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Individual and aggregate personality traits are theoretical antecedents of psychological and workgroup climates, respectively. However, empirical research has yet to test whether or to what degree this is true. Consequently, in the domain of workplace safety, we tested emotional stability and locus of control as multilevel antecedents of safety climate. We also tested a series of homology theories to determine the degree to which personality–climate associations are similar across organizational levels. Results revealed that both emotional stability and locus of control were meaningfully associated with safety climate at psychological and workgroup levels. In addition, multilevel homology tests demonstrated that workgroup-level personality–climate associations were more than 2½ times stronger than corresponding individual-level associations, supporting a proportional theory of homology.

Social media sites like Buzzfeed and Twitter provide significant opportunities for understanding circulation of meaning in our contemporary media ecology. Aligning these social and viral media with cultural productions and reproductions, we argue that Heidegger’s theoretical frame of historiography illuminates the ways in which genres are created, memed and mutated across the digital archive. A homological historiography, then, highlights social and viral media as those that require constant feeding, expanding the digital archive and calling upon scholars and lay audiences to consider the limits of the form.

The critique of instrumental reason is here complicated to grasp how the value of the humanities might be reworked at a moment when its founding concept, the human, is under pressure from many quarters. Drawing on a paleontological and technogenetical analysis that links the being and the concept of the human through the organ of the hand, this essay turns to consider how the “preeminence of the right hand” lends a certain critical force to the work of the left hand, a hand thought to gesture toward an other arising on the outer edge of the human. If the presumed homology of the two hands grounds the relation between the humanities and society, then “the other hand” urges us to think and engage the work sustaining this relation diff erently. Here the “Left” points to more than a space in a general assembly.

It is commonly held that language evolved de novo in our own species, within the past 100,000 years. This is at odds with Darwinian theory which implies that language, like other complex systems, must have evolved incrementally. One approach to such a theory is to suppose that language evolved from manual gestures. Several lines support this. These include the nature of the primate mirror system and its homology with the language circuits in the human brain, the superiority of manual over vocal intentionality in great apes, the ready invention of sophisticated signed languages by the deaf, the correlation between handedness and cerebral asymmetry for language, and the critical role of pointing in the way young children learn language. A gradual switch from manual to facial and vocal expression may have occurred late in hominin evolution, with speech reaching its present level of autonomy only in our own species, Homo sapiens.

ATPases is known to be a crucial in many biological activities of organisms. In this study, physicochemical properties and modeling of ATPases protein of fish was analysed using In silico approach. ATPases a protein selected from fish species, including Gold fish (Carassius auratus auratus), Zebra fish (Hypancistrus zebra), White fishes (Coregonus autumnalis), Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and Anabas testudineus (Koi) were used in this study. Physicochemical characteristics showed with molecular weight (25045.58-25148.57Da), theoretical isoelectric point (9.30-9.97), extinction coefficient(26470-34950), aliphatic index(147.31-150.35), instability index(32.84-42.67), total number of negatively charged residues and positively charged residues (5/7-6/8), and grand average of hydropathicity (1.014-1.151) were computed. All proteins were classified as transmembrane proteins. In secondary structure prediction, all proteins were composed of random coils as predominant, followed by extended strands, alpha helix and beta turn. Three dimensional structure of protein were predicted and verified as good structures. All model structures were evaluated being accepted and reliable based on structural evaluation and stereo chemical analysis.

Whether the foundations of nonhuman and human traditions are fundamentally similar, or whether they are different, has been the subject of heated debate even referred to as the animal “culture wars.” In this chapter we aim to explore the question of homology and analogy, between nonhuman and human culture, by examining what we mean by the term culture and whether, and to what extent, a number of core cultural components—innovation, social learning processes, transmission biases—are shared across the primate order. We end with the topic of cumulative culture—the ability to generate complex cultural traits by building upon existing behavior patterns, generation after generation—and explore whether nonhuman primates, such as humans, exhibit such cultural progress.

The DNA triangle integrates three distinct scales at which one can think about DNA. Applying the DNA triangle to topics in meiosis enabled the creation of a new framework for educators and researchers that ties concepts of ploidy, homology, and mechanism of homologous pairing to knowledge about DNA on the chromosomal, molecular, and informational levels., Although instruction on meiosis is repeated many times during the undergraduate curriculum, many students show poor comprehension even as upper-level biology majors. We propose that the difficulty lies in the complexity of understanding DNA, which we explain through a new model, the DNA triangle. The DNA triangle integrates three distinct scales at which one can think about DNA: chromosomal, molecular, and informational. Through analysis of interview and survey data from biology faculty and students through the lens of the DNA triangle, we illustrate important differences in how novices and experts are able to explain the concepts of ploidy, homology, and mechanism of homologous pairing. Similarly, analysis of passages from 16 different biology textbooks shows a large divide between introductory and advanced material, with introductory books omitting explanations of meiosis-linked concepts at the molecular level of DNA. Finally, backed by textbook findings and feedback from biology experts, we show that the DNA triangle can be applied to teaching and learning meiosis. By applying the DNA triangle to topics on meiosis we present a new framework for educators and researchers that ties concepts of ploidy, homology, and mechanism of homologous pairing to knowledge about DNA on the chromosomal, molecular, and informational levels.

Internet worms pose a serious threat to the Internet security. In order to avoid the security detection and adapt to diverse target environment, the attackers often modify the existing worm code, then get the variants of original worm. Therefore, it is of practical significance to determine the cognate relationship between worms quickly and accurately. By extracting the semantic structure, attack behavior and propagation behavior of the worm, the worm feature set is generated, and the worm sensitive behavior library is built with the idea of association analysis. On this basis, combined with random forest and sensitive behavior matching algorithm, the homology relationship between worms was determined. The experimental results show that the method proposed can fully guarantee the time performance of the algorithm, what’s more further improve the accuracy of the results of the homology analysis of worms.

With few exceptions protein functions depend sensitively upon their interactions with other biomolecules. Thus, the surface of a protein is of particular interest for function annotation: definition of the protein surface in experimental or modelled protein structure enables the application of a wide range of structural bioinformatic tools for function prediction. The development of such tools has been significantly accelerated in recent years as a response to the flux of information from Structural Genomics programs which, at least in part, have deliberately targeted mysterious protein families of unknown function about which conventional homology-based protein function annotation can say little or nothing (Bateman et al. in Acta Crystallographica Section F: Structural Biology and Crystallization Communications 66:1148–1152, 2010). As this chapter will illustrate, the underlying principles behind the resulting toolset vary impressively but, ultimately, most are based upon discovering putative interaction sites through detecting ways in which they differ somehow from protein surface in general. These differences may be physicochemical, electrostatic or steric in nature, or be of evolutionary origin. Predictions can be strengthened by observing concordant results from orthogonal methods. Indeed, many programs now improve performance by combining multiple factors in their calculations. Some methods find functional sites in general, others provide direct evidence supporting specific biochemical functions. This chapter will not attempt a comprehensive historical overview of the area, rather aiming to guide the user to the current state of the art while acknowledging key methodology papers. Methods that are readily available will be favoured, particularly those implemented at servers and those for which plug-ins for popular molecular visualisation tools exist.

Guillermo del Toro’s film Pan’s Labyrinth has no documentable connection to William Shakespeare’s play Hamlet. The existing similarities between the film’s plot and Hamlet depend on a loose structural homology between the two narratives, which depends in turn on the centrality to both of Freud’s family romance. Even more tenuous, the homology solidifies into identity based on the thinnest of evidence: the heroine’s name, Ofelia. A similar dialectic governs the novel and film Warm Bodies, a zombie drama that also has no discernible relation to Shakespeare—that is, until the late appearance of a balcony reunion between the zombie-hero R and his human love Julie. Here, the identification between novel and Shakespeare source depends on visual evidence from the film and the novel’s critical paratext in the blogosphere. The essay explores the scenes of recognition in these two instances of “accidental Shakespeare.”

This is a pre-copyedited, author-produced PDF of an article accepted for publication in Music Theory Spectrum following peer review. The version of record is available online at: https://doi.org/10.1093/mts/mtu014

The Mind-Brain Identity Theory lived a short life as a respectable philosophical position in the late 1950s, until Hilary Putnam developed his famous argument on the multiple realizability of mental states. The argument was, and still is, taken as the definitive demonstration of the falsity of Identity Theory and the foundation on which contemporary functionalist computational cognitive science was to be grounded. In this paper, in the wake of some contemporary philosophers, we reopen the case for Identity Theory and offer a solution to the problem of multiple realizabilty. The solution is based on the necessity, at the time of establishing identity relations, of appealing to the notions of “homology” and “analogy” developed in the nineteenth century by Richard Owen. We also suggest that these notions are useful in order to correct certain shortcomings of some recent attempts at rebutting the Multiple Realizability argument.

Despite a growing body of recent work, imitation in art is still commonly confused with the practice of copying to the detriment of the many kinds of replication that are thereby negatively compared with notions of originality and authenticity. From antiquity to the present, the theory and practice of imitation has been central to the construction of art through many forms of repetition, such as appropriation, replication, quotation, reproduction, citation and reference. Yet it is the act of repetition that confers the quality of originality and authenticity on the model in the first place -a gesture of demarcation that serves to establish a hierarchy of value between copy and model and reinforce the perception that all forms of imitation necessarily run counter to the ideas of innovation or emulation. The present collection challenges these assumptions, and seeks to reveal the nature and scope of imitation in the visual arts by bringing to bear a global perspective that reveals the ubiquity and homology of the practices of imitation from within the various historical and geographical positions investigated in these essays.

A concept map for taking biodiversity to school is proposed here using a novel approach that combines systematics, evolutionary biology, and the nature of science. The concept map is tied to the recently published next generation science standards (NGSS). The problem of biodiversity is presented as a way to justify the need to take it to school. Biological classification is presented as a hypothesis about order in nature that is based on the evolutionary history of the organisms. Classification is the reference system of the entirety of biology with predictive and explanatory power. Homology is the concept that connects systematics to evolutionary biology. Evolutionary biology explains and systematics reflects the unity and diversity of life. Fil: Crisci, Jorge Victor. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. División de Plantas Vasculares; Argentina Fil: Katinas, Liliana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. División de Plantas Vasculares; Argentina Fil: McInerney, Joseph D.. American Society Of Human Genetics; Estados Unidos Fil: Apodaca, María José. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. División de Plantas Vasculares; Argentina

Which motor actions are preferred to replace an initially planned but momentary not executable action? Previous research (Khan, Mourton, Buckolz, Adams, & Hayes, 2010, Acta Psychologica) suggests that anatomical constraints seem to be a major determinant for such choices: For example, participants more frequently chose to respond with the finger homologous to the prepared one. We argue that in this case finger homology is confounded with action effect similarity, and action effects have been ascribed a crucial role in action selection. We report two experiments. Experiment 1 replicated the results obtained by Khan et al. In Experiment 2, we introduced visual action effects in the paradigm. Results from this experiment clearly point to a role of effect similarity in addition to mere finger homology status for the choice frequency effect.

Transcriptomics experiments and computational predictions both enable systematic discovery of new functional RNAs. However, many putative noncoding transcripts arise instead from artifacts and biological noise, and current computational prediction methods have high false positive rates. I discuss prospects for improving computational methods for analyzing and identifying functional RNAs, with a focus on detecting signatures of conserved RNA secondary structure. An interesting new front is the application of chemical and enzymatic experiments that probe RNA structure on a transcriptome-wide scale. I review several proposed approaches for incorporating structure probing data into the computational prediction of RNA secondary structure. Using probabilistic inference formalisms, I show how all these approaches can be unified in a well-principled framework, which in turn allows RNA probing data to be easily integrated into a wide range of analyses that depend on RNA secondary structure inference. Such analyses include homology search and genome-wide detection of new structural RNAs.

This article analyses the redefinition of global discourse in semi-peripheral settings; it proposes a model for the semi-peripheral recontextualization of critical discourses originating from the western core of the global intellectual system. The process of redefinition of global discourses in semi-peripheral settings appears to involve their parallel appropriation by actors whose positions can be reconstructed through Bourdieu’s field concept, in particular through the usage of his theory of cultural capital in the field of contemporary Polish sociology. The model presented in the article emphasizes a strong homology between the political field and the broader field of social sciences in peripheral countries. It appears that they are usually structured according to specific peripheral pro- vs anti-centre cleavages. Peripheral fields of power, which are organized around this binary logic, tend to produce specific, often contradictory, parallel redefinitions of western critical theory. Meanings become politically defined and distant from their original context. One of the paradoxical effects of these mechanisms is that the concepts which originally emerge as critical theory, in a semi-peripheral context, are often used in legitimization of and as apology for a neoliberal social order.

Throughout the history of fern classification, familial and generic concepts have been highly labile. Many classifications and evolutionary schemes have been proposed during the last two centuries, reflecting different interpretations of the available evidence. Knowledge of fern structure and life histories has increased through time, providing more evidence on which to base ideas of possible relationships, and classification has changed accordingly. This paper reviews previous classifications of ferns and presents ideas on how to achieve a more stable consensus.An historical overview is provided from the first to the most recent fern classifications, from which conclusions are drawn on past changes and future trends. The problematic concept of family in ferns is discussed, with a particular focus on how this has changed over time. The history of molecular studies and the most recent findings are also presented.Fern classification generally shows a trend from highly artificial, based on an interpretation of a few extrinsic characters, via natural classifications derived from a multitude of intrinsic characters, towards more evolutionary circumscriptions of groups that do not in general align well with the distribution of these previously used characters. It also shows a progression from a few broad family concepts to systems that recognized many more narrowly and highly controversially circumscribed families; currently, the number of families recognized is stabilizing somewhere between these extremes. Placement of many genera was uncertain until the arrival of molecular phylogenetics, which has rapidly been improving our understanding of fern relationships. As a collective category, the so-called 'fern allies' (e.g. Lycopodiales, Psilotaceae, Equisetaceae) were unsurprisingly found to be polyphyletic, and the term should be abandoned. Lycopodiaceae, Selaginellaceae and Isoëtaceae form a clade (the lycopods) that is sister to all other vascular plants, whereas the whisk ferns (Psilotaceae), often included in the lycopods or believed to be associated with the first vascular plants, are sister to Ophioglossaceae and thus belong to the fern clade. The horsetails (Equisetaceae) are also members of the fern clade (sometimes inappropriately called 'monilophytes'), but, within that clade, their placement is still uncertain. Leptosporangiate ferns are better understood, although deep relationships within this group are still unresolved. Earlier, almost all leptosporangiate ferns were placed in a single family (Polypodiaceae or Dennstaedtiaceae), but these families have been redefined to narrower more natural entities.Concluding this paper, a classification is presented based on our current understanding of relationships of fern and lycopod clades. Major changes in our understanding of these families are highlighted, illustrating issues of classification in relation to convergent evolution and false homologies. Problems with the current classification and groups that still need study are pointed out. A summary phylogenetic tree is also presented. A new classification in which Aspleniaceae, Cyatheaceae, Polypodiaceae and Schizaeaceae are expanded in comparison with the most recent classifications is presented, which is a modification of those proposed by Smith et al. (2006, 2008) and Christenhusz et al. (2011). These classifications are now finding a wider acceptance and use, and even though a few amendments are made based on recently published results from molecular analyses, we have aimed for a stable family and generic classification of ferns.

In 1647, the Dutch linguist Marcus Zuerius van Boxhorn noted the similarity among certain Asian and European languages and first theorized that they were derived from a primitive common language which he called Scythian (proto-language). For hundreds of years, many scholars have been studying the cognate of the subgroupings of Indo-European languages. This paper with the Swadesh list compares several subgroupings of Indo-European languages and finds out that their cognate correspondence is closer. It is inferred that the Proto-Indo-European was a language with very rich vocabulary and should be contained independently in the subgroupings at the beginning of its dissemination. This paper proposes a revised Swadesh list which can be used to assess language homology degree in high or low, and compares English with Chinese. The result shows that Chinese and English have the same origin.

Turning on the logic of the spectacle, U.S.-based campaigns on North Korean human rights, in calling for intervention, have wielded two images aimed at outing North Korea's “hidden truths”? the image of the starving child circa the 1990s and the contemporary satellite image of what appear to be labor camps. Focusing on the use of online virtual geo-imagery programs like Google Earth in the human rights mapping of North Korea, this essay situates post-9/11 “liberation technology” within the framework of the unending Korean War, a war whose failed “liberation” of Korea from the global forces of communism haunts North Korean human rights critique today. By examining mid-century bomber photographs and contemporary human rights satellite images of North Korea, this essay inquires into the homology between technologies of militarized intelligence and war, on the one hand, and technologies of human rights that aim to expose North Korea, on the other. Both modes of apperception, this essay argues, strive ...

The comparative method grants epistemic access to the biological past. Comparing lineages provides empirical traction on both hypotheses about particular lineages and models of trait evolution. Understanding this evidential role is important. Although philosophers have recently turned their attention to relations of descent (homology), very little work exists exploring the status of evidence from convergences (analogy). I argue that, where they exist, convergences play a central role in the confirmation of adaptive hypotheses. I focus on ‘analogous inferences’ (inferences which take a trait/environment dyad from one lineage and project it to another), show how such inferences ought to be analyzed and suggest three methods for strengthening their evidential weight.

Long before embarking on the academic life of a geographer, I made films about cities. In the following essay, I reflect on a series of my short films, shot in the magical aesthetic of super8 film, which meditate on themes that continue to preoccupy and interest many urban geographers, in particular, the dialectic between social life and the built landscape of contemporary urban space. A central argument suggested by these cinematic excursions is that the margins of urban space share an immediate homology with the margins of the social self and that experiencing difference in spatial life is a political and social good analogous to regular encounter with difference in the lives of strangers. Such experiences of difference, these films suggest, are under threat in the neoliberal city in which gentrification, privatisation, labour deregulation and urban policing increasingly homogenise and politically neutralise the social landscape. The films can be viewed at http://www.brettstory.com/category/films-video/

The ‘byproduct account’ of female orgasm, a subject of renewed debate since Lloyd (The case of the female orgasm, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 2005), is universally attributed to Symons (The evolution of human sexuality, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1979). While this is correct to the extent that he linked it to the adaptive value of male orgasm, I argue that the attribution of the theory as we understand it to Symons is based on a serious and hitherto unrecognised misinterpretation. Symons had a different explanation of why women can orgasm, and beneath this explanation lies an obscure line of argument, including a particularly obscure use of the word ‘homologous’.

There has been substantial debate in the legal academy centered on the questions of whether universal moral intuitions exist and, if so, whether these intuitions have a privileged normative status, a debate both reflecting and partly reinterpreting classical jurisprudential debates about the existence of “natural law” and “natural rights.” There is a strong but underappreciated homology between the debates about the nature and quality of intuitive moral reasoning, and debates, associated with the Heuristics and Biases (H&B) school on the one hand and the “Fast and Frugal” (F&F) school on the other, about the nature and quality of our capacity to make self-interested decisions (decisions requiring both factual and a-moral evaluative judgment and decision making ability. There are those in the legal academy, most prominently Cass Sunstein, who accept that people indeed often have strong moral intuitions but believe these predispositions deserve little or no normative deference because the intuitions frequently merely reflect the use of inapt rules of thumb. Others, most prominently John Mikhail, believe people readily make non-reflective moral judgments that we cannot readily explain or justify logically that are grounded in our capacity to process a quite small number of critical features of a decision situation in precisely the way that F&F theorists believe we make most judgments. I explore the degree to which some of the virtues, and, more importantly, most of the problems, in both Sunstein's and Mikhail’s work are the features and shortcomings that have bedeviled the work of each of the schools on heuristic reasoning.

Many argue that higher-cognitive emotions such as pride arose de novo in humans, and thus fall outside of the scope of the kinds of evolutionary explanations offered for “basic emotions,” like fear. This approach fractures the general category of “emotion” into two deeply distinct kinds of emotion. However, an increasing number of emotion researchers are converging on the conclusion that higher-cognitive emotions are evolutionarily rooted in simpler emotional responses found in primates. I argue that pride fits this pattern, and then consider some of the possible mechanisms by which the basic forms of these emotions have been transformed, arguing that we can see this transformation in part as the progressive internalization of originally externalized processes associated with norms, selfhood, and social structure. This connects the emotion literature with the literatures on the Social/Machiavellian Intelligence Hypothesis and situated cognition, offering the possibility of a more unified theory of human e...

Names in taxonomy have seven different and important properties, some due to their existence in the context of classifications. Names confer or facilitate individuation, information storage and retrieval, and set theories of relationships, explanatory power, testable predictions, conceptual power, and language. No other way of naming in science is so powerful. And this is possible because taxonomic naming is done with full consideration of the theoretical specification of empirical data (characters) and their correspondence among taxa via homology statements. Since Darwin and Hennig, sets of homologous characters distributed among taxa allow precise hypotheses of a genealogical relationship, and this relationship is reflected in the way naming results in a classification.

This essay investigates the compelling affinities between the premodern mythographic tradition and the various schools of thought grouped under the rubrics of speculative realism, object-oriented ontology, and vitalism. Like mythography proper, much of this work entails the acceptance of alternative, even enchanted realities; like certain strains of modern analytic philosophy and science fiction, it posits possible worlds and builds them out from within by acts of intellection, extended metaphorical conceits, and provisional bids for our faith. More than the result of a loose homology, the mythographic mode is a central idiom within these schools of thought, accounting in part for their allure to literary scholars, whose attachments to otherworldly stories are similarly inherited from the mythographic tradition.

This article explores the homology between states of affect as represented in literary texts by Emerson, Poe, and Alcott, and the stages of the business cycle of 1832–1842. It argues that recurrent cycles of mania, panic, and depression served to habituate Americans to the business cycle and to naturalize market forces.

In November 1928, Hirohito became the emperor of Japan through a series of rituals, beginning with the emperor's presentation to the world. Afterwards the emperor soul, transmitted from the sun goddess through the preceding generations of emperors to the current one, is rejuvenated and pacified by attaching different gods (kami) to it. Then, in his full presence as a living-kami, the new emperor enters a finely balanced structure to partake of sacred rice with the kami. Within the Japanese cosmos, the world at large, the domain of humankind, and the realm of the kami are situated along a continuum. In such a world, the forces of homology can, through meticulous ritual, connect between those realms and harness one plane for the improvement and augmentation of another. By means of the rites of succession, the emperor activates the forces of homology, yielding a dynamic yet precarious world, as the kami forces of peace and harmony are harnessed for the well-being of all Japan.

In this article we use recent survey data to test three arguments on the relationship between social stratification and cultural consumption: i.e. what we label as the homology, individualization and omnivore–univore arguments. We note various conceptual and methodological problems in the ways these arguments have been advanced, and stress in particular the importance of maintaining the Weberian distinction between class and status. We concentrate on musical consumption and apply latent class models to identify types of musical consumer. We then examine the social character of these types through a regression analysis that includes a range of demographic and stratification variables. As would be anticipated from a Weberian standpoint, type of musical consumption proves to be more closely associated with status, and also with education, than with class. In general, our results provide little support for the homology or individualisation arguments. They are more consonant with the omnivore–univore argument, although a number of qualifications to this are also suggested.

Simulation studies of the early origins of the modern phyla in the fossil record, and the rapid diversification that led to them, show that these are inevitable outcomes of rapid and long-lasting radiations. Recent advances in Cambrian stratigraphy have revealed a more precise picture of the early bilaterian radiation taking place during the earliest Terreneuvian Series, although several ambiguities remain. The early period is dominated by various tubes and a moderately diverse trace fossil record, with the classical ‘Tommotian’ small shelly biota beginning to appear some millions of years after the base of the Cambrian at ca 541 Ma. The body fossil record of the earliest period contains a few representatives of known groups, but most of the record is of uncertain affinity. Early trace fossils can be assigned to ecdysozoans, but deuterostome and even spiralian trace and body fossils are less clearly represented. One way of explaining the relative lack of clear spiralian fossils until about 536 Ma is to assign the various lowest Cambrian tubes to various stem-group lophotrochozoans, with the implication that the groundplan of the lophotrochozoans included a U-shaped gut and a sessile habit. The implication of this view would be that the vagrant lifestyle of annelids, nemerteans and molluscs would be independently derived from such a sessile ancestor, with potentially important implications for the homology of their sensory and nervous systems.

Voris explains that the “landscape plays” Stein began writing in 1922 represent a critical breakthrough and introduces this period of writing as a case study for a new critical approach. The landscape homology is a painterly analogy that allows Stein to address the problems of time sense she identifies in conventional drama by creating spatial effects in composition. This in turn gives her new impetus and a spatial method for re-examining the temporality associated with knowledge. Voris summarizes critical debates concerning the interpretation of meaning in Stein’s work, including competing approaches of Marjorie Perloff and Jennifer Ashton. She proposes that the landscape homology enacts Stein’s radical empiricism, and that we might use Stein’s model of knowledge and her method of making sense in place of rationalism. Subsequent chapters trace how Stein’s epistemology develops in her landscape writing and why it results in a new method of portraiture.

With the development of software technology, software is becoming increasingly essential in our daily lives. However, there are more and more sorts of pirated software. Therefore, we need to figure out an effective method to prevent plagiarism, protect intellectual property and so on. Software homology detection can be used as protection of software intellectual property, malware defense, and can chase an important means of accountability and evidence. We did some experiments to evaluate the performance of our method .And the results showed that the proposed method can achieve satisfactory outcome.

Background For a long time biologists and linguists have been noticing surprising similarities between the evolution of life forms and languages. Most of the proposed analogies have been rejected. Some, however, have persisted, and some even turned out to be fruitful, inspiring the transfer of methods and models between biology and linguistics up to today. Most proposed analogies were based on a comparison of the research objects rather than the processes that shaped their evolution. Focusing on process-based analogies, however, has the advantage of minimizing the risk of overstating similarities, while at the same time reflecting the common strategy to use processes to explain the evolution of complexity in both fields. Results We compared important evolutionary processes in biology and linguistics and identified processes specific to only one of the two disciplines as well as processes which seem to be analogous, potentially reflecting core evolutionary processes. These new process-based analogies support novel methodological transfer, expanding the application range of biological methods to the field of historical linguistics. We illustrate this by showing (i) how methods dealing with incomplete lineage sorting offer an introgression-free framework to analyze highly mosaic word distributions across languages; (ii) how sequence similarity networks can be used to identify composite and borrowed words across different languages; (iii) how research on partial homology can inspire new methods and models in both fields; and (iv) how constructive neutral evolution provides an original framework for analyzing convergent evolution in languages resulting from common descent (Sapir’s drift). Conclusions Apart from new analogies between evolutionary processes, we also identified processes which are specific to either biology or linguistics. This shows that general evolution cannot be studied from within one discipline alone. In order to get a full picture of evolution, biologists and linguists need to complement their studies, trying to identify cross-disciplinary and discipline-specific evolutionary processes. The fact that we found many process-based analogies favoring transfer from biology to linguistics further shows that certain biological methods and models have a broader scope than previously recognized. This opens fruitful paths for collaboration between the two disciplines. Reviewers This article was reviewed by W. Ford Doolittle and Eugene V. Koonin. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13062-016-0145-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Key argues that fish do not experience pain because they lack the necessary (but not necessarily sufficient) brain structures and associated functional circuitry to engender such conscious percepts. I propose that fish pain may be dependent on neuroanatomical regions and pathways that are structurally and/or functionally analogous — but not strictly homologous — to well-characterized mammalian substrates of pain. An example is the convergent appearance of the complex, single-compartment eye across invertebrate and vertebrate phylogeny. Structuralfunctional convergence is ubiquitous in evolution. Comparative inferences and correlative lines of evidence play an important role in building evolutionary arguments. The dismissal of the perception of pain in fish may be premature at best. David Edelman dedelman@sandiego.edu is a neuroscientist and adjunct faculty member at University of San Diego and University of California, San Diego. His research is on mechanisms of gene regulation, the relationship between mitochondrial transport and brain activity, and visual perception in the octopus, with special interest in conscious states in animals quite distant phylogenetically from mammals or even vertebrates. http://loop.frontiersin.org/people/48713/bio In the target article, Key (2016a) posits that fish do not experience pain — or any other form of conscious feeling — on the grounds that they do not possess the necessary neuroanatomical structures or functional circuitry to support conscious percepts. This argument has already been made on similar grounds elsewhere (Key, 2015,a,b; Rose et al., 2012). Starting with the human case as a reference standard, Key systematically marshals data from both human and rodent studies to support the claim that a fairly well-defined, evolutionarily conserved constellation of interconnected neural substrates and associated physiological properties in the mammalian brain is the basis for the generation of pain.1 In making his case, Key points to specific neuroanatomical features in humans and other mammals that make possible the amplification and integration of incoming signals that are thought to be fundamental to conscious processing. These features, he suggests, are absent in fish. He emphasizes the density of feedforward/feedback circuitry in the mammalian cortex, in contrast to the apparent sparseness In his first response to the commentaries, Key (2016b) notes that birds may possess similar neural substrates and might hence be capable of experiencing pain. Animal Sentience 2016.062: Edelman Commentary on Key on Fish Pain 2 of such circuitry in the fish pallium, and notes the role of cortical architecture — specifically, laminar and columnar organization — in differentiating inputs, preserving spatiotemporal relations, and filtering via inhibitory interneuron circuits. The cortex is central to the experience of pain in mammals and its absence, Key claims, indicates the absence of pain and other conscious percepts in fish Key’s main argument is based not just on the lack of cortex in fish, but also on the absence of key functional circuitry associated with the cortex in humans and other mammals, and needed for the perception of pain. This boils down to Key’s assessment that there is not enough evidence of structural or functional homology — or, presumably, analogy — to conclude that fish have the requisite circuitry for feeling pain. Key would probably dismiss many appeals to analogy as ‘just-so stories.’ This is problematic for at least two reasons. First, it discounts the ubiquitous occurrence of structural and functional analogy over the course of evolution. Complex structures with similar properties and functions have often evolved, via different developmental trajectories, from different embryonic tissues, in very different organisms (Conway Morris, 2005; Land and Nilsson, 2012). Analogous structures with similar functions have emerged in different phyla in response to similar ecological challenges. For example, structural and functional similarities to the vertebrate hippocampus have been noted in the neural circuitry subserving memory in certain insects (e.g., honeybees) and cephalopods (e.g., octopus) (Haehnel and Menzel, 2012; Hochner et al., 2006; Menzel and Manz, 2008; Shomrat et al., 2008). The evolutionary recurrence of the single-compartment, focusing eye is an example of ecologically driven evolutionary convergence not based on homology (except perhaps at the scale of certain conserved photopigment molecules; Fernald, 2006; Land and Nilsson, 2012), but on analogy. This type of eye probably appeared independently in disparate invertebrate and vertebrate species (e.g., coleoid cephalopods, some arthropods, and the vertebrates) more than a half-dozen times over the course of evolution (Land and Nilsson, 2012; Treisman, 2004). The octopus eye is the best example. It closely resembles the vertebrate eye and is similarly capable of resolving both nearby and distant objects (Harland and Jackson, p. 234), making the octopus a superb marine predator. Just as a complex focusing eye evolved independently across different phyla, central processing capable of generating the experience of pain could have evolved independently — through structurally and functionally analogous means — more than once over the course of evolution. A second reason to resist the temptation to dismiss the possibility of structural-functional analogies is that much of evolutionary biology is predicated on such ‘just-so stories.’ For a variety of reasons — lacunae in fossil records or technical limits on what is observable — comparative inferences and correlative lines of evidence (i.e., from anatomy, physiology, and behavior) are used to ‘bridge the gaps’ and supplement the available evidence in evolutionary arguments which often rely on multiple correlative lines of evidence, comparative data, and, to some extent, the very ‘just-so stories’ Key disparages. Animal Sentience 2016.062: Edelman Commentary on Key on Fish Pain 3 As Key (2016b) observes in his first response to the earlier commentary, the utility of structuralfunctional analogies such as wings and flight in bats, birds, and insects as justification for the possibility of complex neural faculties (i.e., conscious perception in general and pain in particular) has its limitations. Clearly, bats, birds, and insects all fly — but their means are profoundly different. It could also be argued that the biomechanics of flight is relatively simple in comparison to higher brain function. But the single-compartment, focusing eye is a complex structure that is remarkably similar across vertebrates and certain invertebrates (i.e., coleoid cephalopods; Land and Nilsson, 2012), and necessarily linked to complex visual processing (e.g., decomposition of modal visual properties, integration and binding), regardless of phylogeny. This type of eye provides comparable capabilities (e.g., acuity, spatial resolution, and possibly even stereopsis) in widely different phyla (Harland and Jackson, 2000). The presence of similar structures in closely related taxa implies phylogenetic conservation of function. In discussing the distinction between parallel and convergent evolution (Arendt and Reznick, 2008; Pearce, 2011) in the elaboration of complex brains, Farris (2015) writes: “Convergence refers to the independent evolution of similar structures from different ancestral structures and genetic mechanisms, while parallelism occurs when similar structures evolve independently from shared ancestral and genetic mechanisms. Convergence and parallelism can be difficult to differentiate, especially when the phylogeny of the species being compared is incomplete or unavailable.” (Farris, 2015, pp. 1-2) This difference may be useful in assessing the prospects of investigating the neural substrates for pain in fish. The bony fish (Osteichthyes) and mammals (Mammalia) can be considered two distinct grades within the clade vertebrata. As vertebrates, members of the two grades share certain neural structures based on their descent from a common ancestor; homologs of mammalian amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus and, of course, brain stem structures have certainly been identified in bony fish. Components of the fish’s pallium seem to be homologous to certain mammalian cortical areas (Segner, 2012). Pain perception in bony fish might have been initiated via circuitry distinct from the mammalian pathways that would emerge much later. The fact that we have not yet identified its neural substrate is insufficient grounds for concluding that fish do not feel pain.

The cultivation of applied talents is strengthened through the teaching reform which refers to adding the knowledge on homology of medicine and food into food quality and safety major. Reach the international standard in line of Chinese social demand in nowadays. In order to realize the knowledge fusion between the homology of medicine and food and the food quality and safety major, the teaching reform is implemented through three aspects, namely theory teaching, experimental practice and cultivation of application and development ability to make homology of medicine and food as the important teaching component. The homology of medicine and food not only is the important content in traditional Chinese medicine but also has been integrated into the industry of health food. To add the knowledge on homology of medicine and food into food quality and safety major can make students to grasp the knowledge of multiple disciplines and become the applied talents needed by the society.

In this article, I use the example of emotions to illustrate how various concepts of homology can play a role in developmental psychology by showing how developmental and evolutionary approaches to the classification of psychological traits complement and constrain one another. In order to do this I argue against the "Standard Model" of emotional classification according to which basic and higher cognitive emotions belong to radically different classes of emotions. Neither developmental nor evolutionary considerations support the Standard Model, and a combined ontogenetic and phylogenetic approach presents a stronger case for the revision of this model than does either of these taken alone. Recent attempts to integrate developmental and evolutionary factors in the explanation of other psychological traits can guide research in these areas. I argue that a consideration of various neglected forms of homology that are closely tied to development resolves some outstanding problems in ontogenetic and phylogenetic classification of emotion.

In the 1970s, particularly in his article “The Model of the Text: Meaningful Action Considered as a Text” (1971), Paul Ricœur proposed a hypothesis concerning the homology between the text and social action. That hypothesis is not reducible to the narrative logic prevailing in late Ricœur’s writings, and we are searching to elucidate its further implications in social sciences. A new hermeneutics of social meanings can be founded upon it, enriched by the methodological experience of structural semiotics and taking into account some special processes of sense-giving as “remote-model behavior” and “sense-suppressing action”.

The causal relationships among developing behaviors can take many forms. At one extreme, two behaviors may emerge independently of one another and, at the other extreme, the emergence of one behavior may depend on the prior emergence of the other. Whether the two behaviors in the latter case should be designated as developmentally homologous is explored in this essay by reviewing differing approaches to conceptualizing the development of sleep. It is argued that whereas the concept of developmental homology may offer little new to the understanding of sleep development, the conventional notion of evolutionary homology remains to be fully exploited. Identifying homologous sleep processes will benefit from the adoption of a developmental comparative approach that emphasizes real-time sleep dynamics and individual sleep components. Because evolution occurs through the modification of developmental processes, a new commitment to a developmental comparative approach to sleep is a necessary next step toward a better understanding of its evolution.

A recent review of the homology concept in cladistics is critiqued in light of the historical literature. Homology as a notion relevant to the recognition of clades remains equivalent to synapomorphy. Some symplesiomorphies are "homologies" inasmuch as they represent synapomorphies of more inclusive taxa; others are complementary character states that do not imply any shared evolutionary history among the taxa that exhibit the state. Undirected character-state change (as characters optimized on an unrooted tree) is a necessary but not sufficient test of homology, because the addition of a root may alter parsimonious reconstructions. Primary and secondary homology are defended as realistic representations of discovery procedures in comparative biology, recognizable even in Direct Optimization. The epistemological relationship between homology as evidence and common ancestry as explanation is again emphasized. An alternative definition of homology is proposed. © The Willi Hennig Society 2012.

This paper analyses how, prior to the work of Sigmund Freud, an understanding of infant and childhood sexuality emerged during the nineteenth century. Key contributors to the debate were Albert Moll, Max Dessoir and others, asfin-de-siècleartists and writers celebrated a sexualised image of the child. By the beginning of the twentieth century, most paediatricians, sexologists, psychologists, psychiatrists, psychoanalysts and pedagogues agreed that sexuality formed part of a child’s ‘normal’ development. This paper argues that the main disagreements in discourses about childhood sexuality related to different interpretations of children’s sexual experiences. On the one hand stood an explanation that argued for a homology between children’s and adults’ sexual experiences, on the other hand was an understanding that suggested that adults and children had distinct and different experiences. Whereas the homological interpretation was favoured by the majority of commentators, including Moll, Freud, and to some extent also by C.G. Jung, the heterological interpretation was supported by a minority, including childhood psychologist Charlotte Bühler.

Homology is a biological sameness relation that is purported to hold in the face of changes in form, composition, and function. In spite of the centrality and importance of homology, there is no consensus on how we should understand this concept. The two leading views of homology, the genealogical and developmental accounts, have significant shortcomings. We propose a new account, the hierarchical-dependency account of homology, which avoids these shortcomings. Furthermore, our account provides for continuity between special, general, and serial homology.

PurposeThe idea that criminal behavior is a function of the offender's personality, also called the Homology hypothesis, has a long history in forensic psychology and criminology. This assumption, however, has been decried as lacking empirical support. In spite of much social concern relative to sexual offenses, there is virtually no research looking at the stability of offending pattern in sex offenders of adult women. This paper aims to fill some of the gaps.Design/methodology/approachLatent structure analyses were conducted on a secondary dataset including 145 serial rapists. A cross‐sectional, discrete time‐series design was used including a sequence of three offenses.FindingsModerate support was found for the three main assumptions underlying the Homology hypothesis. Offenses tended to share a relatively similar underlying structure, with the victimology and aggression components being more prominent than the sexual dimension. The three primary profiles identified, labeled “Passive”, “Stranger‐aggressive”, and “Antisocial”, were found to be about 50 percent stable across the sequence. Finally, the presence of significant dysfunction in the family of origin predicted membership in the “Antisocial” class, as well as increased the specificity and stability of this profile. The presence of early maladjustment was not related to any of the states.Research limitations/implicationsBased on the results, it is proposed that future research incorporates contextual‐environmental elements in order to increase the validity of the findings.Originality/valueThis study represents a unique attempt at documenting patterns of stability and variations across incidents of rape, using an institutional sample. Furthermore, it illustrates the use and potential benefits of latent structure models in criminological research.