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Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) is a disease caused by the corona virus which can cause respiratory tract infections with up to severe symptoms. SARS-CoV-2 virus infection can cause symptoms ranging from symptoms (asymptomatic), mild, moderate and severe symptoms. Until now, no antiviral or vaccine has been found that can infect Covid-19. Therefore, efforts to break the chain of transmission are the application of health protocols that include 3M recording, wearing masks and maintaining distance. However, there are still many community members, especially employees who are not yet obedient to implementing this protocol. Community service is carried out as an effort to prevent the transmission of Covid-19 to office employees in Bandar Lampung, considering that the work area is one of the areas that contributes to the high incidence of Covid-19 in Bandar Lampung. The community service activity was attended by 97 well-known employees in 13 offices in the Bandar Lampung area. The method used is health education through the zoom application. The questionnaire was given to measure participants before and after participating in activities. The material is presented using powerpoint audiovisual media and leaflets which are presented using the zoom application. This activity results showed an increase in participants' knowledge about covid-19 and covid-19 health protocols in the work area. Presenting information about covid-19 and covid-19 health protocols has a positive impact on increasing public knowledge, especially employees in office areas.

Background Malaria remains a significant public health concern in Indonesia. Knowledge about spatial patterns of the residual malaria hotspots is critical to help design elimination strategies in Kotabaru district, South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Methods Laboratory-confirmed malaria cases from 2012 to 2016 were analysed to examine the trend in malaria cases. Decomposition analysis was performed to assess seasonality. Annual spatial clustering of the incidence and hotspots were identified by Moran's I and the local indicator for spatial association, respectively. Results The annual parasite incidence of malaria was significantly reduced by 87% from 2012 to 2016. Plasmodium vivax infections were significantly much more prevalent over time, followed by Plasmodium falciparum infections (p Conclusions A spatially explicit decision support system is needed to support surveillance and control programs in the identified high-risk areas to succeed in the elimination goal of 2030.

The 2017 National Assessment of Education Progress (NAEP) findings indicate that only 37% of the nation’s twelfth graders are at or above proficiency in reading and the average reading score for st...

The high incidence of error reports received by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) involving 2-component vaccines led to collaboration between the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) and the Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP). This collaborating group sought to further understand errors associated with all 2-component vaccines (i.e. vaccine components provided by the manufacturer in physically separate containers) and to provide safe practice strategies for storing, preparing, dispensing, and administering these vaccines as intended. Fourteen available 2-component vaccines were identified. The ISMP National Vaccine Errors Reporting Program (VERP) and the FDA Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) were searched from the initiation of each respective reporting system through December 31, 2019. The three vaccines with the most reported reconstitution errors in the VERP and VAERS are Menveo® (meningococcal), Pentacel® (DTaP, Polio, Haemophilus influenzae type b), and ActHIB® [H. influenzae type b (Hib)]. Manufacturers should design labeling and packaging of vaccines to provide ease of storage and fail-safe preparation to prevent 2-component vaccine errors. Implementing risk reduction strategies, such as training healthcare professionals and affixing storage bin labels, remind healthcare professionals to mix the 2-components and facilitate appropriate administration.

Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) still affects more patients globally than degenerative valve disease. The vast majority of these patients live in low- to middle-income countries. Once symptomatic, they will need heart valve surgery. Unfortunately, prosthetic valves perform poorly in these patients given their young age, the high incidence of multi-valve disease, late diagnoses and often challenging socio-economic circumstances. Notwithstanding the fact that better valve designs would ideally be available, ill-informed decision making processes between bioprosthetic and mechanical valves are contributing to the poor results. In the absence of multicentred, randomised clinical trials, comparing the current generations of bioprostheses with mechanical valves across all age groups Western guidelines tend to be uncritically applied. As a consequence, mechanical valves are being implanted into patients who are often not able to deal with anticoagulation while bioprosthetic valves may be overly shunned for fear of reoperations. Almost sixty years after the advent of cardiac surgery heart valve prostheses have eventually undergone improvements and several potentially disruptive developments are on the horizon. Until they materialise, however, choices between contemporary valve prostheses need to be made on the basis of individual risk and life-expectancy rather than an uncritical implementation of guidelines that were derived for very different patients and under distinctly different conditions. Given the fast expansion of cardiac surgery in middle-income countries and a growing number of independently operating centres in low-income countries a critical appraisal of facts underlying the choice of heart valve prostheses for patients with RHD seems opportune.

A retrospective analysis of 11 COVID-19 patients complicated with stroke was performed. It was found that the incidence of stroke in patients with COVID-19 was significantly higher than the average level of the general population (P=0.003), and the D-dimer levels of 11 stroke patients were significantly higher than other patients (P=0.004). The significant increase of D-dimer can be used as an early warning indicator of cerebral infarction. It is critical to have a response plan for treating acute stroke in COVID-19 patients.

The community's high incidence of tuberculosis is closely related to behaviour, and family involvement. Transmission preventance becomes an important factor in controlling transmission of tuberculosis. The purpose of this study is to identify efforts to prevent tuberculosis transmission in western Lombok. Method. concise exploratory design using cross-sectional sampling of the sample using a purposeful sampling process with 58 respondents. Result. 72 % of respondents took measures to prevent tuberculosis based on the health belief model, namely; perceived susceptibility 72%; perceived seriousness 78%; perceived benefits 81%; perceived barriers 67%; and cues to action 65%. Duscussion.The need to improve family members' awareness about tuberculosis prevention and to practice safe and healthy living activities at all times.

One of the main problems of nasopharyngeal carcinoma treatment is the high incidence regional and distant failures. The method of choice in the first line therapy for the primarily diagnosed nasopharyngeal carcinoma is chemoradiotherapy with poor success rate. The main etiological factor in the occurrence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma is the Epstein–Barr virus, which DNA’s copies could be detected in blood samples in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma, which may indicate tumor activity. The indicators of these titers reach different values depending on the stage of the tumor process, the presence of distant metastases, individual patient parameters, and the tumor response to the therapy. Given the high specificity of this biological marker, it is necessary to consider the possibility of its use as a prognostic indicator for assessing the success of the selected method of conservative treatment, as well as assessing the prognosis.

Dysmenorrhea is pain during menstruation which is felt in the lower abdomen and back. The high incidence of dysmenorrhea in adolescents still does not get enough concern, even though it can cause a person to become weak, pale, reduce concentration, disturb daily activities, having a negative impact on quality of life. One of the factors that can cause dysmenorrhea is poor dietary habit. This study aims to analyze the correlation between dietary habit and dysmenorrhea in female adolescents. This type of research is quantitative, the number of samples are 262 respondents and the sampling technique was accidental sampling. Testing data using the Chi Square analysis test. From the results of the Chi Square analysis test, it was found that the value of p = 0.005 with a correlation value of 0.011, the study showed that there is a correlation between dietary habit with dysmenorrhea in female adolescent.

The slow healing process of perineum wounds can increase the risk of infection, so it is necessary to intake proteins that support the growth of new cells in the perineum wound. This research is based on the high incidence of perineum need with delay in the healing process of perineum wounds in the Kediri Regency. The purpose of this study is to find out the effect of egg white consumption on the healing process of perineum wounds in postpartum mothers. The design used in this study is a Quasi Experiment with Nonequivalent Control Group design. The sampling technique used is purposive sampling. Mann Whitney statistical test results showed that the value of ρ value (0,000) < α (0.05) its means that there is an effect of egg white consumption on the process of welcoming perineum wounds on postpartum mothers.

The urgency of the problem of herpes zoster (shingles) consists in its wide distribution in the world, high incidence rates in a significant part of the subjects of the Russian Federation, as well as the severity of complications caused by this infection.The aimof the study was to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of the incidence of herpes zoster in Russia.Materials and methods. Epidemiological analysis of the incidence of herpes zoster in the Russian Federation was conducted using official statistics.Results and discussion. In 2019, in a number of administrative divisions of the Russian Federation, there was a poor epidemic situation associated with the incidence of herpes zoster. In some regions, the incidence rates were significantly higher than the national average, and the elderly were the most vulnerable. It turned out that the existing methods of prevention of herpes zoster, aimed mainly at promoting a healthy lifestyle and hygienic education of the population, do not bring the desired results, and the incidence of herpes zoster (secondary VZV infection) remains high.Conclusions. The analysis of the incidence of herpes zoster during the reporting period demonstrates the need for constant statistical accounting of the spread of this infection on the territory of Russia, actualizes the conduct of full-fledged epidemiological surveillance and the organization of a system of preventive measures, which should be based on the development, production and practical application of a domestic vaccine against herpes zoster.

Inflammation is a defensive response of living tissues to damaging agents, which exists in two forms, acute inflammation and chronic inflammation, and chronic inflammation is closely related to arthritis. Currently, the commonly prescribed anti-inflammatory medications are greatly limited by high incidence of gastrointestinal erosions in the clinical applications. Rhein, a bioactive constituent of anthraquinone, exhibits excellent anti-inflammatory activities and therapeutic effects on arthritis with less gastrointestinal damages. Although there are numbers of studies on anti-inflammatory effects and mechanisms of rhein in the last few decades, to the best of our knowledge, only a few review articles pay attention to the interactive relationships of rhein on multiple inflammatory signaling pathways and cellular processes from a comprehensive perspective. Herein, we summarized anti-inflammatory effects and mechanisms of rhein and its practical applications in the treatment of arthritis, thereby providing a reference for its basic researches and clinical applications.

Canine mammary tumours (CMTs) are the most prevalent neoplasms in female dogs. Despite the high incidence of such tumours, a lack of easily accessible biomarkers still impedes early diagnosis of malignant CMTs. Herein we identify thymidylate synthetase (TYMS), hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 1 (HAPLN1) and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 5 (IGFBP5) as CMT antigens eliciting corresponding autoantibodies in CMT cases. We establish enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) to detect autoantibodies to TYMS (TYMS-AAb), HAPLN1 (HAPLN1-AAb) and IGFBP5 (IGFBP5-AAb) in sera from 81 dogs with malignant CMTs (41 in Stage I), 24 with benign CMTs and 35 healthy controls. Levels of all the three autoantibodies are elevated in the malignant group compared with the healthy or the benign group; notably, the elevated autoantibody levels significantly correlate with the stage-I CMTs. For discriminating malignant CMTs from healthy control, the area under curve (AUC) of TYMS-AAb is 0.694 with specificity of 82.9% and sensitivity of 50.6%. The AUC of utilising HAPLN1-AAb for distinguishing the stage-I CMTs from healthy controls is 0.711 with specificity of 77.1% and sensitivity of 58.5%. In differentiating malignant CMTs from the benign, the AUC of IGFBP5-AAb reaches 0.696 with specificity of 70.8% and sensitivity of 67.9%, and a combination of IGFBP5-AAb and TYMS-AAb increases the AUC to 0.72. Finally, the AUC of combined HAPLN1-AAb and IGFBP5-AAb in discriminating the stage-I CMTs from the benign achieves 0.731. Collectively, this study highlights a significant association of the three serum autoantibodies with early stage malignant CMTs.

Latar Belakang dan Tujuan : Kraniotomi elektif memiliki kejadian komplikasi paru pascaoperasi (25%) dan mortalitas (10%) yang tinggi. Penelitian ini berusaha mengetahui efek Positive End Expiratory Pressure (PEEP) 5 cmH2O and 8 cmH2O terhadap rasio PaO2/FiO2 pascaoperasi pada kraniotomi elektif Subjek dan Metode : Uji klinis acak ini dilakukan di satu rumah sakit pendidikan di Indonesia. Lima puluh dua pasien kraniotomi elektif (usia 17-55 tahun, lama bedah >4 jam, paru normal) dirandomisasi ke dalam 2 kelompok intervensi: ventilasi mekanik perioperatif dengan low Positive End Expiratory Pressure ( PEEP) (5 cmH2O) atau moderate PEEP (8 cmH2O). Hipotesis penelitian ini adalah rasio PaO2/FiO2 kelompok moderate PEEP lebih tinggi dibandingkan low PEEP. Analisis gas darah dilakukan pada 24 jam pasca induksi Hasil : Penelitian ini tidak menunjukkan perubahan yang signifikan rasio PaO2/FiO2 antara kelompok low PEEP dan moderate PEEP. Rasio PaO2/FiO2 kelompok low PEEP dan moderate PEEP secara berurutan adalah: pada 24 jam pasca induksi, 429,34 ± 72,25 mmHg dan 458,59 ± 71,11mmHg (p =0,147). Simpulan: Perbandingan low PEEP dan moderate PEEP pada ventilasi mekanik perioperatif tidak menghasilkan perbedaan nilai rasio PaO2/FiO2yang signifikan pada 24 jam pasca induksi. The Differential Effect of Low and Moderate Positive End Expiratory Pressure (PEEP) Mechanical Ventilation to Postoperative PaO2/FiO2 Ratio in Elective Craniotomy Abstract Background and Objective : Elective craniotomy is associated with high incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications (PPC, 25%) and mortality (10%). We determined to study the effect of Positive End Expiratory Pressure (PEEP) 5 cmH2O and 8 cmH2O to postoperative PaO2 / FiO2 ratio (PF ratio) in elective craniotomy. Subject and Methods : This randomized clinical trial was at a university hospital in Indonesia. Fifty two elective craniotomy patients (ages 17–55 years, surgical duration> 4 hours, normal lung) were randomized into 2 intervention groups: perioperative mechanical ventilation with low PEEP (5 cmH2O) or moderate PEEP (8 cmH2O). The hypothesis of this study is that the ratio of PaO2 / FiO2 in the moderate PEEP group is higher than low PEEP. Blood gas analysis was performed 24 hours post induction. Results : This study did not show a significant difference in the PaO2/FiO2 ratio between the low PEEP and moderate PEEP groups. The PaO2 / FiO2 ratios of the low PEEP and moderate PEEP groups were respectively: at 24 hours post induction, 429.34 ± 72.25 mmHg and 458.59 ± 71.11mmHg (p = 0.147). Conclusions : Comparison of low PEEP and moderate PEEP in perioperative mechanical ventilation did not result in a significant difference in the value of the PaO2/FiO2 ratio at 24 hours post induction

The high incidence of disease in captive pangolins is a major obstacle in pangolin‐conservation breeding programs. Therefore, elucidating pangolins’ susceptibility to disease is the key to conservation progress. At the Pangolin Research Base for Artificial Rescue and Conservation Breeding of South China Normal University (PRB‐SCNU), vitamin A deficiency was diagnosed in 14 captive Sunda pangolins. Typical eye signs included lacrimal eyes, keratopathy and a blank, milky orb. The afflicted pangolins were treated with vitamins A and D for 15–30 days; all individuals recovered. We report the detection and treatment of vitamin A deficiency in captive Sunda pangolins at the PRB‐SCNU. Our results could provide guidance for the future prevention and treatment of vitamin A deficiency and associated diseases in pangolin species, both to reduce the incidence of these diseases in captive pangolins and to aid conservation efforts., Captive Sunda pangolins are prone to vitamin A deficiency. Typical eye signs include lacrimal eyes, keratopathy and a blank, milky orb. Vitamin A‐deficient pangolins were treated with vitamin A and D dietary supplements, leading to full recovery.

Tibial plateau fractures represent a highly variable spectrum of injury that requires a multifaceted diagnostic and therapeutic approach in order to adequately treat. Constant vigilance is required to consider all the injured structures and avoid focusing only on the bony aspect of the injury. Management of the soft tissue envelope and repair/reconstruction of critical stabilizing structures of the knee should be at the forefront of the thought process when approaching these complex injuries. This article aims to emphasize the high incidence of injury to associated soft tissue structures and provide general approach considerations to these complex injuries.

Background Axial myopia is the most common type of myopia. However, due to the high incidence of myopia in Chinese children, few studies estimating the physiological elongation of the ocular axial length (AL), which does not cause myopia progression and differs from the non-physiological elongation of AL, have been conducted. The purpose of our study was to construct a machine learning (ML)-based model for estimating the physiological elongation of AL in a sample of Chinese school-aged myopic children. Methods In total, 1011 myopic children aged 6 to 18 years participated in this study. Cross-sectional datasets were used to optimize the ML algorithms. The input variables included age, sex, central corneal thickness (CCT), spherical equivalent refractive error (SER), mean K reading (K-mean), and white-to-white corneal diameter (WTW). The output variable was AL. A 5-fold cross-validation scheme was used to randomly divide all data into 5 groups, including 4 groups used as training data and one group used as validation data. Six types of ML algorithms were implemented in our models. The best-performing algorithm was applied to predict AL, and estimates of the physiological elongation of AL were obtained as the partial derivatives of ALpredicted-age curves based on an unchanged SER value with increasing age. Results Among the six algorithms, the robust linear regression model was the best model for predicting AL, with a R2 value of 0.87 and relatively minimal averaged errors between the predicted AL and true AL. Based on the partial derivatives of the ALpredicted-age curves, the estimated physiological AL elongation varied from 0.010 to 0.116 mm/year in male subjects and 0.003 to 0.110 mm/year in female subjects and was influenced by age, SER and K-mean. According to the model, the physiological elongation of AL linearly decreased with increasing age and was negatively correlated with the SER and the K-mean. Conclusions The physiological elongation of the AL is rarely recorded in clinical data in China. In cases of unavailable clinical data, an ML algorithm could provide practitioners a reasonable model that can be used to estimate the physiological elongation of AL, which is especially useful when monitoring myopia progression in orthokeratology lens wearers.

This study was performed on a commercial dairy herd of 127 Holstein cows with an outbreak of digital dermatitis (DD). Fifty-four DD-affected cows and 20 clinically healthy cows of the same days in milk (DIM) were selected. A detailed examination of each cow feet was recorded. Gross description and anatomic distribution of DD lesions were recorded. Lesions were biopsied and evaluated histopathologically. Lameness scoring was performed. Milk yield and BCS of the DD-affected and healthy cows were compared. Effectiveness of topical oxytetracycline treatment was assessed. The disease was contagious, a total of 54/127 cows were affected in which 70 lesions were identified. The consistent findings were lameness, reduced mobility and a localized painful dermatitis on hind claws. Most cows were clinically lame (62.9%). In the majority (92.6%) of cows only one hind leg was affected, and the left was more affected than the right one (51.9% vs 40.7%). The lesions most commonly (55.6%) were located on the back of hind legs on heel region. Majority of lesions were M2 (44.3%), large size (74.3%), painful (82.9), pink/red (62.9%), deep (42.9%), and circular (60%). Milk yield and BCS significantly decreased in DD-affected cows as compared to healthy cows. Lesions were responsive to topical oxytetracycline treatment. In conclusion, DD is a major cause of lameness in dairy farms and has a negative impact on milk yield and BCS. High incidence of lesions on the back of hind claws is characteristic for DD. Topical oxytetracycline is effective in DD lesions treatment.

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a malignancy with relatively high incidence and poor prognosis. RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) were reported to be dysregulated in multiple cancers and were closely associated with tumor initiation and progression. However, an integrated analysis of the roles of RBPs in HNSCC has not been conducted. In the present study, we obtained transcriptome data and corresponding clinical information of HNSCC patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas database and screened out differentially expressed RBPs between tumor and normal tissues. Subsequently, we utilized a series of bioinformatics analyses to elucidate the potential functions and prognostic value of these RBPs in HNSCC. As a result, a total of 88 aberrantly expressed RBPs were identified, including 63 downregulated and 25 upregulated RBPs. Functional enrichment analysis suggested that the differentially expressed RBPs mainly participated in mRNA metabolic processes, RNA processing, RNA transport, regulation of RNA stability, RNA degradation, and mRNA surveillance pathway. Three RBP genes (

The paradigms of contemporary caries management have shifted to minimal intervention dentistry. Conservative restorative procedures are recommended to replace the complete removal of all carious tissues in the management of dental caries. This article reports two clinical cases of conservative restorations of proximal caries. Different conservative cavity designs and restorative techniques were performed in the two cases. Proximal caries in posterior teeth were prepared using the box-only preparation technique or the proximal tunnel preparation technique. The cavities were restored directly with resin composites. The advantages of using the box-only preparation with fissure sealant included the maximum conservation of tooth hard tissues and the prevention of unnecessary tissue removal in the occlusal surface. The tunnel preparation preserved the marginal ridge and protected the restored tooth from fracture. The filling of composites into the tunnel demonstrated a better marginal adaptation than other restorative materials. These two techniques allowed for the preservation of more healthy dental hard tissue compared with traditional techniques. Potential problems in the restoration included the high incidence of the inappropriate removal of dental hard tissue, damage of the vital pulp and the microleakage due to the polymerization shrinkage. The solutions to minimize the risk of these problems in the operative procedures were discussed.

Gastric cancer (GC) is a malignancy with high incidence and mortality rates worldwide. It has a severe impact on patients diagnosed and on society. With the rapid development of bioinformatics and detection technologies, non‑coding RNAs have been demonstrated to play important roles in gastric carcinogenesis, including circular RNAs (circRNAs) and long non‑coding RNAs (lncRNAs). Previous studies have indicated that these two types of RNAs with notable characteristics can serve as promising biomarkers for clinical diagnosis and prognosis. The identification of relevant mechanisms has revealed the immense potential of circRNAs and lncRNAs in the treatment of GC. However, there are still numerous issues that need to be resolved. The present review focuses on the clinical translation of circRNAs and lncRNAs into GC. Important achievements and currently existing limitations in this field of research are summarized from recent studies. The present review also proposes serviceable suggestions for further development.

Objective Multiple attempts at labour epidural placement result in patient discomfort and high incidence of complications. Identifying the factors that lead to more than one attempt would help anaesthesiologists prepare in advance such as getting expert help and additional equipment, patient counselling or planning alternative management. Methods This prospective observational study was conducted on 500 patients from July 2017 to June 2018 after obtaining approval from the institutional Ethics Review Committee. The study patients consisted of full-term parturient women who were admitted in the labour room suite of Aga Khan Hospital requesting for labour epidural and consented to participate in the study. A predesigned form was used to collect the following data: number of attempts at epidural insertion and factors such as patients' demographics, cervical dilatation, anatomical grading of spine according to visibility and palpation of spinous process and vertebral interspace, experience level of the anaesthesiologist, patient satisfaction and pain score during labour. Results The average age of the patients was 28.11±4.02 years. The total number of epidural attempts varied between one and four; the median number of attempts was 1 [IQR=1-2]. Anatomical grade of the spine was the only factor that was significantly associated with more than one attempt at epidural insertion (p=0.0005). Patient satisfaction was negatively associated with the number of attempts (p=0.04), but mean pain difference at different time points during the course of labour was not statistically significant between patients with one attempt and those with more than one attempt. Conclusion Determining the anatomical grade of the spine is the most reliable method for predicting a technically difficult neuraxial block that requires more than one attempt at epidural insertion.

The high incidence of cervical cancer in Indonesia is up to almost 80%. The cause of action is needed early detection through examination visual inspection with acetic acid/pap smear as a precaution to handling this disease. Women have avoided early detection through pap smear due to a lack of knowledge. The study's purpose was to determine the effect of health education with the module and video testimonials on increasing knowledge, attitude, and behavior in the early detection of cervical cancer by pap smear in Community Health Centers District Cipayung. This study uses a Quasi Experiment with pretest-posttest design in two groups, consisting of groups with a module method and groups by watching testimonial videos. Data obtained from questionnaires for knowledge, attitude, and behavior. The total samples are 70. Each group is 35 respondents. The results showed in the module group, and there were differences in knowledge before and after health education (p-value 0,000) and behavior (0.029). There are differences in knowledge (p-value 0.046) and behavior (0,000). This study also shows differences in behavior after getting health education between modules and video testimonials (p-value 0.003). Education of respondents influences knowledge (p-value 0,000). Health education using video testimonials increases attitudes and behaviors towards the early detection of cervical cancer.

Decitabine is a hypomethylating drug that is used to treat myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) at a recommended dose and schedule (20 mg/m2 per day, for 5 consecutive days). However, due to its relatively high incidence of side effects and its effects on neoplastic cells, many studies have begun to explore the clinical application of a low dose of decitabine for treating MDS. In this retrospective study, we examined the effects of a very-low-dose decitabine schedule for treating MDS. A total of 13 patients diagnosed with de novo MDS received a schedule of intravenous decitabine administration at 6 mg/m2 per day for 7 days, repeated every 4 weeks. The complete response rate was 30.8%, and the overall response rate was 69.2%. In patients with complete remission, the median time to granulocyte recovery greater than 0.5 × 109/L during complete remission (CR) was 15 days. In patients with remission, the median time to granulocyte recovery greater than 0.5 × 109/L was 10.5 days. The 1-year survival rate was 72.7% and the median survival was 28.0 months. In summary, we demonstrated that a very-low-dose decitabine schedule has an appreciable response and survival rate, as well as appreciable tolerance and medical compliance for treating MDS.

AIMS We investigated the prevalence of non-medical use (NMU) of benzodiazepines and GABA analogues in Europe. METHODS Data were collected using the online Non-Medical Use of Prescription Drugs (NMURx) survey from France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the UK. RESULTS The study included 55 223 eligible surveys which, after post-stratification weights were applied, represented approximately 260 million European adults. Lifetime NMU of benzodiazepines was highest in Spain (6.5%, 95% CI: 6.0-7.0) and lowest in Germany (1.7%, 1.5-2.0). Lifetime NMU of GABA analogues was highest in Germany (5.4%, 5.0-5.7) and lowest in France (2.2%, 1.9-2.5) and the UK (2.2%, 1.9-2.6) While no notable difference was observed for France or the UK, there was a higher prevalence of last 12-month NMU of benzodiazepines compared to GABA analogues in Italy (2.4 times higher) and Spain (3.0 times higher) and a higher prevalence of NMU of GABA analogues compared to benzodiazepines in Germany (2.6 times higher). CONCLUSION This study shows that there is variation in NMU of benzodiazepines and GABA analogues among countries. Of particular interest is the high incidence of GABA analogue NMU in Germany and benzodiazepine NMU in Spain. Further research to identify factors and motivations responsible for the higher prevalence observed are essential to inform public health policies in those countries.

Stunting is a chronic malnutrition problem caused by a prolonged lack of nutrition due to feeding that is not in accordance with nutritional needs. The high incidence of stunting and LBW is a problem. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between birth weight and the incidence of stunting in children under five at Gunungsari Health Center, West Lombok. This type of research is an analytic survey method through a cross sectional approach with a total sample of 162 people, taken using purposive sampling. The independent variable is birth weight. The dependent variable in this study is stunting. The results showed that there was a relationship between birth weight and the incidence of stunting in children under five at Gunungsari Health Center, West Lombok in 2019, the P value = 0.000 with OR = 4.01 (95% CI: 1.99 - 8.09), which This means that children who have a history of LBW have a 4.01 times greater risk of being very short compared to children born without LBW. Â

Introduction Schaaf-Yang syndrome (SYS) is a genetic disorder caused by truncating variants in the MAGEL2 gene located in the maternally imprinted Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) region at 15q11-13. The SYS phenotype shares features with PWS, a syndrome with known high incidence of sleep disorders. However, the spectrum of sleep-disorders in SYS has not been described. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of polysomnograms from 22 patients in an international SYS cohort. Sleep characteristics for individuals with the common c.1996dupC variant (n = 10) were compared to other truncating variants (n = 11). Results We collected 33 sleep study reports from 22 patients, ages 2 months - 18.5 years (mean 6.5 years). Mean sleep efficiency was 70.5% (range 45%-93%) with arousal index 14.1/h (1.2-45/h). The mean apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) was 19.1/h (0.9-49/h) with mean obstructive AHI (oAHI) of 16.3/h (0.6-49/h). Mean central apnea index was 2.8/h (0-14/h). Mean oxygen desaturation index was 20.8/h (range 0-85/hr). Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) was diagnosed in 81%, and 62% had moderate or severe OSA. Elevated central apnea index occurred in 9.5%. Comparison by genotype groups and age did not reveal any difference in OSA findings. Periodic limb movement index (PLMI) was elevated in 4/15 (26%). Conclusion OSA is frequently identified on polysomnography in patients with SYS. The mean PLMI is elevated compared to normative data. Patients with SYS should have routine polysomnography screening due to high risk of sleep disorders.

peer-reviewed The full text of this article will not be available in ULIR until the embargo expires on the 07/08/2021 The high incidence of injury during swim training and the increasing demands of the sports make monitoring of the swimmer's training load a key concept requiring further investigation. Research has previously introduced numerous methods for the purposes of monitoring the swimmer's training load, but a narrative review discussing the strengths and limitations of each method is lacking. Consequently, this narrative review aims to summarize the monitoring strategies that have been applied in research on competitive swimmers. This knowledge can assist professionals in the field in choosing which method is appropriate in their particular setting. The results from this study showed that external training load was predominantly obtained through real‐life observation of the swimmers’ training volume. However, research has investigated a number of internal load monitoring tools, including blood lactate, training heart rate, and perceived effort of training. To date, blood lactate markers are still considered most accurate and especially recommended at higher levels of competitive swimming or for those at greater risk of injury. Further, mood state profiling has been suggested as an early indicator of overtraining and may be applied at the lower competitive levels of swimming. Professionals in the field should consider the individual, the aim of the current training phase, and additional logistical issues when determining the appropriate monitoring strategy in their setting.

El esguince lateral de tobillo es una lesión muy frecuente en la práctica clínica y una de sus complicaciones es la lesión del nervio peroneal. Aunque hay pocos casos reportados, la alta incidencia de este esguince, hace creer que la lesión del peroneal es subdiagnosticada. En la literatura médica en español solo se encontró un reporte de caso. Se presentan dos casos de esta lesión y se discute su fisiopatología, tipo de lesión nerviosa, tiempo de recuperación y hallazgos electrofisiológicos.

There is a need for more research on selective or Tier 2 interventions to support students with challenging classroom behaviors. Existing Tier 2 interventions lack effective mechanisms such as auto...

Introduction Given the high incidence of hand and wrist injuries, they are exceptionally costly to the economy. This prospective, longitudinal study aimed to establish methods for capturing the burden of acute hand and wrist injury from an individual and societal perspective. Methods A prospective longitudinal design with baseline measures of injury type and severity, and repeated measures of disability, cost, and activity limitations and participation restrictions at six weeks, three months, and six months was selected. Participants were recruited from two large urban Australian public health care services. We sought to establish methods for capturing the burden of acute hand and wrist injury from an individual and societal perspective and compare survey completion by the method of administration. Results A total of 206 patients consented to participate in this study, representing 54% of those invited to participate. The survey completion rates were 18% at six weeks, 2.4% at twelve weeks, and 0.004% at six months following injury. From the limited data collected at six weeks, it was noted that nearly half of the patients reported a decrease in usual financial income, 14% reported absenteeism, and 62% reported presenteeism. Participants who elected to have data collected via phone call had the highest survey completion rate ( n = 6/10; 30%) at six-week’s follow-up. Discussion The study findings highlight the difficulties of completing longitudinal survey research investigating individual and societal burden with this population. Future research should be carefully designed to encourage participation and retention by considering patient and public involvement in study design, the time burden placed on the participants within and across selected survey time points, providing participants with incentives to participate, and highlighting the relevance and real-world applications of the findings.

The aim of this study was to assess brown rust resistance of new sugarcane varieties bred in China and main cultivated varieties in sugarcane planting area, and screen the elite new brown rust resistant varieties for popularization and application in production. In total, 60 new varieties in the national regional test of new sugarcane varieties were tested in Kaiyuan and Lincang, and 34 main cultivated varieties were studied in Lincang, Puer, and Yuxi, Yunnan province, and Yizhou, Guangxi province, China, where the incidence of brown rust was particularly high. The resistance of these sugarcane varieties to brown rust was investigated under natural inoculation and molecular marker-assisted identification was used to detect the brown rust resistance gene Bru1 . The results of field survey showed that 66 (70.21%) of the 94 new and main cultivated varieties were highly resistant to moderately resistant, and 28 (29.79%) were susceptible to highly susceptible. Molecular detection indicated that Bru1 gene was found among 54 (57.45%) of the 94 new and main cultivated varieties. Some main cultivated varieties that were currently planted across large areas such as Guitang 29, Guitang 44, Dezhe 03-83, Liucheng 03-1137, Yuetang 60, and Guitang 46 were highly susceptible to brown rust, and 31 new varieties such as Yuegan 48, Funong 09-2201, Guitang 08-120, Liucheng 09-15, Zhongzhe 1, Yunzhe 08-1609, Yunrui 10-187, and Zhongtang 1201 were resistant. Therefore, in the sugarcane planting areas with high incidence of brown rust and wet and rainy climates, more effort should be eliminated the main susceptible varieties and promoted the application of new resistant varieties. This will help to achieve a reasonable distribution of varieties, fundamentally control the outbreak of disease in sugarcane planting areas, and provide security for the high-quality development of sugarcane industry in China in the future.

This meta-analysis explores the role of the posterior cerebellum Crus I/II in social mentalizing. We identified over 200 functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies via NeuroSynth that met our inclusion criteria and fell within bilateral Crus II areas related to ‘sequencing’ during mentalizing (coordinates ±24 −76 −40; from earlier studies) and mere social ‘mentalizing’ or self-related emotional cognition (coordinates ±26 −84 −34; from NeuroSynth), located in the cerebellar mentalizing network. A large majority of these studies (74%) involved mentalizing or self-related emotional cognition. Other functions formed small minorities. This high incidence in Crus II compares very favorably against the lower base rate for mentalizing and self-related emotions (around 35%) across the whole brain as revealed in NeuroSynth. In contrast, there was much less support for a similar role of Crus I (coordinates −40 −70 −40 from earlier ‘sequencing’ studies) as only 35% of the studies were related to mentalizing or self-related emotions. The present findings show that a domain-specific social mentalizing functionality is supported in the cerebellar Crus II. This has important implications for theories of the social cerebellum focusing on sequencing of social actions, and for cerebellar neurostimulation treatments.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common causes of cancer-related death around the world due to advanced clinical stage at diagnosis, high incidence of recurrence and metastasis after surgical treatment. It is in urgent need to create appropriate animal models to explore the mechanism, patterns, risk factors, and therapeutic strategies of HCC metastasis and recurrence. However, most of the established models lack the phenotype of invasion and metastasis in patient, or have unstable phenotype. To establish HCC models with stable metastasis phenotype requires profound understanding in cancer metastasis biology and scientific methodology. Over the past 3 decades, HCC models with stable metastasis have been extensively studied. This paper reviewed the history and development of HCC animal models and cell models, focusing on the screening and maintaining of metastatic potential and phenotype. In-depth studies using these models vastly promote the understanding of cellular and molecular mechanisms and development of therapeutic strategies on HCC metastasis.

Management of the pediatric burn patient presents a variety of clinical challenges for the pediatric anesthesiologist. Despite the high incidence of burn injuries, standard management strategies are far from universal. The complex physiologic changes presented by burn injuries present airway management and resuscitation challenges and mandate careful consideration of adequate nutritional support. Long hospital stays with frequent operations and dressing changes necessitate creative approaches to anxiolysis and pain control. Underutilized modalities warranting further research include regional anesthesia and nonpharmacologic approaches, such as virtual reality. Further research and collaboration between burn centers are needed to standardize care for this population.

We detected 213 lodging QTLs and demonstrated that drought-induced stem lodging in grain sorghum is substantially associated with stay-green and plant height suggesting a critical role of carbon remobilisation. Sorghum is generally grown in water limited conditions and often lodges under post-anthesis drought, which reduces yield and quality. Due to its complexity, our understanding on the genetic control of lodging is very limited. We dissected the genetic architecture of lodging in grain sorghum through genome-wide association study (GWAS) on 2308 unique hybrids grown in 17 Australian sorghum trials over 3 years. The GWAS detected 213 QTLs, the majority of which showed a significant association with leaf senescence and plant height (72% and 71%, respectively). Only 16 lodging QTLs were not associated with either leaf senescence or plant height. The high incidence of multi-trait association for the lodging QTLs indicates that lodging in grain sorghum is mainly associated with plant height and traits linked to carbohydrate remobilisation. This result supported the selection for stay-green (delayed leaf senescence) to reduce lodging susceptibility, rather than selection for short stature and lodging resistance per se, which likely reduces yield. Additionally, our data suggested a protective effect of stay-green on weakening the association between lodging susceptibility and plant height. Our study also showed that lodging resistance might be improved by selection for stem composition but was unlikely to be improved by selection for classical resistance to stalk rots.

After 2008, a movement opposing waste incinerators swept across many cities in China. At the time, there was already a conflictual relationship between L waste incinerator in Guangdong and surrounding residents, but the ‘Panyu incident’ caused what was originally a small local conflict to become an issue of wider and even national concern. The list of ‘cancer victims’ that circulated on the internet, and related media reports, gradually convinced the public that the waste incinerator plant was responsible for high rates of lung cancer among residents. However, our investigations found that there were numerous errors in the information about the incidence of lung cancer. The chapter discusses what we discovered about the complex background to this case, and the reasons why rumours and misinformation spread so easily at this time.

Background and Methods: Comparison of age patterns of childhood and adolescent childhood thyroid cancer after the nuclear accidents in Fukushima and Chernobyl is often used as a criterion of radiationinduced thyroid cancer in Fukushima. The Fukushima Health Management Survey reports that thyroid cancers in Fukushima are unlikely to be radiation-induced, and one reason for the conclusion was no case was found in the age of 0-5 years at exposure. Published data on the health effects of the Chernobyl accident were analysed to assess whether there was one age pattern common in Chernobyl to be used as a criterion of radiation-induced thyroid cancer. Various age distributions of thyroid cancer as to the age at exposure and age at diagnosis, which depend on the country and the extent of radiation contamination, were studied as a function of years after exposure. Results and Conclusion: The highest incidence of thyroid cancer for infants aged 0-4 at exposure was observed only in Belarus. The high incidence of age group 0-4 AE became apparent only after 12 years from the accident in Ukraine and Russia. Age distribution of diagnosed or suspected thyroid cancer cases in Fukushima by age at exposure shifts to younger age side, average age from 14.9 to 8.3 years in 9 years after the accident. This trend agrees with the one in Ukraine and Russia. Because there is no common age pattern in Chernobyl, we should better not use age pattern as a simple criterion of radiation-induced thyroid cancer.

O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a presença de LER/DORT (lesões por esforços repetitivos/distúrbios osteomusculares relacionados ao trabalho) entre os funcionários dos serviços gerais do Campus Dom Bosco da Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei. Trata-se de um estudo original, com delineamento transversal, em que a amostra foi composta por 24 funcionários, os quais foram submetidos à aplicação de uma ficha de anamnese, avaliação postural e realização de testes clínico-ortopédicos específicos. Os dados foram analisados pelo programa GrhamPrism 5.0, considerando o nível de significância de 5%. Os resultados demonstraram que existe alta incidência de distúrbios musculoesqueléticas entre os funcionários avaliados. As alterações posturais mais encontradas foram: as protrusões e inclinações da cabeça, elevações dos ombros, escápulas elevadas e aladas, hipercifose torácica, retificação torácica, hiperlordose lombar, escoliose, joelhos em valgo, varo e recurvatum e calcâneosem valgo. Deste modo, infere-se que a alta incidência de alterações posturais pode estar relacionada a atividade exercida pelo servidor, bem como a postura que este adota ao realizar tais atividades. Tal fato aponta a necessidade da realização de intervenções terapêuticas e preventivas que visem minimizar e prevenir tais danos nessa população.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), obesity, diabetes, cancers and other chronic diseases are becoming main contributors to the global burden of disease, even as nutritional deficiencies are receding as leading contributors to mortality and disability. Diet is closely related to nutrition and health, which has been extensively investigated as risk factors for major chronic diseases. The past two decades have witnessed rapid changes in dietary pattern in China. However, a critical thinking of Chinese diet behind these changes is less emphasized. Given the causal relationship between nutrition and disease, lack of adequate nutrition and unhealthy diet habits might be responsible for the high incidence of chronic diseases in China in recent years. To this end, we will critically review some open problems in current diet compositions and the importance of regular mealtimes. The intake level of dietary supplements in China will also be discussed.

Purpose Recurrence after pituitary surgery in Cushing’s disease (CD) is a common problem ranging from 5% (minimum) to 50% (maximum) after initially successful surgery, respectively. In this review, we give an overview of the current literature regarding prevalence, diagnosis, and therapeutic options of recurrent CD. Methods We systematically screened the literature regarding recurrent and persistent Cushing’s disease using the MESH term Cushing’s disease and recurrence. Of 717 results in PubMed, all manuscripts in English and German published between 1980 and April 2020 were screened. Case reports, comments, publications focusing on pediatric CD or CD in veterinary disciplines or studies with very small sample size (patient number Results and conclusions Because of the high incidence of recurrence in CD, annual clinical and biochemical follow-up is paramount. 50% of recurrences occur during the first 50 months after first surgery. In case of recurrence, treatment options include second surgery, pituitary radiation, targeted medical therapy to control hypercortisolism, and bilateral adrenalectomy. Success rates of all these treatment options vary between 25 (some of the medical therapy) and 100% (bilateral adrenalectomy). All treatment options have specific advantages, limitations, and side effects. Therefore, treatment decisions have to be individualized according to the specific needs of the patient.

To systematically evaluate the sella morphology and pituitary gland height on brain MRI of Chiari II malformation (C2M) patients to understand the observed high incidence of apparent enlargement of the pituitary gland.Brain MRIs of C2M patients at a single tertiary care adult institution were retrospectively reviewed. We also evaluated two age and gender-matched control groups-patients with normal brain MRI (C1 group) and chronic ventricular shunts (C2 group). The heights of tuberculum sella, dorsum sella, and pituitary gland were measured and compared. The presence or absence of dural thickening was noted.21 patients were included in each group. In C2M group, a pituitary adenoma was suggested on 24% of the MRIs. The dorsum sella was significantly smaller in the C2M group (4.8 mm) compared to both the C1 group (7.4 mm, p 0.001) and the C2 group (7.1 mm, p 0.001). The pituitary gland was also larger in the cranial-caudal dimension in C2M group (8.6 mm) as compared to both the C1 group (6.6 mm, p 0.01) and the C2 group (6.0 mm, p 0.001). One C2M patient with a pituitary gland10 mm was suggested to have a pituitary adenoma on outside MRI, although a normal pituitary gland was seen on pathology.C2M patients have shallow sella which can accentuate the pituitary gland height. The mean pituitary height was larger in C2M patients, but no functional pituitary pathology was present. It is important to consider sella morphology when evaluating the pituitary gland of C2M patients to avoid unnecessary medical and surgical interventions.

Background and Aims: Hemoglobinopathies and thalassemias are the commonest single gene disorders in India. In Terai region of India, Hemoglobinopathies and thalassemias are the most common in the Tharu community. Therefore, in this study, we aim to evaluate the Hb variant analysis of hemoglobinopathies and thalassemias in a Tharu population in Lakhimpur Kheri Districts of Uttar Pradesh, India. Materials and Methods: Total 493 individuals were recruited in this study. The demographic details and blood samples were collected from different location at Kheri district during mega health camp. Hb variant analysis was performed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system beta thalassemia short program in BIO-RAD VARIANT. Results: Out of 493, 108 (21.9%) individual suffers with abnormal haemoglobinopathies. In which β-thalassemia trait is the commonest haemoglobinopathy (12.98%), followed by HbE trait (7.50%), and compound heterozygous HbS/β-Thalassemia trait (1.42%) in overall population. The HbF was significantly greater in HbS heterozygous (1.45 ± 1.41), whereas mean HbA2 was significantly greater in β-Thalassemia trait (5.17 ± 1.36). Conclusion: The high incidence of hemoglobinopathies and thalassemias were observed in Tharu community in Lakhimpur Kheri districts of Uttar Pradesh, Indian.

Hyperthermic intraperitoneal perfusion chemotherapy (HIPEC) following cytoreductive surgery (CRS) has been applied for peritoneal metastasis (PM) from colorectal cancer (CRC). This study aimed to compare oxaliplatin (OX) with mitomycin C (MMC) in HIPEC for PM from CRC in surgical and survival outcomes. A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed and Ovid databases for studies comparing OX with MMC in HIPEC for PM from CRC. The last search was performed on June 21, 2020. Eleven articles published between 2006 and 2020 with 2091 patients were included. When compared with MMC group, the OX group showed significantly higher rate of major complications (P = 0.006, OR = 1.57, 95% CI [1.14, 2.16], I2 = 0%). Besides, no significant difference was observed between the two groups for survival outcomes, regardless of 3-year overall survival (P = 0.98, OR = 1.00, 95% CI [0.83, 1.22], I2 = 0%), 3-year disease-free survival (P = 0.98, OR = 1.00, 95% CI [0.83, 1.22], I2 = 0%), or 5-year overall survival (P = 0.91, OR = 1.01, 95% CI [0.81, 1.26], I2 = 0%). OX and MMC could achieve comparable survival in HIPEC for PM from CRC. However, in consideration of the high incidence of major complication in OX group, MMC might be the safer one in clinical routines.

We explore risk factors and impacts of post-transplant EBV-Reactivation (EBV-R) and PTLD in 270 patients that underwent RIC alloHCT using ATG-PTCy and cyclosporine for GVHD prophylaxis. Twenty-five (12%) patients had probable (

Purpose High incidence of workplace bullying in Indian organizations is well-acknowledged, but less is known about the games that bullies play to create a favorable atmosphere for bullying in academic institutions. This study aims to reveal the “safe game” tactics that the bullies use to chase targets like a predator chases his prey. Design/methodology/approach The study explores various manifestations of academic bullying by analyzing the victimization experiences of women faculty in academic institutions. The data were collected through in-depth, semi-structured interviews and informal discussions to explore the victimization episodes in detail. Findings The analysis indicates a set of common manifestations framed by bullies in academia to create a favorable environment for bullying. These manifestations often play out in a sequence. Initially, the targets are overloaded with work to portray the victims as incapable and less competent. Then, the bullies lodge many formal complaints with the help of their supporters. Finally, they create an environment of silence by threatening them for their responses against bullying. Originality/value This paper is supported by previous research in this area and progresses by exploring the experiences of the victims in academics to find a common sequence in the mistreatment they suffer. The study concludes by showing unexplored areas in research on workplace bullying in the academic sector and provides a foundation for further research.

Purpose: The high incidence of mathematics anxiety and disengagement in mathematics points to poor student well-being in many mathematics classrooms. Poor well-being may arise in part from poor alignment between student values and classroom experiences. Yet, what student well-being is and how to support it within specific subjects is poorly understood, and intersection between students’ values and well-being in mathematics education is unclear. This article proposes a seven-dimensional framework of student well-being in mathematics education and examines alignment between well-being and values. Design/Approach/Methods: One hundred nineteen eighth-grade Australian students responded to three open-ended questions investigating their conceptions of mathematical well-being (MWB) and what they valued most when learning or doing mathematics. Responses were analyzed using a combined deductive/inductive thematic analysis. Findings: Findings supported the MWB framework and confirmed an alignment between students’ values and well-being in mathematics education. Originality/Value: Our study provides a framework for conceptualizing student well-being in mathematics education, points to areas that aim to improve student well-being, and highlights congruences and discordances between well-being and values.

Schistosomiasis is a frequent parasitic disease in tropical and subtropical countries. The objective of this research was to analyze the spatiotemporal dynamics of schistosomiasis mansoni in the state of Alagoas, from 2007 to 2017. This is a mixed ecological, with statistical treatment performed in three steps: temporal modeling; simple descriptive analysis (absolute and relative frequencies); spatial modeling. 827 new cases of mansonic schistosomiasis were reported in Alagoas, with an incidence rate of 2.37 / 100 thousand inhabitants. Over the time series, the regression model showed two distinct behaviors, the first of which declined between 2007 and 2012, whose incidence rate decreased from 5.75 / 100 thousand to 0.88 / 100 thousand (APC-29.78 %; p

In an epidemiological study traumatic injury to the thoracolumbar area constitute of 75% of total back skeletal injuries. Most of these injuries comprises of thoracolumbar segment of the spine (t10 to l2), also high incidence of neurological deficits is associated with thoracolumbar fractures. Numerous classifications were proposed on an anatomical basis to guide the management of TL fractures and define the indications for surgery but none of these classification systems have taken into account the stabilizing effect of para- spinal muscles. The aim of this article is to review the present literature on evidence of management of TL fractures using operative versus conservative techniques. 40 patients with dorsolumbar spine injuries falling into inclusion criteria were managed with conservative and operative intervention between December 2008 to January 2010. 16 patients were treated with operative intervention with short or long segmented fixation & fusion with bone grafts.24 patients were treated non operatively with DLSO brace and kept immobilised for 4-6 weeks. The maximum period of follow up was 18 to 24 months with a minimum period of follow up of 9 to 12 months. At follow up on regular check of neurological status, 50% of operatively treated patients were showing improvement. Patients treated non operatively had no or occasional pain according to pain score. 10 patients had excellent score treated operatively while 12 patients had good score. 8 patients treated non operatively had good to fair score according to grading for neurological improvement by SRS (scoliosis research society). Surgical intervention should be advocated in cases of unstable burst fractures of the dorsolumbar region, irrespective of status of neurological damage, but might be restricted in the patients with incomplete spinal cord injuries.

Background: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) represents a significant change in the management of gallbladder disease and it is the most commonly performed operation of the digestive tract. It is considered as the gold standard treatment for Cholelithiasis. For acute Cholecystitis, however, the use of laparoscopic cholecystectomy has been controversial up until recently, because of the high open conversion rate and the high incidence of postoperative complications.Aim of the study: To study efficacy of laparoscopy for acute Cholecystitis.Materials and methods: For the study, we retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients aged 30-65 years with acute Cholecystitis who underwent Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) and were compared patients who underwent open cholecystectomy (OC). A total of 120 patients (70 for LC and 50 for OC) were reviewed.Results: Our study group comprised of 120 total patients. 70 had undergone LC and 50 had undergone OC. On comparing the demographics of the patients, the results were found to be statistically non-significant for all the parameters. We observed that mean operative time for LC was 49.69 min and for OC was 62.36 min.Conclusion: Within the limitations of the present study, it can be concluded that laparoscopic cholecystectomy has equal efficacy for acute Cholecystitis patients as compared to open cholecystectomy.