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Reproductive failure (anoestrus) is a one of the major problem in cattle production of Bangladesh due to under feeding and unavailability of balanced ration. This study was conducted for a period from July 2009 to June 2010 to determine the nutritional impact on the follicular growth using blood hormone assays and the rate of anoestrus in cows following dietary restriction and to develop a feasible feeding technique concerning the available feed ingredients in local market. A uniform group of 2-3 years old 15 heifers were selected and were grouped randomly into three named T1(60% feeding restriction), T2(40% feeding restriction) and T3 (standard feeding). Body condition score (BCS) and body weight were measured by standard method. Hormonal assays were analyzed to determine the impacts of restricted feeding on the ovarian follicular cycle using blood sera. The average BCS and body weight was decreased significantly (p<0.01) in the animals of T1 and T2 compared to control T0. The average values of estrogen and progestrogen was decreased significantly (p<0.01) in restricted feeding heifers (T1& T2) than that of standard feeding heifers (T3). About 50% heifers showed irregular estrus and 50% showed anoestrus signs in the animals of T1 group. In addition, a total of 60% animals showed irregular estrus and 40% showed anoestrus condition in animals of T2 group. On the other hand, the animals of control group showed regular estrous cycle with good hormonal assays. Standard feeding could improve the cattle production efficiency by overcoming the reproductive failure using available feed ingredients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Bayesian estimation approach is a non-classical estimation technique in statistical inference and is very useful in real world situation. The aim of this paper is to study the Bayes estimators of the parameter of exponential distribution under different loss functions and compared among them as well as with the classical estimator named maximum likelihood estimator (MLE). Since exponential distribution is the lifetime distribution, we have studied exponential distribution using gamma prior. Here the gamma prior is used as the prior distribution of exponential distribution for finding the Bayes estimator. In our study we also used different symmetric and asymmetric loss functions such as squared error loss function, quadratic loss function, modified linear exponential (MLINEX) loss function and non-linear exponential (NLINEX) loss function. We have used simulated data using R-coding to find out the mean squared error (MSE) of different loss functions and hence found that non-classical estimator is better than classical estimator. Finally, mean square error (MSE) of the estimators of different loss functions are presented graphically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a tunable active bandpass filter (BPF) with adjustable transmission zeros (TZs) close to the passband for software-defined radio (SDR) applications. The RF front-end frequency selectivity is enhanced by the creation of TZs that also improve the out-of-band (OOB) input-referred third-order intercept point (IIP3). The filter is based on two-path signal cancellation and consists of a tunable BPF in parallel with two tunable bandstop filters. This combination ensures the correct amplitude and phase relationships across a wide tuning range to create adjustable TZs without sacrificing the gain of the passband. This paper presents in detail the design considerations and guidelines, as well as analysis of the filter performance in the presence of nonidealities such as parasitics and imperfect clock signal shape. The proposed filter is implemented with high- $Q~N$ -path filter blocks in a 65-nm CMOS process. The passband of the filter is tunable from 0.1 to 1.4 GHz with a 3-dB bandwidth of 9.8–10.2 MHz, a gain of 21.5–24 dB, a noise figure of 3–4.2 dB, and a total power consumption of 50–73 mW. TZs are created on both sides of the passband with a minimal offset of 25 MHz and are tunable across a 20-MHz range with up to a 60-dB rejection. The measured blocker 1-dB compression point is 8 dBm and the OOB IIP3 is 23 dBm. The reported filter provides a promising on-chip filtering solution for multistandard multifrequency SDR applications with improved interference mitigation capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Longitudinal count data with excessive zeros frequently occur in social, biological, medical, and health research. To model such data, zero-inflated Poisson (ZIP) models are commonly used, after separating zero and positive responses. As longitudinal count responses are likely to be serially correlated, such separation may destroy the underlying serial correlation structure. To overcome this problem recently observationand parameter-driven modelling approaches have been proposed. In the observationdriven model, the response at a specific time point is modelled through the responses at previous time points after incorporating serial correlation. One limitation of the observation-driven model is that it fails to accommodate the presence of any possible over-dispersion, which frequently occurs in the count responses. This limitation is overcome in a parameter-driven model, where the serial correlation is captured through the latent process using random effects. We compare the results obtained by the two models. A quasi-likelihood approach has been developed to estimate the model parameters. The methodology is illustrated with analysis of two real life datasets. To examine model performance the models are also compared through a simulation study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to investigate the genotoxic and/or antigenotoxic effect of aqueous extract of the traditional plant Costus speciosus (Koen.) that is used frequently for the treatment of various disorders in Saudi Arabia. Root tip meristems of Allium cepa were treated with elevated concentrations of Costus speciosus (Koen.), Samples were taken at 48h. of each concentration (2, 5, 10, 20 μg/mL) and subjected to cytogenetic and molecular genetics assays (DNA-RAPD fingerprinting). It was found that the extract has no clastogenic or mutagenic activities, mitotic index decreased mildly compared with the control. Frequency of chromosomal aberrations showed no significance in all concentrations at time of exposure. Most aberrations of the dividing cells were disturbance of chromosomes. The RAPD results demonstrated monomorphic numbers of genetic bands mostly, which were the electrophoretic products of PCR for all treatments compared with the control. Also the results exhibited the ability of C. speciosus as antigenotoxic and anticytotoxic potential against EMS induced DNA damage , cytotoxic and clastogenic effects in Allium cepa cells. The presented data showed that C. speciosus extract could not induce significantly genotoxic effect on Allium cepa cells. Furthermore, this study implies that combined treatment of C. speciosus has a strong inhibitory role against the genotoxic action of EMS. These results strongly suggest that the extract of Costus speciosus is not genotoxic, or cytotoxic but might be anti-genotoxic agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Gall bladder carcinoma (GBC) is the most common biliary tract cancer. Delayed presentation and early spread of tumor made it one of the lethal tumors with poor prognosis. Objective: The objective of this study is to find out the incidence of GBC in thick walled gall bladder (GB) in comparison with that of normal wall thickness. Methods: This prospective study was carried out in Combined Military Hospital (CMH) Dhaka, CMH Momenshahi and CMH Ghatail during the period of June 2007 to June 2014. A total 300 patients underwent cholecystectomy were studied retrospectively. Diagnosis was confirmed by histopathological examination. Results: Out of 300 patients 254 (84.88%) were female (male : female = 1:5.52), age range 28 to 79 years. Maximum number of the patients fall into fourth and fifth decades. 42 (14%) patients were found to have thick walled GB by preoperative sonography and during surgery. Histopathologically 13 (4.33%) patients were diagnosed as GBC. Maximum patient (52.33%) had chronic cholecystitis. Incidence of malignancy were higher (84.62%) in patients having thicke walled GB. Conclusion: GBC may present as focal or diffuse asymmetric wall thickening or even in GB having normal wall thickness. As early diagnosis and effective treatment can significantly reduce the morality and morbidity all specimen should be examined histopathologically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study has been performed in four upazilla veterinary hospital of Moulvibazar district among 2518 cattle to evaluate the present status of clinical diseases of cattle. Based on animal and environmental factors like, sex, age, breed and seasonal data were analyzed. Clinically affected cattle were divided into several categories as infectious disease, ecto-parasitic disease, endo-parasitic disease, respiratory disease, metabolic disorder, digestive disorder, poisoning, surgical cases and other disease. In our study we documented highest prevalence of digestive disorder 32.68% (95% CI 30.9-34.6) followed by endo-parasitic diseases (20.37% 95% CI 18.8-22), ecto-parasitic diseases 16.16% (95% CI 14.8-17.7), infectious diseases 12.39% (95% CI 11.1-13.7), other diseases 6.39% (95% CI 5.5-7.4), surgical cases 4.57% (95% CI 3.8-5.5), respiratory diseases 3.69% (95% CI 02.9-04.5), metabolic disorder 2.82% (95% CI 2.2-3.5), and poisoning cases 0.91% (95% CI 0.2-1.4). Prevalence of clinical diseases was significantly (P<0.01) higher in male 37.87% (95% CI 35.3-40.5) than female 26.67% (95% CI 24.2-29.3). Significantly highest prevalence of clinical diseases (p<0.05) was documented in rainy season (43.33%), summer season (34.11%) and winter (22.56%). Our study provides incentive for future researchers to design an implementation program for mitigation and control of clinical diseases in Moulvibazar district of Bangladesh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comparative study on Canine Parvovirus (CPV) infection among the hospitalized dogs at Central Veterinary Hospital (CVH) in Bangladesh and Veterinary College and Research Institute-Madras Veterinary College (VCRI-MVC) in India was conducted during a period of January and July 2015. A total of 270 (80 at CVH and 190 at VCRI-MVC) hospitalized dogs of different breeds were clinically examined. The key clinical signs observed among the CPV infected dogs were bloody diarrhoea (90.4%), vomition (94.5%) and dehydration (severe 85.7%, moderate 10.0% and mild 7.6%). The overall prevalence of CPV infection was higher in VCRI-MVC (42.7%) than CVH (31.2%). The prevalence of CPV was varied significantly (P<0.05) among different age groups, vaccinated and non-vaccinated dogs. Highest prevalence was found 1-3 months (48.7%) old dogs, in compare with 4-6 months (17.2%) and over 6 months (8.3%) old dogs. Highest prevalence was also found in nonvaccinated than vaccinated dogs at CVH, Bangladesh. In VCRI-MVC, India rate of infection also varied significantly (P<0.05) in different age groups (57.4%, 28.9%, 10.0% among 1-3 months, 4-6 months and> 6 months respectively) and 13.2% in vaccinated and 64.4% in non-vaccinated groups. Significant (P<0.05) variation in prevalence of CPV also observed in different breeds-indigenous (50.0%), Spitz (28.2%), Lhasa (18.1%), Doberman (40.0%) and German Shepherd (46.6%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents information on a study that re-established the photoluminescence of porous silicon whose initial luminescence has been quenched by immersion in CuCl[sub2]. Experimental procedure; Results and discussion on the study.

The direct interaction between a non-equilibrium gas discharge and a liquid volume leads to the generation of a plasma activated liquid. This interaction induces a flow in both the gas above the liquid and within the liquid volume. The physical mechanisms behind the induced flows are complex. In this work, a two-dimensional experimentally validated numerical model was developed to determine the dominant mechanism driving the liquid flow at the plasma–liquid interface. The model followed the evolution of the plasma and the flow fields in both phases, describing a pin-water discharge configuration operating in air, which was used to treat a de-ionized water sample and a tap water sample. Two potential physical mechanism were investigated, the electrohydrodynamic (EHD) flow induced in the gas phase and the electric surface stresses across the interface. It was found that the dominant mechanism driving the liquid flow is correlated with the charge relaxation time of the liquid. For liquids with a charge relaxation time longer than the characteristic time of the plasma, such as de-ionized water, the liquid behaves as a dielectric, and the electric surface stresses dominate the flow in the liquid phase. For liquids with a charge relaxation time shorter or in the same order of the plasma's characteristic time, such as tap water, the liquid behaves as a conductor, and the EHD flow induced in the gas phase dominates the flow in the liquid phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We introduce a model system composed of elastically coupled one-dimensional chains of elastic rotators. The chains of rotators are analogous to elastic Su-Schrieffer–Heeger models. The coupled chain system is shown analytically and numerically to support an unusual number of topological properties such as Dirac degeneracies, band inversion and topological transition as a function of the strength of the parameter coupling the chains, nonseparability of the modes' degrees of freedom along and across the coupled chains that are analogous to entangled Bell states in a multipartite quantum system. Finally, we reveal the formation of a synthetic dimension by allowing the coupling parameter to vary with time, which has the potential to create higher-dimensional synthetic space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The x-type hexaferrites have been getting considerable attention owing to their promising application in electronic fields. Though, the growth of nanosized crystal X-type hexagonal ferrites is still a big challenge. Herein, the synthesis of nanosized X-type hexagonal ferrites Ca 2 Co 2−x Zn x Fe 28 O 46 (X = 0.0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, and 2.0) with high quality is reported using the auto-combustion sol-gel method. The objective of the study was to improve the structural and dielectric properties of X-type hexagonal ferrite which was achieved through variation of concentration of cobalt and zinc. Structural, morphological, and dielectric properties were investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns confirmed the single-phase x-type hexagonal structure. The crystal size of all samples was in the range of 22.7–23.8 nm. Other parameters such as d -spacing, lattice parameters, unit cell volume, dislocation density, atomic packing fraction, degree of crystal lattice distortion, number of the unit cells, and volume of particles were also calculated. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the formation of metal oxide bonds with two absorption bands at 574 cm−1 and 424 cm−1. The morphology of the prepared Ca 2 Co 2−x Zn x Fe 28 O 46 with the variation of Co and Zn was examined by scanning electron microscopy. Increasing crystallinity and agglomeration were observed with the upsurge in Zn and Co. The dielectric properties of Ca 2 Co 2−x Zn x Fe 28 O 46 with the variation of Zn and Co revealed that these materials might be considered good candidates for modern devices. [Display omitted] • Nanosized X-type hexagonal ferrites was synthesized by auto-combustion sol-gel. • Crystal size of all samples was in the range of 22.7–23.8 nm. • Dielectric properties revealed that materials are good candidate for devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ni 2+ in excess of maximum recommended limits must be removed from wastewater prior to discharge because of its persistent bio-accumulative and detrimental nature. Natural freezing is suggested as a purification technique to treat huge volumes of wastewater containing Ni 2+ in a sustainable and energy efficient manner. In order to evaluate the feasibility of such a technique for purification of wastewater, natural freezing was simulated experimentally for ice crystallization from different NiSO 4 (aq) solutions. The impact of solution concentration at different freezing conditions such as different ambient air temperature, freezing time and freezing rate on the efficiency of the purification process was investigated. Experimental results demonstrated that at the growth rate ( G ) of 3.5 × 10 −8 m/s, the ice layer formed from 1 wt.% (≈10,000 ppm) NiSO 4 (aq) solution incorporated only 0.0038 wt.% (≈38 ppm) NiSO 4 as impurity, i.e., the ice is more than 250 times pure than the original salt solution. In the case of freezing of very dilute solutions, e.g., 0.1 wt.% NiSO 4 (aq) solution, which is the dilution level of practical interest, the same growth condition is likely to produce an ice layer of even higher purity. For example, at G of 7.4 × 10 −8 m/s, the ice layer impurity that had formed from 0.1 wt.% NiSO 4 (aq) solution was only 0.001 wt.% (≈10 ppm). For this reason, this purification technique has potential for implementation on the surface of wastewater ponds in cold climate regions where the temperature drops below 0 °C. In addition, inclusion formation within the ice matrix during freezing was investigated for various solution concentrations both macroscopically and microscopically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) is a risk factor for pyelonephritis and renal dysfunction in diabetic patients. Background: Asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) is a risk factor for pyelonephritis and renal dysfunction in diabetic patients. Setting: Chronic Diseases Clinic, Abha Polyclinic, Abha, Saudi Arabia. Design: A Prospective Controlled Study. Method: Two hundred forty-six type 2 diabetic females attending the Chronic Diseases Clinic screened for ASB. Personal characteristics, duration and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level were recorded. Four hundred ninety-two age-matched, non-diabetic and apparently healthy females registered at the same polyclinic were used as controls. All participants were followed-up every three months for one year for the development of symptomatic UTI. Result: The mean age of type 2 diabetic females was 50.3±16.2 years, and 50.4±15.1 years for non-diabetic (P-Value=0.976). ASB was detected in 31 (12.6%) diabetic patients and in 32 (6.5%) controls (P-Value=0.005). E. coli was the most common organism in diabetic patients (18/31, 58.1%) and control subjects (23/32, 71.9%). Risk factors for ASB among type 2 diabetic females were older age, marriage, duration of diabetes and elevated HbA1c. During the follow-up period, symptomatic UTI developed in 25/31 (80.6%) diabetic patients compared to 39/215 (18.1%) without ASB (P-Value<0.001). Conclusion: Type 2 diabetic females are at a high risk of developing ASB. Risk factors for ASB include older age, marriage, longer duration of diabetes and high HbA1c. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Warble fly (WF) is one of the serious threats affecting the goat production in Pakistan. The objective of the current study was to find out the prevalence and control of goat warble fly infestation (GWFI) in district Khushab, Pakistan. In the field, 780 goats were examined for the period of one year. Out 780 goats, 106 (13.58%) were found infested with WF. The rate of infestation in young animals (9.24%) was low as compared to the older animals (16.18%). Higher prevalence was observed in males (15.11%) as compared to the females (12.83%).The highest prevalence of GWFI was recorded in December. The nodules appearance on infested animals started in September and ended in the month of February. Geography of the study area favors the onset of fly activity and enhances the prevalence of the disease. Ivermectin was found highly -effective against all development stages of Przhevalskianasilenus (WF)and no side-effects were observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clustered multinomial data with random cluster sizes commonly appear in health, environmental and ecological studies. Traditional approaches for analyzing clustered multinomial data contemplate two assumptions. One of these assumptions is that cluster sizes are fixed, whereas the other demands cluster sizes to be positive. Randomness of the cluster sizes may be the determinant of the within-cluster correlation and between-cluster variation. We propose a baseline-category mixed model for clustered multinomial data with random cluster sizes based on Poisson mixed models. Our orthodox best linear unbiased predictor approach to this model depends only on the moment structure of unobserved distribution-free random effects. Our approach also consolidates the marginal and conditional modeling interpretations. Unlike the traditional methods, our approach can accommodate both random and zero cluster sizes. Two real-life multinomial data examples, crime data and food contamination data, are used to manifest our proposed methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of monoamine neurotransmitters on the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in obese mice. EAE was induced in mice with normal diets (ND-EAE) and obese mice with high-fat diets (HFD-EAE) through the immune response to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) (35–55). The levels of dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT) and their metabolites in different anatomical brain regions were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. The plasma and tissue NADPH oxidase and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-9 activities were analyzed by fluorescence spectrophotometry. The cumulative disease index and disease peaks were significantly higher in HFD-EAE compared with those in ND-EAE. Significantly higher 5-HT levels and lower 5-HT turnovers 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid ((5-HIAA)/5-HT) were found in the brains of HFD-EAE mice compared with those found in the HFD-CON and ND-EAE mice brains. Moreover, increased DA levels were observed in the caudate nucleus of the HFD-EAE mice compared with the control and ND-EAE mice. The NADPH oxidase and MMP-9 activities in the plasma and tissues were significantly higher in both the ND-EAE and HFD-EAE groups than in their respective controls. The cytokine levels in the plasma, tissues, and cultured splenocytes were found to be significantly altered in EAE mice compared with control mice. Moreover, HFD-EAE mice exhibited significantly higher MMP-9 activity and lower IL-4 levels than ND-EAE mice and were significantly correlated with brain 5-HT levels. In conclusion, the increased 5-HT levels in the brain significantly correlated with MMP-9 activity and IL-4 levels play an important role in the exacerbation of disease severity in HFD-EAE mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Case: Isolated avulsion of the teres minor tendon is exceedingly uncommon and, to our knowledge, the presentation and arthroscopic repair of this type of injury have not been described. Known musculotendinous avulsions about the shoulder frequently involve the supraspinatus, long head of the biceps, and pectoralis major. Conclusion: We present the case of a patient with an isolated teres minor avulsion and an otherwise intact rotator cuff. The patient underwent successful arthroscopic repair and rehabilitation, allowing for a return to the pre-injury level of function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study finds the factors that affect Bangladesh's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) through regression approach. Stepwise and Ridge regression techniques have been applied to build the suitable regression model. Model adequacy also has been checked and multicollinearity problem is addressed for a plausible model using appropriate remedial measures for each of the model one after another that yields stepwise regression. The multicollinearity problem has also been tried to combat by ridge regression. Finally, the model which is adequate and free from multicollinearity problem after applying the ridge regression has been considered as the credible model for predicting the GDP of Bangladesh. The final model shows that the factors population, imports of goods and services, agriculture value added, manufacturing value added and labor force are positively affecting the GDP of Bangladesh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The leaf spot or Tikka disease (Cercospora arachidicola and Cercosporidium personatum) of groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) is a predominant, devastating and economically important foliar fungal disease and a major yield reducing factor of groundnut, not only in Bangladesh, but also all over the world. The yield loss was calculated in the groundnut variety Dhaka-1 due to early and late leaf spot (Tikka) by over 30-48% in Bangladesh. The efficacy of NLEFS (Azadirachta indica), DebLEFS (Polyalthia longifolia), DLEFS (Datura metel), Trichoderma based biofungicides (BBST, BBFS and BBSFS) along with a check (Bavistin) and control were evaluated in the pot and field research. Among the treatments, BBSFS, NLEFS, DLEFS and DebLEFS showed better performance in controlling leaf spot and increasing pod yield by 53.61, 51.91, 40.85 and 38.72%, respectively as compared to control in the field. In case of seedling germination, BBSFS gave 97.77% germination followed by NLEFS (88.14%), DLEFS (93.33%) and DebLEFS (95.55%). BBSFS produced higher length and weight of shoot and root and vigour index as compared to control. Maximum vigour index was observed under BBFS (1583.88). BBSFS gave higher plant height, number of leaves and minimum number of infected leaves in the pots and field as compared to control. Minimum leaf area diseased was obtained with BBSFS followed by Bavistin in the field. Biofungicide (BBST, BBFS and BBSFS), NLEFS, DLEFS and DebLEFS showed promising performance in number and weight of pods and pod yield in the pots and field. Maximum weight of pods/plant and weight of mature pods/plant was achieved with BBSFS (20.05 g and 18.55 g) followed by NLEFS (19.83 g and 18.22 g). The highest net profit was recorded with the use of BBSFS by Tk. 176768.00/ha followed by NLEFS Tk. 172275.00/ha, BBFS Tk. 168818.00/ha, while the lowest Tk. 96443.00/ha in untreated control. Maximum Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) 1: 2.77 was found in BBSFS followed by BBST (1: 2.65), BBFS (1: 2.64) and NLEFS (1:2.62). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nickel (Ni) thin films in the thickness range 50-80 nm have been prepared by electron beam evaporation method at a base pressure of 4×10-5 mbar on silicon and glass substrates. Some samples have been annealed at 573 K for 1.5 h in open air. The resistivity of Ni films on silicon substrate is higher than the resistivity of Ni films on glass substrate. The TCR of Ni films is found to be positive which indicates that the Ni samples are metallic in nature. Coercivity of Ni films increases with increasing film thickness. The coercivity of 80 nm as-deposited Ni film on glass substrate is found to be ∼ 9 Oe. The rms value of the surface roughness of 150 nm as-deposited Ni film on glass substrate is ∼12 nm and it becomes ∼ 7 nm after annealing. On the other hand, the coercivity of 90 nm and 160 nm as-deposited Ni films on silicon substrate are 50 Oe and 85 Oe, respectively. The rms value of surface roughness of 120 nm as-deposited Ni film on Si substrate is ∼ 16 nm. It becomes ∼ 3 nm after annealing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nutritional status of women before, during and after pregnancy contributes a good deal to their own health and, to the health of their children and other family members. In Bangladesh, there is enormous amount of mother and child death and morbidity related to inadequate nutrition, socioeconomic condition, education level, hygienic condition and various care practices. The study was conducted to see the nutritional KAP (knowledge, attitude and practice) during antenatal and postnatal care of the pregnant and lactating mother in Ukhia Upazilla of Cox's Bazar in Bangladesh among 337 pregnant and lactating mothers who had at least one child aged less than five years old by random sampling in 2010.The antenatal and postnatal care services availability was observed unsatisfactory. The study revealed that the nutritional lacking was not only poverty stricken, but also their poor knowledge, attitude and practice on health, hygiene, reproductive health, antenatal care, post natal care and nutritious food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With increased use of carbon fibre (CF)-based textile-reinforced thermoplastic composites, the demand of hybrid yarns consisting of carbon filament yarns (CFYs) and thermoplastic filament yarns with improved properties is also high. Hybrid yarn manufacturing using commingling process by means of compressed air shows some distinct advantages over other hybrid yarn manufacturing processes. However, the potential of commingling process for the production of CF-based thermoplastic hybrid yarns is not yet fully explored. In this article, extensive investigations have been carried out for the development of commingled hybrid yarns manufactured from CFY and polyamide 6,6 (PA 6,6) filament yarns with improved adhesion properties between CFY and matrix in composites. Hybrid yarns are manufactured by varying air pressure and keeping overfeeds and delivery speed constant. Moreover, an additional heat treatment on CFY is done online for a better opening of CFY prior to the mixing with PA 6,6 filament yarn. The tensile properties of hybrid yarns as well as different mechanical properties of unidirectional composite, such as tensile, flexural, impact and interlaminar shear strength are investigated. The results show good potential for the development of hybrid yarns produced from CFY and thermoplastic filament yarns with improved adhesion properties for their application in textile-reinforced thermoplastic composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale. By reducing cerebral oxygen delivery, anemia may aggravate traumatic brain injury (TBI) secondary insult. This study evaluated the impact of anemia and blood transfusion on TBI outcomes. Methods. This was a retrospective cohort study of adult patients with isolated TBI at a tertiary-care intensive care unit from 1/1/2000 to 31/12/2011. Daily hemoglobin level and packed red blood cell (PRBC) transfusion were recorded. Patients with hemoglobin < 10 g/dL during ICU stay (anemic group) were compared with other patients. Results. Anemia was present on admission in two (2%) patients and developed in 48% during the first week with hemoglobin < 7 g/dL occurring in 3.0%. Anemic patients had higher admission Injury Severity Score and underwent more craniotomy (50% versus 13%, p<0.001). Forty percent of them received PRBC transfusion (2.8 ± 1.5 units per patient, median pretransfusion hemoglobin = 8.8 g/dL). Higher hospital mortality was associated with anemia (25% versus 6% for nonanemic patients, p=0.01) and PRBC transfusion (38% versus 9% for nontransfused patients, p=0.003). On multivariate analysis, only PRBC transfusion independently predicted hospital mortality (odds ratio: 6.8; 95% confidence interval: 1.1–42.3). Conclusions. Anemia occurred frequently after isolated TBI, but only PRBC transfusion independently predicted mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

RATIONALE: Empirical antimicrobial therapy (EAT) for Acinetobacter infections may not be appropriate as it tends to be multidrug-resistant. This study evaluated the relationship between appropriate EAT and the outcomes of Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients with Acinetobacter bacteremia. METHODS: This is a retrospective study of patients admitted to a medical-surgical ICU (2005-2010) and developed Acinetobacter bacteremia during the stay. Patients were categorized according to EAT appropriateness, defi ned as administration of at least one antimicrobial agent to which the Acinetobacter was susceptible before susceptibility results were known. The relation between EAT appropriateness and outcomes was evaluated. RESULTS: Sixty patients developed Acinetobacter bacteremia in the 6-year period (age = 50 ± 19 years; 62% males; Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score = 28 ± 9; 98.3% with central lines; 67% in shock and 59% mechanically ventilated) on average on day 23 of ICU and day 38 of hospital stay. All isolates were resistant to at least three of the tested antimicrobials. Appropriate EAT was administered to 60% of patients, mostly as intravenous colistin. Appropriate EAT was associated with lower ICU mortality risk (odds ratio: 0.15; 95% confi dence interval: 0.03-0.96) on multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: In this 6-year cohort, Acinetobacter bacteremia was related to multidrug-resistant strains. Appropriate EAT was associated with decreased ICU mortality risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anterior tooth discrepancy, an important clinical orthodontic tool to manage malocclusions, may vary on different race, ethnicity and gender. Therefore this study on anterior tooth discrepancy of Bangladeshi malocclusion groups were formulated to calculate and set up a standard norm, and to evaluate the gender discrepancy. A cross sectional type study was done among 207 pretreated dental casts (60 male, 147 female) of malocclusion patient at the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, BSMMU, Bangladesh. Bolton anterior ratio were measured and compared statistically (in the Angle's group of malocclusion). No significant anterior discrepancy was observed between Bangladeshi male and female groups. A similar value for anterior discrepancy was observed in neighboring countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural freezing has the possible use to be used as a purification technique to treat wastewater. Natural freezing was simulated experimentally for ice crystallization from unsaturated Na 2 SO 4 (aq) solutions to assess the feasibility of such a technique for being used to purify wastewater. The influence of solution concentration and different growth conditions, such as ambient temperature, freezing time and freezing rate, on the efficiency of the purification process was investigated by analysis of the effective distribution coefficient ( K ) of the solute between the ice and the solution. A calculation method is introduced to estimate the concentration of solution at the advancing ice–solution interface in terms of the limiting distribution coefficient ( K ⁎ ) from experimental K values at different growth conditions. The heat transfer controlled growth rate of the ice limited by the free convective heat transfer coefficient of air ( h air ) rather than the thermal conductivity of the ice ( k ice ) and the heat transfer coefficient of the solution ( h sol ) found to prevail over the mass transfer of rejected solute molecules from the ice–solution interface to the bulk solution. Advancement of the thermal ( δ T ) and concentration boundary layer ( δ C ) at the ice–solution interface was proportional to the square root of freezing time. A simplified model is developed to estimate the thickness of the ice layer formed from solutions at different freezing conditions and the model is validated with experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the effects of inherent variability of the geometric properties of dimer granular chains on their capacity to passively attenuate propagating pulses are investigated. Numerical studies are performed for both the nominal model and the system with uncertainty. The deterministic system is governed by a single parameter (the ratio of the radii of 'heavy' and 'light' beads of the dimer) and is fully rescalable with energy. The effects of uncertainty, i.e., of the spatial variability of the radii of the light (odd) beads of the granular chain, on the transmitted force at its boundary are investigated. Reliability analysis through Monte Carlo simulations and sensitivity analysis of the dimer with uncertain properties are carried out, and a deeper insight for improved bead configurations is provided. It is shown that the optimal level of force attenuation achieved with a deterministically predicted optimal parameter can be further increased when certain spatial variations in the parameter, based on specific wave number content, are introduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intestinal mucus provides a significant barrier to transport of orally delivered drug carriers, as well as other particulates (e.g. food, microbes). The relative significance of particle size, surface chemistry, and dosing medium to mucus barrier properties is not well characterized, but important in designing delivery systems targeted to the intestinal mucosa. In this study, multiple particle tracking (MPT) was used to study diffusion of 20–500 nm diameter carboxylate- and polyethylene glycol-(PEG-)functionalized polystyrene model carriers through intestinal mucus. The impact of exposure to mucus in buffer versus a partially digested triglyceride mixture was explored. Effective diffusivity of particles in intestinal mucus decreased with an increasing particle size less than and more than theoretically (Stokes–Einstein) expected in a homogenous medium when dosed in buffer and model-fed state intestinal contents, respectively. For example, effective diffusivity decreased 2.9- versus 20-fold with increase in the particle size from 100 to 500 nm when dosed to mucus in buffer versus lipid-containing medium. Functionalization with PEG dramatically decreased sensitivity to lipids in a dosing medium. The results indicate that reduction of particle size may increase particle transport through intestinal mucus barriers, but these effects are strongly dependent on intestinal contents and particle surface chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this paper we present efficient algorithms to take advantage of the double-base number system in the context of elliptic curve scalar multiplication. We propose a generalized version of Yao’s exponentiation algorithm allowing the use of general double-base expansions instead of the popular double base chains. We introduce a class of constrained double base expansions and prove that the average density of non-zero terms in such expansions is O(\frac\log\, k\log\, \log\, k) for any large integer $k$ . We also propose an efficient algorithm for computing constrained expansions and finally provide a comprehensive comparison to double-base chain expansions, including a large variety of curve shapes and various key sizes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The brachial plexus at the infraclavicular level runs deeper compared to its course proximally, giving rise to impaired needle visualisation due to the steep angle of needle insertion with the current ultrasound-guided approach. A new posterior parasagittal in-plane ultrasound-guided infraclavicular approach was introduced to improve needle visibility. However no further follow up study was done. Methods: We performed a case series and a cadaveric dissection to assess its feasibility in a single centre, University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia from November 2012 to October 2013. After obtaining approval from the Medical Ethics Committee, University Malaya Medical Centre, 18 patients undergoing upper limb surgery were prospectively recruited. A cadaveric dissection was also performed. The endpoints of this study were the success rate, performance time, total anaesthesia-related time, quality of anaesthesia and any incidence of complications. Results: All patients had 100 % success rate. The imaging time, needling time and performance time were comparable with previously published study. There were no adverse events encountered in this study. The cadaveric dissection revealed a complete spread of methylene blue dye over the brachial plexus. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the posterior parasagittal in-plane approach is a feasible and reliable technique with high success rate. Future studies shall compare this technique with the conventional lateral parasagittal in-plane approach. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02312453. Registered on 8 December 2014. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multilevel semicontinuous data occur frequently in medical, environmental, insurance and financial studies. Such data are often measured with covariates at different levels; however, these data have traditionally been modelled with covariate-independent random effects. Ignoring dependence of cluster-specific random effects and cluster-specific covariates in these traditional approaches may lead to ecological fallacy and result in misleading results. In this paper, we propose Tweedie compound Poisson model with covariate-dependent random effects to analyze multilevel semicontinuous data where covariates at different levels are incorporated at relevant levels. The estimation of our models has been developed based on the orthodox best linear unbiased predictor of random effect. Explicit expressions of random effects predictors facilitate computation and interpretation of our models. Our approach is illustrated through the analysis of the basic symptoms inventory study data where 409 adolescents from 269 families were observed at varying number of times from 1 to 17 times. The performance of the proposed methodology was also examined through the simulation studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A descriptive cross-sectional type of study was conducted among the migraine patients attending the Neuromedicine department of Dhaka Medical College Hospital and Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University to find out the aggravating factors of migraine in the year of 2006. Total number of respondents was 160. Among them 70% were female. Majority of the patients (46.25%) were aged between 21-30 years. Significant number of respondents (38.12%) was housewives; followed by 28.75% were student. The main aggravating factors so far identified in this study were sleep disturbance, bright light, noise and mental or physical stress. Other aggravating factors were various types of food, oral pill, relation with menstrual cycle. Respondents also stated more than one factor. Among the female respondents 39.8% practiced different types of contraceptive methods of which majority (82.05%) used OCP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is suggested that social obligations, such as early work/school starts, have a disadvantageous impact on sleep behavior that can further transfer to mental health problems. Lockdown as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic created a unique opportunity to research human sleep-wake behavior in naturalistic conditions of decreased social obligations. This study aimed to test whether a change in habitual sleep-wake timing (shift in chronotype) during the COVID-19 lockdown impacted mood and well-being, and whether the impact differs according to morningness-eveningness preference. University students (N = 1011; Mean age = 21.95 ± 1.95 years) filled out self-report questionnaires containing measures of chronotype (midpoint of sleep) before and during the COVID-19 lockdown, morningness-eveningness preference, mood, and well-being. The impact of morningness-eveningness preference and shift in chronotype was tested via multiple regression analyses. Results showed that participants shifted their chronotype in line with their morningness-eveningness preference, and that shift toward earlier sleep-wake timing was related to better moods and well-being. Moreover, higher levels of positive mood (vigor) and well-being were found in individuals who shifted their sleep-wake timing earlier and were higher on morningness. • During COVID-19 lockdown, morning-types advanced their sleep-timing. • Evening-types and intermediate-types delayed their sleep-timing. • Advancing sleep-timing was related to higher positive mood and well-being. • Morningness enhances the benefits of earlier sleep-wake behavior. • Eveningness and delayed sleep exacerbate mental health problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • M type hexaferrites with composition Pb 1-x Cr x Fe 12 O 19 x = (0.0,0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5) were synthesized by the sol-gel auto combustion technique. • Peaks of the XRD pattern match well with the standard pattern of P63/mmc group with JCPDS card No (43-0002). • Crystallite size lies in the range of 63–53 nm. Lattice parameters, crystallite size and cell volume was found to decrease with the substitution of Cr3+ content. • Dielectric constant and ac conductivity (σ ac) increases gradually with the increase in Chromium doping. Mofreover, Pb 1-x Cr x Fe 12 O 19 with x = 0.2 have exceptional dielectric properties with significant Q-value (4900). • These samples may suitable for high frequency applications such as phase shifter, modulators and also in longitudinal recording media. Chromium substituted M-type hexagonal ferrites with nominal composition Pb 1-x Cr x Fe 12 O 19 where x= (0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5) were prepared via sol gel route. Structure of the single phase lead hexaferrite was estimated from X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed the formation of hexagonal platelets with an average grain size in the range of 53–63 nm. Crystallite size, lattice parameters and cell volume was found to decrease with the increase of Chromium concentration. Magneto crystalline anisotropy and saturation magnetization has been explored through the law of approach to the saturation magnetization. Saturation magnetization first increased and then found to be maximum (64 emu/g) at 30% of Cr3+ doped lead hexaferrite and minimum coercivity (6.54 KOe) was perceived for this composition. Dielectric constant, dielectric loss, tangent loss, real and imaginary part of electric modulus, ac conductivity and Q-values of the prepared samples were also explained. With the increase of dopant (Cr3+) concentration, dielectric constant was increased gradually. These characteristics are suitable for various applications such as phase shifter, modulators, stealth technologies and also in Multilayer chip inductor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel two-dimensional inverse differential quadrature method is proposed to approximate the solution of high-order system of differential equations. A critical aspect of the proposed scheme is to circumvent the error arising from high sensitivity to noise associated with high-order numerical differentiation operations during direct approximation. A general framework for approximating arbitrary functions from high-order partial derivatives is developed and a comprehensive insight for the implementation of different orders of the analysis within the context of first-order shear deformation theory kinematical assumptions governing laminated plates bending and buckling behaviours is presented. Concerning buckling analysis, a Moore–Penrose pseudo-inverse preconditioning procedure is further proposed to formulate the eigenvalue problem, since the developed algebraic expressions constitute an underdetermined system. According to the numerical tests for bending and buckling analyses of laminated plates under different loading and boundary conditions, the accuracy of current solutions compares satisfactorily with Navier's solution, differential quadrature method and commercial finite element analysis models. Furthermore, the developed method demonstrates the potential for improved convergence in comparison with differential quadrature solutions highlighting its computational merits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Orally delivered drugs and nutrients must diffuse through mucus to enter the circulatory system, but the barrier properties of mucus and their modulation by physiological factors are generally poorly characterized. The main objective of this study was to examine the impact of physicochemical changes occurring upon food ingestion on gastrointestinal (GI) mucus barrier properties. Lipids representative of postprandial intestinal contents enhanced mucus barriers, as indicated by a 10–142-fold reduction in the transport rate of 200 nm microspheres through mucus, depending on surface chemistry. Physiologically relevant increases in [Ca 2+ ] resulted in a 2–4-fold reduction of transport rates, likely due to enhanced cross-linking of the mucus gel network. Reduction of pH from 6.5 to 3.5 also affected mucus viscoelasticity, reducing particle transport rates approximately 5–10-fold. Macroscopic visual observation and micro-scale lectin staining revealed mucus gel structural changes, including clumping into regions into which particles did not penetrate. Histological examination indicated food ingestion can prevent microsphere contact with and endocytosis by intestinal epithelium. Taken together, these results demonstrate that GI mucus barriers are significantly altered by stimuli associated with eating and potentially dosing of lipid-based delivery systems; these stimuli represent broadly relevant variables to consider upon designing oral therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoindentation tests were conducted on unconditioned and vapour-conditioned asphalt binder samples to determine damage processes by characterising contact creep data and using viscoelastic mechanical models. For vapour-conditioned asphalt binders, a thin film of asphalt binder was prepared on a glass slide and subjected to relative humidity (RH) of 25%, 49% and 71% inside enclosed desiccators using three aqueous solutions: potassium acetate, potassium carbonate and sodium chloride, respectively. Based on the nanoindentation contact creep test data, it was observed that vapour-conditioned asphalt binders showed larger indentation viscous depth than the unconditioned binders. Indentation test data were modelled using viscoelastic mechanical models such as Burgers and Maxwell models. The models showed that elasticity increased and viscosity decreased in the vapour-conditioned asphalt binders. In 71% RH-conditioned binders, elastic components of Burgers model,E1andE2increased about 10% and 15%, respectively, compared to the unconditioned binder. The relaxation time decreased about 35% and retardation time increased about 69% in 71% RH-conditioned binders compared to unconditioned binders. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Poisson’s ratio ( ν ) of Asphalt Concrete (AC) is a fundamental input parameter to any numerical analysis based on elastic and viscoelastic constitutive properties. To this date, temperature- and time-dependent ν- value has been determined by either a static or a relaxation test at a single temperature in diametrical mode. This study, for the first time, performs relaxation tests at different temperatures in diametrical mode. In addition, cyclic load testing is conducted at different temperatures and loading frequencies to determine the temperature- and frequency-dependent ν- value of AC. Relaxation test results show that the ν- value of AC increases with testing time and temperature. Dynamic load test results show that ν- value of AC decreases with loading frequency; however, increases with temperature. To this end, measured ν -value of AC is compared with the ν- value predicted using model available in the new AASHTOWare Pavement Mechanistic-Empirical (ME) Design software. The measured ν- value matches with the predicted ν- value by the AASHTOWare Pavement ME Design software especially for AC that possesses high dynamic modulus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effects of phase change material on compressor on-off cycle of a household refrigerator has been investigated experimentally. Phase change materials are used behind the five sides of the evaporator cabinet, and the evaporator coil is immersed in the phase change material. Two types of phase change materials at different thermal loads have been used for the investigation. Experimental results with phase change material show that the number of compressor on-off cycles within the tested time are around 3–5 times lower than that of the system without phase change material, ultimately reducing the efficiency losses of the system as compared to a conventional refrigeration system. The experimental results with phase change material also confirm that average compressor running time is reduced about 5–30% as compared to without phase change material, and the test results with phase change material prove a noticeable reduction of the temperature fluctuation inside the cabinet. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper surveys bit-parallel multipliers for finite field GF ( 2 n ) according to i) quadratic and subquadratic arithmetic complexities of the underlying algorithms, ii) various bases used for representing the field elements, and iii) design approaches that rely on polynomial and matrix operations. Techniques for constructing space- and time-efficient multipliers are reviewed, and complexities of recent quadratic and subquadratic multipliers are summarized. For quadratic multipliers, the emphasis is placed on polynomial bases and their generalization. Low-degree Karatsuba–Toom formulae and their multiplication complexities are considered primarily for the subquadratic multipliers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We experimentally study acoustic pass and stop-bands, and propagating breathers in harmonically excited, ordered granular chains composed of steel beads embedded in three different types of matrix-namely PDMS, polyurethane and geopolymer. Both single and coupled granular chains are tested and the bands and breathers are robustly detected in each case over varying frequency and amplitude ranges. Low-frequency acoustic pass-bands are characterized by pulse-like transmission in the granular media and negligible effective compression, whereas high-frequency stop-bands are characterized exhibit complete filtering of granular media dynamics and strong effective compression. At intermediate frequency ranges we observe the propagation of propagating breathers in the granular chains, in the form of wavetrains of localized wavepackets separated by silent regions. We study the effects of the matrix and the distance between coupled granular chains on the propagation of the breathers, and confirm the robustness of these highly nonlinear responses in this highly discontinuous class of acoustic metamaterials. Moreover, we relate our results to energy transfers between coupled granular chains. Finally, we propose a simplified theoretical model that fully recovers the experimentally detected responses. To the authors' knowledge this is the first experimental report of acoustic filtering and experimental breathers in practical acoustic nonlinear metamaterials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study primary pulse transmission in a two-dimensional granular network composed of two ordered chains that are nonlinearly coupled through Hertzian interactions. Impulsive excitation is applied to one of the chains (designated as ‘excited chain’), and the resulting transmitted primary pulses in both chains are considered, especially in the non-directly excited chain (the ‘absorbing chain’). A new type of mixed nonlinear solitary pulses–shear waves is predicted for this system, leading to primary pulse equi-partition between chains. An analytical reduced model for primary pulse transmission is derived to study the strongly nonlinear acoustics in the small-amplitude approximation. The model is re-scalable with energy and parameter-free, and is asymptotically solved by extending the one-dimensional nonlinear mapping technique of Starosvetsky (2012). The resulting nonlinear maps governing the amplitudes of the mixed-type waves accurately capture the primary pulse propagation in this system and predict the first occurrence of energy equipartition in the network. To confirm, in part, the theoretical results we experimentally test a series of two-dimensional granular networks, and prove the occurrence of strong energy exchanges leading to eventual pulse equi-partition between the excited and absorbing chains, provided that the number of beads is sufficiently large. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) may be challenging due to the inaccuracy of clinical assessment and diversity of diagnostic tests. On one hand, missed diagnosis may result in life-threatening conditions. On the other hand, unnecessary treatment may lead to serious complications. As a result of an initiative of the Ministry of Health of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), an expert panel led by the Saudi Association for Venous Thrombo-Embolism (SAVTE; a subsidiary of the Saudi Thoracic Society) with the methodological support of the McMaster University Working Group, produced this clinical practice guideline to assist healthcare providers in evidence-based clinical decision-making for the diagnosis of a suspected first DVT of the lower extremity. Twenty-four questions were identified and corresponding recommendations were made following the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. These recommendations included assessing the clinical probability of DVT using Wells criteria before requesting any test and undergoing a sequential diagnostic evaluation, mainly using highly sensitive D-dimer by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and compression ultrasound. Although venography is the reference standard test for the diagnosis of DVT, its use was not recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a wide linear output range biopotential amplifier for physiological measurement frontend. The proposed amplifier consists of an open-loop rail-to-rail differential pair in the first stage and a closed-loop common source amplifier in the second stage, which extends the linear output range by maintaining a constant voltage gain with amplifier output level variation. The nMOS and pMOS gain enhancement switches provide additional compensation for the voltage gain degradation as the amplifier output level moves toward the supply rails. In addition, voltage buffers are used after the first and second stages to alleviate the loading effect. This enables using small-sized feedback resistors, where the amplifier performance is relatively insensitive to resistor mismatch. Aside from the wide linear output range, this approach leads to small silicon area, low power, and relatively high common mode rejection ratio and power supply rejection ratio, which are highly demanding for portable and implantable biomedical instrumentation frontend. The proposed amplifier is implemented using CMOS 0.35- \mu m technology (3.3 V supply) with core area of 0.063 mm ^{2} . Measurement results show a stable voltage gain of 46.3 dB for amplifier output range from 0.15 to 3.12 V, and a 0.04% total harmonic distortion with input amplitude of 15 mV _{\rm pp}$ . Furthermore, the amplifier operation is demonstrated with an actual ECG measurement setup. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background Older age is associated with chronic illnesses and disability, which contribute to increased admission to the intensive care unit (ICU). Our primary objective was to compare the characteristics, ICU management and outcomes of critically ill patients ≥80 year-old with those of younger patients. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study of patients admitted to a tertiary-care ICU from 1999 to 2011. The characteristics, ICU management and outcomes of patients ≥80 year-old were compared with those 50-64.9 and 65-79.9 year-old. Multivariate analysis was performed to determine the adjusted risk of Do-Not-Resuscitate orders and hospital mortality in patients ≥ 80 year-old compared with the younger groups. Results During the study period, patients aged ≥ 80 years (N = 748) represented 7.9% of all ICU admissions and 12.8% of patients aged ≥50 years. Chronic cardiac (32.2%) and respiratory (21.8%) diseases were more prevalent in them than the younger groups (p < 0.0001). The most common reasons for their ICU admission were cardiovascular (30.9%) and respiratory (40.4%) conditions. Sepsis was commonly present in them on admission (32.9%). Mechanical ventilation and renal replacement therapy were commonly provided (76.9% and 16.0%, respectively). During ICU stay, Do-Not-Resuscitate orders were more frequently written for patients aged ≥ 80 years (35.0%) compared with 21.9% for 50-64.9 year-old group, p < 0.0001, and 25.4% for the 60-79.9 year-old group, p < 0.0001. On multivariate analysis, patients aged ≥ 80 years were more likely to receive these order compared with the 50-64.9 year-old patients (adjusted OR, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.45-2.31) and the 65-80 year-old patients (adjusted OR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.32-2.04). The hospital mortality increased gradually with age and was highest (54.6%) in patients ≥ 80 year-old (p < 0.0001). Patients ≥ 80 year-old had higher risk of hospital mortality compared with patients aged 50-64.9 years (adjusted OR, 2.16; 95% CI, 1.73-2.69) and with those aged 65-79.9 years (adjusted OR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.23-1.86). Conclusions Patients ≥ 80 year-old represented a significant proportion of ICU admissions. Although they received life sustaining measures similar to younger groups, they had higher adjusted mortality risk compared with the younger groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cerium and tungsten co-doped TiO2 photocatalyst composite material has been fabricated by using a facile sol-gel method. The composite was coated on ITO film via electrophoretic deposition method. In order to understand the morphology, structure and optical properties, the composite material was characterized with X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, UV-vis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results showed a uniformly distributed porous composite film on ITO substrate. Cerium and tungsten as oxides are dispersed on the substrate. A significant photocurrent was developed under solar simulator irradiation and the value was observed higher as compared with pure TiO2 film electrodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The optimal heights (sample thickness) for samples of cylindrical geometry analyzed by gamma-spectrometry with HPGe detectors have been determined by studying the correlation between the sample thickness and the sample mass multiplied by the efficiency. For energies higher than 100 keV, the optimal thickness for a cylindrical sample with a diameter of 6.8 cm was determined to be 10 cm, regardless of the type of HPGe detector. A strong relationship was observed between the optimal sample thickness and the gamma energy line (when E < 100 keV) and the density of the sample for N-type HPGe (R.eff. 60%) detectors. For a sample density 2 g cm −3 , the optimal thickness was determined to be 3.5 cm at 46.5 keV and 5 cm at 59.5 keV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]