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Microglia are the resident immune cells in the CNS and play diverse roles in the maintenance of CNS homeostasis. Recent studies have shown that microglia continually survey the CNS microenvironment and scavenge cell debris and aberrant proteins by phagocytosis and pinocytosis, and that reactive microglia are capable to present antigens to T cells and initiate immune responses. However, how microglia process the endocytosed contents and evoke an immune response remain unclear. Here we report that a size-dependent selective transport of small soluble contents from the pinosomal lumen into lysosomes is critical for the antigen processing in microglia. Using fluorescent probes and water-soluble magnetic nanobeads of defined sizes, we showed in cultured rodent microglia, and in a cell-free reconstructed system that pinocytosed proteins become degraded immediately following pinocytosis and the resulting peptides are selectively delivered to major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) containing lysosomes, whereas undegraded proteins are retained in the pinosomal lumen. This early size-based sorting of pinosomal contents relied on the formation of transient tunnel between pinosomes and lysosomes in a Rab7- and dynamin II-dependent manner, which allowed the small contents to pass through but restricted large ones. Inhibition of the size-based sorting markedly reduced proliferation and cytokine release of cocultured CD4+T cells, indicating that the size-based sorting is required for efficient antigen presentation by microglial cells. Together, these findings reveal a novel early sorting mechanism for pinosomal luminal contents in microglial cells, which may explain how microglia efficiently process protein antigens and evoke an immune response.

The distributed virtual environment (DVE) system needs to adopt the consistency control method to maintain the state consistency of each node. Existing consistency control methods mainly consider how to increase the consistency of the whole system with a small overhead, and often neglect the important role of fairness in the virtual environment system. In fact, in many DVE systems, the fairness of all users in the virtual world plays an important role in the usability of the system. In this paper, we propose a new fairness-oriented consistency control method, which ensures the fairness of each node in terms of inconsistency degree by adjusting the ahead deviation time of each node, thus improving the usability of the system. Experimental results show that our method can significantly improve the fairness of the distributed virtual environment system.

Limited by the matrix operation ability of normal control CPU (e.g. MCU, PLC and so on), the realization of fuzzy control always via the way of “calculate offline and inquire online”. Applications and practices have proved that such a realization method brings system steady-sate error, and limited the application range of fuzzy control. Based on the study of FC theory and the analysis of Mamdani fuzzy reasoning from geometrical meaning, a real-time fuzzy controller is designed and used in a Linear Motor XY Plaform control system based on Motion control card. The results show that the Real-time FC can avoid the steady-state error effectively and improve the controllability further.

Presented the force-position switching control system of wire bonding head on DSP. Analysis of the bond head mechanism design theory,for wire bonding high precision motion control requires, design of the force-position switching control system hardware and software. .

Higher order local auto-correlation (HLAC) can be used to analyze the different types of complicated data by limiting orders and spatial displacements. In this paper, the basic concept of HLAC is introduced firstly. Then, we analyzed the HLAC based methods from three aspects: algorithm robustness, pattern improvement, and the changes of image functions which participate in the autocorrelation operation. Finally, the applications of HLAC-based methods are discussed.

Correct wood recognition has an important meaning in the rational use of wood resources. To complete this task automatically, based on wood stereogram images, we propose a new Gabor based wood recognition approach in this paper, which has been successfully applied in many pattern recognition fields for its robustness against local distortions. However, only a few approaches can make full use of the information in Gabor patterns. To obtain more information of Gabor feature for wood recognition, we first use a set of 40 Gabor patterns to represent a wood image, which consist of important information at different orientation and scales. Then, we apply the block-based feature extraction with more statistical features besides mean and standard deviation on these Gabor patterns to enhance the discriminative ability of our approach. Finally, we reduce the dimensionality of the proposed feature descriptor by using feature selection. Only a few features are selected to achieve both high recognition performance and computational efficiency. We evaluate our approach on the wood database in Zhejiang A & F University (ZAFU), which contains 24 wood species. Experimental results show that by adopting proper sub-block numbers and blocking schemes, our approach outperforms the most of state-of-the-art approaches.

Color space conversion (CSC) is an important kernel in the area of image and video processing applications including video compression. CSC is a compute-intensive time-consuming operation that consumes up to 40% of processing time of a highly optimised decoder. Several hardware and software implementations for CSC have been found. Hardware implementations can achieve a higher performance compared with software-only solutions. However, the flexibility of software solutions is desirable for various functional requirements and faster time to market. Multicore processors, especially programmable GPUs, provide an opportunity to increase the performance of CSC by exploiting data parallelism. In this paper, we present a novel approach for efficient implementation of color space conversion. The proposed approach has been implemented and verified using computed unified device architecture (CUDA) on graphics hardware. Our experiments results show that the speedup of up to17×can been obtained.

This paper proposes a new method of DGA diagnosis, using IEC TC 10 and related databases. We analyzed five gas components (hydrogen, methane, acetylene, ethylene and ethane), which are used for analysis in the standards, with 10 types of gas ratios, and came up with 6 types of gas ratios among them, that can classify faults. Then, we reorganized and analyzed the 6 gas ratios with 15 gas-ratio combinations. From the results, we can suggest a new diagnosis method using 3 gas-ratio combinations that are able to classify fault areas clearly.

Four combustible gases (hydrogen, acetylene, ethylene and methane) generated by internal faults in transformers were selected in this paper to diagnose faults, and two diagnosis methods are proposed. One consists in distinguishing between faults based on the relative percentage of these four gases, and the other in using combinations of the relative percentage of two of these four gases. Accuracy of the proposed diagnosis methods was verified using IEC TC 10 and related databases.

The tensile response of three-dimensional angle-interlock woven composite (3DAWC) under quasi-static loading was investigated in experimental and finite element model (FEM) analysis. The FEM analysis was based on micro-structure at yarn level and connected with commercial FEM software ABAQUS/Explicit (ver. 6.10) to calculate the tensile property under quasi-static loading. The experimental and FEM stress-strain results were compared. Good agreement proved that the FEM method based on micro-structure was reasonable and effective and could be used to design 3-D woven structural composite.

Lab-scale iron removal experiments were carried out in a batch 2-L autoclave to investigate the variables such as temperature, gas kind, for a better option for removal of iron in hot acid leach liquor in zinc conventional process. Experimental results showed precipitation temperature and duration is the most important factors, followed by pressure, and finally gas kind and stirring rate. Under a reasonable precipitation conditions: gas kind, air; temperature, 130oC; pressure, 0.8 MPa; duration, 15 min, iron precipitation yield reached 75.12%. Iron precipitation is relative pure and therefore it can be marketable.

Zinc neutral leaching residue from conventional roast-leach-electrowin often contains a considerable content of germanium. In two-stage leaching process (weak acid leaching and hot acid leaching), dissolution yield of germanium as well as zinc is low due to the compact structure of the residue. In the paper, an attempt of increasing their dissolution yield was made by pretreatment of mechanical activation. The experimental results obtained show that the activated residue has much faster leaching kinetics, and that according to current technical standard operating in Yunnan Chihong Zinc & Germanium Co., Ltd, dissolution of germanium and zinc is increased by 18.12% and 22.93%, respectively. The increase may mainly be due to the structure deformation of the residue by further investigation.

Lab-scale germanium co-precipitation with ferric hydroxide in dilute sulfuric acid media was studied. The experiments of co-precipitation of germanium and ferric hydroxide were performed by neutralization of the germanium-ferric sulfate solution via adding calcium hydroxide powder. The variables affecting the germanium precipitation yield were investigated. The experimental results show that high initial germanium concentration, high ferric/germanium molar ratio, high final solution pH, low ion strength and slow temperature will contribute to high germanium precipitation yield.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influences of various factors, the social support of friends and relatives, couple`s characteristics, and the mother`s parenting characteristics, and their impact upon infant development. For the purposes of this study, data was taken from 2078 infants who were born in 2008 and their mothers who participated in the 1st Korean Children Panel Survey of the Child-Care Policy Research Institute. The data collected were processed statistically by means of a structural model and the fit of the model was also found to be very good. The findings indicated that the social support of friends and relatives and couple`s characteristics did indeed impact upon an infant`s development, with the mother`s parenting characteristics having a mediating effect. The direct effect of the social support of friends and relatives on infant development was positive and the results of the effect were the same even when taking into account the mediating effects of the mother`s parenting characteristics. The direct effect of a couple`s characteristics on the mother`s parenting characteristics was negative but the result of it was also positive when taken in conjunction with the mediating effects of the mother`s parenting characteristics.

Twenty microsatellite markers were isolated and characterized from the Chinese black sleeper, Bostrychus sinensis. Loci were screened in 30 individuals from Taiwan. For each locus, the number of alleles varied from 4 to 22 with mean expected and observed heterozygosity of 0.79 and 0.66, respectively. One locus significantly deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium after Bonferroni correction and no significant linkage disequilibrium was detected. This set of microsatellites will provide a suitable tool for population genetic studies of Chinese black sleeper.

Substation Automation System (SAS) based on IEC 61850 is becoming more and more reality in applying power systems. As well, the development of various engineering tools and the convergence with diagnostic systems are underway. To reflect recent advancements in SAS technology, the Korea Electric Power Corporation initiated a 154kV SAS pilot project and a smart power grid business in 2010. In this paper, the authors will summarize the overview and the lessons learned in applying the IEC 61850-based 154kV Main transformer bay IED solutions to these two project.

The animation industry, a creative industry, known as the most development potential sunrise industry in the 21st century, will become the new economic growth point. It is confidential relation between industry and education in case of personnel supply and demand. The assessment modality, which is one of the principal means of testing the quality and primary of teaching, in the culture of animation talent is discussed in this paper. By analyzing the situation of course examination, the new ideas of assessment modality are proposed as follows: creating design capability as a precondition, it enables students to meet the needs of society for the purpose of sustainable development. Through the adoption of flexible assessment system, it cancels that paper is everything. Based on the quality of classroom tasks, assessment model in the process evaluation is paid attention to emphasize to better achieve the objectives of personnel training.

The influences that different histogram matching algorithms have on identifying the softwood are research in this paper. The experiment partitions images according to three different ways of early wood-late wood transition, early wood, and randomization, and extracts the PCA(Principle Component Analysis) features of these wood images separately. Dividing Histogram matching algorithm into two categories of, bin-to-bin and cross-bin, experiments are conducted on wood recognition by four different histogram matching algorithms of the Euclidean, Chi-Square, EMD and Quadratic-Chi. The experimental results indicate that the histogram matching algorithms of cross-bin have the good effects on wood recognition, especially the quadratic-Chi distance put forward recently.

A novel and efficient wood recognition method based on texture analysis is presented in this paper. Firstly, the sample images are divided into several regions after cutting from wood stereogram images. Then, more features are extracted by Gabor Wavelets through five scales and eight orientations. For getting the key points of these Gabor features, clustering and sifting operation are used to dislodge the dimmed features that extracted from the noise regions, such as cleavage region, resin canal region and so on. Finally, the Earth Mover’s Distance is used as the distance measure to compare these features by nearest neighbor classifier. The experiment on 24 species and 480 sample images shows that the recognition rate can even up to 97.5 percents, which gives a satisfactory classification performance compared with the current state-of-the-art methods.

The consistency problem is one of the key issues to determine system functionality and performance in DVE systems. The existing methods often cannot satisfy the requirements of order consistency and interval consistency at the same time, or impose a constraint relationship on receiver nodes which brings difficulties to optimize responsiveness. In this paper, we propose a novel interval consistency control method based on B-Tree data structure. The method can improve the overall responsiveness without compromising consistency functionality. Experimental results prove that our method can effectively improve the functionality and performance of DVE systems.

Flash memory is increasingly being used in a wide range of storage applications because of its low power consumption, low access latency, small form factor, and high shock resistance. However, the current platforms for flash memory software development do not meet the everincreasing requirements of flash memory applications. This paper presents three different hardware platforms for flash memory/NVRAM (non-volatile RAM) software development that overcome the limitations of the current platforms. The three platforms target different types of host system and provide various features that facilitate the development and verification of flash memory/NVRAM software. In this paper, we also demonstrate the usefulness of the three platforms by implementing three different types of storage system (one for each platform) based on them.

Asymmetric tree-like branched networks are explored by geometric algorithms. Based on the network, an analysis of the thermal conductivity is presented. The relationship between effective thermal conductivity and geometric structures is obtained by using the thermal-electrical analogy technique. In all studied cases, a clear behaviour is observed, where angle (δ, θ) among parent branching extended lines, branches and parameter of the geometric structures have stronger effects on the effective thermal conductivity. When the angle δ is fixed, the optical diameter ratio β* is dependent on angle θ. Moreover, γ and m are not related to β*. The longer the branch is, the smaller the effective thermal conductivity will be. It is also found that when the angle θ 0.707, the optimal k decreases. In addition, the effective thermal conductivity is always less than that of single channel material. The present results also show that the effective thermal conductivity of the asymmetric tree-like branched networks does not obey Murray's law.

Wood identification is a basic technique of wood science and industry. Pore features are among the most important identification features for hardwoods. We have used a method based on an analysis of quantitative pore feature, which differs from traditional qualitative methods. We applies mathematical morphology methods such as dilation and erosion, open and close transformation of wood cross-sections, image repairing, noise filtering and edge detection to segment the pores from their background. Then the mean square errors (MSE) of pores were computed to describe the distribution of pores. Our experiment shows that it is easy to classify the pore features into three basic types, just as in traditional qualitative methods, but with the use of MSE of pores. This quantitative method improves wood identification considerably.