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Byproducts of corn and soybeans have high phosphorus (P) content, but little is known about their P disappearance in the rumen of lactating dairy cows. In situ disappearance of P from corn and soybean feed-stuffs was determined in 2 experiments. In the first experiment, 3 ruminally cannulated lactating dairy cows were used to estimate in situ P disappearance of 9 feed ingredients that included 3 sources of dried distillers grains with solubles (DDG; DGa, DGb, DGc), corn, corn germ, solvent-extracted soybean meal, (44% CP; SBM), expeller soybean meal (SoyPlus; SP), extruded soybeans (ES), and soyhulls (SH). Nylon bags were incubated in the rumen of each cow for 2, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, and 48h. The water-soluble fraction of P (A P ) was greatest in DDG (mean 82.1%) followed by corn germ (77%), with SH having the least A P among all feedstuffs (45%). The remaining feedstuffs (SBM, SP, ES, and corn) were similar in A P (64.2%). The slowly available fraction of P (B P ) was greatest in SH (45.6%), lowest in DDG (13.5%), and intermediate, averaging 31.4%, in SBM, ES, SP, and corn. The effective disappearance of P (ED P ) was greatest for DDG (93.5%), whereas corn germ, ES, SBM, and SP followed with an ED P of 93.3, 88.0, 87.5, and 87.0%, respectively. The ED P was less for corn and SH than for the other feedstuffs at 83.3 and 69.1%, respectively. Rate of P disappearance was similar for all feedstuffs (16.2%/h). In the second experiment, 3 new sources of DDG (DG1, DG2, and DG3), and one wet distillers grains with solubles (WDG) source were incubated for 3, 6, 12, 24, and 36h on replicate days in the rumen of 2 cannulated lactating dairy cows. Fraction A P varied from 82.7 to 90.3%, with that in WDG being the least soluble. The WDG source had a greater B P fraction (15.8%) compared with the DDG sources (9.5%). The WDG had the lowest ED P (88.1%), whereas the DDG varied from 89.7 to 92.7%. Corn and soybean byproducts tested, with the exception of SH, have high ruminal P disappearance as measured with the Dacron bag technique.

Despite the awareness that high phosphorus (P) availability decreases the mycorrhizal root colonization in higher plants, the effects on the external mycelium are contradicting. The aim of this work was to assess the external mycelium of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) Glomus intraradices and Gigaspora rosea, associated to soybean under increasing P levels (0, 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg kg-1). The tested hypotheses were: a) the amount of external mycelium depends on the fungal species; b) the P levels affect diferentially each mycorrhizal species; c) the mycorrhizal effectiveness depends on the amount of external mycelium. Mycorrhizal stimulus on plant biomass occurred at P levels of 0, 25 and 200 mg kg-1. Mycorrhizal root colonization and total external mycelium (TEM) decreased with increasing P levels. At zero P level, G. rosea produced less TEM than G. intraradices, which may be related to the lower mycorrhizal effectiveness for G. rosea. Both AMF increased the active external mycelium along P levels, but this increase was not related with symbiotic effectiveness. TEM was found to be closely related to root colonization and mycorrhizal effectiveness. The root colonization and TEM are mutually afected by P availability. Althoug G. intraradices produced more TEM than G. rosea along the P levels, they seemed to affect similarly the TEM for both AMF. More AMF species should be assessed in order to attest whether P levels affect the external mycelium differentially among them. Apesar do conhecimento de que a disponibilidade de fósforo diminui a colonização micorrízica, os efeitos sobre o micélio externo são contraditórios. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o micélio externo dos fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA) Glomus intraradices e Gigaspora rosea, associados à soja, sob doses crescentes de P (0, 25, 50, 100 e 200 mg kg-1). As hipóteses foram: a) a quantidade de micélio externo depende da espécie fúngica; b) cada espécie fúngica é afetada diferentemente pelas doses de P; c) a eficiência micorrízica depende da quantidade de micélio externo. Os FMA estimularam a produção de biomassa pela planta nas doses 0, 25 e 200 mg kg-1 de P. A colonização micorrízica e o micélio externo total (MET) diminuíram com o aumento das doses de P. Na dose zero de P, G. rosea produziu menos MET que G. intraradices, o que pode explicar a menor eficiência simbiótica dessa espécie. Ambos FMA apresentaram aumento do micélio externo ativo com o aumento das doses de P, mas isso não teve relação com a eficiência simbiótica. O MET apresentou correlação com a colonização radicular e com a eficiência micorrízica. A colonização radicular e o MET são mutuamente afetados pela disponibilidade de P. Embora G. intraradices tenha produzido mais MET que G. rosea em todas as doses de P, estas afetaram similarmente o MET em ambos FMA. Mais fungos micorrízicos devem ser testados para avaliar se a disponibilidade de P afeta diferencialmente o micélio externo entre as espécies.

Devido aos grandes problemas de eutrofização de lagos e reservatórios, a identificação de áreas fornecedoras de fósforo possui grande importância no planejamento de medidas de controle da poluição hídrica por atividades agrícolas. Neste trabalho, aplicou-se uma metodologia denominada P-Index, para identificar áreas com potencial de fornecimento de fósforo de ecossistemas terrestres para os corpos d’água, cujo método está baseado no cruzamento de planos de informações referentes à disponibilidade de fósforo no solo e dos processos de transferência deste nutriente, para os cursos de água. Tal procedimento foi aplicado na bacia contribuinte do Sistema de Reservatório Salto, no município de São Francisco de Paula, RS. Com o cruzamento dos planos de informação, obteve-se um mapa de classes de contribuição de fósforo para os reservatórios, verificando-se que a quase totalidade desta área da bacia foi classificada como tendo baixo potencial de fornecimento. As pequenas áreas consideradas com maior potencial de contribuição representam áreas situadas próximas aos corpos d’água e sob cultivo de culturas como batata e alho, nos quais são aplicadas doses elevadas de fertilizantes. Due to problems caused by eutrophication of lakes and reservoirs, the identification of phosphorus source areas is important for planning the control of agriculture-related water pollution. This study applied a method designed to identify these phosphorus source areas, called P-Index, which is based on combining data layers related to soil phosphorus availability and phosphorus transport processes. The method was used for studying the Salto Reservoir waterbasin, in São Francisco de Paula, in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Data related to phosphorus availability, intensity of transport processes, and distance to waterways were combined to yield a map of phosphorus contribution classes, which showed that almost the entire study area was considered to have low phosphorus contribution potential. A few small areas, corresponding to potato and garlic fields that received heavy chemical fertilization, were classified as having high phosphorus contribution potentials.

Si–Ge interdiffusion with different P doping configurations was investigated. Significant interdiffusion happened when the Ge layers were doped with P in high 1018 cm−3 range, which resulted in a SiGe alloy region thicker than 150 nm after defect annealing cycles. With high P doped Ge, Si–Ge interdiffusivity is enhanced by 10–20 times in the xGe > 0.7 region compared with the control sample without P doping. We attribute this phenomenon to the much faster P transport towards the Ge seeding layers from the Ge side during the Ge layer growth, which increases the negatively charged vacancy concentrations and thus the interdiffusivity due to the Fermi effect in Si–Ge interdiffusion. This work is relevant to Ge-on-Si type device design, especially Ge-on-Si lasers.

La entidad mexicana de acreditacion (ema ac) establece que los parametros analiticos de calidad para la cuantificacion de un analito son exactitud, precision, linealidad, especificidad, sensibilidad, sesgo, limite de deteccion, limite de cuantificacion, entre otros. El objetivo del presente estudio fue la validacion del metodo espectrofotometrico para la cuantificacion de fosforo en condiciones ideales a partir de la preparacion de estandares de trabajo a concentraciones conocidas y posteriormente determinar la aplicabilidad del metodo en bebidas de cola, con alto contenido de fosforo. La validacion del metodo de analisis espectrofotometrico se logro a partir de una disolucion de referencia de fosforo en forma de pentoxido de fosforo (P2O5). Los resultados obtenidos fueron: exactitud 99.12% de recuperacion; precision 0.96% de coeficiente de variacion; linealidad 0.9992 de coeficiente de correlacion (R); sensibilidad m = 0.170 ± 0.038 mgL-1; limite de deteccion de 0.18 mgL-1 y limite de cuantificacion de 0.58 mgL-1 de P2O5. La aplicabilidad del metodo validado se evaluo en bebidas de coca cola®, obteniendose una concentracion de 113.15 ± 0.10 mgL-1 de fosforo. Este trabajo pretende ilustrar de manera sencilla la metodologia para la estimacion de los parametros analiticos, que son necesarios para darle mayor confiabilidad a los resultados. ABSTRACT The mexican accreditation entity (MAE ca) establishes that the analytical quality parameters for the quantification of an analyte are accuracy, precision, linearity, specificity, sensitivity, bias, limit of detection, limit of quantification, among others. The objective of the present study was the validation of the spectrophotometric method for phosphorus quantification in ideal conditions from working standars with known concentrations and subsequently determine the applicability of the method in cola drinks with high phosphorus content.The validation of the spectrophotometric analysis method was achieved from a reference dissolution of phosphorus as phosphorus pentoxide (P2 O5). The results obtained were: accuracy, 99.12% recovery; precision, 0.96 % coefficient of variation; linearity, 0.9992 correlation coefficient (R); sensitivity, m = 0.170 ± 0.038 mg L-1; limit of detection, 0.18 mgL- 1 and limit of quantification, 0.58 mgL- 1 of P2 O5. The applicability of the validated method was evaluated in coca cola® beverages, resulting in a concentration of 113.15 ± 0.97 mgL-1 of phosphorus. This work is intended to illustrate in a simple way the methodology for the quality parameters estimation, which are necessary to give greater reliability to the results.

Mbeya-Pumice is a potential filter media in constructed wetlands. The substrate is light, porous and volcanic, found near the slopes of Mount Rungwe, collected from a village known as Mporoto about 20 km from Mbeya town. The study of Mbeya-Pumice’s phosphorus sorption behaviours and properties was carried out in laboratory scale where by 1-2 mm, 2-4 mm and 4-8 mm grains were tested using batch experiments. The results show that Mbeya-Pumice has high phosphorus sorption capacity. The sorption capacity for the Mbeya-Pumice was 2.2 g P/kg. For 1-2 mm and 4-8 mm grains; about 50% of phosphorus sorption in Mbeya-Pumice occurs in the first 17 and 18 hours, respectively. Compared to 4-8 mm and 2-4 mm grains, temperature didn’t significantly influence phosphorus sorption on 1-2 mm grain. Mbeya-Pumice has high potential for phosphorus removal from wastewaters. Mbeya-Pumice can be recommended to be used as a substrate in constructed wetlands to remove phosphorus.

Increase in demand for ethanol as a fuel additive has resulted in dramatic growth in ethanol production. Ethanol is produced from corn by wet milling or dry grind processing. Wet mill plants are capital intensive due to equipment requirements; they produce large volumes of ethanol and are corporate owned. In dry grind processing, the kernel is not fractionated and only one coproduct, distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), is generated. Dry grind plants require less equipment and capital than wet mills. They generate smaller volumes of ethanol, are producer owned and add direct benefits to rural economies. Most of the increase in ethanol production during the past decade is attributed to growth in the dry grind industry. The marketing of coproducts provides income to offset processing costs. For dry grind plants, this is especially important, because only one coproduct is available. The increasing volume of DDGS accompanying ethanol production could reduce market value; high phosphorus content could limit use of DDGS, because of animal waste disposal issues. Water removal is a costly processing step and affects the economics of ethanol processing. Technologies to remove germ and fiber from DDGS could produce a new coproduct suitable for feeding to nonruminants; this would expand the markets for DDGS. Reducing phosphorus in DDGS would sustain markets for conventional DDGS. Development of more efficient methods of water removal would increase the efficiency of ethanol processing and reduce costs. New technologies could contribute to greater economic stability of dry grind plants.

One of the most remarkable phenomena in the early days of silicon technology was the “emitterpush” effect which causes an enhanced diffusion of dopants below regions with high phosphorus concentrations (see Section 5.8.3). To explain it, it was soon concluded that some sort of farranging “interaction particle” is needed. Since other impurities as well as extended defects could be excluded, this role was equally soon attributed to the intrinsic point defects introduced in Section 1.1.3. Indeed, intrinsic point defects play important roles in nearly all theories of impurity diffusion in silicon. Therefore, before proceeding with the latter in the next chapters, the properties of intrinsic point defects will be reviewed in the following.

Sixty four percent of the fields (14 of 22) in northeast and south central Kansas would be able to apply dairy manure on a nitrogen basis if the current swine manure application regulations were adopted. Due to high phosphorus levels in some fields, two of the 11 fields in northeast Kansas could not have any manure applied to them. Two other fields in northeast and four fields in south central Kansas would have to limit manure application rates to annual phosphorus required by the crops. Our results indicate minimal accumulation of nitrogen and potassium in the soil profile.

The study of Moshi Pumice’s phosphorus sorption behaviours and properties was carried out in laboratory scale where by 1-2 mm, 2-4 mm and 4-8 mm grains were tested using batch experiments. The results show that Moshi Pumice has high phosphorus sorption capacity. The sorption capacity for the Moshi Pumice was 2.5 g P/kg. For 1-2mm and 4-8mm grains; about 50% of phosphorus sorption in Moshi Pumice occurs in the first 18 and 20 hours, respectively. Compared to 4-8mm and 2-4mm grains, temperature didn’t significantly influence phosphorus sorption on 1-2mm grain. Moshi Pumice has high potential for phosphorus removal from wastewaters and it can be recommended to be used as a substrate in constructed wetlands to remove phosphorus. © JASEM

We demonstrate an approach for integrating social and ecological models to study ecosystem management strategies. We focus on the management of lake eutrophication. A model has been developed in which the dynamics of the lake, the learning dynamics of society, and the interactions between ecology and society are included. Analyses with the model show that active learning is important to retain the resilience of lakes. Although very low levels of phosphorus in the water will not be reached, active learning reduce the chance of catastrophic high phosphorus levels.

We report two patients with transient late neonatal hypocalcemia. Serum examination showed low calcium (Ca), high phosphorus, high parathyroid hormone (PTH), normal 25-hydroxyvitamin D and low or normal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2vitD) levels. PTH infusion test revealed normal cyclic AMP production. In these patients, 1,25(OH)2vitD production by PTH, or Ca mobilization from bone and Ca absorption from intestine by PTH and 1,25(OH)2vitD might have been disturbed transiently due to developmental immaturities. This is a new type of transient late neonatal hypocalcemia with high serum PTH levels.

During each of the first 8 years following an 80–90% reduction in external phosphorus loading of shallow, hypertrophic Lake Sobygaard, Denmark in 1982, phosphorus retention was found to be negative. Phosphorus release mainly occurred from April to October, net retention being close to zero during winter. Net internal phosphorus loading was 8 g P m-2 y -1 in 1983 and slowly decreased to 2 g P m -2 y-1 in 1990, mainly because of decreasing sediment phosphorus release during late summer and autumn. The high net release of phosphorus from Lake Sobygaard sediment is attributable to a very high phosphorus concentration and to a high transport rate in the sediment caused by bioturbation and gas ebullition. Sediment phosphorus concentration mainly decreased at a depth of 5 to 20 cm, involving sediment layers down to 23 cm. Maximum sediment phosphorus concentration, which was 11.3 mg P g -1 dw at a depth of 14–16 cm in 1985, decreased to 8.6 mg P g -1 dw at a depth of 16–18 cm in 1991. Phosphorus fractionation revealed that phosphorus release was accompanied by a decrease in NH4ClP + NaOH-P and organic phosphorus fractions. HC1-P increased at all sediment depths. The Fe:P ratio in the superficial layer stabilized at approximately 10. Net phosphorus release can be expected to continue for another decade at the present release rate, before an Fe:P ratio of 10 will be reached in the sediment layers from which phosphorus is now being released.

Of a total of 156 Acinetobacter isolated obtained from a biological nutrient removal pilot plant, 80 could accumulate polyphosphate from a medium with low phosphorus concentrations (constitutive accumulators), 61 accumulated polyphosphate only from medium with high phosphorus concentrations (conditional accumulators) and the remainder were unable to accumulate polyphosphate on either medium. There was no relationship between the ability to accumulate polyphosphate in pure culture and the taxonomic status of the isolates, in terms of their genospecies.

On September 29, 1992, a media event was staged by a group calling themselves the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine. They recommended the virtual exclusion of milk from the human diet. We have come a long way with this negative hyperbole from the positive one of a few years back designating milk as "the perfect food" and stating that one should ingest approximately a liter (1 quart) per day. Both positions cannot be right; neither of them is. The present furor does not concern infant feeding. We have known for a long time that unmodified cow's milk was a poor food in the early months of life. High solute load, high phosphorus, lack of iron, and propensity to induce intestinal bleeding are all known problems associated with cow's milk that have resulted in progressive methods of modification for use when breast-feeding is either interdicted or not desired by the mother.

Three Ni2Cr alloys, with phosphorus contents of 0.002, 0.017 and 0.078 wt%, were prepared as cast slabs, which were then thermomechanically treated by four different schedules to a final thickness 0.38 mm. The isothermal ordering kinetics of the Ni2Cr alloys was investigated in specimens aged at 450, 500 and 550° C for times ranging from 2 h to 40 days, by surface hardness measurements and microstructural investigation. It was found that increasing the phosphorus content from 0.002 to 0.078 wt% causes a significant increase in the rate of the order transformation in those materials which were annealed at 900° C for 1 h followed by water quenching. Also cold rolling the Ni2Cr alloys by 6,12 and 21% reduction in thickness was found to completely eliminate the effect of the phosphorus on the rate of the order transformation, for the medium and high phosphorus content materials, whereas for the low phosphorus content (0.002 wt%) material, cold rolling was found to increase the rate order transformation compared to that of the annealed structure.

Daily energy protein, calcium and phosphorus intakes of 100 women aged 30.3 ± 6.1 years (mean ± SD) living in a University community and consuming self-selected diets were assessed by calculation from threeday dietary records and food composition data, and by analysis of one-day food composites. The daily calculated intakes were 1803 ± 386 kcal (7544 ± 1615 kj), 74 ± 18 g protein, 943 ± 342 mg calcium and 1398 ± mg phosphorus with a mean Ca:P ratio of 1:1.5 (range = 1.1 to 1.6). Analyzed intakes were 1406 ± 396 kcal (5883 ± 1657 kj), 694 ± 292 mg calcium and 967 ± 335 mg phosphorus with a mean Ca:P ratio of 1:1.3 (range = 1:2.3 to 1:1). Mean calculated calcium, phosphorus and protein intakes exceeded the Canadian Dietary Standard (CDS) recommendation and only 8% of the subjects received calcium intakes less than two-thirds of the CDS recommendation. In contrast, the mean energy intake was below the CDS recommendation for women of comparable ages and activity patterns, 14% of the subjects obtaining less than two-thirds of this level. Six percent of the subjects had high phosphorus intakes (>2000 mg/day) and 8% had Ca:P ratios wider than 1:2. Milk and milk products were the major food sources of both calcium (66.7%) and phosphorus (37.1%), and breads and cereals (25.4%) followed by meat and meat substitutes (20.7%) were important sources of energy. Highly significant correlations (P

Measurements of phosphorus content were made for eleven species of copepods, two species of mysids, shrimps (including mysis stage) and chaetognaths, and one species ofNoctiluca, cirriped (naupliar stage) and crab (zoeal stage) from the Inland Sea of Japan. The body phosphorus content (P, inµg) is highly correlated to prosome length (L, inµm) for copepods, which is expressed as logP=2.90 ×logL−9.34. Mean phosphorus content expressed as percent of dry weight is 1.30% for copepods, 1.39% for mysids, 0.63% for a decapod shrimpAcetes japonicus, and 0.80% for chaetognaths.Noctiluca contains phosphorus of only 0.36%. The comparatively higher phosphorus content of suspension-feeding copepods may be related to the constant supply of phosphorus-rich phytoplankton in this region.

Tea plants (Camellia sinensis, L.) were cultured in nutrient solution from spring to summer to evaluate the role of Al on their growth and absorption of P which was supplied either at a low or high level. The results showed that tea plant growth was controlled by the amount of P as well as the amount of Al. Maximum growth of both roots and shoots occurred with 0.4 mM of Al in the presence of 0.1mM of P and with 1.6mM of Al in the presence of 0.8 mM of P. Also, in the presence of 0.1mM of P, Al stimulated the absorption of P and promoted the growth of the plants. In the presence of 0.8 mM of P, Al alleviated the toxicity of excess P, enhanced the absorption of P and promoted the growth. These results suggest that Al plays a regulatory role in the effective absorption and utilization of P. In addition, although Al caused a considerable decrease in the Ca content and a slight reduction in the Mg content, it increased the absorption of N and K by tea plants.

The amorphous alloy Fe 40 Ni 40 P 14 B 6 was examined by small angle X-ray diffraction in the as-formed condition and after annealing, and after cold rolling and annealing. In all cases, the annealing temperature was well below the crystallization temperature of this material. The scattering intensity was measured and related to the presence of scattering regions or particles within the material. The as-quenched amorphous alloy contained scattering regions of about 32 A diameter. The number of scattering regions apparently increased by a factor of 3 on annealing for 2 h at 100°C but the size remained essentially unchanged. The scattering regions constitute about 1% of the volume and are spaced about 250 A apart. Frozen-in thermal fluctuations accounted for about 5% of the background scattering. Cold rolling destroyed the scattering regions but they were restored by annealing for 2 h at 150°C. It was concluded that the scattering is caused by regions of high phosphorus concentration which were first observed by Auger analysis on the fracture surface of annealed material.

Hartbeespoort Dam, a hypertrophic, warm monomictic impoundment in South Africa, receives extremely high phosphorus loads (14.6–25.9 g m−2 a−1) that are dominated by point source discharges from municipal wastewater treatment works. The reduced state of the phosphorus discharged from the works has led to the dominance of the dissolved phosphorus pool by low molecular weight orthophosphates which are analytically detectable as soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP; 60% of total phosphorus pool). Seasonality in the in-lake total phosphorus pool is regulated by a combination of abiotic and hydrological processes; biotic processes appear to play a minor role. Mass balance calculations indicate that between 62 and 77% of the annual total phosphorus inflow load is retained within the impoundment each year.

Pot and field experiments were conducted on alkaline calcareous soils of Pakistan to determine the effect of premixing superphosphate (SUP) with farmyard manure (FYM) on the fraction of plant phosphorus derived from the 30P labelled SUP (y value). Premixing (SUP with FYM) before their addition to soil, markedly increased the uptake of SUP-P by plants. The premixed treatment also increased crop yield on phosphorus deficient soli. Optimum quantity of FYM required was twice that of SUP. Higher quantities of FYM had no additional effect on phosphorus availability from SUP. The possible mechanism of this effect and the implications of these observations in phosphorus nutrition of plants have been discussed.

The effect of three levels of soil moisture on growth and response of white clover in pots to applied phosphorus was studied with soils of low and high phosphorus status. On both soils highest yields were obtained at the highest level of moisture, maintained by daily watering until leaching occurred. Maintenance of the pots at a soil moisture level of estimated ‘field capacity’ resulted in lower yields at all rates of applied phosphorus. The differences between yields due to watering treatments were greatest at the nil and low rates of applied phosphorus on the soil of high phosphorus status, and at the high rates of applied phosphorus on the soil of low phosphorus status. The leaching method of watering resulted in responses to phosphorus in the pots similar to those expected in the field on both soils. It also produced the highest phosphorus content in the plants on both soils and prevented the accumulation of soluble salts on the surface of the pots, although not completely on one of the soils.

A new class of phosphorus-containing polyols that are prepared as residue products directly from elemental phosphorus can be effectively used as cellulosic flame retardants. Long-term laundry durability has been observed through the use of appropriate binder systems and typical textile finishing techniques, even in the case of low-level polyester-cotton blends. The high phosphorus content and ease of synthesis of the phosphorus polyols offer the possibility of a novel approach to developing low-cost textile flame retardants.

To determine if energy and phosphorus status would affect postpartum health and lactational performance, first-calf heifers were assigned at parturition, 12 per group, to either high (135% of requirement) or low (85% of requirement) energy, high (138% of requirement) or adequate (98% of requirement) phosphorus in a 2×2 factorial design. Treatments extended 84 days postpartum after which standard rations were fed. Milk yields were similar until wk 5 of lactation. From wk 5 to 12, cows fed adequate phosphorus (98% of requirement) yielded 1.8 kg/day more milk than high phosphorus groups. Energy did not affect milk yield until wk 9 when persistency of low energy groups declined. High energy groups had almost twice as much disease and higher rectal temperatures than low energy groups in the first 3 mo of lactation. All heifers had temperatures above expected during the 1st mo of lactation. Excess energy should be avoided for the 1st mo of lactation and then gradually increased. Phosphorus should be fed as recommended and no more.

Adverse interactions of zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDPs) with other required additives in an engine oil is one factor contributing to the high phosphorus content of some engine oils. Sine phosphorus poisons exhaust gas emission catalysts, ways to reduce the adverse interactions are being sought. The ZDP-amine interaction was investigated as a model of such an interaction. Above a critical concentration, amines can cancel the antiwear performance of ZDPs as measured in a 4-ball machine. At amine concentrations below the critical value, a synergistic antiwear effect was observed at higher loads. The tolerance of different ZDPs to the presence of amines was the same as the ranking of the ZDPs in terms of antiwear performance. A mechanism for the antiwear action of ZDPs involving the formation of an acid phosphate decomposition product has been proposed. Presented as an American Society of Lubrication Engineers paper at the ASME/ASLE Lubrication Conference in San Francisco, California, August 18–21, 1980.

Fragments of human cataractous lenses were analyzed by energy dispersive X-ray analysis, in combination with scanning electron microscopy. Data which show relatively high phosphorus and low sulfur contents in the intercellular material, as compared to surrounding fiber cell cytoplasm is presented and discussed.

Domestic dog defecations, potential carriers of toxocariasis, were mapped in comparable areas of public recreation grounds in Brighton, UK. A strong linear relationship was found between soil phosphorus content and defecation density, such that two distinct areas showed very similar regression lines generalised as y = 21 + 3·25x, where y ii soil phosphorus in mg kg−1 and x is the number of faecal deposits within the surrounding 5 × 5 m area of turf. In one area there were residually high phosphorus levels three years after dogs had been banned and it is suggested that soil phosphorus analysis may be a useful assay tool in investigations of canine pollution.

A selfconsistent model for the impurity and point defect diffusion is proposed and applied successfully to high concentration phosphorus and boron diffusion with and without preamorphized substrate. In particular the generation of the interstitials by high phosphorus and boron diffusion, the absorption of the interstitials at the damaged layer consisting of dislocation loops - a remnant of the preamorphization -, and the generation of the interstitials by the decay of the precipitated phase of the impurities above the solubility limit is taken into account in a consistent way. The present model is an important tool for advanced optimization for submicron MOSFETs dealing with involved interstitial dynamics as in the presence of preamorphization effects.

The effect of temperature on the silicon limited growth and nutrient kinetics of Stephanodiscus minutus Grun. was examined using batch and semicontinuous culture methods. Short-term batch culture methods gave maximum growth rates which were essentially constant over the temperature range of 10° to 20°C (μ3= 0.71–0.80 d−1). The half-saturation constant for growth (Ks) was significantly lowest at 10°C (Ks= 0.31 μM Si; 0.22–0.41), and higher at both 15°C (Ks= 1.03 μM Si; 0.68–1.47) and 20°C (Ks= 0.88 μM Si; 0.60–1.22). Two methods were used to evaluate the semicontinuous experiments. The Droop relationship showed that the minimum cell quota was about 1.50 × 10−7 nmol Si cell−1, but there was much overlap in the results at all three temperatures. The Monod growth relationship for the semicontinuous experiments gave estimates of Ks which were lowest at 15°C (Ks= 0.12 μM Si), and higher at 10°C (Ks= 0.68 μM Si) and 20°C (Ks= 1.24 μM Si), although 95% confidence intervals overlapped. The maximum growth rate estimates for the semicontinuous experiments were similar at 10° and 15°, and higher at 20°C, but the number of points used in making the calculations makes the results less reliable than those from batch cultures. Generally, there were no consistent significant differences in the silicon limited growth of S. minutus over the temperature range studied. Our values of Ks for S. minutus are the lowest recorded for a freshwater diatom, and are consistent with the distribution of this species in nature. Generally, this species becomes abundant in areas with high phosphorus loading and very low silicon levels (low Si:P loading rates). Stephanodiscus species are also fossil indicators of eutrophication in north temperate lakes.

New experimental results are reported for the modification of 50/50 polyester/cotton blend fabrics made from bromine-free and bromine-containing polyester with a reactive flame retardant compound of high phosphorus content. Reaction of the cotton in the blend with methyl-phosphonic diamide yields modified fabrics in which flame resistance is attained without impairment of fabric hand. The level of flame resistance depends on the amount of insolubilized phosphorus in the treated fabric, but the hand is essentially unchanged even for fabrics of high phosphorus content which pass the vertical test of DOC-FF-3-71. The results of this work provide a basis for improved definitions of future approaches to the development of flame resistant polyester/cotton blend fabrics.

A study was made of a wide range of Northern Ireland lakes to determine the effect of the fertilisation of forestry plantations. Lakes with fertilised forest catchments contained very high phosphorus levels. Bioassay with Selenastrum suggested that nitrogen and phosphorus were the only elements limiting growth and the supply of iron and trace metals was sufficient for large crops in nearly all cases.

Coefficient of friction of commerical grades of polycrystalline graphites against deoxidized high phosphorus copper has been measured in an inert atmosphere at 10−5 mm Hg pressure. Graphites with large particles have a coefficient of friction of 0·48 at room temperature and of 0·35 at about 1000°C. Finer particle sized graphites have a lower value of coefficient of friction. Graphitization at a high temperature also lowers the coefficient. The results support the roller mechanism of graphite friction.

For several decades the thick algal scums and offensive odors of Medical Lake have limited its use. High phosphorus levels, resulting from internal cycling of the nutrient, were responsible for the excessive algal growth. Disruption of the cycle was achieved by whole-lake applications of aluminum sulfate. The treatment significantly reduced phosphorus levels, eliminated nuisance blooms and enhanced water clarity.

SUMMARY The dominant species of fish in Hartbeespoort Dam, in terms of mass composition of catches, are shown to be Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters), Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus and Clarias gariepinus Burchell. Minimum winter temperatures are demonstrated to have a major impact on O. mossambicus standing stock and hence on production. Comparisons are made between a number of limnological parameters in the lake and published tolerances of fish to these parameters and it is concluded that deoxygenation and supersaturation of oxygen and pH are approaching levels critical to fish survival. The growth of O. mossambicus in South Africa is shown to be related to soluble reactive phosphorus concentration and to be sub-optimal in Hartbeespoort Dam, probably as a result of high phosphorus concentration.

An interstitial model is developed to quantitatively account for the anomalous effects which accompany the diffusion of phosphorus in silicon from high surface concentrations. Phosphorus is assumed to diffuse as both a positively charged (intrinsic diffusion) and an uncharged interstitial (high concentration case). Silicon is assumed to diffuse as both an uncharged (instrinsic) and a negatively charged interstitial (high phosphorus concentrations). The effect of internal fields on charged species is included. An excellent fit is found with published experimental data if a surface enhancement factor, analogous to that for the case of oxidation enhancement, is used. Flat-top diffusion is modelled by assuming the formation of a dislocation array, which alters the point defect equilibria.

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of dietary to copherol and P on the serum cholesterol, muscle cholesterol, serum vitamin E, and mineral composition of nonruminating calves. A milk replacer diet was supplemented with a high monosodium phosphate (18 g· calf −1 ·d −1 ) and vitamin E (as coated dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate 100 IU· calf −1 ·d −1 ) and was fed to Holstein bull calves (n = 15) for 2 wk prior to slaughter. This significantly decreased serum and muscle cholesterol; increased vitamin E, P, Ca in serum; and simultaneously reduced serum Na content 15% when compared with that of the control group (n = 15). There were no treatment effects on serum K, Mg, packed cell volume, and hemoglobin values. These findings may be beneficial in regulating the incidence of coronary heart disease if dietary tocopherol and P could cause the same effect in humans.

Cluster and discriminant analysis classified sediments from potential and existing wild rice lakes into three major and three hybrid types. The three major sediment types were described as clay, organic, or flocculent, and the three hybrid types as organic – flocculent, organic – clay, or organic over clay. The major differences among the six sediment types were the percent loss-on-ignition, bulk density, phosphorus, cation, and pH values. Organic sediments were characterized by high phosphorus, cation, and loss-on-ignition values, and lower pH values. Clay sediments had the highest bulk density values, but were low in phosphorus. Flocculent sediments exhibited the lowest bulk density, phosphorus, and cation values, and the highest loss-on-ignition and pH values. The three hybrid sediment types had values for these variables intermediate to their parent types. Flocculent, clay, and organic–flocculent sediment types produced the lowest dry weights of individual wild rice plants. Best production (in terms of dry weight) occurred in organic, organic–clay, and organic over clay sediments that had loss-on-ignition values ranging from 29 to 49%, were slightly acidic (pH values of 5.9 −6.2), and had high phosphorus (> 1.0 g ∙ m−2) and cation values.

Summary The flora, vegetation, and soils of the two smallest Mercury Islands are described. These islands are lacking in land mammals and the vegetation, although not necessarily unaltered by Polynesians, appears to have been little disturbed for a considerable length of time. The very high phosphorus levels found in the soils arc attributed to the large numbers of burrowing petrels present. Stands of milk tree (Paratrophis banksii) on Middle Island appear to be unique and there are several other unusual features of the vegetation and soils that are not understood. The importance of these islands as places to study the dynamics of coastal vegetation in the absence of rats is stressed.

High manganese slags of low phosphorus and iron content are produced by air oxidation of high phosphorus spiegeleisen in a basic-lined converter. Control of phosphorus and iron within specification limits for ferromanganese ore feed is obtained by a unique cyclic operating procedure. Various types of slags, or synthetic manganese ore, can be made.

The influence of different metallurgical conditions on the lining wear in the Kaldo process when refining high phosphorus iron has been systematically investigated revealing the following main features

As outlined in Chapters 1 and 2, it is difficult to incorporate phosphorus into linear polymers by (co)polymerization or (c0)polycondensation. Only in rare cases is it possible to obtain products of high phosphorus content, high molecular weight, satisfactory mechanical properties, and satisfactory hydrolytical stability. Therefore, it is natural that the subsequent incorporation of phosphorus into commercial polymers has also been investigated. The macromolecular character of these products remains unaffected as long as no degradationof the main chain occurs. The phosphorus is always found in the side groups. The problem inherent in the subsequent introduction of phosphorus is the fact that there are only a few suitable phosphorylation reactions. Phosphorylation should be simple to carry out and should proceed rapidly even with insoluble polymers to give high yields; the incorporated phosphorus should be linked to the polymers by a stable bond, preferably a P-C bond, but above all the phosphoryl...

The wcstcrn basin of Lake Eric is supplied with phosphate phosphorus by the Maumee River in Ohio. This is apparently the most important source for the lake due to the high phosphorus concentrations involved and the large volume of flow in the spring months. The phosphorus content of the river is affcctcd by stream flow, local tempcraturc, and effluent from the City of Toledo. The addition of phosphate phosphorus to Lake Erie by the Maumce River amounted to over 96 metric tons from June 1945 to May 1946. If the addition bv the City of Toledo is included the total amount came to at least 125 metric tons