteraceae, Poaceae and Lamiaceae with 12.96%, 12.03% and 10.18%, respectively. Hemicryptophytes with 45 species (41.67%) were the most frequent life form. 65 species (60.18%) belong to Irano-Turanian region; 13 species of them were endemics of Iran which among them, distribution of 2 species (Allium breviscapum Stapf and Astragalus leucargyreus Bornm.) limited to Hamadan province.

ABSTRACT The human microbiome consists of thousands of different microbial species, and tens of thousands of bioactive small molecules are associated with them. These associated molecules include the biosynthetic products of microbiota and the products of microbial transformation of host molecules, dietary components, and pharmaceuticals. The existing methods for characterization of these small molecules are currently time consuming and expensive, and they are limited to the cultivable bacteria. Here, we propose a method for detecting microbiota-associated small molecules based on the patterns of cooccurrence of molecular and microbial features across multiple microbiomes. We further map each molecule to the clade in a phylogenetic tree that is responsible for its production/transformation. We applied our proposed method to the tandem mass spectrometry and metagenomics data sets collected by the American Gut Project and to microbiome isolates from cystic fibrosis patients and discovered the genes in the human microbiome responsible for the production of corynomycolenic acid, which serves as a ligand for human T cells and induces a specific immune response against infection. Moreover, our method correctly associated pseudomonas quinolone signals, tyrvalin, and phevalin with their known biosynthetic gene clusters. IMPORTANCE Experimental advances have enabled the acquisition of tandem mass spectrometry and metagenomics sequencing data from tens of thousands of environmental/host-oriented microbial communities. Each of these communities contains hundreds of microbial features (corresponding to microbial species) and thousands of molecular features (corresponding to microbial natural products). However, with the current technology, it is very difficult to identify the microbial species responsible for the production/biotransformation of each molecular feature. Here, we develop association networks, a new approach for identifying the microbial producer/biotransformer of natural products through cooccurrence analysis of metagenomics and mass spectrometry data collected on multiple microbiomes.

The mechanism is a set of mechanical components that are connected and can move relative to each other. If it can be used in space, it is called space mechanism. The space mechanisms are widely used in space missions. Many space missions have been failed due to malfunction of space mechanisms. This clears the importance in research and development of space mechanism. The deployable mechanisms are categorized based on geometry and performance. A variety of space deployable mechanisms are investigated and their advantages and limitations are introduced in this paper. All types of space mechanisms which have been used since the beginning of space travels are covered in this paper, hence this paper is a thorough review paper on this topic. This feature of paper, makes it unique in the field of information about new space mechanisms and usable in the country space industry.

Objective Parents' satisfaction with the services for children with hearing loss is one of the most important indicators in evaluating the effectiveness of therapeutic and rehabilitation programs for such children. Accordingly, in the present study, the validity and reliability of the questionnaire for parents' satisfaction with the services provided for hearing-impaired children under the age of 6 years are examined . Materials & Methods In this descriptive and analytical research work, the questionnaire under study was completed by 60 randomly selected parents in Tehran who had used the training and rehabilitation services of these centers for at least one year. Fifteen of these parents were re-tested to assess reliability. The questionnaire was composed of 5 subtests of satisfaction of structural facilities (7 questions), satisfaction of sanitation conditions (10 questions), satisfaction of services and performance of the center (18 questions), satisfaction of the communication and the behavior of the staffs (12 questions), and satisfaction of fees against the services (3 questions). Internal consistency in level item and scale, items correlation with the total scale, test-retest repeatability, face validity, and content validity were also evaluated. Finally, the available data were analyzed by using SPSS (version 17) software. The other statistical methods included the Cronbach's alpha coefficients, Spearman correlation, and the tests of Kolmogorov-Smirnov Friedman, Kruskal-Wallis, and U-Mann Whitney. Results In relation to psychometric properties, 0.79 validity of the questionnaire and 90% reliability of internal consistency were obtained. Adequate correlations with the total scale were found for each item. In addition, the test-retest reliability was 75%. Most of the parents were found to be satisfied or pretty satisfied with most of the service areas of the centers, including overall satisfaction (69.5%), structural and environmental facilities (80.66%), sanitation conditions (75%), services and the performance of the center (91.66%), communication and stuff attitude (91.66%), and cost (55.5%). Among the items of the questionnaire, the greatest satisfaction was related to communication and staff attitude (SD=0.31, M=4.72), and the lowest satisfaction was with the fees of the service center (SD=0.62, M=3.27). The result of Spearman correlation between specific dimensions and overall satisfaction showed significantly positive correlation (P

Introduction: The relationship between openness, trade and environmental damaging are the most important problems in the early 1990s. Some scientists assume the environmental quality is a normal good and increasing income increases demand for environmentally safe products. Therefore, Firms will be encouraging the using of safer and less polluting procedure. On the other hand other scientists assume international trade grows the environmental degradation through environmentally polluting industries and expand economics scales in developing countries. While environmental standards are low in these countries, the expansion of trade will lead to more pollution. Some experimental studies have confirmed a negative relationship between trade and environment. The effect of import and export of trade is not considered as important components of trade, despite very consideration of the relationship between openness, trade and environmental by researchers while in general part trade may have different effect on environmental. Materials and Methods: The base model is used to study the relationship between economic growth and environmental indexes and trade. Grossman and Krueger (1991) and Shafik and Bandvpady (1992) used the trade intensity variable, obtained from the ratio of exports plus imports divided by GDP as the World Trade openness of an economy measure. Grossman and Krueger (1991), the first person who developed environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) used multiple versions of the model. Instrumental variable regression model has been estimated using panel data of period 1998 and 2009 for 73 countries, including 27 development countries and 46 developing countries. Countries with more than 0.9 Human Development Index eligible as developed countries and countries by Human Development Index between 0.7 to 0.9 considered as developing countries., based on the standard international trade classification. For exports of agricultural raw materials, 5 Classification of goods in the first group of agricultural raw materials ere used. We consider some of the goods are raw agricultural sector as a percentage of GDP and sectors including oil and minerals were removed from it. Therefore, this variable includes food and live animals, beverages and tobacco, crude materials, excluding fuel and other edible animal fats and vegetable oils. The data has been obtained from the global dataset of FAO. Variables such as Animal fats and vegetable oils and the per capita income squared has been omitted because of co linearity. Instrumental variables such as agricultural land (% of land area) and agricultural machinery is taken from WDI. These variables include per capita emissions of agricultural methane, per capita emissions of agricultural nitrous oxide gas, and biological oxygen demand (BOD) per capita. Methane (CH4) is a greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming and ozone pollution. More than fifty percent of the methane gas is due to agricultural activities. Results and Discussion: The results of the instrumental variable method show that the export of agricultural products in developing countries will increase the emissions of nitrous oxide and methane gas and reduces water pollution. The coefficients of the variables considered positive for developed countries, but only the coefficient of nitrogen oxide emissions is significant. To investigate which of raw agricultural products, subtypes play a greater role in environmental pollution, we have re-estimated equation with place components of agricultural raw products, beverages and tobacco, crude materials excluding fuels and other edible fats and vegetable and animal oils. The results for the three pollutants reported in the table. This result indicates that only the export of drinking and tobacco increased environmental pollution by increasing methane in developing countries. So, none of the variables have significant impact on water pollution. The logarithm of the per capita income and the natural logarithm of the population have a significant and positive impact on environmental pollution caused by emissions of methane and nitrous oxide. The results are quite different for developing countries to developed countries and environment of this group of countries severely affected by any of the primary or raw agricultural commodity groups. The results show an increase in exports of raw materials and drinking reduces pollution of water and increase nitrogen oxide emissions. However, increasing exports would increase water pollution and reduces methane emissions. Conclusion: The results of the instrumental variables estimator for the group of developed countries and developing countries show that the increase in exports of agricultural raw materials exacerbated the increasing environmental pollution by methane gas emissions in developed countries and pollution due to significant emissions of methane and nitrous oxide will be more intense in developing countries. On the other hand, increasing in the exports of raw agricultural commodities reduce water pollution by developing countries. Increased use of nitrogenous fertilizers and implication of improved farming methods can be effective on water pollution reduction in the case study of this group of countries in during the period under review. This means that the amount of nitrogen in the water reduced degrading bacteria but pollution from greenhouse gas intensity increased further.

In this work, laser forming of cylindrical surfaces with arbitrary radius of curvature is investigated experimentally and numerically. For laser forming of cylindrical surfaces with arbitrary radius of curvature, a new and comprehensive method is proposed in this paper. This method contains simple linear irradiating lines and using an analytical method, required process parameters for laser forming of a cylindrical surface with a specific radius of curvature is proposed. In this method, laser output power, laser scanning speed and laser beam diameter are selected based on laser machine and process limitations. As in the laser forming of a cylindrical surface, parallel irradiating lines are needed; therefore key parameter for production of a cylindrical surface with a specific radius of curvature is the number of irradiating lines. Hence, in the proposed analytical method, the required number of irradiating lines for production of a cylindrical surface with a specific radius of curvature is suggested. Performance of the proposed method for production of cylindrical surface with a specific radius of curvature is verified with experimental tests. The results show that using proposed analytical method, cylindrical surfaces with any radius of curvature can be produced successfully.

Introduction The degree of national identity among academic youth and elite classes is one of the concerns facing governments and multicultural societies such as Iran. This issue, i.e. the degree of sense of belongingness and awareness of components constructing national identity requires investigating psychological, cultural, sociological, and political factors affecting it particularly among the third and fourth generations of the Revolution. Accordingly, the present study is to revise psychological and sociological representations of national identity with a new approach from the perspective of identity styles; the framework in which according to its theorists, individuals interpret their own life experiences appropriate to it and determine their life objectives based on it. It seems that the type of investigation, search, commitment, and decision making about what should be as national values, beliefs, and objectives, and consequently, involvement in important political and social actions, duties, and selections of individuals, can explain the degree of national identity among students. Therefore, the main question of the present study is whether identity styles and predict studentsâ national identity and which identity style or styles are related with the increase or decrease of individualsâ feeling and awareness of history, politics, culture, and society? The answer can represents some solutions in line with increasing studentsâ national identity via interdisciplinary studies.Material & MethodsThe method employed in the present study is the survey research. Participants were 244 students of the University of Isfahan in 2014-2015 (mean age = 22.96 years; 119 female )who completed tow questionnaires: first was identity styles Inventory (ISI-6G) that Berzonsky(1992) Offered in his Discuss, and The second questionnaire is estimated national identity that Rabbani et al.( 2009) applied in their research. As well as Pearson correlation, analysis variance model (ANOVA), and multivariate regression used to analyze the data.Discussion of Results & ConclusionsFindings of the research indicate that identity styles can explain up to 31% of studentsâ national identity. Accordingly, the normative style has the highest positive and synergistic effect, and avoidant style acts in line with the reduction in studentsâ national identity. This is while self-sufficiency, exploration and active probe, i.e. informational identity style cannot play the significant role for increasing or decreasing national identity. Thus, This study is consistent with those theories that believe that National identity is a concept planed, institutional and Constitutive and determined by oral and formal structures such as the family, schools, and government, So, in this research, national identity is produced and made in social structures For those who have normative style, they have National identity higher than the other styles. It can predict Up to 50 percent of national identity. In normative style, we expect that Individuals give mining about their Country, nation, nationality, culture, history and local values under the influence of authority and social structures. Also results indicated that differences in mean score of identity styles. Min score in avoidant style more than others and up to average. Also it can Decline national Identity in the Students of the University. It seams that person unresolved crisis in youth and adolescence unable to reflect and emergence her/his commitment and sense about national identity. This category of people havenât Cognitive stability of national values, to solve social and personal problems and often their burdens and responsibilities half-abandoned.This study demonstrated that identity styles contributed to Increase and decrease In national identity with  normative style and avoidant style Among students of the University, so The study recommended that  Public, formal, and training institutions especially University administrators should adopt strategies that strengthen the national value with nice voice, Image and Context. In this time, the Governments cannot defend its territorial integrity and national values only with military force, but According to the mental boundaries of its citizens and strengthen the sense of belonging to local and national elements is necessary.

Background: Chronic musculoskeletal pain is a worldwide health problem. Anxiety and depression are common among patients suffering from chronic pain. Self-management strategies are used to help patients manage the emotional distress associated with pain. Aim: To evaluate the effects of cognitive pain self-management program (CPSMP) on depression, anxiety, and stress in women with chronic pain. Method: This pilot study with a pretest-posttest design performed on 20 women with chronic pain, who were referred to Imam-Reza and Qaem Clinic Centers and Clinical Psychology Center of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, during June-October 2014. The participants randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The intervention comprised of eight 120-min weekly group sessions. CPSMP employs the principles of cognitive therapy and self-management program strategies. The control group received regular treatment sessions. At pre-and post-test, the participants completed Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21). The data were analyzed using Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney U tests. Results: The mean ages of the intervention and control groups were 35.2±9 and 32.5±11 years, respectively. After the intervention, Mann-Whitney U test did not reflect a significant difference between the intervention and control groups in terms of depression (P=0.14). Moreover, the results of Mann-Whitney test revealed a significant difference between the groups regarding anxiety (P

Laser bending is a process of gradually adding plastic strain to a metal component to generate desired shape. In this paper, laser bending of tailor machined blanks has been investigated experimentally. For this purpose, effects of start point of scan path and also irradiation direction relation to step (position of variance in sheet thickness) of the tailor machined blank on the obtained bending angles are investigated. The results show that irradiation path from rim of thick section to rim of thin section of the tailor machined blank leads to more bending angles in comparison with irradiation path from thin section to thick section of tailor machined blank. Also, it is concluded from results that when the step of tailor machined blank is positioned in the opposite direction to the laser beam, more bending angles are obtained in the laser formed tailor machined blank in comparison with positioning of step of tailor machined blank toward the laser beam. The results indicate that the bending angle of tailor machined blank is increased with increasing the laser output power and decreasing the laser scanning speed.

The quality of concrete is highly dependent on the characteristics of its aggregate, such as the size, minerals, and their chemical properties. Even a small amount of impurities, such as hydrated sulfates, chlorine (salt), and acidic pH of the rock material, can adversely affect the quality of the concrete. Thus, many national codes and standards are developed for testing, selecting, and employing the rock materials in concrete. For instance, Iranian standards 446, 449, 1702, 4978, 4984, 7174, and 86721 are currently serving this purpose. In the present research, a new real-time system was developed in order to replace the customary chemical analysis and size distribution tests. 20 samples were taken from two mines, selected by the Building Material Committee of Semnan Province, in order to determine the dissolved chlorine and sulfate, pH, density as well as size distribution. The new system is constituted of hydraulic jacks and a reservoir, designed to take samples from the conveyer in given time intervals. The samples were washed with distilled water and real-time analyses of dissolved chlorine and pH were performed. The results showed 85% agreement with the results from laboratory analyses. The correct classification rate (CCR) was 92% for 13 samples.

Background & Aim: Patient falling is one of the most important indicator of patient safety. Nurses have an important role in the prevention of patient falls and the improvement of patient safety standards. The current study aimed to determine the relationship between the incidence of patient falls and nurses’ professional commitment. Methods & Materials: In this cross-sectional study,300 nurses employed in hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences, were selected through a proportional stratified sampling method. Data were collected by a three-part questionnaire consisted of the demographic data, the Nurses’ Professional Commitment Scale and the reports on the number of patient falls in the past three months. Data were analyzed on SPSS software using statistical tests including Pearsonchr('39')s correlation coefficient, Kruskal-wallis and independent-t test. Results: The mean score of patient falls in the past 3 months was 6±1.61(moderate) for each nurse and the mean score of nurseschr('39') professional commitment was 86±8.61 (committed).A significant and reverse relationship was observed between the incidence of patient falls and nurses’ professional commitment (R= -0.51; p

This Paper discusses the representation of social matters in Kurdish literature. Kurdish literature is a vast body of oral and written texts in prose and verse. The theoretical basis of this study is a combination of theoretical discussions on representation and various concept discussed in sociology. The methodology is descriptive library research using sampling. The samples are six literary works chosen from oral and written literatures. The results show that society and social matters find frequent representation in both oral and written literature so that, Kurdish literature is a good source for reconstructing and rereading Kurdish history.

Because of adaptability to different ecological conditions, cross pollination and heterozygosity, Populus euphratica has high genetic diversity. It could have an important role in superior phenotypes selection, inter and intra specific hybridization processes. The aim of this study was identifing and selection of superior phenotypes of P. euphratica and seed propagation for new genotypes and also selection of elite genotypes by evaluation of growth rate and stem form traits. A total of 29 superior trees from 13 natural stands were selected. Seedlings were produced by seed culture in greenhouse condition. Evaluation of seedlings was performed in a nursery of Karaj Research Station (RIFR) during 2011 to 2013. Quantitative and qualitative characteristics including plant diameter, height, survival percent, number of branches, stem form and branch angle with main stem were recorded. Analysis of variance showed significant differences among the seedlings of superior phenotypes with different habitats for quantitative and qualitative characters. Also Duncan multiple range test showed the diameter progenies of the superior trees of Kerman and Khojir, also height progenies of the Kerman, Khojir, Ahvaz and Zabol displayed the most growth values. Finally, some of seedlings had a suitable qualitative and quantitative growth that can be used in next phase study.

The meaning of life is one of the common issues between past and contemporary humans and each of them with their own attitudes viewed this category. Analysis of the type of the past human’s attitude in this regard-particularly, if it enjoys a mystical world view-is worth considering for contemporary human beings. Although it may seem that this attitude does not pay too much attention to the life of this world, this research, with emphasis on Mossibat-Nameh will indicate that Attar knows that finding meaning is part of human nature. He knows that meaningful life is related to pain, search, God, love, and paying attention to quality of life, and not its quantity. Since these affairs, somehow enjoy the intellectual and spiritual background and result, they have been approached through Attar’s attitude to the theory of supernaturalism. He indicates nature/functionality of life and the type of confrontation of humans to that, in the form of images of life, such as play, hell, prison, saltmarsh, the demons’ ruins, market/bridge/farmland, wind/lightening, and capital. Finally, through them, he states that the life of this world is not final or the main target, rather it is a tool to achieve the life of the next world.

Exchange rate pass-through is one of the most important issues in the international economic studies. Determining the degree of exchange rate pass-through can be used to define the effectiveness of foreign policy, market structure and exporters behavior. The main objective of this study is to investigate the exchange rate pass-through to export prices of Iranian pistachios during the period 1961-2011. In the previous studies, the exchange rate pass-through was assumed to be fixed during different years. This assumption is not consistent with reality, because many factors can influence the exchange rate pass-through. In this study, sensitivity analysis in the framework of artificial neural network is used to address this shortcoming. The results shows that exchange rate pass-through to Iran's pistachio export prices has been more than 70 percent, and its trend has been periodic. Furthermore, the results showed that there is a direct relationship between exchange rate fluctuations and Iranian pistachio export prices. Thus, by reducing exchange rate volatility, it is possible to supply pistachio with lower prices to the world markets. Considering the high elasticity of demand for the Iranian pistachio prices, a reduction in prices would increase revenues of exporters. Incidentally, given the high elasticity of export demand for Iran's pistachio, the revenues from the export of this product can be increased by reducing the cost of pistachio production.

Introduction: Acute skin wound healing is a complicated process comprising various phases. Recent animal studies have shown that steroid sex hormones such as estrogen maybe helpful in the regulation of several pathophysiologic stages that are involved in wound healing. In this study we examined the effects of topical estrogen in the treatment of traumatic facial wounds. Materials and Methods: Patients referred to Luqman Hospital, Tehran with traumatic wounds were enrolled in this case-control study into two groups of equal size. From the second week of the study, topical estrogen (0.625 mg conjugated topical estrogen ointment) was administered in the case group, while the control group received a Eucerin dressing only. The two groups were then compared in terms of wound healing rate on Day 7,14, and 30. Results: Thirty patients with mean age of 16.02+36.23 years were compared in the control and estrogen-treated groups. After treatment, no scars or keloids were observed in either group. The wound area in the estrogen group was lower than that in the control group on Day 14 and 30, but the difference was not significant (P>0.05). Healing rates in the control group on Day 14 (7.1+42.3 vs.50.3+4.9 mm2) and Day 30 (1.9+93.5 vs. + 97.3+0.6 mm2) (were lower than those in the estrogen group, but the differences were not significant (P>0.05). Findings show that the required time for wound healing in the estrogen-treated group was lower than that in the control group, but the difference was not significant (P>0.05). Conclusion: Based on this study, topical estrogen has no effect on the rate of wound healing or the rate of wound area .

Introduction: Salivary gland tumors (SGTs) are important parts of human neoplasms. The most common SGT is pleomorphic adenoma and the most common malignant SGTs are mucoepidermoid carcinoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC). Metastasis-associated genes 1 (MTA1), a member of the nucleosome remodeling and histone deacetylation complex, is one newly discovered gene which recruits histone deacetylation, causing ATP-dependent chromosome remodeling, and regulating transcription. MTA1 had been shown to be overexpressed in malignant tumors with the enhancement of invasion and metastasis. Materials and Methods: Fifty-six samples of salivary tumors from the Khalili Hospital archive, including 20 cases of pleomorphic adenoma, 17 cases of mucoepidermoid carcinoma, 19 cases of ACC, and 23 cases of normal salivary gland tissues were chosen for immunohistochemical analysis of MTA1. Results: MTA1 expression in the malignant tumors was significantly higher than that in pleomorphic adenoma (P0.05). Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that MTA1 was significantly overexpressed in malignant salivary gland neoplasm in comparison to a lower level in benign pleomorphic adenoma, suggesting that MTA1 protein might be involved in carcinogenesis.

“Beyt” has a special place among different topics of Kurdish folk literature and researchers have always concentrated on this field. It is a narrative poem with epic and lyrical content in which narration has a more prominent role than in similar texts in Kurdish folk literature. Also, it has some differences with similar poetic forms in other languages; for instance, epic minstrelsy in Persian, Asik songs among the Turks, English ballad, DanishWeiss, Spanish romance and the Russian Bill Nay. Beyt is a document on Kurdish identity which connects them to the past. Behind its motifs and elements there is a meaning which is more spiritual than material and, if interpreted via correct methods, it will display an undeniable value. Beyts have various and vast dimensions. For instance, rich recourses of ancient vocabulary, music and tune, verse and poetry, narration, story, culture, tradition and historiy, geography, social commentary, and so on. The study of each one of these dimensions requires long time and high expenses, and each of them can be written in a book or independent books. However, regarding their variety and richness, little studies have been done on them.

CONTEXT: At time of epidemics, fear and rumors in the community are the main obstacles to the success of prevention programs. AIMS: The aim of the study was to investigate the fear and rumors of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) among the Iranian population. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: This nationwide cross-sectional study was conducted on residents of six cities of Iran via street-based multistage sampling in March 2020. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The eligible participants completed a self-administered questionnaire about rumor and fear related to COVID-19 epidemy. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Data were analyzed through linear regression and survey analysis using Stata (version 11). RESULTS: A total of 2249 (49.3% women) were included. The main source of information was Iranian broadcasting (68.5%). The overall mean (standard deviation) score of fear and rumor among the Iranian population was 15.68 (0.46) and 39.24 (1.27), respectively. Educational level was associated with fear of COVID-19 (P = 0.001). Trusting to the rumors was affected by age (

CONTEXT: The 30-item nurses' observation scale for inpatient evaluation (NOSIE-30) developed for the behavioral and observational rating of psychiatric inpatients. AIMS: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the validation of the NOSIE-30 and mental health-care promotion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The participants with psychiatric disorders were selected from 310 inpatients referred to the military educational hospital in Iran. This study was carried out in two phases: First, translation of the NOSIE-30 into Persian followed the stepwise, iterative procedures developed by the International Quality of Life Assessment project approach. Second, face validity, criterion-related validity and construct validity, and reliability of the Persian version were determined. The concurrent validity was assessed by using the global assessment of functioning (GAF) instrument. Data were analyzed with the SPSS software of version 22. Exploratory factor analysis, the Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and interrater agreement with intraclass correlation coefficient and Pearson's correlation coefficient were used to data analysis. RESULTS: Pearson's correlation coefficient between the NOSIE and GAF was 0.75. The interrater reliability for subscale scores and structure of the NOSIE were ranging from 0.70 to 0.94 and Cohen's kappa = 0.74. Furthermore, the internal consistency of the scale's total scores was estimated by Cronbach's alpha = 0.85. CONCLUSIONS: The finding indicated that NOSIE-30 Persian version scale has the desirable validity and reliability for evaluating the nursing care of inpatients. Thus, nurses can promote mental health care by applying this scale in the psychiatric setting.

A prospective randomized, controlled trial was designed to study the influence of accorrugated latex drain on anastomotic integrity, wound infection, and respiratory complications after elective colonic resections above the pelvic peritoneum. Sixty patients entered the trial; 28 were drained and 32 undrained. Three patients in the undrained group died soon after surgery of causes unrelated to their colon anastomoses. There were no other differences in the incidence of postoperative complications in the two groups. When an anastomosis leaked, neither feces nor pus emerged via the drain. It is concluded that while the drains did not increase the incidence of postoperative complications, neither did they accomplish the purpose for which they were inserted. If, in addition, the economic cost of drainage is considered, it would seem that there is no advantage in inserting prophylactic drains after colonic anastomoses and their routine use needs to be reconsidered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Primary bone hydatidosis is a rare disease. The clinical manifestations of bone hydatidosis are confusing. Musculoskeletal involvement in hydatid cyst may be misdiagnosed as bone tumor. Although bone hydatidosis is not very common, timely diagnosis and treatment of this disease is important for preventing serious complications. Case Presentation: This study reports on a 37-year-old woman with primary bone hydatidosis of distal femur and secondary involvement of the knee joint. The patient was treated with arthroscopic irrigation and debridement and open curettage of bone lesion. The bone defect was filled with bone cement. Oral albendazole was prescribed for six months. Twenty-two months of follow up showed no sign of recurrence. Conclusions: Its recommended that hydatid cyst should be considered a differential diagnosis of any lytic bone lesion in the endemic region. It could be suggested that curettage and filling of the defect with bone cement is a safe and effective surgical treatment.

ABSTRACT Although much work has linked the human microbiome to specific phenotypes and lifestyle variables, data from different projects have been challenging to integrate and the extent of microbial and molecular diversity in human stool remains unknown. Using standardized protocols from the Earth Microbiome Project and sample contributions from over 10,000 citizen-scientists, together with an open research network, we compare human microbiome specimens primarily from the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia to one another and to environmental samples. Our results show an unexpected range of beta-diversity in human stool microbiomes compared to environmental samples; demonstrate the utility of procedures for removing the effects of overgrowth during room-temperature shipping for revealing phenotype correlations; uncover new molecules and kinds of molecular communities in the human stool metabolome; and examine emergent associations among the microbiome, metabolome, and the diversity of plants that are consumed (rather than relying on reductive categorical variables such as veganism, which have little or no explanatory power). We also demonstrate the utility of the living data resource and cross-cohort comparison to confirm existing associations between the microbiome and psychiatric illness and to reveal the extent of microbiome change within one individual during surgery, providing a paradigm for open microbiome research and education. IMPORTANCE We show that a citizen science, self-selected cohort shipping samples through the mail at room temperature recaptures many known microbiome results from clinically collected cohorts and reveals new ones. Of particular interest is integrating n = 1 study data with the population data, showing that the extent of microbiome change after events such as surgery can exceed differences between distinct environmental biomes, and the effect of diverse plants in the diet, which we confirm with untargeted metabolomics on hundreds of samples.

Purpose The present study aimed to identify the learning preferences of dental students and to characterize their relationship with academic performance at a dental school in Isfahan, Iran. Methods This cross-sectional descriptive study included 200 undergraduate dental students from October to November 2016. Data were collected using a 2-part questionnaire. The first part included demographic data, and the second part was a Persian-language version of the visual, aural, read/write, and kinesthetic questionnaire. Data analysis was conducted with the chi-square test, 1-way analysis of variance, and multiple linear regression. Results The response rate was 86.6%. Approximately half of the students (51.5%) had multimodal learning preferences. Among the unimodal group (48.5%), the most common mode was aural (24.0%), followed by kinesthetic (15.5%), reading-writing (8.0%), and visual (1.0%). There was a significant association between academic performance and the reading/writing learning style preference (P< 0.01). Conclusion Multimodal learning styles were the most preferred. Among single-mode learning styles, the aural style was most common, followed by the kinesthetic style. Students with a reading/writing preference had better academic performance. The results of this study provide useful information for preparing a more problem-based curriculum with active learning strategies.

Background: Development is a process that continues from childhood to death, and most developmental changes occur during childhood. UNICEF introduced early storybook-reading (ESR) and storytelling as part of child care indicators. The aim of this study was to investigate the status of book-reading to children and its relationship with early childhood development in Iran. Methods: This is a descriptive-analytic study conducted in Tehran April-May 2017. In total, 272 mothers of children aged 3-30 months, who were referred to health centers, were selected using a convenience sampling method. Exclusion criteria was scoring below the cutoff point of any developmental domains of the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ). ESR was assessed by checklist and child development was assessed by the ASQ. Data were analyzed using SPSS. Results: The mean number of children’s books owned was 10.23±8.642, and 84.75% had at least 3 books. The average book reading, storytelling and singing duration for children was 10±9.65, 11.48±11.756, and 23.88 ±17.880 min per day, respectively. Average book reading, storytelling, and singing duration was significantly greater in children 18-30 months than

Nafayes al-Kalam va Arayes al-Aqlam treatise is one of the prose works of seventh century which has been written by Razi al-Din Khashaab –Ahmad bin Mahmoud Samarqandi- in 643 (A.H). According to the preface of this letter-like treatise, the author was the head of letter-writers in the very year and, obeying the command of Eftekhar Jahan (one of the leaders of Borhan dynasty), he composed this work in order to prevent the destruction of the remained works of this dynasty. This treatise is a collection of correspondences of Borhan dynasty which confirms the reappointment of their government, at least until this very year. In the text of this work, besides elaborate prose, other kinds of prose can also be identified (as one of the features of prose style in mid-seventh century) which, in general, places this work amongst the “not elaborate not simple” prose texts of this century. While introducing the author of Nafayes, this paper explains the relation between stylistic features of this treatise and the stylistic features of the seventh-century elaborate style, and also shows the place of this work amongst the works of equal grade and proves the historical significance of this book for introducing Borhan dynasty.

Seismic waves are non-stationary due to its propagation through the earth. Time-frequency transforms are suitable tools for analyzing non-stationary seismic signals. Spectral decomposition can reveal the non-stationary characteristics which cannot be easily observed in the time or frequency representation alone. Various types of spectral decomposition methods have been introduced by some researchers. Conventional spectral decompositions have some restrictions such as Heisenberg uncertainty principle and cross-terms which limit their applications in signal analysis. In this paper, synchrosqueezingbased transforms were used to overcome the mentioned restrictions; also, as an application of this new high resolution time-frequency analysis method, it was applied to random noise removal and the detection of low-frequency shadows in seismic data. The efficiency of this method is evaluated by applying it to both synthetic and real seismic data. The results show that the mentioned transform is a proper tool for seismic data processing and interpretation.

Introduction & Objective: The most important indicator of population growth is fertility. Fertil-ity is influenced by selection of individual, social, economic, demographic, cultural and bio-logical factors. The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting fertility (num-ber of live births). Materials & Methods: This was a cross- sectional study of the correlation matrix, which is based on a sample of 500 households in the two-stage random sampling method. First, a question-naire was adjusted and then was provided to interviewers for recording some demographics information and birthrate. To examine the relationship between these variables and fertility model, the most important influential variables on fertility were selected based on the theo-retical model and using socio-economic and demographic variables influencing on fertility. The data were then analyzed by the path analysis using LISREL software. Results: Mean±SD of parity in 500 married women was 2.18±0.904 in Hamadan city. Among the variables, couple education (total effect -0.421) and the number of unwanted pregnancy (total effect 0.27) had the highest effect on fertility, respectively while husband’s marriage age (total effect -0.00365) had the lowest effects on parity. Conclusion: This study shows that high education is a deterrent factor to live births and also shows that the rise of live births is unwanted among families. Also, it can be concluded from the findings of this study that culture of trend towards early marriage and childbearing which are associated with the promotion of education for women and men can significantly increase the pregnancy order to prevent the lack of active and aging population.

In this Research, the effect of private speech training on executive function of boys between 9 to 11 years old in Isfahan City was examined. This research is an experimental study of pre-test/post-test with control groups. It had a two-stage sampling. Final sample included 20 attention deficit boys (10 for experiment group and 10 for first control group) and 9 normal boys for second control group. Instruments used in this research included British Picture Vocabulary scale, Short form of Wechsler's Intelligence Scale for Children- Revised, Tower subtest of NEPSY Neuropsychology test. To analyze private speech of children, their speech were videotaped while solving Tower subtest and Videos were content analyzed by three encoders. Results showed that children with attention deficit, had significantly more errors in compare to first and second control groups; while both experiment and second control group (which both had been trained) had significantly more amount of private speech in compare to first control group- which had not trained. According to the findings of the research, it can be concluded although private speech training can increase the amount of private speech produced by attention deficit children, this increase in speech, not only will not necessarily increase function of children, but it may backfire on difficult tasks.

The rapid growth of urbanization in developing countries increases urban poverty and this growing phenomenon has created many problems for these countries. Thus, by having the facilities and welfare – service infrastructure, the cities draw the unemployed population of the rural areas. Since the unemployed people lack particular job skills, would draw to false employment and due to low income settle down in the suburbs. I need, the wealthy island surrounded by a black belt of deprivation and misery with the name of suburb is created. The purpose of this study is to explain the role of municipalities in empowering the suburbans of the city of Gorgan. Therefore, descriptive - analytical and field studies have been used. The target population in this study include residents of "Islamabad", Ghaleah Hassan", "Afsaran district" and contour "Avzyneh" and "Kashani".using Cochran method, 276 samples were selected. The Chi-square test results showed that the access to welfare services and urban infrastructure are very few for the suburbans. Moreover, the obtained results of the regression coefficient represents that the relationship between employment and economic status of families with Beta coefficient is equal to 0.307 in suburbs of the city of Gorgan. Finally, strategies to empower the suburbans of the city of Gorgan is provided.

In this study different irrigation methods of wheat in the Fars province were analyzed using metafrontier approach technological gap ratio. For this purpose, information about 100 farmers that were interviewed randomly in 2013 was used. The sample farms were divided into two groups (with and without sprinkler irrigation systems) based on the different irrigation methods. The results of estimating the regional frontier production function showed that the technical efficiency for the group with sprinkler irrigation system and the group without sprinkler irrigation system is 0.87 and 0.82, respectively. It means that these producers with a certain amount of average input produce about 87 percent and 82 percent of the product, respectively that could possibly be produced using the same amount of input and available technology. The technical efficiency relative to the metafrontier production function in the group with sprinkler irrigation system and in the group without sprinkler irrigation is 0.84 and 0.72, respectively. The technological gap ratio for the above two groups is 0.96 and 0.88, which means that the sprinkler irrigation system has a better technical performance, and it has a higher technological gap ratio when compared with the with no irrigation system. This is a promising point for policy makers in the field of agriculture since production level could be improved by improvement in the production techniques and proper use of available resources. The results of the factors that are effective in acceptance of technology of sprinkler irrigation system that was evaluated using the Probit model have showed that variables of farmer experiment, their attending extension classes, farmer’s property, loan, risky propensities and ownership of wells all have a positive and significant effect on acceptance of technology of sprinkler irrigation systems.

Science and engineering courses normally have components like practical work, laboratory experience and homework. Presently, this part of engineering education is mainly carried out by teaching assistants (TA). Although teaching assistants spend most number of hours with engineering students, they normally receive no training for effective class management and teaching. To improve the quality of education offered by TAs, the University College of Engineering at University of Tehran has launched a series of teaching workshops, presented by qualified professors. Since the beginning of this program in 2012, over 390 TAs of engineering programs have attended nine workshops. The information derived from the questionnaires filled at the end of each workshop reveal the main challenges and needs of the TAs. Based on the results of those questionnaire surveys and findings of similar programs in other countries, this paper presents a teaching program developed for TAs of engineering programs of Iran. To this end, a half a day workshop has been designed through which the TAs are introduced to the fundamentals of successful teaching-learning.

Developing countries, including Iran, have a high degree of volatility of macroeconomic variables. Fluctuations inex change rate, bank interest rate and inflation rate can create insecure environment for in vestorsin Iran. Hence, this study examined the impact of macroeconomic variables on the Tobin’s Q index for the Sugar companies of Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) during the period between1380-1390. A panel data model in the form of random-effects analysis was performed. The results indicate that the exchange rate, inflation rate and therate of return onassetshavean insignificant negative impact on the Tobin’s Q index. Bank interest rateshave a significant negative impact, while Market value has a significant positive impact on the Tobin’s Q index.

Urbanization, population growth and moving from traditional manufacturing industry to accelerate the process of economic development and parallel, significant environmental impacts are left. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of different variables such as trade openness, comparative advantage, production levels and other important variables affecting the emission of carbon dioxide gas in various countries of the world. Stata11 software was used to estimate the panel data model of 77 countries over the years 2010-1980. The results indicate that propagation environment, and in particular CO2, in all four groups of countries are associated with prior emission, with a per capita income direct link but with the square of it correlates inversely and have direct link with the ratio of capital to labor and with the square of it correlates inversely and trade openness in high-income countries and moderate negative effect in low-income and middle-income countries is directly related to the bottom.

Although salivary alkaline phosphatase (ALP) can balance de- and remineralization processes of enamel, there is no evidence regarding its effects on the concentrations of calcium and phosphate in saliva. The present study aims to determine the relationship between salivary ALP activity and the concentrations of calcium and phosphate in saliva. In this cross-sectional study, we evaluated salivary markers in 120 males, ages 19 to 44 years. All participants provided 5 mL of unstimulated whole saliva and the level of enzyme activity as well as calcium and phosphate concentrations were measured using a colorimetric method. Data were gathered and analyzed by statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) 13.00 using Pearson correlation test. A p value of 0.05). According to the results of the present study, there was no significant relation between salivary ALP activity and calcium and phosphate concentrations in saliva. However, further research is highly recommended.