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Settlement Dynamics on a Transitional Landscape: Investigations of Cultural Resources for the State Route 77 - Snowflake Passing Lanes Project, Navajo County, Arizona describes the results of investigations of seven prehistoric and historic sites along State Route 77 north of Snowflake, in Navajo County, Arizona. Between August 2009 and June 2012, fieldwork was conducted in three phases in advance of the construction of passing lanes and culvert extensions. Seven sites, with artifacts or features dating between the Middle Archaic and A.D. 1978 were investigated. These include: AZ P:8:61 (ASM); AZ P:8:62 (ASM); Five Mile Draw, AZ P:8:63 (ASM); Beethoven, AZ P:8:65 (ASM); Spider Hill, AZ P:8:66 (ASM); Go Go, AZ P:8:93 (ASM); and State Route 77, AZ BB:2:78 (ASM). The goal of the research was to more fully understand the human history of the southern margins of the Colorado Plateau along the Silver Creek corridor. Archaeological, ethnographic, and historical methods were used to explore this dynamic cultural landscape. Further, the new investigations provided an opportunity to incorporate previously underpublished archaeological work from the 1973 and 1974 Snowflake Field School, an effort that added temporal depth to project data, and when consistent patterns were identified, strengthened interpretations. A major contribution of the State Route 77 - Snowflake Passing Lanes project is a study of how farming peoples began to create enduring settlements as population began to grow in the region (and the Southwest more generally) in the seventh century A.D. Project sites also show that settlement trajectory reached its maximum spatial extent in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. While occupation by Hopi and Zuni ancestors continued thereafter, it was outside the project area. Sites and features also provided information about the development of the modern rural economies. State Route 77 is just the most recent of the many pre-Hispanic and historic corridors through the region. The remains of the corridors themselves and the features that developed alongside provided a glimpse into the Mormon, Basque, and Apache history in this area from the years after the Civil War until A.D. 1946.

The site (AZ T:12:413[ASM]) was recommended as eligible for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places. Avoidance to the site was not feasible so data recovery was conducted under an existing City-approved Plan, entitled “General Historic Properties Treatment Plan for Archaeological Projects Within the Boundaries of the City of Phoenix, Arizona” (Montero et al. 2008). A Supplemental Data Recovery Work Plan submitted to the City (see Mitchell 2011) was approved and implemented. As a result of the data recovery project, 63 features were investigated that included field houses, pit houses, pits, extramural surfaces, canals, isolated hearths, and two burials. The prehistoric Hohokam remains represent occupation in the project area during the late Red Mountain phase (A.D. 400-600) of the Pioneer Period, the Sacaton phase (A.D. 900-1100) of the Sedentary period, and the Soho phase (A.D. 1100-1300) of the Classic period.

Benchmark Environmental Consultants (Benchmark) is engaged in consultation with the Arizona State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) regarding the proposed installation of telecommunications facilities within the boundary of the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP)-listed Gila Pueblo site. Gila Pueblo incorporates a prehistoric Salado habitation and a reconstructed pueblo-styled educational facility that is historically significant. Gila Pueblo has been assigned the Arizona State Museum (ASM) site number AZ V:9:52 (ASM). The Gila Pueblo buildings are currently occupied by the Gila Pueblo Campus of the Gila Community College District of Gila County. The Gila Pueblo archaeological site is known to include abundant buried features, some of which are known to have been covered over by the historically reconstructed Gila Pueblo buildings. Large portions of the site have been excavated during previous projects; but very little accurate spatial data exists regarding the location of known features or previous investigations within the overall site area. The proposed construction entails removal of an existing light pole in the parking area adjacent to the Gila Pueblo buildings, and its replacement with a new 35-foot-tall light pole designed to support a telecommunications antenna array. Additional facilities to be installed adjacent to the new light-pole cell tower include a prefabricated equipment cabinet and a transformer. The Arizona SHPO concluded that if the APE for direct effects included significant buried cultural resources, the project would result in an adverse effect to the archaeological component of the Gila Pueblo site (AZ V:9:52 [ASM]); however, survey of the modern ground surface, and the supplemental research conducted, could not satisfactorily establish the presence or absence of buried deposits in the project area. Therefore, identification testing was required to determine if significant subsurface artifacts, features, or human remains were present within the project APE for direct effects. Benchmark retained SWCA Environmental Consultants (SWCA) to prepare and implement a plan for identification testing at the cellular tower site. This report describes the results of the identification testing effort.

Phoenix-Mesa Gateway Airport Authority (PMGAA) proposes the Northeast Area Development Plan (NADP), which would relocate the existing airport passenger terminal complex to the northeastern corner of Phoenix-Mesa Gateway Airport (the Airport), in the City of Mesa, Maricopa County, Arizona. Ricondo and Associates, Inc., under contract to PMGAA, retained SWCA Environmental Consultants (SWCA) to conduct National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) eligibility testing at four archaeological sites—AZ U:10:316 (ASM), AZ U:10:317 (ASM), AZ U:10:320 (ASM), and AZ U:10:321 (ASM)—in advance of development. Testing fieldwork took place on November 2-5, 2015, and was conducted in accordance with the approved work plan: A National Register of Historic Places Eligibility Testing Plan for Sites AZ U:10:316 (ASM), AZ U:10:317 (ASM), AZ U:10:320 (ASM), and AZ U:10:321 (ASM) at Phoenix-Mesa Gateway Airport, Mesa, Maricopa County, Arizona (Hesse 2015). No archaeological features or significant cultural deposits were identified as a result of the investigations. The four archaeological sites warrant no additional study or preservation, and SWCA recommends that they are ineligible for NRHP consideration.

This volume presents data from large-scale archaeological excavations at the prehistoric site of Las Capas, AZ AA:12:111 (ASM). Data recovery was conducted by Desert Archaeology, Inc. and included investigations at both the site itself and a well-developed associated canal, AZ AA:12:753 (ASM), and agricultural field system. An Arizona Antiquities Act permit was obtained, as Pima County, the sponsoring agency, is a subdivision of the state and, as such, is subject to the Arizona Antiquites Act. The fieldwork was conducted and the report written according to Arizona Antiquites Act standards.

Changing Channels: Simulating Irrigation Management on Evolving Canal Systems for the Prehistoric Hohokam of Central Arizona

This document reports the results of archaeological monitoring conducted for a City of Phoenix (COP) rehabilitation project. Through its contractor, and utilizing funding from the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), the COP Neighborhood Services Department (NSD) conducted manual excavations to install irrigation and remove vegetation at the project site. During a review of the project, the COP Archaeology Office at Pueblo Grande Museum (PGM) determined that excavations associated with the proposed improvement project could encounter subsurface deposits associated with the Patrick Site— a prehistoric site located within 250 feet of the project area. For this reason, the NSD requested that EcoPlan Associates, Inc. (EcoPlan) implement a program of archaeological monitoring, which was conducted following provisions of the COP generic archaeological monitoring and discovery plan (Montero and Stubing 2004) to fulfill the requirements of Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (NHPA), Section 802 of the COP Historic Preservation Ordinance, and A.R.S. 41-865. Archaeological monitoring was conducted in accordance with the 2007 Programmatic Agreement among the City o f Phoenix, Arizona State Historic Preservation Office, and the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation regarding HUD-Funded Program Activities.

This report presents the results of archaeological monitoring for the installation of a new storm drain mainline, manholes, a catch basin, and various connectors in Phoenix. The monitoring was conducted by Jacobs Engineering Group Inc (Jacobs) at the request of the City of Phoenix (COP) Street Transportation Department (STD) under an existing on-call archaeological services agreement as COP STD Tracking No. The project is sponsored by the COP Street Transportation Department and is funded by COP; it is located entirely on land owned by COP. Jacobs obtained written notification to proceed with the archaeological monitoring on March 9, 2015. For the purposes of this investigation, the term "cultural resources" refers to prehistoric or historic archaeological sites or objects and potentially significant historic buildings or structures. The COP Archaeology Office reviewed this project and provided recommendations in a December 4, 2013 Archaeological Assessment Form. The COP Archaeology Assessment noted that the project is located within AZ T:12:62 (ASM)/Dutch Canal Ruin, and recommended that monitoring be conducted for all portions of the APE that are located within the site or within 250 feet of its known boundaries. No artifacts or intact cultural resource deposits were identified during the monitoring; nor was any evidence of the unverified Hohokam canal alignment found.

International audience; Construction, maintenance and abandonment of Hohokam Prehistoric hydraulic systems (Phoenix, Arizona): social or hydroclimatic constraints?

Meritage Homes (Meritage) proposes to construct a residential subdivision on property in the town of Oro Valley, north of Tucson, Arizona. A Class III archaeological inventory of the project area was conducted by Stephen (2000), and three prehistoric archaeological sites—AZ BB:9:353 (ASM), AZ BB:9:354 (ASM), and AZ BB:9:354 (ASM)— were identified within the area of potential effects (APE) of what is now designated as the Meritage Kai 291 South project. AZ BB:9:354 (ASM) was tested in 2004 by the Pima Community College Archaeology Centre (PCCAC) for its eligibility for listing in the National Register of Historic Places/Arizona Register of Historic Places (NRHP/ARHP). The site was identified as a limited-activity area with no evidence of habitation, storage or resource processing, and limited potential for significant subsurface deposits; it was recommended ineligible for listing in the NRHP/ARHP (Kehres 2007). The PCCAC conducted another survey of the project area in 2014 to relocate the sites and any additional resources (Mason-Kohlmeyer 2014). All three sites were located during the survey. AZ BB:9:353 (ASM) and AZ BB:9:354 (ASM) were recommended ineligible for listing in the NRHP, and eligibility testing was recommended for AZ BB:9:355 (ASM). The Town of Oro Valley’s (Town’s) Planning Department required Meritage to test the eligibility of AZ BB:9:355 (ASM) and include the results in its Mitigation Plan as part of the Planned Area Development Plan for the Kai 291 South residential development. Meritage contracted SWCA Environmental Consultants (SWCA) to conduct the archaeological testing, which was performed from June 16 to June 19, 2015. This report summarizes the findings of the testing and makes recommendations for inclusion in the Mitigation Plan required as part of Meritage’s Planned Area Development Plan for Kai 291 South.

Burial assemblage descriptions from archaeological investigations at the prehistoric site of Las Capas, AZ AA:12:111 (ASM), situated in the Tucson Basin of southern Arizona, are provided in this report. Testing and data recovery excavations at Las Capas were conducted by Desert Archaeology, Inc., from August 2008 through September 2009, with smaller phases of fieldwork in 2012 and 2013, as part of Pima County's Regional Wastewater Reclamation Department Regional Optimization Master Plan (ROMP). This massive project involved major upgrades and expansion of wastewater facilities at the Tres Rios Wastewater Reclamation Facility (WRF). Funding was provided by Pima County, and the excavations were conducted under the supervision of their Office of Cultural Resources and Historic Preservation, which requires all projects to adhere to the Federal standards of Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (as amended). Las Capas is located in the northern Tucson Basin, situated on the eastern bank of the Santa Cruz River, just downstream from the confluences of the river with Rillito Creek and Cañada del Oro Wash. This is the point in the Santa Cruz River Valley where all major tributaries in the surrounding watersheds converge because of the terrain and the gradient, making it an ideal location for agriculture due to high water table levels and predictable streamflow. The great majority of features recovered at Las Capas dated to the San Pedro phase (A.D. 1200-800 B.C.) of the Early Agricultural period (2100 B.C.-A.D. 50). The archaeological excavations allowed the singular opportunity of investigating a large area of the site in detail and intensity, providing the most comprehensive look at a San Pedro phase farming community conducted, to date, in southern Arizona. Backhoe trenches were excavated over most of the wastewater facility area to document the extent of archaeological deposits. Following this effort, intensive excavations were conducted in loci where new plant facilities were to be constructed (identified as Loci AE; Loci F-H were only treated during the exploratory phase of the project). Data recovery resulted in the identification of more than 5,500 prehistoric features, of which 3,455 were excavated or tested. Investigated feature types included 53 pithouses, 8 possible pithouses, 22 extramural surfaces, 610 bell-shaped pits, 49 large pits, 2,099 small pits, 490 roasting pits, 40 pits of unknown or other function, 20 inhumations, 2 cremations, and 11 animal burials. The excavations resulted in the recovery of more than 113,000 artifacts and 7,300 samples of various kinds, representing the largest quantity of San Pedro phase material recovered yet from the Tucson Basin. A large agricultural field system was also discovered containing primary and lateral canals that delivered irrigation water from the Santa Cruz River to hundreds of small fields. This field system has now been well-documented, and its history of development and modification through time reconstructed in detail. Primary research issues investigated at Las Capas include chronology, artifact analyses, irrigation technology, subsistence systems, and syntheses of Early Agricultural lifeways. In short, the excavations at Las Capas have provided an ideal opportunity to study an Early Agricultural irrigation community in detail from the "production" end—fields, canals, and their contexts — to the "consumption" end of domestic living. The results of the Las Capas investigations are presented in a series of Anthropological Papers, Technical Reports, and a book published, variously, by Archaeology Southwest and Desert Archaeology. The two Anthropological Papers provide a broad overview and synthetic examination of the site, with a specific emphasis on the reconstruction of prehistoric life in the northern Tucson Basin during the Early Agricultural period San Pedro phase. One volume (Anthropological Papers No. 50) provides the environmental and cultural context of the Las Capas project area. The environmental setting is discussed in detail, as it is the "stage" on which all cultural behavior is enacted. The complex mix of environment and culture defines the "Anthropogenic Landscape," the overarching research theme of the Las Capas Archaeological Project. The other volume (Anthropological Papers No. 51) explores the cultural and behavioral components of the San Pedro phase Las Capas occupation and the Early Agricultural period occupation of the Tucson Basin in general. The five Technical Reports focus on more specific research issues, providing data that may be of interest to a more limited or specialized audience. The Technical Reports include discussions of the field methods, feature descriptions and descriptions of the mortuary assemblage, and an experimental analysis examining Early Agricultural period agriculture and ground stone tool production. A map packet is also included as a Technical Report, with areal maps showing the project area and feature location by individual locus. Finally, the book is available that presents the first comprehensive study of Early Agricultural period projectile points in the greater Southwest United States, including both typological and behavioral interpretations.

At the request of Salt River Project (SRP), the Gila River Indian Community (GRIC) Cultural Resource Management Program (CRMP) completed a Class I (records search) cultural resources survey for the proposed renewal of a right-of-way easement along the existing 500kV Palo Verde to Kyrene transmission line in Laveen and adjacent to District 6 of the GRIC, Maricopa County, Arizona. The objective of the review was to assess the potential adverse effect of continued use of the easement on cultural resources listed or eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). This letter summarizes the results of the records review and provides cultural resources management recommendations. These results and recommendations have been reviewed by the GRIC Tribal Historic Preservation Office (THPO; see enclosed concurrence).

Field methods and extramural feature descriptions are presented in this report from archaeological investigations at the prehistoric site of Las Capas, AZ AA:12:111 (ASM), situated in the Tucson Basin of southern Arizona. Testing and data recovery excavations at Las Capas were conducted by Desert Archaeology, Inc., from August 2008 through September 2009, with smaller phases of fieldwork in 2012 and 2013, as part of Pima County's Regional Wastewater Reclamation Department Regional Optimization Master Plan (ROMP). This massive project involved major upgrades and expansion of wastewater facilities at the Tres Rios Wastewater Reclamation Facility (WRF). Funding was provided by Pima County, and the excavations were conducted under the supervision of their Office of Cultural Resources and Historic Preservation, which requires all projects to adhere to the Federal standards of Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (as amended). Las Capas is located in the northern Tucson Basin, situated on the eastern bank of the Santa Cruz River, just downstream from the confluences of the river with Rillito Creek and Cañada del Oro Wash. This is the point in the Santa Cruz River Valley where all major tributaries in the surrounding watersheds converge because of the terrain and the gradient, making it an ideal location for agriculture due to high water table levels and predictable streamflow. The great majority of features recovered at Las Capas dated to the San Pedro phase (A.D. 1200-800 B.C.) of the Early Agricultural period (2100 B.C.-A.D. 50). The archaeological excavations allowed the singular opportunity of investigating a large area of the site in detail and intensity, providing the most comprehensive look at a San Pedro phase farming community conducted, to date, in southern Arizona. Backhoe trenches were excavated over most of the wastewater facility area to document the extent of archaeological deposits. Following this effort, intensive excavations were conducted in loci where new plant facilities were to be constructed (identified as Loci AE; Loci F-H were only treated during the exploratory phase of the project). Data recovery resulted in the identification of more than 5,500 prehistoric features, of which 3,455 were excavated or tested. Investigated feature types included 53 pithouses, 8 possible pithouses, 22 extramural surfaces, 610 bell-shaped pits, 49 large pits, 2,099 small pits, 490 roasting pits, 40 pits of unknown or other function, 20 inhumations, 2 cremations, and 11 animal burials. The excavations resulted in the recovery of more than 113,000 artifacts and 7,300 samples of various kinds, representing the largest quantity of San Pedro phase material recovered yet from the Tucson Basin. A large agricultural field system was also discovered containing primary and lateral canals that delivered irrigation water from the Santa Cruz River to hundreds of small fields. This field system has now been well-documented, and its history of development and modification through time reconstructed in detail. Primary research issues investigated at Las Capas include chronology, artifact analyses, irrigation technology, subsistence systems, and syntheses of Early Agricultural lifeways. In short, the excavations at Las Capas have provided an ideal opportunity to study an Early Agricultural irrigation community in detail from the "production" end—fields, canals, and their contexts — to the "consumption" end of domestic living. The results of the Las Capas investigations are presented in a series of Anthropological Papers, Technical Reports, and a book published, variously, by Archaeology Southwest and Desert Archaeology. The two Anthropological Papers provide a broad overview and synthetic examination of the site, with a specific emphasis on the reconstruction of prehistoric life in the northern Tucson Basin during the Early Agricultural period San Pedro phase. One volume (Anthropological Papers No. 50) provides the environmental and cultural context of the Las Capas project area. The environmental setting is discussed in detail, as it is the "stage" on which all cultural behavior is enacted. The complex mix of environment and culture defines the "Anthropogenic Landscape," the overarching research theme of the Las Capas Archaeological Project. The other volume (Anthropological Papers No. 51) explores the cultural and behavioral components of the San Pedro phase Las Capas occupation and the Early Agricultural period occupation of the Tucson Basin in general. The five Technical Reports focus on more specific research issues, providing data that may be of interest to a more limited or specialized audience. The Technical Reports include discussions of the field methods, feature descriptions and descriptions of the mortuary assemblage, and an experimental analysis examining Early Agricultural period agriculture and ground stone tool production. A map packet is also iv Abstract included as a Technical Report, with areal maps showing the project area and feature location by individual locus. Finally, the book is available that presents the first comprehensive study of Early Agricultural period projectile points in the greater Southwest United States, including both typological and behavioral interpretations.

This report presents the results of archaeological monitoring during ground-disturbing activities. The project involved two tasks: lot grading and hand excavations, and excavation within the residence beneath the tub catch-basin in the bathroom. Ground-disturbing activities outside the residence included hand excavation with shovels to grad a portion of the backyard for a proposed gravel parking area. Hand excavations were used within the residence's bathroom to remove and repair the existing drainage system. The property is located within 50 ft of an unnamed prehistoric canal that is projected to cross the northwestern corner of the property. Logan Simpson was requested to monitor ground-disturbing activities because of this cultural resource. No cultural resources or artifacts were identified during monitoring.

At the request of NSD and PGM, EcoPlan completed an archaeological monitoring program in association with manual excavations conducted for the installation of granite ground cover within the boundaries of NRHP-eligible site AZ T:12:70 (ASM)/Pueblo Patricio and recommended NRHP-eligible AZ T:12:217 (ASM)/ the Dennis Addition in Phoenix, Maricopa County, Arizona. No archaeological materials were identified. No further archaeological work is necessary at this time. Additional cultural resource investigations (such as monitoring, testing, or data recovery) might be warranted.

This report contains the results of archaeological testing at the northwest corner alignment and Frontage Road. The project was conducted at the request of the CalPortland Company, who would like to expand its mining of sand and gravel into a 9-acre parcel in the pecan orchard property. This land is owned by Pima County and leased to CalPortland. The sand and gravel mining would remove the entire parcel to a depth of more than 6.0 m. The work was conducted to comply with the Pima County Board of Supervisors Policy C3-17, which follows the Arizona Antiquities Act, ARS §41-841 et seq. The project area lies south and west of Rillito Creek and east of the Santa Cruz River. The most recent deposition forming the current surface of the floodplain originated from Rillito Creek. The current project area likely contains the boundary between the older Qt2 (Holocene) floodplain and the younger Qt1 (modern) floodplain. However, the bulk of the parcel where the pecan orchard is located is within the Qt1 terrace. The Qt1 terrace lies approximately 3.0 m below the level of the Qt2 terrace on the south side of the parcel along Sunset Road. Elevations range from 2,220 to 2,230 ft above sea level. One known archaeological site, AZ AA:12:11 (ASM), overlaps the southeastern corner of the parcel. AA:12:11 is considered eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places under Criterion D (Milliken and Boley 2012:62). In addition to site boundary definition at AA:12:11, site identification testing was conducted to identify any new sites, and particularly canals, which are the most likely cultural resources to be found in this context. The Area of Potential Effects (APE) included the entire 9-acre parcel. Desert Archaeology personnel conducted fieldwork between 18 and 24 August 2015, expending a total of 11 field person-days. The work followed the methodology outlined in the approved treatment plan for the project (Swartz 2015). Work was conducted under Arizona Antiquities Act Project Specific Permit Number 2015-087ps administered by the Arizona State Museum (ASM) and Agreement on Burial Discoveries: Case # 2015-025. All project related materials, including field forms, photographs, and reports will be curated at ASM under Accession Number 2015-377.

Through its contractor, and utilizing funding from the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), the COP Neighborhood Services Department (NSD) conducted manual excavations for the removal and addition of plants, the addition of three air conditioner unit posts, and removal of gravels. During a review of the project, the COP Archaeology Office at PGM determined that excavations associated with the proposed improvement project could encounter subsurface deposits associated with a reported prehistoric canal. For this reason, the NSD requested that EcoPlan Associates, Inc. (EcoPlan) implement a program of archaeological monitoring, which was conducted following provisions of the COP generic archaeological monitoring and discovery plan (Montero and Stubing 2004) to fulfill the requirements of Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (NHPA), Section 802 of the COP Historic Preservation Ordinance, and A.R.S. 41-865. Archaeological monitoring was conducted in accordance with the 2007 Programmatic Agreement among the City of Phoenix, Arizona State Historic Preservation Office, and the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation regarding HUD-Funded Program Activities.

Using private funds, the Reel Men Rentals is constructing a new facility on a 1.185-acre parcel located at in Phoenix. The project involves the construction of a building, parking lot, loading docks, and associated infrastructure. The parcel is located at the north of the prehistoric site Las Canopas, AZ T:12:137(ASM). Since this is a village site there is the potential to uncover human remains during construction excavations. Therefore, the project needs to comply with the State burial law, ARS § 41-865, as well as Chapter 8, Section 802[B2] of the City of Phoenix's (COP) Historic Preservation Ordinance. No human remains or archaeological features were discovered; only three chipped stone flakes were found during the monitoring. Following is some background information about the site and the methods used for the monitoring.

This report presents the results of archaeological monitoring during ground disturbing activities at the site. The planned project involved the installation of a water sprinkler system, the installation of an AC pad and drainage swell, vegetation removal, grading in the backyard, and landscaping in the front yard. Monitoring was conducted during all trenching and general ground-disturbing activity within the project area. Field investigators examined vertical and horizontal exposures of the substrate to assess whether intact cultural deposits are present. One plainware sherd was found mixed in with surface gravels in the front yard, near the eastern foundation of the house.

This report presents the results of archaeological monitoring for a COP water line project. The project involved the installation of a new waterline along an existing alignment in Phoenix. Archaeological monitoring was conducted under the established Monitoring and Discovery Plan for the city of Phoenix (Montero and Stubing 2004). As a result of the project, five features were recorded and two previously reported sites were given ASM site numbers.

This report presents the results of archaeological monitoring during ground-disturbing activities at two separate playground locations. At the area of potential effects [APE] 1, the project involved removing sand and wood chip mulch from the surface and followed by rototilling and grading the exposed ground surface within one play pen. At the APE 2, the sand and wood chip mulch was removed, and the exposed ground surface was rototilled and graded within six separate play pens. In addition, one handexcavated trench (1.7 ft wide, 3 ft long, 1 ft deep) and eight auger holes (3 ft diameter and approximately 4 ft deep) were excavated at APE 2. Ground-disturbing activities at both locations included mechanical rototilling and grading of the exposed ground surfaces with shovels and rakes, and hand excavation of one trench and eight auger holes. Logan Simpson was requested to monitor ground-disturbing activities in the two APEs because of the cultural resources.

The archaeological excavations documented in this volume examine the Hohokam village of La Villa, AZ T:12:148 (ASM). From its founding in the sixth century A.D., until abandonment in the eleventh century, La Villa was one of the largest villages in the Phoenix Basin. Current excavations preceded the installation of a storm drain that was part of the larger Storm Drain project and provided a rare glimpse of a large pre-Classic period village. Fieldwork occurred in multiple phases. Archaeological data recovery was conducted within the project alignment along in four phases of fieldwork. The work was observed by an archaeological monitor. The alignment in was tested, and because no features were identified, no further work was conducted. Most of the work was conducted in where dense occupation was encountered. The long-lived occupations encountered are in the heart of the village of La Villa. In total, 241 features were identified, including 80 pithouses, 98 extramural features, and 63 mortuary features. Located just north of the western plaza at La Villa, the project area contained dense, persistent settlement. Particularly dense were areas located closest to the western plaza. On the northern and western margins of the project area, settlement, while dense by most standards, was temporally patchy, occupied for one or more intervals but exhibiting gaps. From the founding of La Villa, its inhabitants were farmers. As productive specialization developed, particularly in ceramics but also in other goods, farming became increasingly important for the people of La Villa. Agricultural products became not only sources of sustenance, but also goods that could be exchanged for shell, ceramics, and other goods. Fieldwork revealed contexts spanning much of the Hohokam pre-Classic. Features were excavated dating from the Red Mountain phase through the Middle Sacaton, with the interval from Vahki through Early Sacaton being best represented. One of the strengths of the excavated data set is this incredible temporal sample, which revealed that change at La Villa came in fits and starts, interspersed by periods of remarkable continuity.

In this report, experimental ground stone and maize processing experiments are described. These experiments stem from archaeological investigations at the prehistoric site of Las Capas, AZ AA:12:111 (ASM), situated in the Tucson Basin of southern Arizona. Testing and data recovery excavations at Las Capas were conducted by Desert Archaeology, Inc., from August 2008 through September 2009, with smaller phases of fieldwork in 2012 and 2013, as part of Pima County's Regional Wastewater Reclamation Department Regional Optimization Master Plan (ROMP). This massive project involved major upgrades and expansion of wastewater facilities at the Tres Rios Wastewater Reclamation Facility (WRF). Funding was provided by Pima County, and the excavations were conducted under the supervision of their Office of Cultural Resources and Historic Preservation, which requires all projects to adhere to the Federal standards of Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (as amended). Las Capas is located in the northern Tucson Basin, situated on the eastern bank of the Santa Cruz River, just downstream from the confluences of the river with Rillito Creek and Cañada del Oro Wash. This is the point in the Santa Cruz River Valley where all major tributaries in the surrounding watersheds converge because of the terrain and the gradient, making it an ideal location for agriculture due to high water table levels and predictable streamflow. The great majority of features recovered at Las Capas dated to the San Pedro phase (A.D. 1200-800 B.C.) of the Early Agricultural period (2100 B.C.-A.D. 50). The archaeological excavations allowed the singular opportunity of investigating a large area of the site in detail and intensity, providing the most comprehensive look at a San Pedro phase farming community conducted, to date, in southern Arizona. Backhoe trenches were excavated over most of the wastewater facility area to document the extent of archaeological deposits. Following this effort, intensive excavations were conducted in loci where new plant facilities were to be constructed (identified as Loci AE; Loci F-H were only treated during the exploratory phase of the project). Data recovery resulted in the identification of more than 5,500 prehistoric features, of which 3,455 were excavated or tested. Investigated feature types included 53 pithouses, 8 possible pithouses, 22 extramural surfaces, 610 bell-shaped pits, 49 large pits, 2,099 small pits, 490 roasting pits, 40 pits of unknown or other function, 20 inhumations, 2 cremations, and 11 animal burials. The excavations resulted in the recovery of more than 113,000 artifacts and 7,300 samples of various kinds, representing the largest quantity of San Pedro phase material recovered yet from the Tucson Basin. A large agricultural field system was also discovered containing primary and lateral canals that delivered irrigation water from the Santa Cruz River to hundreds of small fields. This field system has now been well-documented, and its history of development and modification through time reconstructed in detail. Primary research issues investigated at Las Capas include chronology, artifact analyses, irrigation technology, subsistence systems, and syntheses of Early Agricultural lifeways. In short, the excavations at Las Capas have provided an ideal opportunity to study an Early Agricultural irrigation community in detail from the "production" end—fields, canals, and their contexts — to the "consumption" end of domestic living. The results of the Las Capas investigations are presented in a series of Anthropological Papers, Technical Reports, and a book published, variously, by Archaeology Southwest and Desert Archaeology. The two Anthropological Papers provide a broad overview and synthetic examination of the site, with a specific emphasis on the reconstruction of prehistoric life in the northern Tucson Basin during the Early Agricultural period San Pedro phase. One volume (Anthropological Papers No. 50) provides the environmental and cultural context of the Las Capas project area. The environmental setting is discussed in detail, as it is the "stage" on which all cultural behavior is enacted. The complex mix of environment and culture defines the "Anthropogenic Landscape," the overarching research theme of the Las Capas Archaeological Project. The other volume (Anthropological Papers No. 51) explores the cultural and behavioral components of the San Pedro phase Las Capas occupation and the Early Agricultural period occupation of the Tucson Basin in general. The five Technical Reports focus on more specific research issues, providing data that may be of interest to a more limited or specialized audience. The Technical Reports include discussions of the field methods, feature descriptions and descriptions of the mortuary assemblage, and an experimental analysis examining Early Agricultural period agriculture and ground stone tool production. A map packet is also included as a Technical Report, with areal maps showing the project area and feature location by individual locus. Finally, the book is available that presents the first comprehensive study of Early Agricultural period projectile points in the greater Southwest United States, including both typological and behavioral interpretations.

The Bureau of Reclamation has developed an archaeological site database for the Central Arizona Project (CAP) canal main stem based on Class III survey data that includes all previously recorded sites. An unknown number of these sites were either destroyed by construction or excavation, while others are no longer located within the CAP right-of-way (ROW). To assist Reclamation in checking the accuracy of its site database, Logan Simpson Design, Inc. was asked to relocate and record 5 sites that had been identified along the Hayden-Rhodes Aqueduct (formerly the Granite Reef Aqueduct) of the CAP system. All 5 sites were relocated between mile markers 44 and 73 within La Paz County. The combined site areas within the CAP ROW total 1,330 acres. Logan Simpson has consolidated AZ S:7:13(ASU), AZ S:7:2(ASM), AZ S:7:3(ASM), and AZ S:7:4(ASM) into a single site, designated AZ S:7:87(ASM). AZ S:7:87(ASM) was previously recommended eligible for inclusion in the NRHP. Logan Simpson recommends that Feature 1 and Loci B, C, and D contribute to the site's eligibility; however, the remainder of the site within the ROW, including the previously excavated Locus A, does not contribute to the site’s overall eligibility. AZ S:5:50(ASM) was previously recommended eligible for inclusion in the NRHP, but the portion within the CAP ROW is non-contributing to the site’s overall eligibility.

In this report, maps are provided from archaeological investigations at the prehistoric site of Las Capas, situated in the Tucson Basin of southern Arizona. Testing and data recovery excavations at Las Capas were conducted by Desert Archaeology, Inc., from August 2008 through September 2009, with smaller phases of fieldwork in 2012 and 2013, as part of Pima County's Regional Wastewater Reclamation Department Regional Optimization Master Plan (ROMP). This massive project involved major upgrades and expansion of wastewater facilities at the Tres Rios Wastewater Reclamation Facility (WRF). An Arizona Antiquities Act permit was obtained, as Pima County, the sponsoring agency, is a subdivision of the state and, as such, is subject to the Arizona Antiquites Act. The fieldwork was conducted and the report written according to Arizona Antiquites Act standards. Funding was provided by Pima County, and the excavations were conducted under the supervision of their Office of Cultural Resources and Historic Preservation, which requires all projects to adhere to the Federal standards of Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (as amended). Las Capas is located in the northern Tucson Basin, situated on the eastern bank of the Santa Cruz River, just downstream from the confluences of the river with Rillito Creek and Cañada del Oro Wash. This is the point in the Santa Cruz River Valley where all major tributaries in the surrounding watersheds converge because of the terrain and the gradient, making it an ideal location for agriculture due to high water table levels and predictable stream flow. The great majority of features recovered at Las Capas dated to the San Pedro phase (A.D. 1200 800 B.C.) of the Early Agricultural period (2100 B.C.-A.D. 50). The archaeological excavations allowed the singular opportunity of investigating a large area of the site in detail and intensity, providing the most comprehensive look at a San Pedro phase farming community conducted, to date, in southern Arizona. Backhoe trenches were excavated over most of the wastewater facility area to document the extent of archaeological deposits. Following this effort, intensive excavations were conducted in loci where new plant facilities were to be constructed (identified as Loci A-E; Loci F-H were only treated during the exploratory phase of the project). Data recovery resulted in the identification of more than 5,500 prehistoric features, of which 3,455 were excavated or tested. Investigated feature types included 53 pithouses, 8 possible pithouses, 22 extramural surfaces, 610 bell-shaped pits, 49 large pits, 2,099 small pits, 490 roasting pits, 40 pits of unknown or other function, 20 inhumations, 2 cremations, and 11 animal burials. The excavations resulted in the recovery of more than 113,000 artifacts and 7,300 samples of various kinds, representing the largest quantity of San Pedro phase material recovered yet from the Tucson Basin. A large agricultural field system was also discovered containing primary and lateral canals that delivered irrigation water from the Santa Cruz River to hundreds of small fields. This field system has now been well-documented, and its history of development and modification through time reconstructed in detail. Primary research issues investigated at Las Capas include chronology, artifact analyses, irrigation technology, subsistence systems, and syntheses of Early Agricultural lifeways. In short, the excavations at Las Capas have provided an ideal opportunity to study an Early Agricultural irrigation community in detail from the "production" end — fields, canals, and their contexts — to the "consumption" end of domestic living. The results of the Las Capas investigations are presented in a series of Anthropological Papers, Technical Reports, and a book published, variously, by Archaeology Southwest and Desert Archaeology. The two Anthropological Papers provide a broad overview and synthetic examination of the site, with a specific emphasis on the reconstruction of prehistoric life in the northern Tucson Basin during the Early Agricultural period San Pedro phase. One volume (Anthropological Papers No. 50) provides the environmental and cultural context of the Las Capas project area. The environmental setting is discussed in detail, as it is the "stage" on which all cultural behavior is enacted. The complex mix of environment and culture defines the "Anthropogenic Landscape," the overarching research theme of the Las Capas Archaeological Project. The other volume (Anthropological Papers No. 51) explores the cultural and behavioral components of the San Pedro phase Las Capas occupation and the Early Agricultural period occupation of the Tucson Basin in general.

On June 15, 2014, Durham Regional Landfill, LLC, received an Arizona Department of Environmental Quality (ADEQ) municipal solid waste permit (MFPA No. 51185900.00) to commence construction and operation of the Durham Regional Landfill (DRLF) in Pinal County, Arizona. Construction of the DRLF will take place in phases, likely over several decades. The first phase of construction—the construction of what is known as Cell 1—was completed in April 2015, and the DRLF began accepting solid waste in mid-March 2015. Archaeological survey conducted in support of the ADEQ permitting and complying with ADEQ’s responsibility under the State Historic Preservation Act (Arizona Revised Statutes 41-861 et seq.) resulted in the identification of 13 archaeological sites that were subsequently determined eligible for listing in the Arizona Register of Historic Places (ARHP) (Barr 2014). The 13 ARHP-eligible archaeological sites were avoided during the first phase of landfill development (construction of Cell 1); 12 sites would be adversely affected in the development of subsequent cells and facilities. One site, AZ AA:7:398 (ASM), is within DRLF property, but currently not included in any proposed development. The ADEQ solid waste permit stipulates that the adverse effects to ARHP-eligible sites resulting from the development of subsequent landfill cells be mitigated through a program of archaeological data recovery. At the request of DRLF, SWCA Environmental Consultants (SWCA) prepared a Testing and Data Recovery Plan (Barr 2015) containing the general testing and data recovery strategies that will be implemented at the 12 sites that are within the DRFL development area, as well as a site-specific plan of work for AZ AA:7:670 (ASM), which is located in the area next proposed for development (Cell 2). Upon review and approval of the plan by the State Historic Preservation Office, SWCA conducted Phase 1 data recovery at AZ AA:7:670 (ASM), the results of which are described in this report.

MCDOT plans to improve Northern Avenue to be a parkway with gradeseparated intersections at major cross streets to provide a higher-speed, higher-capacity, east-west route in the northwestern portion of the Phoenix metropolitan area where no freeways are planned. At the request of Mr. Robin Shishido of Parsons, Archaeological Consulting Services, Ltd. (ACS) conducted construction monitoring pursuant to recommendations presented in a plan of work for cultural resources previously identified during survey (Luhnow 2013). Monitoring was conducted within the plotted boundaries of the site, a Hohokam artifact scatter that was previously plotted within the APE, though no evidence of the site was identified during the more recent survey. This report presents the results of the construction monitoring.

This document presents the results of a Class III cultural resources survey with management recommendations for the Salt River Project’s (SRP) 115kV Coolidge to Hayden electrical transmission line right-of-way (ROW) in District 1 of the Gila River Indian Community (GRIC), Pinal County, Arizona. The survey was completed by the GRIC Cultural Resources Management Program (CRMP; Project No. 2015.16sl), at the request of SRP, and in compliance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA; 16 U.S.C. § 470f) and the approval process for ROWs through Indian Lands (25 U.S.C. § 323-328; 25 C.F.R. § 169). Pursuant to the federal regulations (36 C.F.R § 800) governing the Section 106 of the NHPA, the objective of the survey effort was to identify and assess the significance of cultural resources within the ROW in terms of their eligibility for the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP).

The Maricopa County Department of Transportation (MCDOT) is planning a pavement preservation project along the Bush Highway from Power Road to just south of State Route (SR) 87 (also known as the Beeline Highway), Maricopa County, Arizona (Figure 1). MCDOT tasked EcoPlan Associates, Inc. (EcoPlan) with cultural resource survey in advance of road improvement. The results of the survey are presented in this report.

This report presents the results of a Class III cultural resources survey of eight locations where boring will be conducted to collect hydrological data and, in some cases, wells will be installed. These borings are part of the Superstition Vistas Drilling Program. The eight boring sites are generally distributed across Arizona State Trust Land between Florence Junction (east) and the Town of Queen Creek (west), Arizona. The survey was requested by Salt River Project (SRP) in conjunction with the Arizona State Land Department (ASLD) to determine if significant cultural resources were present within the proposed work areas that might be adversely affected by the activities associated with boring and well construction. This cultural resources work was conducted to comply with the Arizona Antiquities Act of 1960 (AAA), as amended, and the State Historic Preservation Act of 1982.

This report documents Phase II data recovery at a portion of the project site performed by archaeologists from Jacobs Engineering (Jacobs) in Phoenix, Arizona. Under contract with Maricopa County Department of Transportation (MCDOT), archaeologists from Jacobs conducted data recovery at the site from January 8, 2013, through May 1, 2013. The Phase II data recovery resulted in the discovery of 104 features and excavation of 85 features, along with the recovery of thousands of artifacts.

House and extramural feature descriptions from archaeological investigations at the prehistoric site of Las Capas, AZ AA:12:111 (ASM), situated in the Tucson Basin of southern Arizona, are provided in this report. Testing and data recovery excavations at Las Capas were conducted by Desert Archaeology, Inc., from August 2008 through September 2009, with smaller phases of fieldwork in 2012 and 2013, as part of Pima County's Regional Wastewater Reclamation Department Regional Optimization Master Plan (ROMP). This massive project involved major upgrades and expansion of wastewater facilities at the Tres Rios Wastewater Reclamation Facility (WRF). Funding was provided by Pima County, and the excavations were conducted under the supervision of their Office of Cultural Resources and Historic Preservation, which requires all projects to adhere to the Federal standards of Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (as amended). Las Capas is located in the northern Tucson Basin, situated on the eastern bank of the Santa Cruz River, just downstream from the confluences of the river with Rillito Creek and Cañada del Oro Wash. This is the point in the Santa Cruz River Valley where all major tributaries in the surrounding watersheds converge because of the terrain and the gradient, making it an ideal location for agriculture due to high water table levels and predictable streamflow. The great majority of features recovered at Las Capas dated to the San Pedro phase (A.D. 1200-800 B.C.) of the Early Agricultural period (2100 B.C.-A.D. 50). The archaeological excavations allowed the singular opportunity of investigating a large area of the site in detail and intensity, providing the most comprehensive look at a San Pedro phase farming community conducted, to date, in southern Arizona. Backhoe trenches were excavated over most of the wastewater facility area to document the extent of archaeological deposits. Following this effort, intensive excavations were conducted in loci where new plant facilities were to be constructed (identified as Loci AE; Loci F-H were only treated during the exploratory phase of the project). Data recovery resulted in the identification of more than 5,500 prehistoric features, of which 3,455 were excavated or tested. Investigated feature types included 53 pithouses, 8 possible pithouses, 22 extramural surfaces, 610 bell-shaped pits, 49 large pits, 2,099 small pits, 490 roasting pits, 40 pits of unknown or other function, 20 inhumations, 2 cremations, and 11 animal burials. The excavations resulted in the recovery of more than 113,000 artifacts and 7,300 samples of various kinds, representing the largest quantity of San Pedro phase material recovered yet from the Tucson Basin. A large agricultural field system was also discovered containing primary and lateral canals that delivered irrigation water from the Santa Cruz River to hundreds of small fields. This field system has now been well-documented, and its history of development and modification through time reconstructed in detail. Primary research issues investigated at Las Capas include chronology, artifact analyses, irrigation technology, subsistence systems, and syntheses of Early Agricultural lifeways. In short, the excavations at Las Capas have provided an ideal opportunity to study an Early Agricultural irrigation community in detail from the "production" end—fields, canals, and their contexts — to the "consumption" end of domestic living. The results of the Las Capas investigations are presented in a series of Anthropological Papers, Technical Reports, and a book published, variously, by Archaeology Southwest and Desert Archaeology. The two Anthropological Papers provide a broad overview and synthetic examination of the site, with a specific emphasis on the reconstruction of prehistoric life in the northern Tucson Basin during the Early Agricultural period San Pedro phase. One volume (Anthropological Papers No. 50) provides the environmental and cultural context of the Las Capas project area. The environmental setting is discussed in detail, as it is the "stage" on which all cultural behavior is enacted. The complex mix of environment and culture defines the "Anthropogenic Landscape," the overarching research theme of the Las Capas Archaeological Project. The other volume (Anthropological Papers No. 51) explores the cultural and behavioral components of the San Pedro phase Las Capas occupation and the Early Agricultural period occupation of the Tucson Basin in general. The five Technical Reports focus on more specific research issues, providing data that may be of interest to a more limited or specialized audience. The Technical Reports include discussions of the field methods, feature descriptions and descriptions of the mortuary assemblage, and an experimental analysis examining Early Agricultural period agriculture and ground stone tool production. A map packet is also included as a Technical Report, with areal maps showing the project area and feature location by individual locus. Finally, the book is available that presents the first comprehensive study of Early Agricultural period projectile points in the greater Southwest United States, including both typological and behavioral interpretations.

At the request of NSD and PGM, EcoPlan completed an archaeological monitoring program in association with manual excavations conducted to install irrigation, remove a stump, install vegetation, and clear the house stem wall at Sunland Avenue, within 50 feet of the boundary of a reported prehistoric canal in Phoenix, Maricopa County, Arizona. No archaeological materials were identified. No further archaeological work is necessary at this time. Additional cultural resource investigations (such as monitoring, testing, or data recovery) might be warranted.

The El Rio Community Health Center in Tucson, Arizona, is planning on building a parking lot on a portion of an archaeological easement associated with the historic period León farm stead, AZ BB:13:505 (ASM), and the prehistoric period Eastside canals, AZ BB:13:642 (ASM). The archaeological easement was established in 1999 following the discovery of the two sites. Archaeological fieldwork for this project was undertaken in 2013 to mitigate the damage to these significant cultural resources through the construction of the planned parking lot. The León farmstead was occupied from the 1840s to the 1910s, by members of a prominent Tucson Mexican-American family. The current project area was located east of the León house foundation in an area known to have archaeological features. Stripping the plowzone away from this area revealed several dozen features. Eight were chosen for complete or partial excavation, providing a sample of items discarded by the León family from the 1860s to the 1910s. The distribution of features suggest the Leóns maintained a backyard area with trees, bushes, and other plants, perhaps serving as an outdoor refuge when the summer heat made staying inside difficult. Other activities that occurred outside the house included water collection, human waste disposal, and trash disposal. Research on the prehistoric and historic canals sought to determine their date of use, where the water originated from, and if they were related to a set of canals. Four prehistoric canals originally found in 1999 were reexposed in Trench 101. A new profile of the trench was drawn, and radiocarbon and optically stimulated thermoluminescence samples were collected, as were all visible sherds. The ceramics suggest the canals operated between A.D. 850 and 1150. Flood-deposited sands below the canals probably originated from a flood dating to about A.D. 1000, likely narrowing the canal dates to A.D. 1000-1150. A radiocarbon date on the underlying cienega clays provided an Early Ceramic to very early Pioneer period date for the clays. The canals appear to have turned abruptly at the location of the trench and the fast water flow was not conducive to ostracode or mollusk deposition. Sediments in the canal suggest the water came from the Santa Cruz River. In contrast, sediments found in the canals at the Canal Site, to the north, suggest the water that ran through those canals came from either a spring or runoff from upslope. One of the two historic canals had a double channel. Its date of construction and use could not be determined by documentary resources, but it is almost certainly related to the León farmstead, probably from the nineteenth century. The canal originated from the Santa Cruz River. The other historic canal was constructed in the mid-1890s, and was concrete lined in 1912-1913. It remained in use until about 1940. The water originated from a spring or a well.

Desert Archaeology, Inc., under contract to the City of Phoenix Aviation Department (Aviation), has completed archaeological site boundary testing for the Dutch Canal Ruin, within the city-owned Consolidated Campus Building 1 property. The work was initiated due to the possibility that archaeological remains associated with the Dutch Canal Ruin, a prehistoric habitation and agricultural site, might be present within the project area. Archaeological testing began on 27 July 2015, under the direction of Connie A. Darby of Desert Archaeology, and was completed on 29 July 2015. Dr. T. Kathleen Henderson served as Principal Investigator for the project. Three person-days were expended in this effort. The objective of testing was to determine if archaeological features were present within a roughly 1-acre area at the northwestern end of the Consolidated Campus Building 1 property. This area is contained within the city's 250-ft-wide archaeology sensitive buffer for the Dutch Canal Ruin. Aviation requested archaeological testing of this buffer area at the direction of the City Archaeology Office to comply with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act and city ordinances protecting archaeological resources. The work was conducted in accordance with the approved General Historic Properties Treatment Plan for City o f Phoenix Projects (Montero et al. 2008) and a project-specific Work Plan prepared by Desert Archaeology (Henderson 2015). In total, 108.5 linear m of trench were excavated during testing. No archaeological features or other evidence of any substantive cultural context were identified. The testing results indicate the project area is outside the limits of the Dutch Canal Ruin site. Based on these results, a recommendation is provided herein that no further archaeological work is necessary for the Consolidated Campus Building 1 construction project to proceed.

This document presents the results of archaeological monitoring for two COP Neighborhood Services Department (NSD) improvement projects. The two parcels are each within the 50-ft-wide buffer zone of an unnamed canal that is projected to traverse the properties. The COP recommended archaeological monitoring to document possible cultural resources within the project area. All ground disturbing activities were monitored within 50 ft on either side of two prehistoric canals projected to cross two parcels of land. Archaeologists examined vertical and horizontal exposures of the substrate to assess whether intact cultural deposits are present. No cultural resources or artifacts were identified during monitoring of both parcels. No cultural resources or artifacts were identified during monitoring of the two parcels.

The Salvation Army constructed a new Hospitality House in 2014-2015. As part of the project, The Salvation Army traded a piece of land to the City of Tucson in exchange for a portion. This land contained the eastern cluster of graves from the Pima Tribe No. 10, Improved Order of Red Men plot, part of the larger Court Street Cemetery, in use from 1875-1909, and subsequently redeveloped for housing and business. The Court Street Cemetery has been assigned Arizona State Museum site number AZ BB:13:156 (ASM). The Pima Tribe No. 10, Improved Order of Red Men was a national fraternal organization that formed a chapter in Tucson in 1897. They purchased a cemetery plot within the Court Street Cemetery in 1898, using it until 1908. Historical records identify 15 individuals interred in the plot. In 2011, backhoe stripping revealed two clusters of burials within the plot, each with 10 graves. Desert Archaeology excavated the 10 graves in the eastern cluster in January 2015. One grave was empty, apparently abandoned while being dug when it struck other graves. Two graves contained complete child burials with skeletal remains, clothing, coffins, and outer boxes. Seven adult graves had been exhumed in 1915, but in each case, human remains were left behind, as well as six coffins, seven outer boxes, and clothing remnants. Analysis of the remains revealed that the two children were not the child identified in historical records, and therefore their identity could not be determined. Both children had been buried with floral arrangements placed on the lids of their coffins. None of the adults were complete enough to identify, although several could be identified as male due to distinctive clothing items (cuff links, collar buttons, and a celluloid collar). Outer boxes were plain, manufactured from pine. Coffins were decorated with a variety of hardware, most of which could be identified in contemporary coffin hardware catalogs. Almost 50 graves have been identified within the Court Street Cemetery since the 1940s. About half had been exhumed in the 1910s, but in each case, human remains and coffin parts were left behind. The excavated Red Men graves provide new information about burial practices in early twentieth century Tucson. Any ground-disturbing activities deeper than 6 inches in the western cluster of Red Men graves should be preceded by archaeological excavation of these graves.

Through its contractor, and utilizing funding from the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), the COP Neighborhood Services Department (NSD) conducted manual excavations for the removal and addition of plants and the removal of gravels. During a review of the project, the COP Archaeology Office at PGM determined that excavations associated with the proposed improvement project could encounter subsurface deposits associated with a reported prehistoric canal. For this reason, the NSD requested that EcoPlan Associates, Inc. (EcoPlan) implement a program of archaeological monitoring, which was conducted following provisions of the COP generic archaeological monitoring and discovery plan (Montero and Stubing 2004) to fulfill the requirements of Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (NHPA), Section 802 of the COP Historic Preservation Ordinance, and A.R.S. 41-865. Archaeological monitoring was conducted in accordance with the 2007 Programmatic Agreement among the City of Phoenix, Arizona State Historic Preservation Office, and the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation regarding HUD-Funded Program Activities.

The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT) are planning a spot improvement and pavement preservation project along State Route (SR) 88, also known as the Apache Trail between Milepost (MP) 203.40 and MP 220.20, northeast of the town of Apache Junction, Maricopa County, Arizona. The construction project would involve milling the existing pavement and replacing it with new pavement; stabilizing shoulders, paving existing and new turnouts and pullouts; removing a large rock above the roadway at MP 212.70; repairing the concrete ford at Tortilla Creek; repairing the eastbound approach at the Boulder Canyon Bridge (ADOT Structure #193); four spot roadway repairs; selected curve reconstruction; traffic sign installation and relocation including a new digital message sign at WB MP 211.03; raising guardrails and installing new end caps to meet current standards; adding new guardrail at the curve at MP 204.24; and striping the paved roadway. A temporary construction easement would be required. The area of potential effects (APE) is defined as a 30-foot-wide corridor on either side of SR 88 centerline between MP 203.40 and MP 220.20 for pavement preservation, shoulder stabilization, and pavement of existing turnouts and pullouts; a large boulder removal area measuring approximately 1,200 ft by 700 ft at MP 212.70; staging areas at EB MP 201.90, EB MP 208.00, EB MP 208.40, WB MP 213.00, and EB and WB MP 214.50 that extend outside of the 30-foot-wide corridor on either side of the SR 88 centerline; and the six curve reconstruction locations listed above that also extend more than 30 ft from the SR 88 centerline. This is submittal number 6.

The results of phased data recovery efforts for the City of Phoenix Aviation Department in advance of construction of the PHX Sky Train are presented in this report. Investigations were conducted within the Sky Train's 44th Street Station area, located immediately west of 44th Street and south of the Grand Canal in Phoenix, Arizona. Twelve medium to large prehistoric canals were encountered during the project, which was an anticipated discovery given the project's location northwest of the Park of Four Waters at Pueblo Grande Museum and Cultural Park and in the trajectory of main canals that fed prehistoric Canal System 2. Unexpected was the discovery of prehistoric irrigated field systems comprised of ditches and field areas. This project provided the first plan exposure of such systems in the Salt River Valley. Also encountered during the project were several canal-side water catchment features and Hohokam habitation structures. The structures included pithouses, probably used a seasonal farm-houses, and a surface adobe structure, with associated pits, which was occupied more permanently as a farmstead. The ages of the archaeological remains ranged from the later Colonial period through the early Classic period, roughly AD 850-1350. The numbers and types of features documented by the project illustrate that people were using the canals and local terrain in a variety of ways, despite the intrusion of several large System 2 trunk canals through the area. Within the project area, land use, subsistence practices, and irrigation were inextricably intertwined. The results of the project reveal the Hohokam's intimate knowledge of their landscape and how to manipulate it to best advantage. The findings highlight why the study of the irrigated spaces between prehistoric settlements is crucial to fully understand how the Hohokam managed to thrive for so many centuries in their desert environment.

Las Capas, AZ AA:12:111 (ASM), so named for its deeply stratified deposits, dates primarily to the San Pedro phase of the Early Agricultural period, circa 1200-800 B.C. Later, more sporadic occupation of the site extends from the Cienega phase (800 B.C.-A.D. 50) through the Hohokam sequence and the Protohistoric period. Occupation prior to approximately 2100 B.C. is suggested by several radiocarbon dates on maize found redeposited in younger contexts. Recent excavations at the site and its associated canals, designated AZ AA:12:753 (ASM), revealed the structure of this Early Agricultural period settlement in unprecedented detail. Data recovery identified more than 5,500 prehistoric features, 3,455 of which were excavated or tested. Investigated feature types included 53 pithouses, 8 possible pithouses, 22 extramural surfaces, 610 bell-shaped pits, 49 large pits, 2,099 small pits, 490 roasting pits, 40 pits of unknown or other function, 20 inhumations, 2 cremations, and 11 animal burials. These excavations resulted in the recovery of more than 113,000 artifacts and 7,300 samples of various kinds. This volume provides the environmental and cultural context of the Las Capas project area, situated on the Santa Cruz River floodplain in the northern Tucson Basin of southern Arizona. Contrary to the common idea of "desert," the Sonoran Desert supports a surprising lush and diverse variety of plant and animal life in an area receiving an average of less than 30 cm of precipitation per year. The environment of the greater Santa Cruz River Valley is discussed in detail, as it constitutes the fundamental structure within which early farmers established their communities, creating mosaics of "built environments," — anthropogenic landscapes—for agriculture and settlement.

Ed Pinkering is proposing to construct a corral and fence line in Pinal County, Arizona, to aid his cattle ranching activities. The proposed corral and fence line is located on Arizona State Land Department (ASLD)-administered lands. The proposed corral will be constructed using continuous iron pipe rails. SWCA Environmental Consultants (SWCA) was contracted by Ed Pinkering to conduct an archaeological survey of the proposed corral and fence line to aid the ASLD in complying with the Arizona State Historic Preservation Act. The survey of the project area resulted in the identification of two previously documented archaeological sites and five IOs. The two sites are Hohokam artifact scatters that have ceramic and flaked stone artifacts.

Pima County Department of Transportation is proposing to construct a newly aligned road in Pima County. The realigned road would cross through two previously investigated archaeological sites—AZ AA:12:11 (ASM) and AZ AA:12:788 (ASM), the latter more commonly known as the Rillito Fan site. Pima County Office of Sustainability and Conservation retained SWCA Environmental Consultants to develop and implement a Phase 1 data recovery (data testing) plan for the portions of these two sites that would be affected by the road construction. The purpose of data testing was to locate and identify the archaeological features and deposits that would be adversely affected by the road construction, and to provide the baseline archaeological and geomorphological data that would guide more intensive Phase 2 data recovery excavations. Phase 1 data recovery included the surface collection of culturally or temporally diagnostic or unusual artifacts, and the mechanical excavation of test trenches. Twenty-four artifacts were collected from the surface of AZ AA:12:788 (ASM), most of them decorated pottery sherds. One hundred twenty-three trenches were excavated to a depth of approximately 1.5 m (5 feet) below the modern ground surface; eight of these trenches were subsequently further excavated to about 3.7 m (12 feet) below the modern ground surface, in most cases along only a portion of their length. Almost all of the trenches were 20 m long; a handful of trenches were shorter in order to avoid obstacles such as vegetation. East of the Santa Cruz River, the trenches within the proposed 150-foot-wide ROW were generally spaced 10 m apart, whereas in adjacent areas of the APE where project impacts are not anticipated to be as great, trenches were generally spaced 20 m apart. Only two trenches were excavated west of the river and were placed to avoid the ROW, as well as the easements associated with two large overhead transmission lines. Eighty-four trenches were excavated in or partially within AZ AA:12:788 (ASM), 15 trenches were excavated in or partially within AZ AA:12:11 (ASM), and 24 trenches were excavated outside currently recorded site boundaries to test for the presence of cultural resources not visible on the modern ground surface. This report describes the methods and results of the Phase 1 testing and provides recommendations for Phase 2 data recovery to mitigate the adverse effects of the proposed road construction.

This document reports the results of archaeological monitoring conducted for a City of Phoenix (COP) rehabilitation project. Through its contractor, and utilizing funding from the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), the COP Neighborhood Services Department (NSD) conducted manual excavations for installation of a fence line. During a review of the project, the COP Archaeology Office at Pueblo Grande Museum (PGM) determined that excavations associated with the proposed improvement project could encounter subsurface deposits associated with a reported prehistoric canal paralleling Canal Grande. For this reason, the NSD requested that EcoPlan Associates, Inc. (EcoPlan) implement a program of archaeological monitoring within 50 feet of the canal, which was conducted following provisions of the COP generic archaeological monitoring and discovery plan (Montero and Stubing 2004) to fulfill the requirements of Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (NHPA), Section 802 of the COP Historic Preservation Ordinance, and A.R.S. 41-865. Archaeological monitoring was conducted in accordance with the 2007 Programmatic Agreement among the City o f Phoenix, Arizona State Historic Preservation Office, and the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation regarding HUD-FundedProgram Activities.

Meritage Homes (Meritage) proposes to construct a residential subdivision in the town of Oro Valley (Town), north of Tucson, Arizona. One recorded site, AZ BB:9:262/338 (ASM), is located in the northeastern portion of the proposed Kai 291 North project area. Lucas (2014) recommended that the site be tested for its eligibility for listing in the National Register of Historical Places (NRHP). The Town required that Meritage assess the eligibility of the site and include the results in its Mitigation Plan as part of its Planned Area Development Plan. This report presents the results of the site eligibility testing conducted by SWCA Environmental Consultants (SWCA), and recommendations for future management of the site.

Arizona State Parks (ASP) proposes to complete a project to extend individual tent campgrounds, create a group camp area, and install a Ramada for campers in Kartchner Caverns State Park. ASP proposes minimal ground disturbing preparation consisting of vegetation clearing and leveling for primitive tent-camp locals north and south of an existing gravel road in the southeast portion of the park. In addition, a separate group camp location is proposed, which consists of clearing and leveling an area measuring 50m x 30m with a 50m long access road extending from an existing paved parking lot to the cleared area. Two areas were proposed for the group camp access as well as a conduit easement to provide electric and water to the campground from an existing outlet. The Ramada will be placed within a landscaped central median within the existing paved parking lot.

This document presents the results of archaeological monitoring for the 11th Street Pedestrian Improvements Project along 11th Street . The federally funded project involves improves to bus stops with new benches; installation of permeable paving and shade trees; construction of wider sidewalks with accessible ramps; and installation of pedestrian level street lighting and way-finding signage (including the installation of utility conduits for new street lamps) and removal and installation of sidewalks along a nearly 1-mile-long stretch of 11th Street. LSD monitored a total of 117 m of excavated trench in the vicinity of three prehistoric Hohokam canals (Ciudad, Barney, and Patrick), plus one alternative alignment of the Canal Ciudad, and one historic canal projected to occur in the area of potential effects (APE). Monitoring was conducted during all trenching activity within 100 ft (50 ft on both sides) of three prehistoric canals (Ciudad, Barney and Patrick), one plausible alternative to Canal Ciudad, and one historic canal (Salt River Valley Canal) projected to cross the APE. Field investigators examined vertical and horizontal exposures of the substrate to assess whether intact cultural deposits were present, resulting in the discovery of two historic/modern features (Features 1 and 3), one possible prehistoric Hohokam relict canal segment (Feature 2), and seven isolated occurrences (IOs). No additional features or prehistoric artifacts, charcoal flecking, or evidence of culturally derived soils were identified during inspection of the remaining soil profiles.